Attribution of photographs of the lower ranks of the artillery units of the RIA (1881-1917). The meaning of the word fireworks in the modern explanatory dictionary, bse Fireworks title

FIREWORKS

(from German Feuer - fire and Werker - worker), ..1) the rank of non-commissioned officers in the artillery of the Russian and some foreign armies; in Russian artillery (19th - early 20th centuries), the ranks of senior and junior fireworks corresponded to the ranks of senior and junior non-commissioned officers in other military branches; .. 2) the rank of senior sub-officers in the missile forces and artillery of the armed forces of Poland.

TSB. Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB. 2003

Story

It appeared in the Russian army at the beginning of the 18th century, initially only in "amusing" regiments and was equal to the rank of corporal in army artillery.

Artillery fireworks were thoroughly prepared both theoretically and especially practically to fulfill the duties of the immediate chief of the gun and to replace the platoon commander; they quickly and accurately executed aiming and firing commands, superbly supervised and supervised the execution of the duties of the crew with guns and charging boxes. Fireworks were indispensable assistants to officers and served as an example for all soldiers of the battery in terms of practical knowledge of service, consciousness of duty and dedication.
- Barsukov E.Z.

In Russian artillery - the highest non-commissioned officer rank, introduced by Peter I in amusing regiments at the very end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th centuries, is legally enshrined in the "Military Charter" on March 30 (April 10) of the year. The functions of the rank included the command of an artillery platoon, that is, a calculation of two guns, had vice-fireworkers under his command. Titled "Mr. Fireworks". By royal decree on November 8, 1796, he was renamed the senior fireworker.

In foot artillery - gun fireworks assigned a white leather lanyard with the same tassel.

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Notes

Literature

Fireworks // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
Fireworks // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
PSZ I. Vol. 5 No. 3006, Vol. 25 No. 18430, 18934;
Orders for the military department for 1796, St. Petersburg. , 1797;
Ganichev P.P. Military ranks. M., 1989;
Stas A.K. Russian historical mosaic: Ranks, titles and titles of the Russian Empire. M., 1992

An excerpt characterizing Fireworks

A child is not an adult, he does not think that this is wrong or that this (according to all our “familiar” concepts) should not be. Therefore, it did not seem strange to me at all that it was a different world, absolutely unlike anything else. It was wonderful and it was very beautiful. And this was shown to me by a man whom my childish heart trusted with all its immediate pure and open simplicity.
I have always loved nature. I was "tightly" merged with any of its manifestations, regardless of place, time or someone's desires. From the very first days of my conscious existence, our huge old garden has been a favorite place for my daily games. Until now, I literally remember to the smallest detail the feeling of that unique childish delight that I experienced when I ran out into the yard on a sunny summer morning! I plunged headlong into that surprisingly familiar and at the same time such a mysterious and changing world of smells, sounds and completely unique sensations.

A world that, to our common regret, is growing and changing as we grow and change. And later there is no time or energy left to just stop and listen to your soul.
We constantly rush in some kind of wild whirlpool of days and events, each chasing our dream and trying, by all means, “to achieve something in this life” ... And gradually we begin to forget (if we ever remembered at all. ..) how amazingly beautiful a blooming flower is, how wonderfully the forest smells after rain, how incredibly deep silence is sometimes ... and how sometimes simple peace is not enough for our soul, exhausted by everyday race.
I usually wake up very early. Morning was my favorite time of day (which, unfortunately, completely changed when I became an adult). I loved to hear how the still sleepy earth wakes up from the morning cool; to see how the first drops of dew sparkle, still hanging on delicate flower petals and falling down like diamond stars from the slightest breeze. How LIFE wakes up to a new day... It was truly MY world. I loved him and was absolutely sure that he will always be with me ...
At that time we lived in an old two-story house, completely surrounded by a huge old garden. My mother went to work every day, and my father mostly stayed at home or went on business trips, since at that time he worked as a journalist in a local newspaper, the name of which, unfortunately, I don’t remember anymore. Therefore, I spent almost all of my daytime with my grandparents, who were my father's parents (as I later found out - his foster parents).

