Baranov manual on social science. P.A

The reference book includes the material of the school course "Social Studies", which is checked at the unified state exam. The structure of the book corresponds to the Standard of secondary (complete) education in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - control and measuring materials (KIM) of the USE.

The guide contains the following sections of the course: "Society", "Spiritual life of society", "Man", "Knowledge", "Politics", "Economics", "Social relations", "Law", which form the core of the content of public education, tested within the USE. This enhances the practical focus of the book.

The compact and visual form of presentation, a large number of diagrams and tables contribute to a better understanding and memorization of theoretical material.

In the process of preparing for the exam in social studies, it is very important not only to master the content of the course, but also to navigate the types of tasks on the basis of which the written work is built, which is a form of conducting the exam. Therefore, after each topic, options for tasks with answers and comments are presented. These tasks are designed to form ideas about the form of control and measuring materials in social science, the level of their complexity, the features of their implementation, and are aimed at developing the skills tested within the framework of the USE:

- to recognize the signs of concepts, the characteristic features of a social object, the elements of its description;

- compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences;

- correlate social science knowledge with social realities that reflect them;

- evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;

- analyze and classify social information presented in various sign systems (diagram, table, diagram);

- recognize concepts and their components: correlate species concepts with generic ones and exclude unnecessary ones;

- to establish correspondences between the essential features and signs of social phenomena and social science terms, concepts;

- apply knowledge about the characteristic features, signs of concepts and phenomena, social objects of a certain class, choosing the necessary positions from the proposed list;

– distinguish between facts and opinions, arguments and conclusions in social information;

- name terms and concepts, social phenomena corresponding to the proposed context, and apply social science terms and concepts in the proposed context;

- list the signs of a phenomenon, objects of the same class, etc.;

- to reveal by examples the most important theoretical provisions and concepts of the social sciences and humanities; give examples of certain social phenomena, actions, situations;

- apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect the actual problems of human life and society;

- to carry out a comprehensive search, systematization and interpretation of social information on a specific topic from original non-adapted texts (philosophical, scientific, legal, political, journalistic);

– to formulate own judgments and arguments on certain issues on the basis of the acquired social and humanitarian knowledge.

This will allow to overcome a certain psychological barrier before the exam, associated with the ignorance of the majority of examinees how they should arrange the result of the completed task.

Section 1 Society

Topic 1. Society as a special part of the world. The systemic structure of society

The difficulty of defining the concept of "society" is primarily due to its extreme generalization, and, in addition, to its enormous significance. This led to the existence of many definitions of this concept.

concept "society" in a broad sense of the word, it can be defined as a part of the material world that is isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes: ways of human interaction; forms of association of people.

Society in the narrow sense of the word is:

– a circle of people united by a common goal, interests, origin(for example, a society of numismatists, a noble assembly);

– individual specific society, country, state, region(for example, modern Russian society, French society);

– historical stage in the development of mankind(eg feudal society, capitalist society);

– humanity as a whole.

Society is the product of the combined activities of many people. Human activity is a way of existence or existence of society. Society grows out of the life process itself, out of the ordinary and everyday activities of people. It is no coincidence that the Latin word socio means to unite, unite, start joint work. Society does not exist outside the direct and indirect interaction of people.

As a way of people's existence, society must fulfill a set of certain functions :

– production of material goods and services;

– distribution of products of labor (activity);

– regulation and management of activities and behavior;

- reproduction and socialization of a person;

- spiritual production and regulation of people's activity.

The essence of society lies not in the people themselves, but in the relationships they enter into with each other in the course of their life. Consequently, society is a set of social relations.

Society is characterized as dynamic self-developing system , i.e. such a system that is capable of seriously changing, at the same time retaining its essence and qualitative certainty.

Wherein system defined as complex of interacting elements. In its turn, element called some further indecomposable component of the system that is directly involved in its creation.

Basic principles of the system : the whole is not reducible to the sum of the parts; the whole gives rise to traits, properties that go beyond the boundaries of individual elements; the structure of the system is formed by the interconnection of its individual elements, subsystems; elements, in turn, can have a complex structure and act as systems; there is a relationship between the system and the environment.

Accordingly, society is complex self-developing open system , which includes individuals and social communities united by cooperative, coordinated connections and processes of self-regulation, self-structuring and self-reproduction.

