Impersonal offers. What is an impersonal offer and what are its features

Structural-semantic varieties of impersonal sentences

One-part sentences are called impersonal, the main member of which names a process or state that is independent of the active agent (or a sign that is independent of its carrier).

For example: dawn; I can not sleep; It's cold outside.

The semantic basis of impersonal sentences is the absence of an active figure (or a carrier of a sign), since an indication of the agent (or the carrier of the attribute) in the sentence can still be, however, in such a form that does not allow a grammatical subject.

Wed examples: I sing easily and I sing easily. In an impersonal sentence I sing easily there is an indication of the acting person (to me), however, the form of the verb-predicate does not allow the nominative case, it cannot be established in connection with other words, and the action is presented as proceeding independently of the agent.

The same goes for the following sentences: The street is dark and It is dark outside. In a two-part sentence The street is dark the carrier of the sign is indicated ( the street), and in the impersonal It is dark outside the attribute appears as existing without regard to its carrier, and the attribute somewhat changes its quality: it passes into a state.

The grammatical types of impersonal sentences are quite diverse. The verbal impersonal sentences are most clear in their structure and expressed meaning.

Verbal impersonal sentences make up three groups:

1. As the main member of an impersonal sentence, it is used impersonal verb (without suffix -sya and with suffix -sya):dawn, drizzle, shiver, feel sick; unwell, sleeping, wanting, getting dark, dozing, etc. These verbs have the grammatical form third person singular, a in the past tense - the neuter form of the singular:it's getting light - it's getting light, it's chilling - it's chilling, it's getting dark - it's getting dark, etc. But the meaning of these verbs is such that they do not allow the use of a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case with them.

The category of person in such verbs has a purely formal meaning., and this is a frozen form of precisely the third person (or a form of the neuter gender), and there cannot be another. The action indicated by this form takes place independently of the agent, i.e. the semantics of such verbs is incompatible with the notion of an active agent.

The general meaning of impersonal sentences of this type is determined by the meaning of the impersonal verb. They may denote

state of nature, environment:It froze harder than in the morning (G.); It was still a little glimmering in the yard (T.); It was already getting dark when the troops arrived at the place of lodging for the night (L.T.); It was powdered last night (Prishv.); It was already getting dark and cold (G. Nick.);

the mental or physical state of a living being:From joy in the goiter breath swept away (Kr.); He was shivering and breaking (L. T.); Breathed deeply (Ch.); It's just that I was unwell this time (Cupr.);

obligation, necessity and other modal shades (such a verb is most often used with an infinitive): She could talk more calmly about her fate and what she had to do (P.); He walked slowly, as befits a museum visitor (Cat.); And in order not to anger the patient, Proshka will have to stand by the window (Sim.); I once happened to stay in the Caucasus for more than three months (Prishv.);

the presence or absence of something:We missed you (Gr.); I miss your tenderness, you miss my care (Spike). The constructive feature of sentences with verbs of presence or lack (enough, gets, becomes) is obligatory genitive case:I didn't have the courage.

2. Quite common in Russian and diverse in structure and meaning are impersonal sentences, the main member of which is expressed personal verb in impersonal usage. Personal verbs in impersonal use lose their forms of change and freeze in the form of the third person singular or in the form of the middle gender. Wed personal and impersonal constructions: The air is fresh. - It's fresher outside; The wind howls. - Howls in the pipe; The sun warmed the earth. - It was warm at noon.

There are much more personal verbs that can be used in an impersonal sense than proper impersonal verbs, which is why the meanings of constructions with this type of verb are so diverse and rich.

They may denote

state of nature, natural phenomena and the state of the environment:It calmed down a little at night (Gonch.); The snow fell less often, it brightened a little (Leon.); It creaked, whistled and howled in the forest (Zabol.); It rained during the night. Thundered in the distance (Shuksh.); Burning in the sawmill yard (Ch.);

mental or physical condition of living beings:My ears are stuffed up (Gr.); My head is still pounding (G.); Pavel Vasilyevich even took his breath away (M.-Sib.); Throat constricted with disgust (A.N.T.); It darkened in my eyes (L.);

sensory perceptions, sensations:Dampness blew from the hut (L.); ... Strongly, stuffy, it smelled of ink and paints (Ch.); Small ripples quietly sparkled along the sleepy river (Lesk.);

actions of mythical, unreal power:I was not always lucky (N.); ... He was carried away to the ancient world, and he talked about the Aegina marbles (T.);

action performed by an indirect subject:And the wind, finally, that tree fell down (Kr.); The stars were covered with haze (A.N.T.); Suddenly, a light, unbearably white, bright, whipped through the eyes to blindness (Pinch.); The whole chest was covered with a chill, flooded with a feeling of joy, delight (Paust.); Burning frost scorches the face. (Furm.).

