Biodamage of building materials by fungi Shapovalov Igor Vasilyevich. Igor Shapovalov, head of the education department, became the richest member of the government of the Belgorod region
Igor Shapovalov, head of the education department of the Belgorod region, has a lot of questions. So he was, one might say, a long-awaited and very important guest of the editorial board. After all, what could be more important than our children?
About the exam
- Igor Vasilyevich, let's start with the exam. This year the situation is not very convenient for graduates: universities have changed the lists of entrance examinations for some specialties, the requirements for passing the exam are being tightened, there are many disputes about essays ...
– Changes are not only in this. For example, universities have the right to introduce additional tests. All this is not bad - and the fact that the list of exams has been expanded, and additional tests, but I believe that all changes should be introduced at the beginning of the school year, and not in the second half of it. On the issue of the Unified State Examination, a new procedure for its conduct has already been approved. Video cameras, online surveillance, metal detectors at each exam point and other technical things related to information security. This is probably important, but psychologically it puts a lot of pressure on children, causes nervousness, excitement ... In general, in the 2013-2014 academic year, changes in the USE will only affect technical issues, the content of the exam will not change.
So you asked about the composition - this academic year everything will be the same as in the past. If there are changes, they will affect the 2015 graduates. Yes, there are heated debates: to remove a mini-essay from the exam in Russian language and literature, replacing it with a large one, or simply add a large essay as well ... My personal opinion is that you can’t put different things in one basket. It is one thing to test knowledge of spelling and punctuation, and another thing is whether a person knows how to express his thoughts on paper, reflect, draw some conclusions ... Probably, this should depend on the specialty for which the applicant enters.
- Now there is talk that, in addition to the results of the Unified State Examination, when entering universities, they will take into account the so-called portfolio of a school graduate - certificates, diplomas, etc. In your opinion, will this innovation cross out one of the main tasks pursued by the supporters of the Unified State Examination, – to defeat corruption in admission to universities? After all, the results of the exam are numbers, and the volume and quality of the dossier are quite subjective things ...
- So far, there are no regulatory documents that would allow taking into account not only the results of the Unified State Examination, but also extracurricular achievements of schoolchildren, for which additional points will be added. Currently, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation is preparing a procedure for admission of applicants to higher educational institutions, which, we hope, will present a system for recording the individual achievements of students. In particular, points will be added to applicants if they become winners and prize-winners at the regional level of the All-Russian Subject Olympiads.
According to federal standards
– The project “Our New School” is being implemented in the Belgorod Region. Have you already summed up its results for 2013?
– The implementation of the main directions of the national educational initiative “Our New School” in 2013 took place in the context of the introduction of the new Federal Law No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation” and the Strategy for the Development of Preschool, General and Additional Education in the Belgorod Region for 2013-2020. So I can say with confidence that the system of general and additional education in the region has moved to a qualitatively new level of innovative development.
The introduction of federal state educational standards (FSES), the main goal of which is to improve the quality of education and upbringing, remains a strategic direction for the modernization of education. In 2012, the Belgorod region began to implement the Federal State Educational Standard for basic general education, although the mass regular regime for the introduction of these standards will begin on September 1, 2015. Now more than 45,000 primary school students study according to the Federal State Educational Standard. There are more than 4,000 pupils in the fifth and sixth grades. In total, 49,448 Belgorod schoolchildren study according to the new standards, or 36.2 percent of the total number of students, which is 5,966 people more than the established federal requirements.
The changes also affected the system of teacher education, the development of teacher potential, additional professional education. In the region, the infrastructure of advanced pedagogical education is being created during the entire period of the teacher's professional activity. The Institute for the Development of Education in the Belgorod Region has developed innovative, student-centered approaches to this issue.
An effective form of enriching teaching practice with innovative ideas was the "Methodical train" of the regional club "Teacher of the Year". The club unites winners and laureates of professional competitions, including competitive selection within the framework of the national project "Education". Within its framework, the School of Methodological Excellence for Young Teachers "Start" operates. The winners, laureates of the competition and members of the Nachalo School became part of the All-Russian Open Video Forum Young Teacher in the Social Vector of Russia. In July 2013, young teachers of the region took part in the All-Russian Youth Forum "Seliger-2013". In 2013, a remote examination of professional achievements and certification of teachers for qualification categories was carried out, 5354 teachers passed it (in 2012 - 4412), including 2587 teachers of general education schools, which is 22.1 percent of their total number. Belgorod experience "The use of automated technologies in the certification procedure for teaching staff" in October 2013 was recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for inclusion in the All-Russian Bank of the best practices for the modernization of regional education systems.
- New federal standards are being introduced for preschool education ...
– Yes, for the first time in Russian history, a fateful event was the approval in accordance with the federal law “On Education in the Russian Federation” of the GEF of preschool education. They guarantee equality of opportunity in obtaining quality preschool education; the level and quality of education based on the unity of requirements for the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs; maintaining the unity of the educational space in the country regarding the level of preschool education, which is independent in the system of general education. A working group has been created in the Belgorod Region, a roadmap for the introduction of standards has been developed, the head of the department of preschool education has become a member of the working group of the Coordinating Council for the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. The introduction of preschool education standards in the regular mode will be carried out from September 1, 2014.
In the near future we will defend this project at a government meeting. But for its implementation, conditions are needed. We analyzed the state of kindergartens in the Belgorod region - 21 percent do not meet these conditions. In order to solve this problem in the conditions of budget deficit, we took the path of integrating the resources of schools and kindergartens. For the last two years we have been supporting small schools. About one and a half billion rubles from the regional, municipal and federal budgets were directed to these needs. And it turned out that schools now look better than kindergartens. We considered the issue of forming schools with a preschool group. Thus, all the resources of schools - assembly and sports halls, equipment, teaching staff - also work for the kindergarten.
Since September 1, 2013, in fact, there has been a quiet revolution. In fact, all children from five to 17 years old became schoolchildren. Because de jure children of five or six years old are covered by primary school education - preschool. From September 1, 2014, 50 kindergartens in the region will be integrated with schools.
About "extracurricular" and textbooks
- And one more question related to the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard. The new educational standards involve daily extracurricular activities - that is, in fact, children after school are busy for another two or three hours at school. This is convenient and useful for those who do not go to any circles or sections. But there are situations when children who go in for sports, at a music school, etc., are forced to stay outside of school, it turns out that they have practically no free time left, they are forced to miss classes and training. How to be parents in this situation?