My second favorite hobby was reading, which has remained my great love forever. I learned to read at the age of three, which, as it turned out, was very early for this occupation. When I was four, I was already reading my favorite fairy tales (for which I paid with my own eyes today). I loved to live with my heroes: I empathized and cried when something went wrong, I was indignant and offended when evil won. And when the fairy tales had a happy ending, everything was shining brightly with a “pink color” and my day became a real holiday.

3. Definition of rank and qualification


Gunner Guards Foot Artillery	Gunner 3rd Grenadier Artillery Brigade	Gunner 52nd Artillery Brigade	Gunner 6th Turkestan Rifle Artillery Park	Gunner 6th Horse Artillery Battery	Gunner Moscow local artillery team

Correspondence of the ranks of the lower ranks of the infantry and artillery units of the RIA

Infantry units	Artillery units
The lower ranks of the ordinary rank
Private	Gunner
corporal	Bombardier
The lower ranks of the non-commissioned officer rank
Junior non-commissioned officer		junior fireworker
Senior non-commissioned officer		senior fireworker
Feldwebel		Feldwebel (in horse and horse-mountain artillery - sergeant major)
Ensign		Ensign
Zauryad Ensign		Zauryad Ensign

Placement of badges by rank, ciphers and special signs on the shoulder straps of the lower ranks of the army artillery (1911-1917)

(On the example of the 25th artillery brigade)

Gunner

Bombardier

junior fireworker

senior fireworker

Feldwebel

Ensign

Proprietor

The gunners did not have stripes on shoulder straps, they had an encryption and a special sign (since 1909)

Bombardiers and non-combatant lower ranks equal to them in rank had on shoulder straps one transverse stripe 1/4 inch wide, which was sewn close to the loop of the shoulder button.

Junior and senior fireworkers and non-combatant lower ranks equal to them in rank had on shoulder straps, respectively, 2 and 3 transverse stripes 1/4 inch wide with a distance between them 1/16 inch, the top of which was sewn close to the buttonhole of the shoulder strap.

Feldwebels (wahmisters) and non-combatant lower ranks equal in rank were supposed to have 1 transverse stripe 5/8 inches wide, also sewn close to the buttonhole of the running button.

Since 1906, ensigns were given shoulder straps that differed significantly from the shoulder straps of other lower ranks (PVV No. 156 of 03/09/1906): “ ... shoulder straps according to the pattern established for courier officers with a lining and a number or monogram embroidered according to an officer's pattern; ensigns serving as sergeant majors have a transverse wide galloon stripe on shoulder straps according to the color of the device ...»

The last provision was duplicated in the PVV No. 307 of 06/07/1907: “ ensigns ... remaining in long-term service in combat positions ... to have shoulder straps according to the model established for courier officers, with lining and a number or monogram embroidered according to the officer’s model, according to the drawing attached to this, and for ensigns serving as sergeant majors - a transverse wide galloon stripe on shoulder straps should be the color of the metal device ...»

Neither in PVV No. 156, nor in PVV No. 307, the width and type of galloon were clearly specified, in contrast to the description of the ensign's shoulder straps, which is present in PVV No. 178 of 04/08/1908: " for ensigns ... shoulder straps made of cloth, part of the assigned, with a chief officer's galloon sewn along the shoulder strap (1/2 inch wide) according to the color of the device, with an officer's code where it was assigned; epaulettes should be fastened on the uniform, overcoat and summer shirt.» However, the width of the galloon assigned to ensigns according to PVV No. 156 and PVV No. 307 was easily calculated from the exemplary drawing attached to the latter.