For the analysis of complex systems, similar to society, the concept of "subsystem" has been developed. Subsystems called intermediate complexes, more complex than the elements, but less complex than the system itself.

Certain groups of social relations form subsystems. The main subsystems of society are considered to be the main spheres of public life. spheres of public life .

The basis for delimiting the spheres of public life are basic human needs.

The division into four spheres of public life is conditional. You can name other areas: science, artistic and creative activity, racial, ethnic, national relations. However, these four areas are traditionally singled out as the most common and significant.

Society as a complex, self-developing system is characterized by the following specific features :

1. It is big variety of different social structures and subsystems. This is not a mechanical sum of individuals, but an integral system that has a super-complex and hierarchical character: various kinds of subsystems are connected by subordinate relationships.

2. Society is not reducible to the people who make it up, it is a system of extra- and supra-individual forms, connections and relationships which a person creates by his active activity together with other people. These "invisible" social connections and relations are given to people in their language, various actions, programs of activity, communication, etc., without which people cannot exist together. Society is integrated in its essence and should be considered as a whole, in the aggregate of its individual components.

3. Society is inherent self-sufficiency, i.e., the ability to create and reproduce the necessary conditions for one's own existence through active joint activity. Society is characterized in this case as an integral single organism in which various social groups are closely intertwined, a wide variety of activities that provide the vital conditions for existence.

4. Society is exceptional dynamism, incompleteness and alternative development. The main actor in the choice of development options is a person.

5. Society highlights special status of subjects that determine its development. Man is a universal component of social systems included in each of them. Behind the confrontation of ideas in society, there is always a clash of corresponding needs, interests, goals, the impact of such social factors as public opinion, official ideology, political attitudes and traditions. Inevitable for social development is a sharp competition of interests and aspirations, in connection with which, a clash of alternative ideas often occurs in society, a sharp debate and struggle is carried out.

6. Society is inherent unpredictability, non-linearity of development. The presence in society of a large number of subsystems, the constant clash of interests and goals of various people creates the prerequisites for the implementation of various options and models for the future development of society. However, this does not mean that the development of society is absolutely arbitrary and uncontrollable. On the contrary, scientists create models of social forecasting: options for the development of a social system in its most diverse areas, computer models of the world, etc.

Job Sample

A1. Choose the correct answer. Which of the signs characterizes society as a system?

1. continuous development

2. part of the material world

3. separation from nature

4. ways people interact

Answer: 4.

Topic 2. Society and nature

Nature (from gr. physis and lat. natura - to arise, to be born) - one of the most general categories of science and philosophy, originating in the ancient worldview.

The concept of "nature" is used to denote not only the natural, but also the material conditions of its existence created by man - the "second nature", to some extent transformed and formed by man.

Society as a part of nature isolated in the process of human life is inextricably linked with it.

The separation of man from the natural world marked the birth of a qualitatively new material unity, since man has not only natural properties, but also social ones.

Society has come into conflict with nature in two respects: 1) as a social reality, it is nothing but nature itself; 2) it purposefully influences nature with the help of tools, changing it.

At first, the contradiction between society and nature acted as their difference, since man still had primitive tools of labor, with the help of which he earned his livelihood. However, in those distant times, there was no longer a complete dependence of man on nature. As the tools of labor improved, society exerted an increasing influence on nature. A person cannot do without nature also because the technical means that make life easier for him are created by analogy with natural processes.

As soon as it was born, society began to have a very significant impact on nature, improving it somewhere, and worsening it somewhere. But nature, in turn, began to “worsen” the characteristics of society, for example, by reducing the quality of health of large masses of people, etc. Society, as a separate part of nature, and nature itself exert a significant influence on each other. At the same time, they retain specific features that allow them to coexist as a dual phenomenon of earthly reality. This close relationship between nature and society is the basis of the unity of the world.

Job Sample

C6. Explain the relationship between nature and society using two examples.

Answer: As examples that reveal the relationship between nature and society, the following can be given: Man is not only a social, but also a biological being, and therefore, is a part of living nature. Society draws the necessary material and energy resources for its development from the natural environment. Degradation of the natural environment (air pollution, water pollution, deforestation, etc.) leads to a deterioration in people's health, to a decrease in their quality of life, etc.

Topic 3. Society and culture

The entire life of society is based on the expedient and diverse activities of people, the product of which are material goods and cultural values, that is, culture. Therefore, certain types of societies are often called cultures. However, the concepts of "society" and "culture" are not synonymous.