- It all depends on the particular school. Now the key link in the education system is the school, the child and his parents. And they have the right to choose. For example, in elementary school, 30 percent of all teaching hours are parental choice. This is written in the standard. Plus "out of school" - 60 percent of the hours should also be organized based on the choice of parents. But a lot of people don't even know about it!
In general, the new Federal State Educational Standards give more freedom to choose. School education consists of two blocks. The first is the actual educational activity, 37 hours a week, taking into account the fact that in high school students should have subjects of their choice. The second block is extracurricular activities up to 10 hours a week. It is organized in different areas - physical culture, sports and health, spiritual and moral, social, general intellectual, general cultural. This is where parents face a problem: there are children who are engaged in circles, sections, a music school, and they are forced to stay for extracurricular activities. As a result, indeed, children practically do not have free time even for preparing homework. From the point of view of the school, this position of teachers can be explained simply: the more children a teacher has in a group, the more hours, respectively, the higher the salary. What to do? First of all, remember that parents should not feel that they are powerless in this situation. They have the right to raise the issue of organizing extracurricular activities according to an individual plan by applying to the principal of the school or the chairman of the governing board of the educational institution. If the situation is not resolved with their help, then you need to contact the department of education. There is a page on the department's website for sending citizens' appeals, and, believe me, we always respond very quickly to each such appeal.
– Can extracurricular activities be used as preparation for exams?
Not only is it possible, but it is necessary! Many schools do just that, organizing additional classes to prepare for the USE and GIA for high school students. And this solves many problems, for example, parents do not need to pay money to tutors. But everything must be done wisely. 37 study hours plus 10 "out of class" hours, that's 47 hours a week. Not every child is able to withstand such a load.
What about modern textbooks? Even teachers note that they are not written for children, it is very difficult to teach them. Schoolchildren do not perceive information presented in boring, memorized language.
- I completely agree with you. For example, my wife teaches biology at school. Children have always liked this subject, and in recent years it has become one of the most disliked lessons. They began to understand - it turned out that the matter was in the textbooks! And this can be said about many things!
Modern textbooks are overloaded with information that is not required for studying at school. Yes, science is now striding by leaps and bounds, the authors of textbooks are trying to keep up with it, but do children need it? Are they able to absorb all this information? Even if the textbooks say: “Complies with the Federal State Educational Standard”, most often this is just a cosmetic correction, but in fact the textbook has not been adapted to the new educational standards, which indicate the necessary amount of knowledge that a student should receive.
Therefore, we had the idea of a fundamental core of knowledge in each subject. After all, many textbooks are written by employees of the university sector and, indeed, are simply incomprehensible to children. In such cases, I always give an example, comparing Wikipedia and the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Wikipedia has thousands of times more views than TSB. Cause? Wikipedia is written by people themselves. Understandable language. Unfortunately, we do not have the right to write textbooks. But we can collect the best practices of teachers, and we are doing it now. We strive to write our pedagogical Wikipedia. We are creating a resource where any teacher in any subject can post their developments and recommendations for free, with copyright secured. These can be documents, presentations, fragments of a video lesson, and any other forms. And our Belgorod teachers have such masterpieces!
We became the initiators of the creation of the portal "Network School Belogorye", it is scheduled to launch on April 1. Now we are working out the rules of its work and the filling mechanism. The portal will operate on the basis of the regional institute for the development of education.
Of course, there are many educational portals on the Internet. What is the feature of the Belogorye Network School? Firstly, registered users will be provided with all the multimedia features of the site - for example, full-fledged functionality for creating presentations, videos, etc. There is a mechanism that allows you to assign copyright to everyone who posts their materials. Any teacher can use the information posted on the portal to prepare a lesson. Yes, we have no right to write textbooks, but using a textbook is only a small part of how you can build a lesson! This path has found support in the Ministry of Education and Science. Many other regions of Russia have declared that they are ready to join our resource, which will be useful for teachers, students, and parents. It can become a kind of electronic textbook, and it is convenient to use it for self-education. Especially in cases where children are forced to not attend school for a long time. The teacher visits homework children on average once a week. Is it possible in this case to talk about quality education?
Therefore, despite the difficult attitude towards electronic resources, I believe that their potential is far from being exhausted.
About electronic services
– At one of the meetings of the Government of Russia, Dmitry Medvedev gave several instructions regarding the field of education. For example, gradually withdraw from classes on the second shift, establish a system for tracking students who move to other schools in the second half of the academic year. How do you plan to carry out these assignments?
- The issue of tracking students who in the second half of the 11th grade move to other schools (the so-called USE-tourists) was raised at a meeting of heads of municipal education departments. The Department of Education of the region sends out letters, in accordance with which the municipal departments of education must ensure control and monitoring of the movement of "USE-tourists". And of course, our department will also monitor the "migration" of high school students, including with the help of law enforcement agencies. An interdepartmental working group was created, which included representatives of the police.
As for the gradual transition to training only in the first shift, the question is more complicated. According to the 28th article of the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation", the development and adoption of the internal regulations for students falls within the competence of the educational organization. Therefore, according to the law, only the school itself can decide this issue.
- Not so long ago, a portal of municipal services in the field of education was launched on the department's website. What services can you get with it?
- The portal is currently under construction. I think the work will be completed by March 1st. The most demanded services now are licensing of educational institutions and accreditation of educational programs. From January 1, 2014, it was decided to transfer this process to the maximum in electronic form in order to eliminate the corruption component, to minimize personal contacts between those who provide documents and those who accept them. It also makes paperwork easier. The rest of the services - enrollment in educational institutions, current academic performance, final certification - have received less attention so far. Although the results of the GIA and the Unified State Examination are very popular information, it is also provided in electronic form.
The registration system for kindergartens was transferred to electronic form last year. Since January 1, 30 regions, including the Belgorod region, are participating in this project. Until April 1, all data will be uploaded to the federal information base.
Medals - to be!
- In the Belgorod region, a survey was conducted on whether it is necessary to keep school medals ...
- I can say unequivocally: there will be school medals in the Belgorod region! We conducted a survey and, in principle, determined for ourselves that officials would not put a spoke in our wheels. General opinion: 80 percent of Belgorod residents are for medals. This is a brand, a symbol that has developed over many years.
The abolition of a medal is tantamount to the fact that, for example, an Olympic champion would be awarded a diploma or certificate, but would not be awarded a medal. Yes, it has lost its significance with the introduction of the Unified State Examination, but it should exist! We have developed a regulation on the basis of what results it is issued and what it should be. This provision is posted on the Department's website for public comment.