According to PVV No. 470 dated 10/28/1908, on counter-chauffeurs to strengthen the epaulettes of warrant officers of the guards horse artillery, it was supposed to have a chief officer galloon, 1/2 inch wide, sewn onto a cloth field from instrument cloth (with installed piping) 7 / wide 8 inches

In PVV No. 446 for 1911, the epaulettes of ensigns were described as follows: “ Shoulder straps ... ensigns - the same width as other lower ranks, but with a lining, hemmed in the middle and along the shoulder strap with a galloon in the color of the device, three-quarters of an inch wide, and with an applied metal number or monogram in the color of the device ..."(The article" Galun "of the Military Encyclopedia, edited by V. F. Novitsky, provides information as of 1912 on the use of a 5/8 inch wide galloon for sewing ensigns on shoulder straps, however, given that this information is not available in other publications , as well as the fact that this article does not contain a description of the use of a harness galloon with a width of 3/4 inch, it can be assumed that this is a typo - author's note).

Another category of combatant lower ranks, although they had many rights of chief officers, in the period before 1903 were young people who were released from cadet schools after passing the officer's exam and serving in units with the rank of lieutenant pending promotion to officers. They were distinguished from other lower ranks by the following features of uniforms and ammunition:

- Shoulder straps sheathed with galloon with a width of ¼ inch of instrument metal on three sides (except the bottom), on which stripes from galloon or bason could be preserved, if in the cadet school the future ensign acted as a sergeant major (wahmister), senior or junior non-commissioned officer

- Non-commissioned officer galloon on the collar and cuffs

- A chevron made of galloon 5/8 inches wide of instrument metal, oriented with the top of the corner up, sewn over the cuff on the left sleeve of the uniform and overcoat

- A harness for a sword, a waist belt, a revolver holster, a revolver cord (barbarians on it, like on an officer's revolver cord), a sash (to whom it was put) and a personal weapon - according to the model established for sergeants (wahmisters) of the unit

- Lanyard to the checker - officer

It should be noted that junkers were issued less often as ensigns to artillery units than to infantry and cavalry units. because artillery cadet schools, unlike infantry and cavalry schools, did not exist, and certain conditions had to be met in order to be released into field artillery (paragraph “c” of article 23 of the PVV No. 224 for 1886)

Artillery lieutenants as a category of persons who successfully passed the officer rank exam and were awaiting production were abolished in 1902 (PSZ RI, Meeting the Third, No. 21594 of 06/03/1902) examination lower ranks of artillery remained in their ranks and were sent to those units in which they were intended for promotion to officers

Zauryad ensigns in the period 1891-1907. shoulder straps of the sample introduced by PVV No. 137 for 1891 were worn (galoon chief officer epaulette with one asterisk, with stripes superimposed on it above the asterisk for that non-commissioned officer rank, from which the lower rank was promoted to ensign) and officer uniform , but without epaulets (initially), frock coats and long trousers (since 1907) (Art. 5 PVV No. 137 for 1891, PVV No. 811 for 1904 and PVV No. 323 for 1907). Since 1907, shoulder straps of the 1891 model were worn only in wartime, and in peacetime - by ordinary ensigns studying in cadet schools (it is not known whether this rule applied to ordinary warrant officers who studied at military schools after the reorganization of cadet schools in them).

Since 1906, ordinary ensigns who did not have the necessary educational qualifications (higher and secondary education, although not completed - author's note), could hold the positions of sergeant majors, and they could both remain in these positions after the demobilization of the army, and enter them from the stock (PVV No. 634 dated 10/18/1906). Those who held these positions until 1907 wore shoulder straps of the 1891 model, others from 1907 received shoulder straps like ensigns, with an embroidered star placed on them and a transverse sergeant-major galloon patch (PVV No. 381 of 07/11/1907). In addition, they had the following differences in uniforms from those of super-enlisted sergeant majors: an officer's lanyard for a saber, an officer's cockade for a headdress, piping on trousers and uniform sleeves, a chevron sewn on the left sleeve of the uniform and overcoat with an upward angle, made of galloon, 5 / 8 inches according to the color of the instrument metal, i.e. gold, cashmere sash assigned to the part of the color, a holster with an officer's cord (PVV No. 381 of 07/11/1907).

