Archival materials about the beginning of the Second World War. Secret archives of the Great Patriotic War

On June 22, on the Day of Memory and Sorrow, a unique electronic information resource dedicated to the events of the first days of the bloodiest war of the 20th century appeared on the official website of the Ministry of Defense. All documents have so far been classified and are being published for the first time. They contain a story about the first battles of the Great Patriotic War, about the directives of the NPO of the USSR, about the first award documents with descriptions of exploits.

We list the most relevant archive photographs due to numerous fake news and false fabrications about the beginning of the war. First of all, this is a copy of the Directive of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR N1 dated June 22, 1941, signed by Zhukov and Timoshenko and handed over on the night of June 22 to the commanders of the 3rd, 4th and 10th armies.

Special attention also deserves the declassified copy of the handwritten Combat Order of the People's Commissar of Defense N2 of June 22, 1941, personally compiled by the Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army Georgy Zhukov three hours after the start of the war - at 7:15 in the morning. The order instructs the troops of the Red Army "by all means and means to fall upon the enemy forces and destroy them in areas where they violated the Soviet border," and bomber and attack aircraft to destroy enemy aircraft at base airfields and groupings of ground forces "to a depth of German territory up to 100- 150 kilometers." At the same time, it was indicated that "no raids should be made on the territory of Finland and Romania until special instructions." On the back of the last page of this document is Zhukov's postscript: "T[ov]. Vatutin. Bomb Romania."

What does it mean: first do not bomb Romania, then bomb it? Employees of the Department of Information and Mass Communications of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation explain that we have, in fact, the first combat order of the People's Commissariat of Defense, and between its lines, the attentive reader will see the colossal tension and tragedy of the first hours of the outbreak of war.

A trophy map of the initial stage of the "Plan Barbarossa", where, in addition to the detailed deployment of Nazi troops near the borders of the USSR, the planned directions of the main attacks of the Wehrmacht troops in the first days of the war, is another exhibit of the virtual exhibition. As you know, the blitzkrieg failed.

And here is the story "from the trench". In one of the first battles, a battery under the command of senior lieutenant Borisov destroyed 6 enemy tanks with direct fire. The platoon of junior lieutenant Brykl also set fire to 6 tanks, and when the platoon's guns were put out of action, the officer fired from a gun found nearby, left without calculation, and destroyed 4 more tanks. After the shells ran out, the junior lieutenant put the heavy machine gun on the tractor and, together with its driver, continued to fight until the last bullet.

The published reports of the heads of the political departments of the 42nd and 6th rifle divisions, which received the blow of the Nazi troops in the western direction, will tell about the course of the fighting in the Brest region and for the legendary Brest Fortress. The details of the military operations of these formations will be real revelations even for professional historians.

Wehrmacht officers were advised to avoid clashes with the 99th Infantry Division, which covered Przemysl, in the future. Selected and consisting of the most brave soldiers - this is exactly the assessment given to her by the German command following the results of the first days of fighting for the city. The steadfastness and valor of these soldiers are given an idea of the combat orders and reports, also presented on the website of the Ministry of Defense:

"On June 22, the division was in the city of Przemysl, where it received the first blow of the armored masses of the Nazi troops. As a result of a treacherous attack, the city was captured by the Nazis, but on June 23, parts of the division, together with other units, recaptured the right-bank Soviet part of the city and restored the border."

"On June 22, the Red Army soldier E.M. Balakar was on guard guarding the points of the city. At the time of the attack, he was not at a loss, occupied the pillbox, installed a heavy machine gun and for a day and a half repelled the enemy with machine gun fire and prevented him from crossing the San River. "

"During the first few days of fighting, the city changed hands three times. All this time, the enemy brought reserves into battle, persistently trying to seize the initiative in his own hands ... The division command decided to prevent the enemy from breaking through (...), continuing to hold the state border. It was thanks to professionalism command and directly the commander of Colonel Dementyev N.I., parts of the division were able not only to resist the massive onslaught of the enemy, but also put him to flight.

Among the published documents are dozens of award sheets for Red Army soldiers and commanders who distinguished themselves in those first bloody battles. Among them are descriptions of the exploits of fighter pilots of the 158th Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Leningrad Military District, junior lieutenants Pyotr Kharitonov and Stepan Zdorovtsev, who on June 26, 1941 made the first rams of Nazi bombers in the sky over the city of Ostrov. For these air battles, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 8, 1941, they were awarded the high title of Heroes of the Soviet Union.