3. The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressed a short passive participle with the suffix -n-, -en- or -t-.

neuter form a short passive participle is passed the meaning of a state as the result of an action. For example: Tushin's battery was forgotten (L. T.); Already sent in pursuit (P.); We sat in a lithograph where it was smoky (Ch.).

The peculiarity of participial impersonal sentences is that the main member in them combines the value of the action with the value of the resulting state: in a sentence It's smoky in here the predicate also indicates an action performed by someone (it is not known by whom), and conveys the state of the environment revealed as a result of this action.

In cases where the sacrament has modal meaning, the predicate necessarily includes infinitive:Why was I meant to die, just as now I am meant to live? (Yu. Germ.).

The adjoining infinitive in the form of the passive participle has either subject or object value;

in the first case he included in the predicate(in sentences with the eliminated agent),

in the second - acts as a supplement(in sentences with an indefinite agent): After a short meeting, it was decided to go back (Shol.); It was forbidden to turn on the lights at the station and in the carriages (A.N.T.).

Adverbial impersonal sentences are presented in modern Russian primarily by sentences with impersonal predicative words as the main member. This is "adverbs with the meaning of state", etymologically related to short adjectives and some nouns, the semantic feature of which is expression of various states:easy, fun, cozy, ashamed; sorry, hunting, lack of time, it's time. Can be a form of comparative degree: Everything is getting warmer (Shuksh.).

The meaning of impersonality or, more precisely, non-subjectivity, in such sentences is found not in relation to the actor, as in verbal impersonal sentences, but in relation to the carrier of the attribute. Specifically, the meaning of an impersonal sentence is determined by the value impersonal predicative word.

impersonal proposals with an impersonal predicative word ending in -o can mean

state of nature or environment:The room becomes quiet (M. G.); Look, it's too late, it's cold (L.); Dark and deaf, like in a wine cellar (G.); In a birch forest it is always somehow spacious and far visible (Sol.); In heaven solemnly and wonderfully (L.);

mental or physical state of living beings:Why is it so painful and so difficult for me? (L.); You are a little cold (T.); Hungry, wanderer, hungry (N.); I am ashamed of your congratulations, I am afraid of your proud words! (Bruce);

such sentences as part of the predicate often have an adjoining infinitive:It is good to sail at night along the river (M. G.); It would not be bad for him not to neglect his violin (Vost.);

visual or auditory perception:For a long time, neither the sound of a bell, nor the sound of wheels on a flinty road was heard (L.); Visible all around! (T.);

meaning of obligation, necessity, possibility and other modal shades are transmitted by special impersonal predicative words in combination with the infinitive: I have to go to the commandant (L.); We must live! (Bruce); It was impossible to go (P.).(In colloquial speech, there may be constructions without an infinitive, but with a dependent word form: I need to go to the city; Can I come to you?)

impersonal proposals with impersonal predicative words morphologically coinciding with nouns(sin, shame, disgrace, horror, pity, it's time, time, leisure, laziness, hunting, reluctance),combined with the infinitive designate

assessment of the action from the moral and ethical side:It is a sin to laugh at old age (Gr.);

emotional state of a personAnd I was sorry to tell the truth (Fet);

obligation in relation to the time of the action:I had a good friend - where better to be - but everything happened, we didn’t have time to talk to him (Sim.);

modal-volitional shades:I would like to dance (A.N.T.).

In colloquial speech, such sentences can be used without the infinitive: Hunting home.

As some researchers testify, sentences with impersonal predicative words (or, in this case, subjectless adjectives) could arise on the basis of the subject ellipsis, which becomes redundant due to the generalization or indefiniteness of the meaning. Wed: All is calm outside. - It's quiet outside. Sentences with formal subjects This and all(Wonderful! - This is good!; Everything is hard for them. - It's hard for them) combine the properties of personal and impersonal sentences.

