There will be a leap year next. Leap years - list

I hope you had a great New Year's Eve and are now in a great holiday mood. At least this is how it is for me - we didn’t drink any alcohol, and at midnight we clinked glasses of water from a five-liter canister, so we woke up, took a walk, and then I remembered one of yesterday’s New Year’s greetings:

I wish that at the end of each year, remembering what happened over the past 366 if ((year%4 == 0 and year%100 != 0) or (year%400 == 0)) else 365 days, think about myself:

Oh, nifiga yourself, what an action was. I will definitely tell my grandchildren or write a book about it later.

So, above is a fairly simple inline way to determine the number of days in a year (year variable), which, in fact, fully reveals their essence: in the Gregorian calendar, leap years are those years whose serial number is either a multiple of 4, but not a multiple of 100 , or divisible by 400. In other words, if the year is divisible by 4 without a remainder, but divisible by 100 only with a remainder, then it is a leap year, otherwise it is not a leap year, except if it is divisible by 400 without a remainder, then it is still a leap year.

For example, 2013 is a common year, 1700, 1800 and 1900 are again common years, but 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2012 are leap years.

But what if we don't remember how many days there are in leap years (366 days) and common years (365 days), or we just want to write the definition of the number of days in a year as quickly as possible? Is it possible to do this in Python? Of course you can.

So, Python has a calendar module. It is just great for finding out if a particular year is a leap year (or, for example, how many leap years are in a certain interval), determining the number of days in a month, getting the number of the day of the week for a certain date, and so on.

In particular, we can get the number of days in each month of the year, and simply add them up.

The calendar.monthrange function takes the year number as the first argument and the month number as the second argument. Returns the number of the day of the week on the first day of the given month and the number of days in the given month:

>>> import calendar >>> calendar.monthrange(2013, 1) (1, 31)
Accordingly, we can calculate the total number of days for all 12 months, and thus obtain the number of days for a given year:

>>> import calendar >>> year = 2013 >>> sum(map(lambda x: calendar.monthrange(year, x), range(1, 13))) 365
But if you think about how exactly this line is executed, it becomes obvious that this solution is very inefficient if you need to count the number of days for a large number of years.

We check with the timeit module.

To complete it 1 million times, it takes 13.69 seconds if import calendar is done once at the beginning. If import calendar is done every time then 14.49 seconds.

Now let's try another option. It requires knowing how many days there are in leap and non-leap years, but it is very short:

>>> import calendar >>> year = 2013 >>> 365+calendar.isleap(year) 365
And, as you might guess, it is already much faster: 0.83 seconds, including import calendar, and 0.26 seconds if import calendar is done once at the beginning.

Let's also see how long the very first option takes, with a "manual" approach: 0.07 seconds for 2012 and 2013 and 0.12 seconds for 2000 (I think everyone understands where such a difference in speed for these years comes from).

It turns out that this is the fastest option out of these three:

>>> import calendar >>> year = 2013 >>> 366 if ((year%4 == 0 and year%100 != 0) or (year%400 == 0)) else 365 365
Of course, in most cases, you can use either of these options - after all, when determining the number of days in one, two, ten, or a hundred years, you are unlikely to feel any difference.

Write, optimize, improve, test and evaluate performance - but don't forget about the readability of your program sources.

Happy New Year! Good luck, happiness, joy and self-improvement in the new year.

Every 4 years humanity has a leap year. It is in this year, in February, that magically becomes 29 days.

Many signs and beliefs are associated with it, many of which have pagan roots, but there are also Christian elements. Sometimes, it comes to the fact that in a leap year people refuse such familiar activities as vacations at sea or regular trips to the country.

What is a leap year and how justified are the signs associated with it?

Leap year: where did the extra day come from?

Do you think that the Earth makes a complete rotation in exactly 365 days? No, this is not so - the Earth makes a full circle around the Sun a little longer, namely, 365 days and 6 hours.

In other words, every year an extra quarter of a day is added. For 4 years of such quarters, it turns out to be 24 hours. So it turned out that a year that is a multiple of 4 (2008, 2012, 2016, the leap year calendar is based on this principle) is different from the rest.

The leap year is designed to eliminate this surplus and bring balance to the chronology. If it were not for the leap year, then in a couple of centuries the new year would have been transferred to the beginning of March, and this is quite serious!

Leap year differences

The differences between a leap year and other years, from a material point of view, are limited only by the number of days. In addition, people have to work more for one day. Sometimes, however, it turns out to rest once again, but this happens quite rarely.

From an astrological point of view, during the track of the Earth around the Sun in a leap year, a lot of trouble occurs:

• domestic problems in people;
• man-made disasters;
• natural disasters;
• relatively high mortality.

However, one can argue with the latter - there are no comments from ritual service workers about the increase in mortality. Only slightly more elderly people die.

Leap year: greetings from antiquity

For the first time, the ancient Romans took care of the problem of the inconsistency of the calendar with the real flow of time. In this country, it was forbidden to transfer significant dates to another time of the year. People were guided by the movement of the Sun in the sky.

Gaius Julius Caesar solved the problem quickly and radically - from the moment of his reign, people began to live according to the Julian calendar, which just added one day to February every 4 years. They began to move to the new calendar gradually, not everyone accepted it, but time took its toll.

Over time, the pagan calendar migrated to Christian culture. But in some regions this year is associated with Kasyan Visokos, one of the saints, the patron saint of monasticism.

Allegedly, for three years he has been drinking heavily, and for 4 he gets out of "binge" and takes revenge on people for the fact that his day is celebrated only once every 4 years.

Here, however, there is a discrepancy - a Christian saint, by definition, cannot be a drunkard, plus there is no record in the church that Visokos likes to drink.