- And the last question - have the measures to support non-state kindergartens changed?
- This year, the principle of payment for kindergarten services has changed. From January 1, the regions took over the payment for the standard of educational services. The educational standard lays down how to educate, educate and socialize children. More than 2.5 billion rubles have been allocated for these purposes.
But services for supervision and care can be paid either from the funds of the municipalities, or with the help of the parental fee. What is supervision and care? According to the Family Code of the Russian Federation (Part 1 of Article 63), parents are responsible for the upbringing and development of their children. They are obliged to take care of their health, physical, mental, spiritual and moral development.
Our position is as follows: if parents delegate these functions to other specialists, institutions, they must pay for these services. But we understand that it is simply unrealistic to follow the path of 100% payment, for many families this is an unbearable amount. Therefore, more than 50 percent of the costs of supervision and care are borne by the municipalities, and parents pay the amount of 1,500 and 1,800 rubles, depending on where the kindergarten is located. Moreover, part of this fee is then returned to parents - 20 percent for one child attending kindergarten, 50 percent for the second and 70 percent for the third. This applies to municipal kindergartens.
In private gardens, the situation is different. Firstly, parents can send their children to such kindergartens from two months. This is a very difficult period, costly, specific, so we do not try to create unnecessary conditions to separate children from their parents at such an early age. And for those who do not have the opportunity to be near children during this period, we are looking for alternative forms of preschool education. The most common are non-state kindergartens, full-fledged and care and supervision groups. And we support this private sector.
Licensed kindergartens can choose their own support methods: the opportunity to receive payment for services from the parents themselves, or as a return of a certain amount from the budget to the institutions. But then they have to reduce the parental fee by the same amount.
In previous years, private kindergartens had the opportunity to receive assistance from the Small Business Support Fund, where grants of 1 million rubles were issued to create conditions, purchase equipment, and so on. Six entrepreneurs took advantage of this opportunity. Plus, there are tax incentives, a zero rate on property tax.
And as a result, we are in the top ten subjects of the Russian Federation, where the non-state sector of preschool education is best developed.
The problem is this: there are many parents who attend non-state kindergartens, but are not removed from the queue for a municipal kindergarten. We understand them: for many, this is just a temporary measure that allows them to wait out, wait in line for a municipal kindergarten. And by law, we cannot force them to withdraw from the queue.
Interviewed by Elena Melnikova
1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem state.
1.1 Biodamage agents.
1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials.
1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials.
1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials.
2 Objects and methods of research.
2.1 Objects of study.
2.2 Research methods.
2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods.
2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods.
2.2.3 Biological research methods.
2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results.
3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders.
3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials.
3.1.1. Mushroom resistance of mineral aggregates.
3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates.
3.1.3. Mushroom resistance of mineral and polymer binders.
3.2. Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.
3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites.
3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites.
3.5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone.
3.6. Mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite.
Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials.
4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials.
4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials.
4.3. Predicting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression.
Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders.
5.1 Cement concretes.
5.2 Gypsum materials.
5.3 Polymer composites.
5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with high fungus resistance.
Recommended list of dissertations
Improving the Efficiency of Building Polymer Composites Used in Aggressive Environments 2006, Doctor of Technical Sciences Ogrel, Larisa Yurievna
Composites based on cement and gypsum binders with the addition of biocidal preparations based on guanidine 2011, candidate of technical sciences Spirin, Vadim Aleksandrovich
Biodegradation and bioprotection of building composites 2011, candidate of technical sciences Dergunova, Anna Vasilievna
Ecological and physiological aspects of destruction by micromycetes of compositions with controlled fungus resistance based on natural and synthetic polymers 2005, Candidate of Biological Sciences Kryazhev, Dmitry Valerievich
Waterproof gypsum composite materials using technogenic raw materials 2015, Doctor of Technical Sciences Chernysheva, Natalya Vasilievna
Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Biodamage of building materials by mold fungi"
The relevance of the work. The operation of building materials and products in real conditions is characterized by the presence of corrosion damage not only under the influence of environmental factors (temperature, humidity, chemically aggressive environments, various types of radiation), but also living organisms. Organisms that cause microbiological corrosion include bacteria, mold fungi and microscopic algae. The leading role in the processes of biodamage of building materials of various chemical nature, operated under conditions of high temperature and humidity, belongs to mold fungi (micromycetes). This is due to the rapid growth of their mycelium, the power and lability of the enzymatic apparatus. The result of the growth of micromycetes on the surface of building materials is a decrease in the physical, mechanical and operational characteristics of materials (reduction in strength, deterioration in adhesion between individual components of the material, etc.). In addition, the mass development of mold fungi leads to the smell of mold in residential premises, which can cause serious diseases, since among them there are species pathogenic to humans. So, according to the European Medical Society, the smallest doses of fungal poison that have entered the human body can cause the appearance of cancerous tumors in a few years.
In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes of biodamage of building materials is necessary in order to increase their durability and reliability.
The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies"
Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of mycodestruction of building materials and increase their fungus resistance.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and their individual components; assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of dense and porous building materials; determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials under the influence of mold metabolites; establishing the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders; development of fungus-resistant building materials through the use of complex modifiers. Scientific novelty.
The relationship between the activity modulus and the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates of various chemical and mineralogical compositions has been revealed, which consists in the fact that aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-fungus resistant.
A classification of building materials according to fungus resistance is proposed, which makes it possible to conduct their targeted selection for operation in conditions of mycological aggression.
The patterns of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of building materials with different densities were revealed. It has been shown that in dense materials metabolites are concentrated in the surface layer, while in materials with low density they are evenly distributed throughout the volume.
The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and composites based on polyester resins has been established. It is shown that the corrosion destruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites with calcium sulfate. The destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.
The practical significance of the work.
A method is proposed for increasing the fungi resistance of building materials by using complex modifiers, which makes it possible to ensure fungicide and high physical and mechanical properties of materials.
Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.
Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.
The results of the dissertation work were used in the educational process at the course "Protection of building materials and structures against corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy".
Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International scientific and practical conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); II regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school-seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International Scientific and Practical Conference "Ecology - Education, Science and Industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003);
International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).
Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.
Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles, and appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables, 20 figures and 4 appendices.