Candidates for a class position were assigned a galloon patch for shoulder straps 3/8 inches wide, the color of the reverse of the device, in the form of an angle from the button to the ends of the shoulder strap (PSZ RI, Collection Three, No. 17746 of 11/16/1899), on which transverse stripes corresponding to the rank from which the lower rank was promoted to candidates for a class position.

In 1907, candidates for a class position were given shoulder straps of a new type: “ ... according to the model determined for courier officers with a lining and a number or monogram embroidered according to the officer's model (if any)"(PVV No. 453 dated 08/25/1907).

In addition, on the left sleeve of the uniform, above the cuff, they wore a galloon chevron of the color opposite to the instrument metal, i.e. silver, 5/8 inches wide (Until 1886, when the “List of uniforms and equipment for ensigns, estandard junkers, corporals and candidates for a class position was maintained, indicating their differences from the lower ranks” (PSZ RI, Meeting Third , No. 3990 dated 11/04/1886) candidates for a class position, along with the Junkenr harness, enjoyed the benefits assigned to this rank in accordance with Article 723 Book I, Part II of the Code of Military Decrees (1859 - author's note) according to VI continuation, including a chevron of gold galloon, an upward angle sewn on the left sleeve of the uniform and a silver lanyard "if cold weapons were assigned according to the uniform" (the question of whether cold weapons were supposed to candidates for a class position in a given period of time not quite clear - author's note) (PSZ RI, Collection Two, No. 46826 dated March 8, 1869).

In the PVV No. 178 dated 04/08/1908, the following description of shoulder straps of candidates for a class position is given: “from cloth, part of the assigned, with a chief officer's galloon sewn along the shoulder strap (1/2 inch wide) according to the color of the device, with an officer's code, where it was assigned; epaulettes should be fastened on the uniform, overcoat and summer shirt.”(Unlike ensigns, candidates for a class position were supposed to have a chevron made of galloon of a color opposite to the instrument one, 5/8 inches wide, sewn with a tip up on the left sleeve of the uniform and overcoat above the cuff).

Ober-fireworkers were graduates of the Pyrotechnic School, the Pyrotechnic School, as well as the Pyrotechnic Department of the Technical School of the Artillery Department and served at the factories of the Artillery Department, artillery depots and in fortresses, performing a number of pyrotechnic works. Non-class weapons masters graduated from artillery weapons schools and served in the regimental weapons workshops of infantry and cavalry units, where they repaired firearms and edged weapons, trained students and supervised the work of craftsmen. Non-class technical masters graduated from the Technical School of the Artillery Department (in 1910, the Pyrotechnic and Technical Schools were transformed into the schools of the Artillery Department of the same name, and since 1913 both schools have been merged into one - the Technical School of the Artillery Department - author's note)

As of 1914, graduates of the Pyrotechnic Department of the Technical School of the Artillery Department received the title of chief fireworker of the 2nd category with the rights of candidates for a class position (Since 1900 (PVV No. 26 of 01/27/1900) all released from the pyrotechnic and technical artillery schools and the chief fireworkers and technical masters who had not yet been promoted to the class rank by that time were renamed candidates for the class position, with the titles assigned to them preserved), and those who graduated in the 1st category were then promoted to vacancies in the class chief fireworks with the rank of collegiate registrars who graduated in the 2nd category were made to the same rank after all graduates who graduated in the 1st category last year (before that they were issued by senior fireworks to the troops).

As for the graduates of the Armory Schools at the Tula and Izhevsk Plants, those who graduated from them in the 1st category received the title of a weapons master of the 2nd category and, on the proposal of their combatant authorities, they were promoted to the vacancy of masters of the 1st category, and according to the length of service of the established period, they were class ranks. Other graduates served in active service as apprentices.

As of 1896, graduates of the Technical School of the Artillery Department who graduated in the 1st category were presented for production as technical masters or master draftsmen, in the 2nd category they were sent to serve in the rank of senior apprentice.