The Federal Security Service of Russia has declassified a large number of documents from Soviet and Western intelligence, our army headquarters, control bodies of border formations and units of the NKVD, revealing many dramatic and heroic pages of the first months of fascist aggression in the USSR.

Stalin did not believe the "Corsican"

Recently, the West has been actively reviving the myth fabricated by Goebbels that, in fact, the Great Patriotic War was provoked by the leadership of the USSR. Hitler, they say, was forced to deliver only a preemptive strike. But this myth does not stand up to criticism, since there is a lot of evidence to the contrary. One of them is a letter from Hitler Mussolini dated June 21, 1941, which was handed over to the FSB by the Italian secret services.

"Duce!

I am writing this letter to you at a moment when nervous waiting has ended with the most difficult decision of my life...

England has hitherto waged her wars with the help of continental countries. With the destruction of France, the British warmongers are turning their eyes to where they were trying to start the war: the Soviet Union. Behind these states stands the North American Union in a pose of instigator and waiter.

Actually, all available Russian troops are on our borders. With the onset of warm weather, defensive work is being carried out in many places ... The situation in England is bad. The will to fight is fed only by hopes for Russia and America. We do not have the ability to eliminate America. But to exclude Russia is in our power. I hope that we will soon be able to secure a common food base in the Ukraine for a long time.

Cooperation with the USSR weighed heavily on me. I am happy to be freed from this moral burden."

From this letter, an unbiased reader will certainly understand that Hitler started the war for internal motivation and by no means as a result of a mythical external provocation.

The fact that the leadership of the USSR not only did not seek war, but dismissed as provocative any information about preparations for it from Germany, quite obviously follows from the inadequately complacent position of Stalin in 1940-1941.

It is known with what skepticism he reacted to the disturbing reports of Richard Sorge, other Soviet intelligence officers who warned the Soviet leadership about the impending German attack on the Soviet Union. Here is another typical document.

“The NKVD of the USSR reports the following intelligence data received from Berlin.

1. Our agent "Corsican" in a conversation with an officer of the headquarters of the High Command learned that at the beginning of next year Germany would start a war against the Soviet Union. The preliminary step towards the start of military operations against the USSR will be the military occupation of Rumania by the Germans, preparations for which are now under way and supposedly should be carried out within the next few months.

The aim of the war is to seize from the Soviet Union a part of the European territory of the USSR from Leningrad to the Black Sea and to create on this territory a state entirely dependent on Germany. In the rest of the Soviet Union, according to these plans, a "German-friendly government" should be created.

2. An officer of the headquarters of the High Command (department of military attaches), the son of the former Minister of the Colonies, told our source No. months, Germany will start a war against the Soviet Union.

(October 1940).

Stalin, having read this message, summoned Beria. He, knowing the mood of the “Master”, said: “I will drag this “Corsican” to Moscow for disinformation and put him in jail.” The secret pseudonym "Corsican" was an employee of the German Ministry of Economy, one of the leaders of the underground anti-fascist organization in Berlin "Red Chapel" Arvid Harnak. In 1942 he was arrested and executed by the Gestapo. Stalin posthumously awarded him the Order of the Red Banner. But then, in 1940, he did not believe the "Corsican".

Distrust of their own intelligence is one of the reasons for the notorious "surprise", which resulted in numerous casualties and confusion on the fronts at the beginning of the war. Here are some documents showing this.

"Top secret

Report of F. Ya. Tutushkin, Deputy Head of the 3rd Directorate of the NPO of the USSR, on the losses of the Air Force of the North-Western Front in the first days of the war.

State Defense Committee

Comrade Stalin

Due to the unpreparedness of the Air Force units of the PRIBVO for military operations, the indiscretion and inactivity of some commanders of air divisions and regiments bordering on criminal actions, about 50% of the aircraft were destroyed by the enemy during raids on airfields.

The withdrawal of units from under the blow of enemy aircraft was not organized. There were no anti-aircraft defenses for airfields, and there were no artillery shells at those airfields where there were funds.

The leadership of the combat operations of the air units on the part of the commanders of the 57th, 7th and 8th air divisions, as well as the headquarters of the Air Force of the Front and the District, was extremely poorly delivered, communication with the air units was almost absent from the beginning of hostilities.