Similar theses in the specialty "Building materials and products", 05.23.05 VAK code
Stability of bituminous materials under the influence of soil microorganisms 2006, candidate of technical sciences Pronkin, Sergey Petrovich
Biological destruction and increasing the biostability of building materials 2000, candidate of technical sciences Morozov, Evgeniy Anatolyevich
Screening of environmentally friendly means of protecting PVC materials from biodamage by micromycetes based on the study of the production of indolyl-3-acetic acid 2002, candidate of biological sciences Simko, Marina Viktorovna
Structure and mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials based on Portland cement and unsaturated polyester oligomer 2006, Candidate of Technical Sciences Drozhzhin, Dmitry Aleksandrovich
Ecological aspects of biodamage by micromycetes of building materials of civil buildings in an urban environment: On the example of the city of Nizhny Novgorod 2004, candidate of biological sciences Struchkova, Irina Valerievna
Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Building materials and products", Shapovalov, Igor Vasilyevich
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic aggregates are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure.
2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fungus overgrowth of various types of building materials, their classification according to fungus resistance was proposed for the first time.
3. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials were determined. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete and gypsum stone) is accompanied by active acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic activity. An analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples showed that the width of the diffuse zone is determined by the porosity of the materials.
4. The nature of the change in the strength characteristics of building materials under the influence of mold fungi metabolites was revealed. Data have been obtained indicating that the decrease in the strength properties of building materials is determined by the penetration depth of metabolites, as well as the chemical nature and volumetric content of fillers. It is shown that in gypsum materials the entire volume undergoes degradation, while in polymer composites only surface layers are subjected to degradation.
5. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that the mycodestruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites (organic acids) with calcium sulfate. Corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.
6. Based on the Monod equation and a two-stage kinetic model of mold growth, a mathematical dependence was obtained that allows determining the concentration of mold fungi metabolites during exponential growth.
Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to evaluate the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under conditions of mycological corrosion.
The use of complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl, Na>Oz, La2804) is proposed to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials.
Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, possessing increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics, have been developed. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.
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EDUCATIONAL SPACE OF THE BELGOROD REGION There are 556 general education institutions with over 137 thousand students. Boarding institutions - 11, they have pupils Preschool educational institutions - 518, they have pupils of educational institutions with preschool groups - 115, they have pupils Elementary school - kindergarten - 7, they have pupils Orthodox non-state kindergartens - 2, they have children Orthodox kindergarten home - 19 pupils Orthodox gymnasiums - 2, students in them Orthodox seminary - 1, in them seminarians - 85 (full-time), 190 (in absentia) Social-theological faculty of BelSU. 2
REGULATORY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH IN THE BELGOROD REGION 3 1. Law of the Belgorod Region dated July 3, 2006 57 “On the establishment of the regional component of state educational standards for general education in the Belgorod Region” 2. Strategy “Formation of a regional solidary society” for years 3. Strategy for the development of preschool, general and additional education in the Belgorod region for years 4. Strategy for actions in the interests of children in the Belgorod region for years 5. State program "Development of education in the Belgorod region for years" 6. Subprogram "Strengthening the unity of the Russian nation and ethno-cultural development of the regions of Russia” of the state program “Providing the population of the Belgorod region with information on the activities of state authorities and the priorities of regional policy for years” region dated January 8, 2008 8. Order of the Department of Education, Culture and Youth Policy of the region dated December 28, 2009 2575 “On the opening of a regional experiment “Regional model for the implementation of spiritual and moral education of children in the system of preschool education” 9. Comprehensive action plan for joint activities of the department education of the region and the Belgorod Metropolis on the spiritual and moral education of children and youth for years.
MAIN DIRECTIONS OF COOPERATION WITH THE BLESSINGS OF THE BELGOROD METROPOLIA - the work of spiritual and educational centers; -training and advanced training of teaching staff (training courses, training and scientific-practical seminars, conferences, master classes, etc.); - holding joint competitions of professional skills of pedagogical workers; - holding mass events with children and youth 4
5 RESULTS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN TEACHING THE SUBJECT "ORTHODOX CULTURE" Moral qualities are formed: -42.1% - the ability to forgive insults, -32% - the desire to help those in need, - 35% - compassion, - 36% - good breeding, - 36% - general culture , - 31.1% - virtue, - 30.5% - patience in relationships with peers Positive values of the introduction of the subject "Orthodox culture" into the educational process: - the value of the spiritual and cultural development of children corresponds to - 59.3%; - expanding the horizons of children - 45.4%; - formation of a respectful attitude towards elders - 29.2%; - initiation of youth to the faith - 26.4%.
6 WINNERS AND WINNERS OF THE ALL-RUSSIAN STAGE OF THE OLYMPIAD ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF ORTHODOX CULTURE academic year - Kuzminova Kristina, MOU "Gymnasium 22" in Belgorod Bondarenko Mikhail, MOU "Secondary School 34 with in-depth study of individual subjects" in Stary Oskol academic year - Ushakova Diana MOU "Kustovskaya Secondary School of the Yakovlevsky District "- holder of the Patriarchal Certificate Mazina Inna, MOU Secondary School 35 of Belgorod Dzhavadov Valery, NOU "Orthodox Gymnasium in the Name of Saints Methodius and Cyril of Belgorod" academic year - 6 winners: - Solovieva Anna, Zinoviev Alexander, Gasimov Grigory, Orthodox gymnasium in Stary Oskol; -Ushakova Diana, Gostishcheva Svetlana, MBOU "Kustovskaya secondary school of the Yakovlevsky district" -Veretennikova Natalia, MBOU "Afanasievskaya secondary school" of the Alekseevsky district academic year - 4 winners: Solovieva Anna, Zinoviev Alexander, Gasymov Grigory, Shipilov Svyatoslav, Orthodox gymnasium of Stary Oskol
RESULTS OF THE PROJECT "HOLY SOURCES OF THE BELGOROD REGION" Published to help teachers: -Atlas-guide "Holy springs of the Belgorod region"; -Multimedia optical disk "Databank of springs of the Belgorod region; - Methodological recommendations "Study and preservation of the Holy springs of the Belgorod region"
PROJECT "CHILDREN'S REGIONAL SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL CENTER "BLAGOVEST": Easter festival among students of educational institutions of all types and types: competition of essays, essays, research; competitions of research works for high school students “The Life and Asceticism of St. Joasaph of Belgorod”; "Holy defenders of Russia"; competitions, exhibitions of fine arts and arts and crafts; contest-game "Connoisseur of Orthodox culture"; festival of children's folklore groups "Belgorod reserved"; sacred music festival; competition of fine arts "Spiritual face of Russia"; regional photo contest "With love for the Belgorod region, we are united by good deeds." ten
11 COMPETITION MOVEMENT OF TEACHERS The All-Russian competition "For the moral feat of a teacher" has been held since 2006. Over the years of the competition, over 250 teachers and authors' teams of educational institutions of the region took part, - 9 - winners and prize-winners in the Central Federal District. The interregional competition of the Central Federal District "Star of Bethlehem" has been held since 2011: - more than 70 teachers and authors of educational institutions of the region took part; and 2013 are absolute winners; year - winners in the nomination
12 ACTIVITIES OF SPIRITUAL AND EDUCATIONAL CENTERS There are more than 100 centers operating in the region on the basis of general education schools and institutions of additional education for children. The main activities of the centers are: - educational; - educational; - cultural-mass; - scientific and methodological; - local history; - tourist and excursion; - charitable.
CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF THE CHILD'S PERSONALITY 13 Humanitarian, secular content (traditions of folk culture, modern cultural practice, works of literature and art, means of ethnopedagogics) based on the programs of social and moral development "Theocentric" (Orthodox worldview, morality and festive culture) based on the provisions of the Concept of Orthodox preschool education
IMPROVING THE STAFFING OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS 14 Module on the formation of an Orthodox worldview among preschoolers in the course program for kindergarten teachers at the Belgorod Institute for the Development of Education Lectures and practical classes on the basis of spiritual and educational centers, Sunday schools, Orthodox book centers
Program and methodological materials of the "theocentric" orientation are implemented in 96 preschool organizations 72.7% of the municipalities of the children's region are covered by programs of the "theocentric" orientation in the current academic year, which is 85% higher than in 2011 (1073 children). fifteen
REGIONAL EXPERIMENT "REGIONAL MODEL OF IMPLEMENTATION OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IN THE SYSTEM OF PRESCHOOL EDUCATION" (YEAR) of preschool educational institutions 2 non-state preschool educational institutions 12 municipal preschool educational institutions with a priority of spiritual and moral education
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITIES approbation and introduction to the educational process of the preschool educational institution of the program "The World is a Beautiful Creation" by the author Gladkikh Lyubov Petrovna; activation of scientific and methodological activities of teachers and leaders of the system of preschool education on the spiritual and moral education of preschoolers on the basis of Orthodox culture; improving the quality of preschool education through the revival of the best domestic pedagogical traditions; information and educational support of continuous spiritual and moral education in the region, incl. through the media. eighteen
DURING THE EXPERIMENT, collections were published from the experience of teachers and priests on the issues of spiritual and moral education of preschoolers; educational and methodical films for parents and teachers were released; a set of didactic games and teaching aids of the corresponding content was developed; prepared and conducted more than 10 regional seminars. nineteen
MODEL OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM OF PRESCHOOL ORGANIZATION
RESULTS ACHIEVED The formation of citizenship and patriotic feelings of children in all preschool educational organizations is defined as a priority for the implementation of the educational program; program and methodological materials of a “theocentric” orientation are implemented in 96 (ninety-six) preschool organizations in 72.7% of the municipalities of the region. the number of minors participating in crimes decreased from 336 to 335 (-0.3%), including among schoolchildren from 149 to 140 (-6%) (information from the Department of Internal Affairs); the share of educational institutions implementing programs for the spiritual and moral education of children and youth has been increased to 100 percent; the number of promising models of spiritual and moral education of children and youth has increased (spiritual and educational centers, pivotal schools, innovative sites up to 27.4% of the total number of educational institutions; the proportion of children and youth participating in regional and all-Russian events of a spiritual and moral orientation , amounted to more than 75%, the proportion of teachers participating in professional skill competitions on the problems of spiritual and moral education and upbringing of schoolchildren reached 27.5% (planned figure -25%).
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPIRITUAL AND MORAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH Development of systems for educating children and adolescents, which are based on the formation of basic national values, spirituality and morality, regional patriotism; implementation of measures to develop the creative abilities of all students, based on the individual capabilities of each; implementation of support for leading pedagogical workers who implement programs (projects) of a spiritual and moral orientation and demonstrate high performance results; implementation of the results of the work of the regional experimental site "Development of the regional model of spiritual and moral education of preschool children" (the program "The World is a Beautiful Creation") in the activities of institutions of preschool education for children in the region; development of a network of Orthodox preschool groups and kindergartens; development of a regulatory framework for the use of Orthodoxy in state and municipal educational institutions in the light of federal state educational standards of the new generation; development of research laboratories on the problems of spiritual and moral education; development of social partnership with deaneries, spiritual and educational centers. 22
Introduction
1. Biodamages and mechanisms of biodegradation of building materials. Problem Status 10
1.1 Biodamage Agents 10
1.2 Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials ... 16
1.3 Mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials 20
1.4 Ways to improve the fungus resistance of building materials 28
2 Objects and methods of research 43
2.1 Objects of study 43
2.2 Research methods 45
2.2.1 Physical and mechanical research methods 45
2.2.2 Physical and chemical research methods 48
2.2.3 Biological research methods 50
2.2.4 Mathematical processing of research results 53
3 Myodestruction of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 55
3.1. Mushroom resistance of the most important components of building materials...55
3.1.1. Fungus resistance of mineral aggregates 55
3.1.2. Fungus resistance of organic aggregates 60
3.1.3. Fungus resistance of mineral and polymer binders 61
3.2. Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 64
3.3. Kinetics of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum and polymer composites 68
3.4. Influence of metabolic products of micromycetes on the physical and mechanical properties of gypsum and polymer composites 75
3.5. Mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone 80
3.6. The mechanism of mycodestruction of polyester composite 83
Modeling the processes of mycodestruction of building materials ...89
4.1. Kinetic model of growth and development of mold fungi on the surface of building materials 89
4.2. Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials 91
4.3. Forecasting the durability of building materials used in conditions of mycological aggression 98
Findings 105
Improving the fungus resistance of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders 107
5.1 Cement concretes 107
5.2 Gypsum materials 111
5.3 Polymer composites 115
5.4 Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with increased fungus resistance 119
Findings 121
General conclusions 123
List of sources used 126
Appendix 149
Introduction to work
6 In this regard, a comprehensive study of the processes
biodeterioration of building materials in order to increase their
durability and reliability.