Ober-fireworkers, gunsmiths and technical masters of the 1st category on shoulder straps were fitted with 2 galloon stripes ½ inch wide, the first of which was sewn touching the end of the loop, like sergeants, and the second - 1∕16 inch lower (according to PVV PVV No. 262 for 1869, the order of placing the stripes was different: “Unlike other non-combatant military units ... the uniform of fireworks of field artillery was assigned, with a galloon wide stripe across the shoulder strap, from the bottom of it, for the 2nd category - in one row, and for the 1st first category - in two rows ... ”- author's note), chief fireworks, weapons and technical masters of the 2nd category - one galloon patch (Circular of the General Staff No. 88 for 1900).Ober-fireworker
(technical master)
1st rank Sveaborg fortress artillery
(shoulder strap arr. 1900)

Ober-fireworker
(technical master)
Kronstadt fortress artillery
(shoulder strap arr. 1908)

Since 1907 (PVV No. 453 dated 08.25.1907), gunsmiths of the 1st and 2nd category, as well as candidates from all departments of the Military Ministry, were given epaulettes “...according to the model established for courier officers, with lining and embroidered according to the officer’s model with a number or monogram (if any)”. Since 1908 (?), a camouflage edging was introduced on the shoulder straps of chief fireworkers, gunsmiths and technical masters (PVV No. 508 of 11/01/1908 (?).

By order of the General Staff No. 292 of 06/01/1904, candidates for a class position, technical masters, were assigned the same weapons as fireworks officers of the same rank, that is, a checker on a shoulder belt with an officer's lanyard. Life Guards of the 1st Artillery Brigade

- Bombardiers and fireworks of the military service of the guards - woolen braid (bason) of yellow color, in 2 strands, with red stripes;

- Bombardiers and fireworks for military service of grenadier units and military educational institutions - white braid, with a red stripe in the middle of 2 threads;

- Bombardiers and fireworks of military service of army units - white braid;

- Sergeants of the Life Guards of the 1st Artillery Brigade - battle galloon;

- Sergeants of the rest of the Guards, horse artillery, Cossack units - half-staff galloon;

- Sergeant majors of the rest of the army and grenadier units - army galloon;

- Sub-ensigns and ensigns-ensigns - harness (officer) galloon of instrument color;

- The lower ranks of the permanent staff of the Officer Artillery School had epaulets trimmed on three sides with a yellow lace, the so-called. "learning tape".

In pursuance of PVV No. 446 for 1911, shoulder straps of extra-conscripts of the 2nd category, i.e. bombardiers and fireworks along the edges (except for the bottom one) were sheathed with a fringe braid ¼ inch wide according to the color of the device; Wool braid yellow, shir. ¼ inch." According to PVV No. 218 dated 04.05. In 1912, on a field shirt, this lining was replaced with a narrow dark orange braid.

It should be noted that according to the PVV No. 446 for 1911, the transverse stripes by rank on the shoulder straps of the lower ranks of the 2nd category were made not from braid, but from galloon of the same size and color. The type of weaving used for this galloon was not indicated in the PVV No. 446, however, in the PVV No. 629 for 1912 (quartermaster list) referring to it, “2621. Gold narrow galloon (page gimlet)" and "2622. Galloon silver narrow (page gimlet).

) in the artillery units of the Russian Imperial Army, as well as in some foreign armies of the armed forces of states.

Story

It appeared in the Russian army at the beginning of the 18th century, initially only in "amusing" regiments and was equal to the rank of corporal in army artillery.

Artillery fireworks were thoroughly prepared both theoretically and especially practically to fulfill the duties of the immediate chief of the gun and to replace the platoon commander; they quickly and accurately executed aiming and firing commands, superbly supervised and supervised the execution of the duties of the crew with guns and charging boxes. Fireworks were indispensable assistants to officers and served as an example for all soldiers of the battery in terms of practical knowledge of service, consciousness of duty and dedication.
- Barsukov E.Z.

In foot artillery - gun fireworks assigned a white leather lanyard with the same tassel.