The semantic-stylistic possibilities of impersonal sentences of various types are unusually wide; they are especially common in fiction, which is constantly enriched with the facts of the spoken language.

By means of impersonal constructions it is possible to describe such states characterized by unconsciousness, lack of motivation(cf.: I don't want- conscious unwillingness; not want - unconscious unwillingness).

In addition, they can give the action a special touch of lightness(I say - it's easy for me to speak),

and finally, impersonal sentences are indispensable when needed highlight the action itself and its result(cf .: The hail broke the crops. - Hail beat the crops).

Subtle shades of meaning conveyed by impersonal constructions contribute to their wide distribution in colloquial speech and in language. fiction. The artistic context practically does not limit the writer in the formation of impersonal sentences, lexical restrictions in the choice of predicate forms are removed here, and in an impersonal meaning, verbs are used that usually do not have it. For example: It roared from a black height and brought snow (Bl.); So he stood alone - without anxiety. I looked at the mountains in the distance. And there - on a steep road - it was already swirling in red dust (Bl.); Flashed in the eyes. Flickered in a dream. Cling to a trembling heart (Bl.).

How exactly individual such proposals are accepted impersonal predicative words:In recent years, it has become garbage in this forest (Sol.); It was strict and skiing in the city (E. Evt.).

Some varieties of impersonal sentences are used and in business speech, for example in official announcements, resolutions: It is forbidden to take books out of the library hall; It is suggested to leave bags and briefcases in the cloakroom;

in scientific speech:When choosing the technical characteristics of the terrestrial network of a television and sound broadcaster, it is proposed to proceed mainly from considerations of maximum simplicity and low cost of subscriber receivers.

In all cases, when the choice falls on impersonal constructions in the presence of synonymous personal ones, it is explained by the need, for one reason or another, to eliminate the designation of the producer of the action and the bearer of the sign from speech.

One of the most common types of one-part sentences. The originality lies in the fact that, unlike definite-personal and indefinitely-personal, they do not indicate the bearer of the sign.

impersonal proposals- these are one-part sentences in which the only main member denotes an action or feature with the manufacturer or carrier eliminated.

An impersonal sentence is used when the speaker's attention is entirely focused on the action, not on the one who performs it. This action underlining occurs when:

a) the manufacturer is unknown:

Etc.: Around it thundered and hooted.

b) the action is spontaneous:

Ex: The bridge flooded in the spring.

c) the actor is known, but in itself he is not important, but the result is important:

Ex: It's cracking in the head.

Drizzle.

The main member of an impersonal sentence can be expressed:

impersonal verb:

Ex: It's getting light. Freezes. Get sick. It was getting dark. It's fun.

Personal verb in impersonal meaning:

Ex: It's fresher outside.

Howls in the pipe.

The wave broke the boat.

An impersonal predicate word (with or without an infinitive):

Pr .: In heaven solemnly and wonderfully.

What do you want, old man?

Visible all around!

A short passive participle in the form of the middle gender:

Pr .: Tushin's battery was forgotten.

How few roads have been travelled,

How many mistakes have been made (S. Xenia).

Negative word or construction expressing negation:

Ex: There is no account for centuries

No rye, no trail

No letters, no spring.

Infinitive sentences- these are one-part sentences with the main member a predicate, expressed by an independent infinitive, denoting a possible (impossible), necessary or inevitable action:

Eg: You don't see such battles. (Yu. Lermontov)

Face to face not see.

no friends count we have.

And before dawn rage fire.

Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in the composition of the predicative stem.

In impersonal sentences with an infinitive, the predicate includes a verb or a word of the state category, to which the infinitive adjoins:

Pr .: Yes, you can survive in the heat, in a thunderstorm, in frost, yes, you can starve and get cold, go to death, but these three birches cannot be given to anyone during life (Simonov).

In infinitive sentences, the infinitive does not depend on any word, but, on the contrary, all words obey it in semantic and grammatical terms:

Ex: Not catch up with you 6shenoy triplets! (Nekrasov).

Azamat, not blow your heads off!

Infinitive sentences differ from impersonal sentences in their general meaning. As we have already said, the bulk of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent, then in infinitive sentences the actor is prompted to active action; the desirability, the need for active action is noted: Ex: Get up. Get out!

In infinitive sentences, modality is determined by the very form of the sentence and intonation.