The work was carried out in accordance with the research program on the instructions of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation "Modeling of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies"
Purpose and objectives of the study. The aim of the research was to establish patterns of mycodestruction of building materials and increase their fungus resistance. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved:
study of the fungus resistance of various building materials and
their individual components;
assessment of the intensity of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites in
the structure of dense and porous building materials;
determination of the nature of the change in the strength properties of building
materials under the influence of mold metabolites;
establishment of the mechanism of mycodestruction of building materials on
based on mineral and polymer binders;
development of fungus-resistant building materials through
using complex modifiers.
Scientific novelty. The relationship between the activity modulus and the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates of various chemical and mineralogical
composition, which consists in the fact that aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are not fungus-resistant.
A classification of building materials according to fungus resistance is proposed, which makes it possible to conduct their targeted selection for operation in conditions of mycological aggression.
The patterns of diffusion of mold fungi metabolites into the structure of building materials with different densities were revealed. It has been shown that in dense materials metabolites are concentrated in the surface layer, while in materials with low density they are evenly distributed throughout the volume.
The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and composites based on polyester resins has been established. It is shown that the corrosion destruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites with calcium sulfate. The destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi.
The practical significance of the work.
A method is proposed for increasing the fungi resistance of building materials by using complex modifiers, which makes it possible to ensure fungicide and high physical and mechanical properties of materials.
Fungus-resistant compositions of building materials based on cement, gypsum, polyester and epoxy binders with high physical and mechanical characteristics have been developed.
Cement concrete compositions with high fungus resistance have been introduced at the OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy.
The results of the dissertation work were used in the educational process at the course "Protection of building materials and structures against corrosion" for students of specialties 290300 - "Industrial and civil construction" and specialty 290500 - "Urban construction and economy".
Approbation of work. The results of the dissertation work were presented at the International scientific and practical conference "Quality, safety, energy and resource saving in the building materials industry on the threshold of the XXI century" (Belgorod, 2000); II regional scientific-practical conference "Modern problems of technical, natural science and humanitarian knowledge" (Gubkin, 2001); III International scientific-practical conference - school-seminar of young scientists, graduate students and doctoral students "Modern problems of building materials science" (Belgorod, 2001); International Scientific and Practical Conference "Ecology - Education, Science and Industry" (Belgorod, 2002); Scientific and practical seminar "Problems and ways of creating composite materials from secondary mineral resources" (Novokuznetsk, 2003);
International congress "Modern technologies in the industry of building materials and building industry" (Belgorod, 2003).
Publications. The main provisions and results of the dissertation are presented in 9 publications.
Scope and structure of work. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters, general conclusions, a list of references, including 181 titles, and appendices. The work is presented on 148 pages of typewritten text, including 21 tables, 20 figures and 4 appendices.
The author thanks Cand. biol. Sci., Associate Professor, Department of Mycology and Phytoimmunology, Kharkiv National University. V.N. Karazina T.I. Prudnikov for consultations in the course of research on mycodestruction of building materials, and the faculty of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry of the Belgorod State Technological University named after V.I. V.G. Shukhov for consultations and methodological assistance.
Factors affecting the fungus resistance of building materials
The degree of damage to building materials by mold fungi depends on a number of factors, among which, first of all, ecological and geographical factors of the environment and the physicochemical properties of materials should be noted. The development of microorganisms is inextricably linked with environmental factors: humidity, temperature, concentration of substances in aqueous solutions, somatic pressure, radiation. The humidity of the environment is the most important factor determining the vital activity of mold fungi. Soil fungi begin to develop at a moisture content above 75%, and the optimum moisture content is 90%. The temperature of the environment is a factor that has a significant impact on the vital activity of micromycetes. Each type of mold fungi has its own temperature interval of vital activity and its own optimum. Micromycetes are divided into three groups: psychrophiles (cold-loving) with a life interval of 0-10C and an optimum of 10C; mesophiles (preferring average temperatures) - respectively 10-40C and 25C, thermophiles (heat-loving) - respectively 40-80C and 60C.
It is also known that X-ray and radioactive radiation in small doses stimulates the development of some microorganisms, and in large doses it kills them.
The active acidity of the medium is of great importance for the development of microscopic fungi. It has been proven that the activity of enzymes, the formation of vitamins, pigments, toxins, antibiotics and other functional features of fungi depend on the level of acidity of the medium. Thus, the destruction of materials under the action of molds is largely facilitated by the climate and microenvironment (temperature, absolute and relative humidity, intensity of solar radiation). Therefore, the biostability of the same material is different in different ecological and geographical conditions. The intensity of damage to building materials by mold fungi also depends on their chemical composition and molecular weight distribution between individual components. It is known that microscopic fungi most intensively affect low molecular weight materials with organic fillers. Thus, the degree of biodegradation of polymer composites depends on the structure of the carbon chain: straight, branched, or closed into a ring. For example, dibasic sebacic acid is more readily available than aromatic phthalic acid. R. Blahnik and V. Zanavoy established the following patterns: diesters of saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids containing more than twelve carbon atoms are easily used by filamentous fungi; with an increase in molecular weight, 1-methyl adipates and n-alkyl adipates decrease in mold resistance; monomeric alcohols are easily destroyed by mold if there are hydroxyl groups at adjacent or extreme carbon atoms; The esterification of alcohols significantly reduces the mold resistance of the compound. 1 In the work of Huang, who studied the biodegradation of a number of polymers, it is noted that the tendency to degradation depends on the degree of substitution, the chain length between functional groups, and also on the flexibility of the polymer chain. The most important factor determining the biodegradability is the conformational flexibility of polymer chains, which changes with the introduction of substituents. A. K. Rudakova considers the R-CH3 and R-CH2-R bonds difficult to access for fungi. Unsaturated valencies like R=CH2, R=CH-R] and compounds like R-CO-H, R-CO-O-R1, R-CO-R1 are available forms of carbon for microorganisms. Branched molecular chains are more difficult to biooxidize and can have a toxic effect on the vital functions of fungi.
It has been established that the aging of materials affects their resistance to mold fungi. Moreover, the degree of influence depends on the duration of exposure to factors that cause aging in atmospheric conditions. So in the work of A.N. Tarasova et al. proved that the reason for the decrease in the fungus resistance of elastomeric materials is the factors of climatic and accelerated thermal aging, which cause structural and chemical transformations of these materials.
The fungus resistance of mineral-based building composites is largely determined by the alkalinity of the medium and their porosity. So in the work of A.V. Ferronskaya et al. showed that the main condition for the vital activity of mold fungi in concretes based on various binders is the alkalinity of the medium. The most favorable environment for the development of microorganisms are building composites based on gypsum binders, characterized by an optimal alkalinity value. Cement composites, due to their high alkalinity, are less favorable for the development of microorganisms. However, during long-term operation, they undergo carbonization, which leads to a decrease in alkalinity and active colonization by microorganisms. In addition, an increase in the porosity of building materials leads to an increase in their damage by mold fungi.