The system of relationships is largely formed objectively, under the influence of the laws of social development. Therefore, they are not a direct product of culture, despite the fact that the conscious activity of people affects the nature and form of these relations in the most significant way.

Job Sample

B5. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.

(1) In the history of social thought, there have been various, often opposing views on culture. (2) Some philosophers called culture a means of enslaving people. (3) A different point of view was held by those scientists who considered culture a means of ennobling a person, turning him into a civilized member of society. (4) This indicates the breadth, multidimensionality of the content of the concept of "culture".

Determine what provisions of the text are:

A) actual character

B) the nature of value judgments

Write under the position number the letter that indicates its nature. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.

Answer: ABBA.

Topic 4. The relationship of economic, social, political and spiritual spheres of society

A certain independence is inherent in each sphere of the life of society; they function and develop according to the laws of the whole, i.e. society. At the same time, all four main spheres not only interact, but also mutually determine each other. For example, the influence of the political sphere on culture is manifested in the fact that, firstly, each state pursues a certain policy in the field of culture, and secondly, cultural figures reflect certain political views and positions in their work.

The boundaries between all four spheres of society are easy to move, transparent. Each sphere is present one way or another in all the others, but at the same time it does not dissolve, does not lose its leading function. The question of the relationship between the main spheres of public life and the allocation of one priority is debatable. There are supporters of the defining role of the economic sphere. They proceed from the fact that material production, which is the core of economic relations, satisfies the most urgent, primary human needs, without which any other activity is impossible. There is a selection as a priority spiritual sphere of society. Proponents of this approach give the following argument: a person's thoughts, ideas, ideas are ahead of his practical actions. Major social changes are always preceded by changes in people's minds, a transition to other spiritual values. The most compromise of the above approaches is the approach, the adherents of which argue that each of the four spheres of social life can become decisive in different periods of historical development.

Job Sample

B3. Establish a correspondence between the main areas of society and their institutions (organizations): for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table, and then transfer the resulting sequence of numbers to the answer sheet (without spaces or any symbols).

Answer: 21221.

Topic 5. Social institutions

social institution is a historically established, stable form of organizing the joint activities of people who perform certain functions in society, the main of which is the satisfaction of social needs.

Every social institution is characterized by the presence activity goals and specific functions that ensure its achievement.

In modern society, there are dozens of social institutions, among which the key ones can be distinguished: inheritance, power, property, family.

Within the fundamental social institutions there are very distinct divisions into small institutions. For example, economic institutions, along with the basic institution of property, include many stable systems of relations - financial, production, marketing, organizational and managerial institutions. In the system of political institutions of modern society, along with the key institution of power, there are institutions of political representation, presidency, separation of powers, local self-government, parliamentarism, etc.

Social institutions:

They organize human activity into a certain system of roles and statuses, setting patterns of people's behavior in various spheres of public life. For example, such a social institution as a school includes the roles of a teacher and a student, and a family includes the roles of parents and children. There are certain role relations between them, which are regulated by specific norms and regulations. Some of the most important norms are enshrined in law, others are supported by traditions, customs, public opinion;

They include a system of sanctions - from legal to moral and ethical;

streamline, coordinate many individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character;

Provide standard behavior of people in socially typical situations.

Functions of social institutions: explicit (officially declared, recognized and controlled by society); hidden (performed covertly or unintentionally).

When the discrepancy between these functions is large, a double standard of social relations arises, which threatens the stability of society. Even more dangerous is the situation when, along with official institutions, so-called shadow institutions which assume the function of regulating the most important social relations (for example, criminal structures).

Social institutions define society as a whole. Any social transformations are carried out through changes in social institutions.

Each social institution is characterized by the presence of an activity goal and specific functions that ensure its achievement.

Job Sample

C5. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "institutions of society"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about the institutions of society.

Answer: The institution of society is a historically established, stable form of organizing the joint activities of people who perform certain functions in society, the main of which is the satisfaction of social needs. Sample sentences: Allocate economic, political, social institutions, institutions operating in the spiritual field. Each institution of society is characterized by the presence of a goal of activity and specific functions. The institutions of society are a complex and branched formation: within the fundamental institutions there are very distinct divisions into smaller ones. From the point of view of the organization of society, the key institutions are: inheritance, power, property, family, etc.

Topic 6. Multivariance of social development. Typology of societies

Social development can be reformist or revolutionary in nature.