Pr .: Shine always, shine everywhere, until the last days of the bottom, shine - and no nails! Here is my slogan and the sun! (M.).

Sometimes modality can also be expressed by particles:

Eg: I would pick a big, big bouquet here and bring it quietly to the headboard (C).

It would not be for you to speak, it would not be for me to listen (proverb).

The issue of infinitive sentences in grammar is debatable. Some linguists distinguish them as an independent type, others consider them a kind of impersonal ones. (In school textbooks, infinitive sentences are considered as part of impersonal sentences).

Nominative proposals - these are one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by the I. p. of a noun (sometimes pronouns) or by a quantitative-nominal combination. Together with intonation, nominative sentences express the idea of being, the existence of the named objects and phenomena.

Etc.: Evening. Night. Autumn. Silence.

The concept of being acts as the logical basis of grammatical meaning. This concept is manifested by special grammatical means: the form of the I. p. of the noun, the quantitative-nominal combination, and especially intonation. Nominative sentences, in principle, do not depend on the context, are not constrained, are not connected, but the existential meaning is often clarified by the context. The main meaning is the affirmation of being, which is superimposed by indicative, emotional meanings and expressions of will. Intonation plays an important role in nominative sentences.

Composition nominative sentences can be non-common and common (even widely):

Ex: 1916. The trenches... Dirt. (uncommon suggestions).

Cold official paper, ridiculous beloved land.

(common suggestion)

By function nominative proposals are:

1) descriptive (existential, existential):

Ex: Fog. River.

2) index (particles here, out indicate the proximity and distance of an object):

Ex: Here is the forest. Here is the school, etc.

3) predicative nominatives or the nominative of the message (evaluative-existential):

Ex: Warm. Sunny. Joyful beauty!

4) incentive offers, which are divided into 2 groups:

Incentive-desirable:

Ex: Attention. Hello. Good afternoon.

Incentive-imperative, due to a situation that requires a quick reaction of the addressee.

Ex: Scalpel (operation in progress). Fire (fighting in progress).

5) proper names (these include the names of books, magazines, paintings, inscriptions on signs, etc.)

Not all linguists consider them sentences.

Vocative sentences ("appeal sentences") evaluated differently. Some scholars single them out as a special type of one-component sentences, while others include them in the number of nominative ones, while others consider them as indivisible.

Vocative sentences are appeals complicated by the expression of an undivided thought, feeling, expression of will. Appeal is easy to distinguish from a vocative sentence

Ex: Save me Vania, save me (appeal).

Vania, she called - Ivan Andreevich! (a vocative sentence, the name of the interlocutor is complicated by the desire to attract his attention).

The following groups of vocative sentences are distinguished by meaning:

1) vocative sentences-calls, in which the addressee of the speech is called in order to attract his attention:

Ex: Sentry! Novikov called sternly.

2) vocative sentences expressing an emotional reaction to the words and actions of the interlocutor:

Ex: Mom! groaned Katya, not knowing where to hide from shame and praise.

Grandmother! - Olesya said reproachfully, with an arrangement.

The main member of a vocative sentence cannot be considered either a predicate or a subject, but it can be determined by other members, for example, an application, which occurs with the main member - a pronoun.

Vocative sentences stand on the border of one-part and indivisible sentences. Conditionally including vocative sentences into one-part sentences (following A.A. Shakhmatov), it should be said that they are not typical one-part sentences, and this determines the ability of vocative sentences to move into the category of inseparable sentences with the loss of the lexical significance of nouns.

test questions

1. What are the structural features of each type of one-part sentences?

2. How do infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones?

3. What types of sentences should not be confused with one-part sentences?

4. Why can't nominative sentences be negative or interrogative?

In impersonal sentences the only main member is the predicate, which can be expressed by an adverb; impersonal verb; a personal verb in an impersonal sense; indefinite verb, noun. There is no and cannot be a subject of action, the action occurs by itself or the state arises independently of any subject. Impersonal sentences are very diverse in form and meaning, unlike other one-part sentences.

Meanings of impersonal sentences.

1) the state of nature, the environment, for example: Drizzle. It froze more and more; It got cold yesterday; Cold, very hot.

2) the physical and mental state of a living being, for example: Sweetly slumbers in the air; Everything in the eyes blurred; I'm lucky; It's been very chilly since morning.