Thus, a combination of favorable environmental and geographical factors and physical and chemical properties of materials leads to active damage to building materials by mold fungi.
Mushroom resistance of various types of building materials based on mineral and polymer binders
Almost all polymeric materials used in various industries are more or less susceptible to the damaging effects of mold fungi, especially in conditions with high humidity and temperature. In order to study the mechanism of mycodestruction of a polyester composite (Table 3.7.), a gas chromatotraffic method was used in accordance with the work. Polyester composite samples were inoculated with an aqueous spore suspension of mold fungi: Aspergillus niger van Tieghen, Aspergillus terreus Thorn, Alternaria altemata, Paecilomyces variotti Bainier, Penicillium chrysogenum Thom, Chaetomium elatum Kunze ex Fries, Trichoderma viride Pers. ex S. F. Gray, and kept under conditions optimal for their development, i.e. at a temperature of 29 ± 2 ° C and a relative air humidity of more than 90% for 1 year. The samples were then deactivated and subjected to extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus. After that, the products of mycodestruction were analyzed in gas chromatographs "Tsvet-165" "Hawlett-Packard-5840A" with flame ionization detectors. Chromatography conditions are presented in table. 2.1.
As a result of gas chromatographic analysis of the extracted products of mycodestruction, three main substances (A, B, C) were isolated. The analysis of retention indices (Table 3.9) showed that substances A, B and C may contain polar functional groups in their composition, tk. there is a significant increase in the Kovacs retention index during the transition from a non-polar stationary (OV-101) to a highly polar mobile (OV-275) phase. The calculation of the boiling points of the isolated compounds (according to the corresponding n-paraffins) showed that for A it was 189-201 C, for B - 345-360 C, for C - 425-460 C. wet conditions. Compound A is practically not formed in the control and kept in humid conditions samples. Therefore, it can be assumed that compounds A and C are products of mycodestruction. Judging by the boiling points, compound A is ethylene glycol, and compound C is an oligomer [-(CH)2OC(0)CH=CHC(0)0(CH)20-]n with n=5-7. Summarizing the research results, it was found that the mycodestruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi. 1. The fungus resistance of components of various building materials has been studied. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral fillers is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. The higher the content of silicon oxide and the lower the content of alumina, the lower the fungus resistance of mineral fillers. It has been established that materials with an activity modulus of less than 0.215 are non-foul resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A GOST 9.048-91). Organic aggregates are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content in their composition of a significant amount of cellulose, which is a source of nutrition for micromycetes. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure. 2. Studied fungus resistance of various classes of building materials. A classification of building materials according to their fungus resistance is proposed, which allows them to be purposefully selected for operation in conditions of mycological aggression. 3. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of building materials is cyclical. The duration of the cycle is 76-90 days, depending on the type of materials. 4. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials have been established. The kinetics of growth and development of micromycetes on the surface of building materials has been analyzed. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete, gypsum stone) is accompanied by acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic production. It is shown that the relative depth of penetration of metabolites is determined by the porosity of the material. After 360 days of exposure, it was 0.73 for gypsum concrete, 0.5 for gypsum stone, 0.17 for polyester composite, and 0.23 for epoxy composite. 5. The nature of the change in the strength properties of building materials based on mineral and polymeric binders is revealed. It is shown that gypsum materials in the initial period of time showed an increase in strength as a result of the accumulation of products of the interaction of calcium sulfate dihydrate with metabolites of micromycetes. However, then a sharp decrease in strength characteristics was observed. In polymer composites, no increase in strength was observed, but only its decrease occurred. 6. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite was established. It is shown that the destruction of gypsum stone is due to the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material, due to the formation of organic calcium salts (calcium oxalate), which are products of the interaction of organic acids (oxalic acid) with gypsum dihydrate, and the corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds of the polymer matrix under the influence of fungal exoenzymes.
Diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of dense and porous building materials
Cement concretes are the most important building material. Possessing many valuable properties (economical, high strength, fire resistance, etc.), they are widely used in construction. However, the operation of concretes in biologically aggressive environments (at food, textile, microbiological industries), as well as in hot humid climates (tropics and subtropics), leads to their damage by mold fungi. According to the literature data, concretes based on cement binder, in the initial period of time, have fungicidal properties due to the high alkalinity of the pore fluid medium, but over time they undergo carbonization, which contributes to the free development of mold fungi. Settling on their surface, mold fungi actively produce various metabolites, mainly organic acids, which, penetrating into the capillary-porous structure of the cement stone, cause its destruction. As studies of the fungi resistance of building materials have shown, the most important factor causing low resistance to the action of mold fungi metabolites is porosity. Building materials with low porosity are most susceptible to destructive processes caused by the vital activity of micromycetes. In this regard, there is a need to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes by compacting their structure.
For this, it is proposed to use polyfunctional modifiers based on superplasticizers and inorganic hardening accelerators.
As the review of literature data shows, mycodestruction of concrete occurs as a result of chemical reactions between the cement stone and the waste products of mold fungi. Therefore, studies of the effect of polyfunctional modifiers on fungus resistance and physical and mechanical properties were carried out on samples of cement stone (PC M 5 00 DO). As components of polyfunctional modifiers, superplasticizers S-3 and SB-3, and inorganic hardening accelerators (СаС12, NaN03, Na2SO4) were used. Determination of physical and chemical properties was carried out according to the relevant GOSTs: density according to GOST 1270.1-78; porosity according to GOST 12730.4-78; water absorption according to GOST 12730.3-78; compressive strength according to GOST 310.4-81. Determination of fungus resistance was carried out according to GOST 9.048-91 method B, which establishes the presence of fungicidal properties in the material. The results of studies of the influence of polyfunctional modifiers on fungi resistance and physical and mechanical properties of cement stone are given in Table 5.1.