Write a review on the article "Fireworks"

Notes

Literature

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
// Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
PSZ I. Vol. 5 No. 3006, Vol. 25 No. 18430, 18934;
Orders for the military department for 1796, St. Petersburg. , 1797;
Ganichev P.P. Military ranks. M., 1989;
Stas A.K. Russian historical mosaic: Ranks, titles and titles of the Russian Empire. M., 1992

An excerpt characterizing Fireworks

The viscount bowed in humility and smiled courteously. Anna Pavlovna made a circle around the viscount and invited everyone to listen to his story.
“Le vicomte a ete personnellement connu de monseigneur, [the viscount was personally acquainted with the duke],” Anna Pavlovna whispered to one. “Le vicomte est un parfait conteur,” she said to another. - Comme on voit l "homme de la bonne compagnie [As a person of good society is now visible]," she said to the third; and the viscount was served to society in the most elegant and favorable light for him, like roast beef on a hot dish sprinkled with herbs.
The viscount was about to begin his story and smiled thinly.
“Come over here, chere Helene, [dear Helen],” Anna Pavlovna said to the beautiful princess, who was sitting at a distance, making up the center of another circle.
Princess Helen smiled; she got up with the same unchanging smile of a quite beautiful woman, with which she entered the drawing-room. Slightly noisy in her white ball gown trimmed with ivy and moss, and shining with the whiteness of her shoulders, with the gloss of her hair and diamonds, she walked straight between the parting men, not looking at anyone, but smiling at everyone and, as if kindly giving everyone the right to admire the beauty of her figure. , full of shoulders, very open, according to the fashion of that time, chest and back, and as if bringing with her the splendor of the ball, she went up to Anna Pavlovna. Helen was so pretty that not only was there no trace of coquetry in her, but, on the contrary, she seemed ashamed of her undoubted and too strong and victorious acting beauty. She seemed to wish and could not belittle the effect of her beauty. Quelle belle personne! [What a beauty!] - said everyone who saw her.
As if struck by something extraordinary, the viscount shrugged his shoulders and lowered his eyes while she sat down in front of him and lit up him with that same unchanging smile.
- Madame, je crains pour mes moyens devant un pareil auditoire, [I really fear for my abilities in front of such an audience,] he said, tilting his head with a smile.
The princess leaned her open, full hand on the table and did not find it necessary to say anything. She waited smiling. Throughout the story, she sat upright, looking now and then at her full beautiful hand, which changed its shape from the pressure on the table, then at an even more beautiful breast, on which she adjusted her diamond necklace; she straightened the folds of her dress several times and, when the story made an impression, looked back at Anna Pavlovna and immediately assumed the same expression that was on the face of the maid of honor, and then calmed down again in a radiant smile. Following Helene, the little princess also moved from the tea table.
- Attendez moi, je vais prendre mon ouvrage, [Wait, I'll take my work,] - she said. Voyons, a quoi pensez vous? - she turned to Prince Hippolyte: - apportez moi mon ridicule. [What are you thinking about? Bring me my reticule.]
The princess, smiling and talking to everyone, suddenly made a rearrangement and, sitting down, gaily recovered herself.

Parts of the Russian imperial army, as well as in some foreign armies.

It appeared in the Russian army at the beginning of the 18th century, initially only in "amusing" regiments and was equal to the rank of corporal in army artillery.

Artillery fireworks were thoroughly prepared both theoretically and especially practically to fulfill the duties of the immediate head of the gun and to replace the platoon commander; they quickly and accurately carried out the aiming and firing commands, superbly supervised and supervised the execution of the duties of the crew with guns and charging boxes. Fireworks were indispensable assistants to officers and served as an example for all soldiers of the battery in terms of practical knowledge of service, consciousness of duty and dedication.

Attribution of photographs of the lower ranks of the artillery units of the RIA (1881-1917). The meaning of the word fireworks in the modern explanatory dictionary, bse Fireworks title

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is FIREWORKS in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

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An excerpt characterizing Fireworks

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