Aircraft losses on the ground in the 7th and 8th air divisions alone amount to 303 aircraft.

The situation is similar for the 6th and 57th air divisions.

Such losses of our aircraft are explained by the fact that within a few hours after the attack by enemy aircraft, the command of the District forbade flying out and destroying the enemy. The Air Force units of the District entered the battle late, when a significant part of the aircraft had already been destroyed by the enemy on the ground.

The relocation to other airfields took place in a disorganized manner, each division commander acted independently, without instructions from the Air Force of the District, they landed wherever they wanted, as a result of which 150 vehicles accumulated at some airfields.

So, at the Pilzino airfield, the enemy, having discovered such a cluster of aircraft, attacked by one bomber on June 25 of this year. destroyed 30 aircraft.

The camouflage of airfields has not yet received attention. The order of the NPO on this issue is not being carried out (especially with regard to the 57th Air Division - division commander Colonel Katichev and the 7th Air Division - division commander Colonel Petrov), the Front and District Air Force headquarters do not take any measures.

At this time, the air units of the Air Force of the North-Western Front are incapable of active combat operations, since they have units of combat vehicles in their composition: the 7th air division - 21 aircraft, the 8th air division - 20, the 57th air division - 12.

The crews, left without materiel, were idle and are only now heading for materiel, which arrives extremely slowly ...

In the warehouses of the Okrug, there is a shortage of spare parts for aircraft and aircraft engines (planes of MiG aircraft, VISH-22E and VISH-2 propellers, 3 MGA spark plugs, BS cartridges, and other parts)

Deputy Head of the 3rd Directorate of the NPO of the USSR Tutushkin.

By June 22, 1941, the enemy had concentrated 4,980 combat aircraft along the western borders of the Soviet Union in three strategic directions. In the very first hours of the war, he launched a series of massive attacks on the airfields of the western border districts.

26 airfields of the Kyiv, 11 airfields of the Baltic special districts and 6 airfields of the Odessa military district were subjected to air raids. As a result, these districts suffered heavy losses in aircraft. The greatest damage was inflicted on the Western Special District, on which the Germans dealt the main blow. If on the first day of the war the entire Red Army lost about 1,200 aircraft, then this district alone lost 738 aircraft.

The main reason for this situation was that the Soviet military leadership failed to fully comply with the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of February 25, 1941 "On the reorganization of the aviation forces of the Red Army." According to this decree, it was planned to form 25 directorates of aviation divisions and more than 100 new aviation regiments during the year, and equip half of them with new types of aircraft. At the same time, the aviation rear was restructured according to the territorial principle.

However, by the beginning of the war, the deployment of aviation and the restructuring of rear aviation on a territorial basis had not been completed. By June 22, 1941, only 19 new aviation regiments were formed, 25 air divisions did not complete the formation, the flight personnel were retrained. There was a lack of new equipment, maintenance and repair facilities. The development of the airfield network lagged behind the deployment of aviation. The Air Force was armed with aircraft of various designs, most of them had low speed and weak armament. The new aircraft (MiG-3, Yak-1, LaGG-3, Pe-2, Il-2, etc.) were not inferior to the aircraft of the Nazi army in terms of combat capabilities, and surpassed them in a number of indicators. However, their entry into the Air Force began shortly before the war, and by June 22, 1941, there were only 2,739 of them. The incoming aircraft were, as a rule, crowded and did not disperse over field and other airfields, being a target for enemy aircraft.

In the Red Army at the beginning of the war, there was an acute shortage of anti-aircraft and anti-tank weapons. As a result, our troops and airfields turned out to be defenseless against both tank attacks and enemy air strikes.

The state of affairs in the Red Army Air Force was significantly affected by the belated communication of the directive to bring the troops to full combat readiness to the command of the military districts. Some military units and divisions learned about the content of the directive after the start of hostilities.

The opinion prevailing at that time that there would be no war, “that Hitler is provoking us” and we “should not succumb to provocations” also had a negative effect. Even when the war had already begun, some commanders believed that this was not a war, but an incident.

But, despite the heavy losses, the Soviet pilots showed great courage, bravery and mass heroism. On the first day of the war, they made 6,000 sorties, inflicted significant damage on advancing enemy tank formations and aircraft, and shot down over 200 enemy aircraft in air battles.