The research results showed that the introduction of modifiers significantly increases the fungus resistance of the cement stone. Particularly effective are modifiers containing superplasticizer SB-3. This component has a high fungicidal activity, which is explained by the presence of phenolic compounds in its composition, causing disruption of the micromycete enzymatic systems, which leads to a decrease in the intensity of respiration processes. In addition, this superplasticizer contributes to an increase in the mobility of the concrete mixture with a significant water reduction, as well as a decrease in the degree of cement hydration in the initial period of hardening, which in turn prevents the evaporation of moisture and leads to the formation of a denser fine-grained structure of the cement stone with fewer microcracks inside the concrete body. and on its surface. Hardening accelerators increase the rate of hydration processes and, accordingly, the rate of concrete hardening. In addition, the introduction of hardening accelerators also leads to a decrease in the charge of clinker particles, which contributes to a decrease in the layer of adsorbed water, creating prerequisites for obtaining a denser and more durable concrete structure. Due to this, the possibility of diffusion of metabolites of micromycetes into the structure of concrete is reduced and its corrosion resistance is increased. The highest corrosion resistance against metabolites of micromycetes is possessed by cement stone, which has in its composition complex modifiers containing 0.3% superplasticizers SB-3 Ill and C-3 and 1% salts (СаС12, NaN03, Na2S04.). The coefficient of fungus resistance for samples containing these complex modifiers is 14.5% higher than for control samples. In addition, the introduction of a complex modifier makes it possible to increase density by 1.0 - 1.5%, strength by 2.8 - 6.1%, as well as reduce porosity by 4.7 + 4.8% and water absorption by 6.9 - 7.3%. A complex modifier containing 0.3% of superplasticizers SB-3 and S-3 and 1% of the hardening accelerator CaCl2 was used by OJSC KMA Proektzhilstroy in the construction of basements. Their operation in conditions of high humidity for more than two years showed the absence of mold growth and a decrease in the strength of concrete.
Studies of the fungus resistance of gypsum materials have shown that they are very unstable against metabolites of micromycetes. Analysis and generalization of literature data shows that the active growth of micromycetes on the surface of gypsum materials is explained by the favorable acidity of the medium of the pore fluid and the high porosity of these materials. Actively developing on their surface, micromycetes produce aggressive metabolites (organic acids) that penetrate into the structure of materials and cause their deep destruction. In this regard, the operation of gypsum materials in conditions of mycological aggression is impossible without additional protection.
To improve the fungus resistance of gypsum materials, it is proposed to use superplasticizer SB-5. According to , it is an oligomeric product of alkaline condensation of resorcinol production waste with furfural (80% wt.) formula (5.1), as well as resorcinol resin products (20% wt.), consisting of a mixture of disubstituted phenols and aromatic sulfonic acids.
Feasibility study of the effectiveness of the use of building materials with increased fungus resistance
The technical and economic efficiency of cement and gypsum materials with increased fungus resistance is due to an increase in the durability and reliability of building products and structures based on them, operated in biologically aggressive environments. The economic efficiency of the developed compositions of polymer composites in comparison with traditional polymer concretes is determined by the fact that they are filled with production waste, which significantly reduces their cost. In addition, products and structures based on them will eliminate molding and associated corrosion processes.
The results of calculating the cost of the components of the proposed polyester and epoxy composites in comparison with known polymer concretes are presented in table. 5.7-5.8 1. It is proposed to use complex modifiers containing 0.3% superplasticizers SB-3 and S-3 and 1% salts (СаС12, NaNC 3, Na2S04.), in order to ensure the fungicide of cement concretes. 2. It has been established that the use of superplasticizer SB-5 at a concentration of 0.2-0.25 wt % makes it possible to obtain fungus-resistant gypsum materials with improved physical and mechanical characteristics. 3. Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on PN-63 polyester resin and K-153 epoxy compound filled with production wastes have been developed, which have increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics. 4. The high economic efficiency of using polymer composites with increased fungus resistance is shown. The economic effect from the introduction of polyester polymer concrete will be 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m. 1. The fungus resistance of the most common components of building materials has been established. It is shown that the fungus resistance of mineral aggregates is determined by the content of aluminum and silicon oxides, i.e. activity module. It was revealed that non-mushroom resistant (fouling degree of 3 or more points according to method A, GOST 9.049-91) are mineral aggregates with an activity modulus of less than 0.215. Organic aggregates are characterized by low fungal resistance due to the content of a significant amount of cellulose in their composition, which is a source of nutrition for mold fungi. The fungus resistance of mineral binders is determined by the pH value of the pore fluid. Low fungi resistance is typical for binders with pH=4-9. The fungus resistance of polymer binders is determined by their structure. 2. Based on the analysis of the intensity of mold fungus overgrowth of various types of building materials, their classification according to fungus resistance was proposed for the first time. 3. The composition of metabolites and the nature of their distribution in the structure of materials were determined. It is shown that the growth of mold fungi on the surface of gypsum materials (gypsum concrete and gypsum stone) is accompanied by active acid production, and on the surface of polymeric materials (epoxy and polyester composites) - by enzymatic activity. An analysis of the distribution of metabolites over the cross section of the samples showed that the width of the diffuse zone is determined by the porosity of the materials. The nature of the change in the strength characteristics of building materials under the influence of mold fungi metabolites was revealed. Data have been obtained indicating that the decrease in the strength properties of building materials is determined by the penetration depth of metabolites, as well as the chemical nature and volumetric content of fillers. It is shown that in gypsum materials the entire volume undergoes degradation, while in polymer composites only surface layers are subjected to degradation. The mechanism of mycodestruction of gypsum stone and polyester composite has been established. It is shown that the mycodestruction of gypsum stone is caused by the occurrence of tensile stress in the walls of the pores of the material due to the formation of organic calcium salts, which are products of the interaction of metabolites (organic acids) with calcium sulfate. Corrosion destruction of the polyester composite occurs due to the splitting of bonds in the polymer matrix under the action of exoenzymes of mold fungi. Based on the Monod equation and a two-stage kinetic model of mold growth, a mathematical dependence was obtained that allows determining the concentration of mold metabolites during exponential growth. 7. Functions have been obtained that allow, with a given reliability, to evaluate the degradation of dense and porous building materials in aggressive environments and to predict the change in the bearing capacity of centrally loaded elements under mycological corrosion. 8. It is proposed to use complex modifiers based on superplasticizers (SB-3, SB-5, S-3) and inorganic hardening accelerators (CaCl, NaNC 3, Na2SC 4) to increase the fungus resistance of cement concretes and gypsum materials. 9. Efficient compositions of polymer composites based on polyester resin PN-63 and epoxy compound K-153, filled with quartz sand and production waste, have been developed, which have increased fungus resistance and high strength characteristics. The estimated economic effect from the introduction of a polyester composite amounted to 134.1 rubles. per 1 m, and epoxy 86.2 rubles. per 1 m3.
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