3) possibility, desirability, necessity of action: He does not feel like walking; I happened to visit the Kremlin; Know in advance! It needs to be done; May I enter? At least win!

4) being, becoming, finding, discovering, for example: It will always be so, it used to be so, such is the white light since ancient times; Have you ever stood alone on an empty platform? Happens in every way.

5) the absence of something. There is no train station on the other side. The sky is clear. Someone to ask.

6) unreal (potential) action, You will not see such battles! You start.

7) incentives to action, command, order in a categorical form: Do not smoke! Do not walk on lawns! All sleep! Fall down, push up!

Forms of predicates of impersonal sentences.

1) Sentences with an impersonal type verb dawn, freeze, shiver, get cold, dream, want, dusk, doze and etc.

Such verbs have the form of the 3rd person singular of the indicative mood, and in the past tense - the form of the neuter gender.

2) Sentences with a personal verb in the meaning of the impersonal. In this case, personal verbs lose their forms of change and freeze in the forms of the 3rd person or neuter gender. I was always unlucky From the hut a breath of dampness wafted; Smells like bread.

A personal verb in impersonal use can have the suffix -СЯ,

3) Sentences with a short passive participle as the main member. Their peculiarity lies in the fact that their main member combines the value of the action with the value of the result of the state, for example: The room is smoky; Tushin's battery was forgotten.

4) Nominal impersonal sentences in modern Russian are recognized as sentences with impersonal words (nouns, nouns with an infinitive, adverbs, modal words can, need, want, etc.) as the main member. easy, fun, comfortable, ashamed, sorry, it's time, hot, stuffy, shame, sin, disgrace, time, laziness, sin, hunting, combined with the infinitive It is a sin to laugh at old age; I want to dance. you need to go, you can read, you need to protect your health.

5) Impersonal sentences expressing the absence of something consist of with the predicate is a particle of neither, a negative pronoun or adverb, there is no word in combination with the oblique case of a noun or with an infinitive. No time; Not a sound; no acquaintances; Nothing new; no friends; Not a single mistake; No hope; No one to work, nothing to argue about, nowhere to go.

6) Infinitive sentences. The main member of the infinitive sentence is expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action or state as desirable, necessary, possible, inevitable . Buy some water! I am renovating an apartment to receive guests.

In many languages there is such a thing as an impersonal sentence. But what is it? Does it have the same structure in different languages?

What is the difference between impersonal sentences and what is it?

One-part sentences are called impersonal sentences in which the main member does not imply the subject of the action in the nominative case, while calling the state or process of the main action. In sentences of this type, there is no grammatical subject as such, since in the predicate itself there is no designation of the actor, which is expressed by the form of the nominative case. Also, the subject cannot be determined through the rest of the sentence.

For example, if in a generalized-personal or indefinite-personal sentence the subject was not defined or indicated, but it is implied by the context, then in the structure of the impersonal it is not at all. Thus, in impersonal sentences, the subject is not only absent in the construction of the construction, but is also not implied in the text. An example is a simple impersonal sentence: "Dawn".

Historical development at different times

The impersonal sentence in different historical epochs had a different form. For example, according to A. M. Peshkovsky and D. N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky, constructions with a directly impersonal verb were the very first impersonal. These include the following: "Freezes"; "Evening"; "Cold" and so on.

Impersonal sentences in English have the same meaning. (For example: It "s cold." - "Cold".) Unlike the Russian version, English constructions have a subject, but do not point directly to the subject.

It is assumed that in more distant times such sentences consisted of two words, that is, they were two-part, for example: "Frost freezes"; "The weather is getting cold"; "Evening is getting dark". Similar tautological constructions of sentences are also present in modern Russian, for example: "Thunder rumbles."

What prompted the impersonal proposals?

Their emergence is the result of abstract thinking, since the departure of thought from the direct subject that produces or causes the action is visible. On the basis of such constructions, it is possible to create an impersonal sentence with a predicate, which is expressed by the impersonal form of verbs. For example: "The wind knocked down a tree" or "The wind knocked down a tree."

According to A. M. Peshkovsky, the emergence of a large number of varieties of impersonal sentence constructions is associated with the process of replacing the name with a verb. This is what is observed in modern Russian.