Order No. 270: "Not a step back!"

The beginning of the war for our aviation turned out to be catastrophic. Things were no better in the infantry units.

“Special message of the NKVD of the USSR No. 41/303 to the State Defense Committee, the General Staff of the Red Army and the NPO of the USSR on the investigation of the causes of heavy losses of the 199th Infantry Division

On July 6, in the Novo-Miropol area, the 199th Infantry Division was defeated, suffering heavy losses in people and materiel.

In connection with this, the Special Department of the South-Western Front conducted an investigation, as a result of which it was established:

On July 3, the commander of the Southwestern Front ordered the 199th Infantry Division to occupy and firmly hold the southern front of the Novograd-Volyn fortified area by the morning of July 5. The command of the division complied with this order belatedly. Parts of the division took up defense later than the specified period, in addition, during the march, food was not organized for the fighters. People, especially the 617th Infantry Regiment, arrived at the defense area exhausted.

After occupying the defense area, the command of the division did not conduct reconnaissance of the enemy forces, did not take measures to blow up the bridge across the river. Sluch in the central sector of defense, which made it possible for the enemy to transfer tanks and motorized infantry. Due to the fact that the command did not establish a connection between the division headquarters and the regiments, on July 6 the 617th and 584th rifle regiments acted without any guidance from the division command.

During the panic created in the units during the enemy offensive, the command failed to prevent the flight that had begun. The divisional headquarters fled. Division commander Alekseev, deputy. political commander Korzhev and early. The headquarters of the German division left the regiments and fled to the rear with the remnants of the headquarters.

Through the fault of Korzhev and German, party documents, blank forms of party tickets, seals of the party and Komsomol organizations, and all staff documents were left to the enemy.

Division commander Colonel Alekseev, deputy. division commander for political affairs, regimental commissar Korzhev and early. division headquarters Lieutenant Colonel German arrested and tried by a military tribunal.

Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR Abakumov.

The 199th division is not an isolated case. Many units in June-July 1941 randomly retreated. And only an imperious iron hand could stop them. So the first "draconian" order appeared.

“Order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR I.V. Stalin to the military councils of the fronts, armies to bring to court a military tribunal of middle and senior command personnel who leave their positions without an order from the military command

In order to decisively fight alarmists, cowards, defeatists from the command staff, who arbitrarily leave their positions without an order from the high command,

I order:

to allow the military councils of the active armies to bring to trial by a military tribunal persons of middle and senior command personnel, up to and including the battalion commander, guilty of the crimes mentioned above.

People's Commissar of Defense I. Stalin".

After that, Stalin signed an even tougher order No. 270, popularly known as "Not a step back!" In accordance with it, even the families of those who went wrong at the front were subjected to repression.

And although the situation began to gradually stabilize, already in July the threat hung over the very capital of Russia.

“Message of the NKVD of the USSR No. 2210 / B to the Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army G.K. Zhukov about the plans of the German command to capture Moscow and Leningrad on July 14, 1941

According to the head of the Leningrad Directorate of the NKGB, the following data was obtained from captured German pilots in prison by operational equipment measures:

2. At this time, enemy aircraft are carefully studying and photographing the approaches to Leningrad and mainly airfields.

3. German air raids on Leningrad will be carried out by a large number of aircraft and should begin on Tuesday, i.e. from 15 July.

The head of the UNKGB informed comrades. Voroshilov and Zhdanov.

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L. Beria.

The enemy will be defeated!

And yet, even in those difficult days, the contours of future victories were already beginning to emerge. The bulk of the fighters and commanders showed the greatest courage and heroism, atoning for the mistakes of politicians with their blood.

From the journal of combat operations of the border troops of the Leningrad District (from June 22 to July 11, 1941):

“The head of the 5th outpost of the 5th KPO, junior lieutenant Khudyakov, a member of the CPSU (b), being surrounded by a several times superior enemy, being wounded, did not leave the battlefield, but, as befits the son of a socialist Motherland, continued to command the outpost . With a skillful organization of rifle and machine-gun fire, he managed to withdraw the outpost from the encirclement with an insignificant number of losses of his fighters, inflicting heavy losses on the enemy. Such behavior at this critical moment beginning. Khudyakov’s outpost says only one thing, that at that moment only one feeling led him - this is a feeling of love for the Motherland, for the party of Lenin-Stalin and a sense of responsibility for the work entrusted to him. The Red Army soldiers of the 8th outpost of the same detachment Kornyukhin, Vorontsov, Tolshshkur and Dergaputsky, pupils of the Leningrad Komsomol, brave and courageous border guards, honorably fulfilled their combat mission. Under heavy enemy fire, they crawled to the road along which 5 enemy tanks were supposed to move, skillfully disabled two tanks, thereby making it easier for their unit to complete the main task.