Reforms can take place in all spheres of public life:

- economic reforms - transformations of the economic mechanism: forms, methods, levers and organization of the country's economic management (privatization, bankruptcy law, antimonopoly laws, etc.);

- social reforms - transformations, changes, reorganization of any aspects of public life that do not destroy the foundations of the social system (these reforms are directly related to people);

- political reforms - changes in the political sphere of public life (changes in the constitution, electoral system, expansion of civil rights, etc.).

The degree of reformist transformations can be very significant, up to changes in the social system or the type of economic system: the reforms of Peter I, the reforms in Russia in the early 90s. 20th century

In modern conditions, two ways of social development - reform and revolution - are opposed to the practice of permanent reform in a self-regulating society. It should be recognized that both reform and revolution “cure” an already neglected disease, while constant and possibly early prevention is necessary. Therefore, in modern social science, the emphasis is shifted from the dilemma "reform - revolution" to "reform - innovation". Under innovation (from English innovation - innovation, innovation, innovation) is understood an ordinary, one-time improvement associated with an increase in the adaptive capabilities of a social organism in given conditions.

In modern sociology, social development is associated with the process of modernization.

Modernization (from French moderniser - modern) - it is a process of transition from a traditional, agrarian society to a modern, industrial society. Classical theories of modernization described the so-called "primary" modernization, which historically coincided with the development of Western capitalism. Later theories of modernization characterize it through the concepts of "secondary" or "catch-up" modernization. It is carried out in the conditions of the existence of a “model”, for example, in the form of a Western European liberal model, often such modernization is understood as westernization, that is, the process of direct borrowing or planting. In essence, this modernization is a global process of displacement of local, local types of cultures and social organization by "universal" (Western) forms of modernity.

It is possible to identify several classifications (typologies) societies:

1) pre-written and written;

2) simple and complex(the criterion in this typology is the number of levels of management of a society, as well as the degree of its differentiation: in simple societies there are no leaders and subordinates, rich and poor, in complex societies there are several levels of management and several social strata of the population, arranged from top to bottom in descending order income);

3) primitive society, slave-owning society, feudal society, capitalist society, communist society (a formational sign acts as a criterion in this typology);

4) developed, developing, backward (the criterion in this typology is the level of development);

Formational and civilizational approaches to the study of society

The most common approaches to the analysis of social development in Russian historical and philosophical science are formational and civilizational.

The first of them belongs to the Marxist school of social science, the founders of which were the German economists, sociologists and philosophers K. Marx (1818–1883) and F. Engels (1820–1895).

The key concept of this school of social science is the category of "socio-economic formation".

Despite the relative independence, the type of superstructure is determined by the nature of the basis. It also represents the basis of the formation, determining the belonging of a particular society.

The productive forces are a dynamic, constantly developing element of the mode of production, while the relations of production are static and inert, not changing for centuries. At a certain stage, a conflict arises between the productive forces and production relations, which is resolved in the course of the social revolution, the destruction of the old basis and the transition to a new stage of social development, to a new socio-economic formation. The old relations of production are being replaced by new ones, which open up scope for the development of the productive forces. Thus, Marxism understands social development as a natural, objectively determined, natural-historical change of socio-historical formations:

The key concept of the civilizational approach to the analysis of social development is the concept of "civilization", which has many interpretations.

The term "civilization" (from Latin civis - citizen) in the world historical and philosophical literature is used:

- as a certain stage in the development of local cultures (for example, O. Spengler);

- as a stage of historical development (for example, L. Morgan, F. Engels, O. Toffler);

- as a synonym for culture (for example, A. Toynbee);

- as a level (stage) of development of a particular region or a separate ethnic group.

Any civilization is characterized not so much by a production basis as by a specific one for it. way of life, value system, vision and ways of interconnection with the outside world.

There are two approaches in the modern theory of civilization.

Various researchers distinguish many local civilizations (for example, the English historian, sociologist, diplomat, public figure A. Toynbee (1889–1975) counted 21 civilizations in the history of mankind), which can coincide with the borders of states (Chinese civilization) or cover several countries (ancient , western). Usually, the whole variety of local civilizations is divided into two large groups - western and eastern.

Thus, the formation focuses on the universal, general, repetitive, and civilization - on the local-regional, unique, original.

Comparative analysis allows us to conclude that the existing approaches in science should not be considered as mutually exclusive. They must be treated from the point of view of the principle of complementarity, taking into account the noted advantages of each of the approaches.