A large number of impersonal sentences have become widespread in fiction, which often contains fragments of colloquial language. The use of such constructions makes it possible to describe various states that are characterized by lack of motivation or unconsciousness, due to which actions are given a certain special shade of lightness and calmness. In this case, the process itself is singled out with detachment from the agent himself. It is thanks to such opportunities that the constructions of impersonal sentences, which are used in fiction and colloquial speech, spread and develop.

How can different members of a sentence be expressed in impersonal constructions?

In such constructions, the main member of the sentence can be expressed:

a personal verb with an impersonal meaning;
impersonal verb;
passive short participle, having the form of the middle gender;
a negative word or phrase that expresses negation;
an impersonal predicative word that is used with and without the infinitive.

The structure of impersonal sentences

Due to the wide use of such structures, their structure is very diverse:

Features of different types of offers

For impersonal verbs that are used as the main member in an impersonal sentence, such as: chills, sleeps, drizzles, dawns, wants, dozes, freezes, sick and so on, - you need a form that matches the form in the 3rd person singular. And when used in the past tense, you need the neuter form in the singular, for example: dusk, unhealthy, evening etc. For example: "He was unwell."

However, by their meaning, these verbs do not allow the use of nouns and pronouns in the nominative case with them. In constructions of this type, the general meaning of the sentence is determined based on the meaning of the impersonal verb. Thus, depending on the chosen verb, such sentences can express the state of the environment and nature, the physical and psychological state of the actor or others, the necessity, duty or moral side of what is happening.

Personal verb as the main member of the sentence

Constructions in which the main member is expressed with the help of a personal verb in an impersonal sense are widespread in the Russian colloquial language. At the same time, such proposals have a fairly large number of options for structure and meaning. Personal verbs that are used in the impersonal form lose their initial form and are used in the 3rd person singular or in the past tense of the neuter gender.

There are a large number of personal verbs in Russian that can be used in an impersonal form. For this reason, it is possible to create a variety of constructions with this verb. Such sentences can express the state of nature, the environment and natural phenomena, emotional experiences, psychological and physical sensations of the character, a description of inexplicable phenomena and actions of a fictional, fantastic force.

Impersonal-predicative words

You can often find impersonal constructions in which the main member of the sentence is expressed by an impersonal predicative word. Sometimes such words can be used as the main member of the sentence, but only in conjunction with the infinitive. The meaning of such a construction will be determined as the meaning of the impersonally predicative word itself.

As a rule, impersonal sentences in which there is an impersonal predicative word ending in -about, can be used to designate and characterize the state of the environment and nature, the psychological and physical state of living organisms, indicate the need, obligation and possibility, as well as visual, auditory and psychological perception of the surrounding reality. For example: "We'll finish it - and it will be fun."

Features of the use of impersonal predicative words

It should be noted that the impersonal predicative words mentioned earlier are often used in conjunction with the infinitive. In sentences with this structure, impersonality can disappear depending on the word order. The same change can occur in constructions that use modal words. For example, a shade of impossibility or difficulty. An example is the impersonal sentence: "It's hard for me to argue with that." When changing the order of words, as a rule, the meaning of impersonality is lost. This is because the infinitive, when changing its position, especially when a long pause appears, acquires the functional meaning of the subject.

impersonal proposals

impersonal proposals- these are one-part sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists regardless of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state.

A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, the involuntary nature of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried to the shore); the state of a person or animal (I could not sleep; He is cold); state of the environment ( It's getting dark; Pulls with freshness); the state of affairs ( Bad with frames; Experiments cannot be delayed.), etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences have a “tinge of passivity, inertia”.

According to the school classification, impersonal sentences also include infinitive sentences (that is, sentences with the main member -predicate, expressed by an independent infinitive).

The main term can be expressed

3rd person singular form of an impersonal or personal verb:

masculine form: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity(G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas(A. Chekhov);

word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will not): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you were not and are not more submissive.(N. Gumilyov).

category of state (compound nominal predicate): And boring and sad, but(M. Lermontov); But they don't see any change...(A. Pushkin);

a combination of the word of the category of state (with a modal meaning) with the infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that it is impossible to laugh, then - then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you.(A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock(A. Pushkin);

short passive participle of the middle gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world!(N. Gogol); I don't have it!..(A. Chekhov);

infinitive: You don't see fights like this(M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man?(A. Griboyedov); Long sing and ring the blizzard(S. Yesenin).