... The deputy head of the outpost for political affairs, Konkov V.I., at the time of the attack by superior enemy forces on the defense area of the outpost, being seriously wounded in the leg and arm, refused to leave the battlefield.

Unable to move, he ordered the Red Army soldiers to bring him a light machine gun.

Courageously overcoming the pain from his wounds, he accurately shot at the pressing enemy. At the time of the critical situation of the outpost, the slogans “For the Motherland!”, “For Stalin!” managed to inspire the fighters, raise their faith in victory over the enemy ... "

Such heroic examples then became a symbolic guarantee that, despite the tangible losses of the first weeks of the war, the Soviet soldier, after four difficult years of fighting, would nevertheless reach the citadel of fascism and hoist the Banner of Victory over its ruins.

Yuri Rubtsov - colonel, member of the Russian Association of Historians of the Second World War

He ordered the border military districts to prepare for defense, follows from declassified documents about the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, published on Friday on the website of the Ministry of Defense.

According to them, the German attack caught some units and formations of the Red Army by surprise.

Infidel Assault

The command and headquarters of the Baltic Special Military District in 1941 had data on the German attack on the USSR two to three months before the invasion, according to a declassified letter from Lieutenant General Kuzma Derevyanko, deputy head of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the North-Western Front.

Derevyanko also pointed out that the grouping of German troops on the eve of the war in the Memel region, in East Prussia and in the Suwalki region in the last days before the war was known to the district headquarters quite fully and in detail.

"The opened grouping of Nazi troops on the eve of hostilities was regarded by the intelligence department of the district headquarters as an offensive grouping with a significant saturation with tanks and motorized units," he wrote.

According to Derevyanko, starting from the second week of the war, much attention was paid to the organization of detachments sent behind enemy lines for the purpose of reconnaissance and sabotage, as well as the organization of reconnaissance radio-equipped groups behind enemy lines and radio-equipped points on the territory occupied by our troops, in case of their forced withdrawal .

“In the following months, the information received from our groups and detachments working behind enemy lines improved all the time and was of great value. Reports were made on the personally observed concentration of German fascist troops in the border areas, starting from the end of February, on the reconnaissance conducted by German officers along the border, the preparation of artillery positions by the Germans, the strengthening of the construction of long-term defensive structures in the border zone, as well as gas and bomb shelters in the cities of East Prussia," follows from a letter from the deputy head of the intelligence department of the headquarters of the North-Western Front.

Zhukov ordered

The Chief of the General Staff, Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR Georgy Zhukov was informed about the German attack planned for June 22, 1941 and ordered the border military districts to prepare for defense.

"During June 22-23, 1941, a surprise attack by the Germans is possible on the fronts of the LVO (Leningrad Military District - ed.), PRIBVO (Baltic Military District - ed.), ZAPOVO (Western Military District - ed.), KOVO (Kyiv Special Military District Okrug - ed.), ODVO (Odessa Military District - ed.). The German attack may begin with provocative actions," the ciphered message marked "Top Secret" says.

In the order, Zhukov, on the one hand, demanded not to succumb to provocative actions, but at the same time, the border military districts to be on alert, "to meet a sudden attack by the Germans or their allies."

In this regard, he ordered the troops to secretly occupy the firing points of fortified areas on the state border during the night of June 22, disperse all aircraft at airfields before dawn, and disguise other equipment, and put all military units on alert. He demanded to prepare blackout measures - to reduce lighting in cities and at strategic sites.

"No other events are to be held without a special order," the document says.

Bomb Köningsberg and Memel

The second Soviet order was the order for Soviet aviation to bomb Koenigsberg and Memel, to strike deep into German territory, but not to cross the border for ground troops.