Job Sample

B1. Write down the missing word in the diagram.

Answer: The revolution.

Social science. A complete guide to preparing for the exam Peter Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov

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Title: Social studies. A complete guide to preparing for the exam
Author: Petr Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov
Year: 2009
Genre: Reference literature: other, Reference books

About the book Social Science. A complete guide to preparing for the exam "Peter Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov

The reference book, addressed to graduates and applicants, contains in full the material of the course "Social Science", which is checked at the unified state exam.

The structure of the book corresponds to the codifier of the content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - the USE control and measuring materials.

The guide contains the following sections of the course: "Society", "Spiritual life of society", "Man", "Knowledge", "Politics", "Economics", "Social relations", "Law".

Brief and illustrative - in the form of diagrams and tables - the form of presentation provides maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample tasks and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge.

On our site about books, you can download the site for free without registration or read the online book “Social Science. A Complete Guide to Preparing for the Unified State Examination" Petr Baranov, Sergey Shevchenko, Alexander Vorontsov in epub, fb2, txt, rtf, pdf formats for iPad, iPhone, Android and Kindle. The book will give you a lot of pleasant moments and a real pleasure to read. You can buy the full version from our partner. Also, here you will find the latest news from the literary world, learn the biography of your favorite authors. For novice writers, there is a separate section with useful tips and tricks, interesting articles, thanks to which you can try your hand at writing.

109 113 . 128 2. Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Thematic elements of the content: a brief description. . . . . . . . 133 2.1. Economics and economic science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2.2. Factors of production and factor income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 2.3. Economic systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 2.4. Market and market mechanism. Supply and demand. . . . . . . . . 139 2.5. Fixed and variable costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 2.6. financial institutions. Banking system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 2.7. The main sources of business financing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 2.8. Securities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 2.9. Labor market. Unemployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 2.11. Economic growth and development. The concept of GDP. . . . . . . . . . . . 160 2.12. The role of the state in the economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 2.13. Taxes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 2.14. The state budget. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 2.15. World economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 2.16. Rational economic behavior of the owner, employee, consumer, family man, citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

We generalize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition. . . . . 181 Examples of thematic tasks and algorithms for their implementation. . . . . . . . . 185 We apply knowledge and skills: training @ training tasks. . . . . . . . . 209 3. Social relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

5.13. International humanitarian law (international protection of human rights in times of peace and war). . . . 382

5.14. Disputes and the procedure for their consideration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 5.15. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure. . . . . 387 5.16. Features of the criminal process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 5.17. Citizenship of the Russian Federation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 5.18. Military duty, alternative civilian service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

5.19. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 5.20. Law enforcement agencies. Judicial system. . . . . . . . . . . 405 We generalize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition. . . . . 409 Examples of thematic tasks and algorithms for their implementation. . . . . . . . . 413 We apply knowledge and skills: training @ training tasks. . . . . . . . . 431

S e c tio n IV

CHECK YOUR READINESS FOR THE USE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Training version of the examination paper in social science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436

Let's summarize. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

We apply knowledge and skills: training @ training tasks. . . . . . . . . 452 1. Man and society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 2. Economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 3. Social relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 4. Politics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 5. Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 The system for assessing the training version of the examination paper in social science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Foreword

This textbook is not an ordinary social studies textbook for high school, but a guide to preparing for the unified state exam (USE) in social @ knowledge.

The structure of the manual is due to the tasks of fast and high-quality preparation for the USE and consists of four sections: “The role of the teaching aid in preparing for the USE in social science”, “USE in social science: general characteristics”, “Content blocks @ modules tested on the Unified State Examination in Social Studies”, “Let's check our readiness for the Unified State Examination”. These sections, on the one hand, are logically interconnected, which makes it possible to organize the process of preparing for the USE more productively, and on the other hand, they are, to a certain extent, autonomous, self-sustaining, which expands the boundaries of the possible use of the textbook as a whole with taking into account the educational needs of the examinees.

Section I “The role of the textbook in preparing for the exam in social science” is introductory, and therefore it is notable for its small volume. It reveals a number of approaches to organizing the process of preparing for the USE, based on the learning opportunities and individual characteristics of the examinee, which increases the educational potential of this textbook.