"With powerful strikes by bomber and attack aircraft, destroy aircraft at enemy airfields and bomb the main groupings of his ground forces. Air strikes to a depth of German territory up to 100-150 km, bomb Koenigsberg and Memel. Don't do any raids on the territory of Finland and Romania until special instructions are given" , - says the document signed by People's Commissar of Defense Semyon Timoshenko, Chief of the General Staff Georgy Zhukov, member of the Main Military Council Georgy Malenkov.

“In connection with the German attack on the Soviet Union, unprecedented in its arrogance, I order: the troops, by all means and means, fall upon the enemy forces and destroy them in areas where they violated the Soviet border. From now on, until further notice, ground troops do not cross the border. Reconnaissance and combat aviation to establish the places of concentration of enemy aviation and the grouping of its ground forces," the document says.

The first titles of heroes of the Second World War - to pilots

"Under the influence of a heavy raid from the flanks of enemy aviation and tanks, parts of the division began to withdraw, fighting by the method of mobile defense, and by the end of the day on 22.06.41 to 12.00 on 23.06.41 they destroyed four enemy aircraft and up to 16 tanks," the head of the declassified political report says. Department of Political Propaganda of the 42nd Infantry Division.

In the political report of the head of the political department of the 6th Rifle Division, the remnants of which became part of the 55th Rifle Division, it is written that the area of the Brest fortress and the fortress itself were bombarded with exceptional force. With the first shells, the enemy put out of action most of the commanding staff who lived in the fortress itself or near it, as well as the artillery park, stables, garages, warehouses and headquarters.

As noted, up to two-thirds of the personnel and over 90% of the materiel of the divisional and regimental artillery were lost. However, the anti-aircraft battery on duty with two guns disabled seven enemy aircraft. Another battery fired at the crossings, preventing the enemy from occupying the territory. As of July 5, 1941, 910 people remained in the division (state requirements - 13691). Of these, privates - 515 people, junior commanding staff - 123 people, middle and senior commanding staff - 272 people.

As follows from the declassified decree on awarding orders and medals of the USSR to the commanding and enlisted personnel of the Red Army dated July 22, 1941, the commander of the gun of the first battery of the 141st GAP junior sergeant Ivan Andreev, the gunner of the 152-mm howitzer T. Medzhazhaev, the commander weapons of the 111th Infantry Regiment, Senior Sergeant Vasily Rasskazov, Deputy Head of the Political Propaganda Department of the Fourth Army Vladimir Semenkov, and Deputy Commander of the Battery for Political Affairs Vladimir Tumanov (Andreev and Semenkov - posthumously).

The football match that took place in occupied Kyiv on August 9, 1942, hardly belonged, in fact, to sports. However, it became one of the most famous events in the history of Soviet football, books are written about it and films are made, and even people who are extremely far from sports life know the phrase “death match”. What actually happened then?

In 1941, when the war began, the fate of Soviet athletes differed little from the general one. Some went to the evacuation, others went to the front as part of the Red Army or entered the fighter battalions. Already in the summer of 1941, the front began to approach Kyiv. And in September, the Red Army suffered one of the biggest disasters in its history - the Kyiv cauldron. The main forces of the Southwestern Front were defeated east of the Ukrainian capital. Kyiv itself fell without intense fighting - the troops went east to break out of the ring. The occupation has begun.

There are a lot of players from local teams left in Kyiv. Since many athletes served in local paramilitary organizations, after the encirclement and capture of Kyiv, those who managed to avoid capture simply returned to their homes.

However, for the most part, the Red Army soldiers, surrounded near Kyiv, simply died or were captured. Among the prisoners was, for example, Nikolai Trusevich. He was a little over thirty, he was born and had previously lived in Odessa for quite a long time. Before the war, Trusevich played in Dynamo Kiev as a goalkeeper. Ivan Kuzmenko, a midfielder of the same Dynamo, had a similar story. He served in the fighter battalion of the Kyiv fortified area, then encirclement and captivity followed. There were quite a lot of players from different clubs in the prison camps or at home in Kyiv.

Oddly enough, some of them owe their salvation - at least temporarily - to collaborators. Some players were specifically requested from the occupation administration of the city, and the Germans agreed to release them, deciding that holding on to a dozen prisoners was stupid, and such a story could help the image of the occupation administration. However, the "best masters of sports of Ukraine" did not have any privileges. They were left under suspicion, and they had to earn a living on their own.