Section II "USE in social studies: general characteristics" includes two subsections - "USE in social science: the main goal, form of conduct, objects of verification", "Characteristics of tasks of examination work in social science and algorithms for their implementation." The first subsection presents the features of the USE in social science, its main advantages over other forms of final attestation of graduates, the leading principles for selecting objects of verification, the structure of examination work in social science, and the basic principles for selecting types of tasks. This allows you to acquaint the examinee with the essence of the Unified State Examination in social science. The second subsection is devoted to a general description of the tasks that make up the examination paper and are arranged in accordance with its structural parts. The subsection includes the specification of each examination task (its content, level of difficulty, skills tested by the task, types of task, time

the name allotted for its implementation, assessment of the quality of the task), which makes it possible for the examinee to form a complete picture of the meaningful originality of the tasks. It is valuable that, along with the specification for each task, an algorithm for its implementation is proposed, which enhances the practical orientation of the textbook, equipping the examinee with the technology of working with tasks of various types used in the USE.

Section III "Content blocks@modules tested at the Unified State Exam in social studies" consists of five such blocks@modules: 1. "Man and Society", 2. "Economy", 3. "Social Relations" , 4. Politics " , 5. “Law”, each of which includes four subsections - “Thematic elements of the content: brief @ brief description”, “Generalize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition”, “Examples of thematic tasks and algorithms @ we for their implementation” , "We apply knowledge and skills: educational @ training @ tasks". This section combines the theoretical material on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled, and information related to the technology of their implementation in the context of the content of a particular block @ module.

In the first subsections, the thematic elements of the content of the five blocks @ modules are presented in a concise, compact and visual form - as a rule, in the form of structural @ logical diagrams and tables, which allows you to reflect the essence of the most significant issues of the social science course, and also helps to better understand and assimilate material. In order for the examinee to be able to understand the amount of educational material @ the content that makes up the content of one or another thematic element @, each of them opens with a list of basic concepts. This list can be used as a guide in the subsequent study of the material, as well as to consolidate knowledge of the basic social science concepts. The questions and tasks included in the subsections “Summarize and systematize: questions and tasks for repetition” will help determine how fully and deeply the examinee has mastered the thematic elements of the content. The third and fourth subsections are focused on mastering the examinee methods of performing tasks of different types in relation to five meaningful blocks @ modules. Next to the designation of the types of @ thematic tasks and the serial numbers of the training @ training tasks, the codes of the thematic elements of the content, the verification of which these tasks are aimed at, are indicated. This allows the examinee in the process of working on them, if necessary, to refer to the corresponding thematic element @

Section IV "Let's check our readiness for the exam" consists of two subsections - "Training version of the examination work in social science", "Let's summarize", which are aimed at independently determining the level of their social science training by the examinee. Thus, the first subsection is aimed at forming the examinee's holistic view of the structural components of the examination paper, the logic of constructing the tasks that make it up, their number, the level of complexity and the features of the solution. The results of the implementation of the training version of the social science examination will really reveal how well the examinee owns the social @ Vedic material, the leading skills tested on the exam. Filling out the questionnaire placed in the “Summarize” subsection will enable the examinee to assess his general level of readiness for passing the exam in social science (possession of knowledge, skills, methods of activity).

When working with the textbook, you should pay attention to the insets in the text that update the presented provisions: “Advice”, “Remind”, which, being quite autonomous, detail or supplement and deepen the main content of the material, and also include important recommendations. The arrows () used in the text of the manual, primarily in schemes @ diagrams, indicate cause-effect relationships between blocks of information, as a rule, the following relationship: causes, pre-conditions - consequences, results of certain social facts, phenomena, processes. It is advisable to keep in mind the footnotes, which not only concretize the educational material, but also serve as a guide when working with individual thematic elements of the content of blocks @ modules, focusing on previously studied content units.

At the end of the manual, answers are provided to all the given educational @ but @ training tasks for content blocks @ modules and tasks included in the training version of the examination paper in social science. This enables the examinee to check his answer with the standard, which will help improve the effectiveness of preparation for the exam in social science.

The tutorial can be used in two formats:

Independent systematic preparation for the Unified State Examination in social studies based on all its sections;

The reference book, addressed to high school graduates and applicants, contains in full the material of the course "Social Science", which is checked at the unified state exam.
The structure of the book corresponds to the modern codifier of the content elements in the subject, on the basis of which the examination tasks are compiled - the control measuring materials of the Unified State Examination (KIM).
The guide contains the following substantive blocks-modules: "Man and Society", "Economy", "Social Relations", "Politics", "Law".
Brief and illustrative - in the form of diagrams and tables - the form of presentation provides maximum efficiency in preparing for the exam. Sample tasks and answers to them, completing each topic, will help to objectively assess the level of knowledge, skills and abilities.