Meanwhile, the player and coach Georgy Shvetsov, who also remained in Kyiv, decided to cooperate with the Nazis and developed a vigorous activity to restore sports life in the city. Many refused to work with him, some for ideological reasons, some out of fear. Although Shvetsov had something to offer - at least food rations, which was serious in the starving occupied territory. Nevertheless, he managed to recruit a certain number of people and founded a team called Rukh. However, he had competitors.

A certain Josef Kordik, a Czech by birth, worked as the director of a bakery in Kyiv. Kordik turned out to be a rather slippery type - he managed to convince the Nazis that he himself was "Volksdeutsche", that is, German, and got a job as the director of a bakery. Concurrently, Kordic was a fan of football. He knew many players of the pre-war Kyiv teams by sight and, having accidentally met Trusevich on the street, he offered to work at his enterprise. Through Trusevich, several more football players got jobs at the same bakery - Klimenko, Kuzmenko, Sviridovsky and others. Kordik stuffed them into the positions of laborers and loaders, and he himself began to fuss about creating a sports team. The city council shrugged their shoulders and agreed.

This is how the Start team appeared, which included several former professional football players. Including players who played for Dynamo in 1941.

With this club there was a specific situation. The fact is that this sports community was created under the patronage of the NKVD. Dynamo, of course, were not real Chekists, but in which case the Germans would not have figured it out. Many players played for Dynamo in 1941 or earlier - Makar Goncharenko, Fedor Tyutchev, Mikhail Putistin, Start captain Mikhail Sviridovsky and others.

However, while belonging to the department of Beria was not the main problem. Football players lived from hand to mouth, despite the fact that they worked at a bakery - an attempt to carry food could easily end in execution. So football for members of the "Start" gave at least the opportunity to get at least some increase in rations. Trainings were conducted at the Zenit stadium, where before that captured Red Army soldiers were kept. And in the summer of 1942, Shvetsov began to organize matches of new teams between themselves and between the teams of the occupying garrisons.

Hungarian and numerous German units were stationed in Kyiv. They became rivals of the "Start". Kievans played with the Hungarians, the "team" of the German artillery unit. "Start", most of which were professionals, although hungry, of course, usually won. Rukh performed worse - there were not so many players there. Well, on August 6 and 9, “those same” games took place.

The opponent of the "Start" was the Luftwaffe - the air force. However, in this case, these were not pilots, but anti-aircraft gunners - they also belonged to Goering's department. The "anti-aircraft" origin of the German team is indicated even by the name - "Flakelf" - from "Flak", "anti-aircraft gun". Kiev won the first game easily. By the rematch, passions ran high.

It is around this game that the most myths are wound. It was told about a German officer who allegedly threatened the players, demanding to lose, about the subsequent execution, about the requirement to shout "Heil".

In fact, the match itself was tense, but within the bounds of decency. About two thousand people gathered to watch the game, which is a lot by the standards of place and time. The Germans opened the score, the Soviet players leveled it and took the lead, then the anti-aircraft gunners caught up again, but, in the end, the game ended with a score of 5:3 in favor of Start.

Actually, this tension of the game became the main sign of the match at that time. A variety of "terrible" details were ultimately invented or exaggerated.

So, the German officer really went into the locker room and talked with the players, but what and in what terms remained unknown. There were no machine guns or guards with dogs either. Yes, and refereeing was common for non-professionals. The only thing that went beyond the bounds of decency was the escapade of some high-ranking officer, shouting that the Soviet players were uncultured bandits. The atmosphere at the stadium was perhaps not particularly warm and friendly, but in general there were no incidents. And after the match, the players went not to the concentration camp, but to their homes.

So what, the legend of the “death match” was born from scratch? Alas, everything is not so simple.

On August 18, 1942, Trusevich, Kuzmenko, Sviridovsky and several other people were arrested right at the bakery where they worked. Others were taken one at a time. In total, 10 players were dealt.

However, the reasons for the arrest remained uncertain. According to Makar Goncharenko, a player who survived the war, Shvetsov complained about the Start players, angry with the constant losses of his Rukh.

Others called George Vyachkis. Vyachkis before the war was an athlete, but not a football player, a swimmer. In the occupation, he discovered new talents in himself and did not find anything smarter than to enter the Gestapo. True, Vyachkis's motives look rather vague - the Start players did not crush him. However, it was he who was called not only by the players, but also later by collaborators who were captured and brought to trial. It is possible, by the way, that there was no special reason - just the collaborator wanted to curry favor, and after the victory over the Germans, the players gained some kind of fame not only among the people of Kiev, but also among the invaders.

The fact is that the author of the denunciation brought to light the Dynamo past of the players. In the “anonymous letter”, the former Dynamo soldiers were declared active members of the NKVD, who remained in Kyiv for reconnaissance and sabotage. The Germans, of course, could already know what kind of department founded the club, and, of course, they did not see the point in bothering themselves with the “correct” investigation. In addition, they soon found "irresistible" evidence.

One of the players, Nikolai Korotkikh, really served in the NKVD for about two years. True, in the occupation, he, most likely, did not fulfill any special assignment. The fact is that Korotkikh gave himself away exceptionally stupid - right in his apartment they found a photograph where he is depicted in uniform. For this negligence, he paid a monstrous price - trying to knock out information about a non-existent sabotage group, the Gestapo tortured him to death. All the rest were kept under lock and key for about three weeks, nothing really was found, but just in case they were sent to the Syrets concentration camp.

The commandant of the camp was a certain Paul Radomsky. In the SS, this type went very early, when there were literally a couple of thousand people. However, for a really serious career, Radomsky was blunt and, in addition, abused alcohol. What he lacked in intelligence, he made up for in sadism. He did not hesitate personally to torture and kill prisoners.

Until February 24, 1943, the position of the arrested footballers by the standards of the camp was almost normal. Some were able to get fitters or shoemakers, relatives were even allowed to wear gear.

But on the ill-fated day of February 24, an incident occurred, which is still not known in all details. However, the general meaning is clear - one of the prisoners tried to drive away the guard dog. In the brawl, a German officer who came out to the noise was also hurt. The Nazis reacted in their usual way: they lined up prisoners, counted on the first, second, third, and killed those who were unlucky. Unlucky, among others, Nikolai Trusevich, Alexei Klimenko and Ivan Kuzmenko.

Other players of the ill-fated "Start" still broke free. The commandant Radomsky was an excellent torturer and executioner, but the administrator and commander was so-so - in the fall of 1943, the prisoners managed to arrange a mass escape. Former participants of the "death match" managed to get to their own.

During the war, two former "starters", Timofeev and Gundarev, managed to serve in the police, were arrested and convicted. Traces of another player, Pavel Komarov, are subsequently lost. He was the only one whom the Germans eventually drove to the west when the Red Army approached. Commandant Radomsky in March 1945 was killed by the Red Army in Hungary.

Well, the surviving players who did not stain themselves with crimes became heroes. True, their history is incredibly mythologized. Ultimately, the victory over the German anti-aircraft gunners in a football match did not directly cause the death of any of them. However, the story of these athletes turned out to be terrible and dramatic in reality, and in the end turned into a real tragedy. The people who played football were caught in the millstones of events with stakes much more terrible than those that are in sports.

On Sunday, June 22, 1941, fascist Germany and its allies attacked our country with an invasion army unprecedented in history: 190 divisions, more than 4 thousand tanks, 47 thousand guns and mortars, about 4.5 thousand aircraft, up to 200 ships, only 5 million people.

The first blows were delivered by German aircraft at dawn. Hundreds of German bombers invaded the airspace of the Soviet Union. They bombarded airfields, areas where troops were stationed in the western border districts, railway junctions, communication lines and other important objects, as well as large cities in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova.

At the same time, Wehrmacht troops concentrated along the entire length of the State Border of the USSR opened heavy artillery fire on border outposts, fortified areas, formations and units of the Red Army stationed in its immediate vicinity. After artillery and aviation preparation, they crossed the State border of the USSR along its entire length - from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. The Great Patriotic War began - the most difficult of all wars ever experienced by the country.

It is these events of the first day of the war that are illuminated by the documents presented at the exhibition "The Beginning of the Great Patriotic War".

Among them are orders, directives, operational reports, intelligence reports for June 22, 1941 of the top military leadership of the Soviet Union and the command of the fronts.

It is no less interesting to get acquainted with intelligence reports, reports and other documents of the German troops, reflecting the events of the first day of the war. Such two-sided coverage of the military situation at the beginning of the war will allow us to see the true picture, to feel its scale and tragedy.