The concept of truth, its criteria.
In many ways, the problem of the reliability of our knowledge about the world is determined by the answer to the fundamental question of the theory of knowledge: "What is truth?".
The classical concept of truth is connected with the first definition: truth is knowledge corresponding to its subject, coinciding with it.

True:
there is a process, and not a one-time act of comprehending the object immediately in full;
always concrete: it is always connected with a certain place, time, circumstances. For example, the atomistic conception of the past basically contains the truth that material bodies are indeed made up of atoms, which are indivisible. If, however, we do not indicate that we are talking about certain conditions, we assume that atoms are always indivisible, then we will make a mistake, we will violate the principle of the concreteness of truth.

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Download the book Social Science, A new complete reference book for preparing for the exam, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2016 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.

• Social science, A new complete reference book for preparing for the exam, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2018
• USE, Social studies, Full express tutor, Baranov, Vorontsov, Shevchenko, 2013
• Unified State Examination in Social Studies, Full express tutor, Baranov P.A., Vorontsov A.V., Shevchenko S.V., 2013

The following tutorials and books.

This book is a textbook for quick and effective preparation of secondary school graduates for the state (final) certification (GIA) in social science, which in its content corresponds to the state standard of basic general education in the subject. The manual is intended to assist in the systematization, deepening and generalization of knowledge on the content block of the social science course "The economic sphere of society."

The express course presented in the first part of the manual, revealing the content of this block, is adequate to the codifier of content elements in social science, verified within the framework of the GIA.

In the process of preparing for the GIA in social science, it is very important to transform the content of the material into a more accessible one for perception, to identify the most significant features of social objects and phenomena, to reveal the essence of social science concepts, the most typical and essential features of modern society, forms and directions of its development. The tool for the implementation of this task is the structural-logical diagrams and tables, which compactly reveal the most significant issues of the social science course of the basic school and contribute to understanding and deep assimilation of the material.

The second part of the manual includes variable training tasks in preparation for the GIA in social studies. These tasks correspond to the control measuring materials (KIMs), on the basis of which the written work is built, which is a form of conducting the GIA in social studies.

The structure of the examination paper in social studies

Training tasks are aimed at developing the skills that are tested as part of the examination work in social studies:

- to recognize the essential features of concepts, the characteristic features of a social object, the elements of its description;

- to define a concept, a social phenomenon on the basis of its essential feature, the proposed characteristics;

- recognize concepts and their components: correlate species concepts with generic ones and exclude unnecessary ones;

- compare social objects, identifying their common features and differences;

- give examples of social phenomena, objects, activities of people, situations regulated by various social norms, relevant in a given context;

– search for social information in various sources;

- evaluate various judgments about social objects from the point of view of social sciences;

- analyze, classify, interpret the available social information, correlate it with the knowledge gained during the course;

- apply social science terms and concepts in the proposed context;

- apply social and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive and practical problems that reflect the actual problems of human life and society;

- to formulate, on the basis of acquired social and humanitarian knowledge, one's own judgments and arguments on certain problems;

- evaluate people's behavior in terms of social norms.

Completion of training tasks will allow you to test your knowledge, skills, abilities, which will make it possible to more objectively assess the level of your social science training in the content block "Economic sphere of society."

At the end of the manual are answers to all the proposed tasks. Check your answer against the standard. If your answer does not match the answer given in the manual, re-refer to the content of the assignment and try to understand what your mistake is.

To satisfy all the diverse needs, a person is forced to enter into "business relations" with other people. In order to satisfy his own need, a person offers something of his own for others in exchange. In other words, everyone can satisfy his need only after he has satisfied someone else's need.

Having received what he wants as a result of the exchange on the market, a person carries out direct consumption, which temporarily satisfies him and gives rise to new needs. The satisfaction of one need leads to the formation of a new one. Human needs are endless and growing all the time. Their growth constantly develops production. After all, it is only necessary to produce what a person needs. On the other hand, the development of production, technological changes in society not only expand the circle of desires and preferences of a person, but also change the structure of his needs.