Signs and beliefs associated with a leap year

Now the leap year is relatively easy, and before, some people were afraid to leave the house on February 29 in a leap year. For example, there was an omen that if you get a good freeze on this day, and at the end of February frosts can be severe, then a person will certainly catch a bad cold and die.

The same applies to livestock. Popular belief says that any mistake in the care of pets, on this day, can cost the animals their lives. For example, malnutrition or overfeeding.

Starting a new business in a leap year, according to popular belief, cannot bring much success.

Everything will definitely go awry: even if a person builds a house, even if he opens a business. In addition, all major matters should be postponed at least until February 29 - this time is considered the most unfortunate since the beginning of the year.

To propitiate Vysokos a little, you need to do the following:

• under the chiming clock, throw a glass of vodka out of the window (other alcohol is also suitable, but it must be strong);
• to drink without clinking glasses when it is exactly midnight;
• if you still clinked glasses, then before you sip, you need to put the glasses on the table.

According to popular belief, Visokos' anger will subside a little before the completion of the next track around the Sun.

Another interesting sign is associated with the collection of gifts of nature. It is usually difficult to pick mushrooms and berries on February 29, but things found on the street, such as money, can bring trouble if they get into the house.

And if at the same time the dog howls (dog day on February 29 is a bad sign in itself), then trouble is guaranteed. You need to ignore him, while saying "Step away from me."

Leap year bans

Since this year is so unlucky, the people have come up with many prohibitions, observing which, you can avert trouble from your home. By the way, nature also “participates” in these prohibitions.

For example, according to the memoirs of old-timers, in years that are leap years, there is usually a weak harvest of apples.

So, what not to do in a leap year:

• You can not carol at baptism. This ritual in itself is relatively associated with evil spirits, and once every four years it is especially “attentive” to people. Better not to involve any rubbish. So no matter how many people offer sweets, it is better to avoid carols.
• Selling homemade products is not recommended. It is believed that happiness and wealth leave the house with them.
• You can not show anyone the first erupted tooth in a baby, except perhaps the closest relatives. If you violate the ban, then the child will have crooked teeth.
• You can’t start new big things, including getting married / getting married. Everything will go awry, as already mentioned above.
• You can not buy "coffin things." It sounds strange, but for some people of advanced age it is the norm to buy things for their own funerals. Such an action in a leap year will hasten death.
• Women are strictly forbidden to dye their hair. This can lead to the lady going bald.
• It is forbidden to change the place of work or place of residence. In a new place, a person simply will not take root, you will have to start everything from scratch (this item is sometimes impossible, because there are different circumstances in life).

This forbidden group is joined by the birth of children, but not everyone takes this restriction seriously.

Maybe it all sounds archaic, but the fact remains that people often complain to astrologers and psychics about the misfortunes that began just after the violation of such prohibitions.

The conclusion is that until the Earth makes a complete revolution around the Sun in a leap year, some activities should be abandoned.

What do astrologers think?

In 2016, I made an anonymous personal calendar for a young man. He was about to start a new business project, but numerology showed that the undertaking would not only become extremely unsuccessful, but could even lead to the death of my client.

Unfortunately, he did not listen to me, he did the opposite. The result is deplorable - although he survived, he lost everything to the penny, now he is starting a new life.

Surprisingly, most of these calendars for different people, made in leap years, showed similar results. I do not really believe in the involvement of negative entities in the problems, but the influence of the planets in these years is very negative.

A leap year should pass calmly and without unnecessary movements, I tell you for sure!

Irina, Moscow

All the predictions that I made for people who want to get married on a leap year did not say anything good. This time is a time of failures, misunderstandings, conflicts and contradictions, what kind of marriage can we talk about?

At the same time, many of these “married couples” broke up before the wedding. Since 2016, only 5-10% of those families have survived.

Mortality, by the way, is also on the rise! Elderly people die in batches on a leap year. Pray more often, do not anger the higher powers! And go to church every day for about 7.

Svyatoslav, Yaroslavl

I believe that the leap year is a pagan Slavic belief. The ancestors endowed February with demonic power, they were afraid of him like fire.

So this belief has come down to us in a greatly altered form. There is nothing wrong with a leap year, but a little care still does not hurt.

Irma, Moscow

High mortality, that's what a leap year is. It is rare when it is necessary, at this time, to make favorable forecasts.

Basically, people have to solve some problems. I advise you not to violate the prohibitions of the leap year and often undergo purification rites.

Svetlana, Samara

Every 4 years we are faced with the fact that in February, instead of the standard 28 days, there are 29. A leap year is coming. This is due to the fact that the Earth revolves around the sun a little faster than 365 days. To compensate for this phenomenon, a leap year was invented and put into practice, which lasts 366 days by adding an extra day in February.

When is a leap year, how to determine

The methods of determination are quite simple and accessible to any person. They do not require any serious mathematical background:

2. A leap year is always divisible by 4 without a remainder. Let's say 2012 is a leap year because 2012:4=503.0, so the remainder of the division is 0.

3. You can view the calendar for the year under study and compare it with the next one by day of the week. If the gap is 1 day, then the analyzed time interval is not a leap year - its length is 52 weeks and 1 day, if the gap is 2 days, then, accordingly, the year is a leap year.

Are there exceptions?

Yes, there are. In order to more fully harmonize the astronomical and calendar years, it was decided not to make leap years those years that end in 00, that is, the beginning of each century. But here there is an exception: every 4th of these years (ending in 00 - 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400, ...) are also leap years.

List of leap years

1764, 1768, 1772, 1776, 1780, 1784, 1788, 1792, 1796, 1804, 1808, 1812, 1816, 1820, 1824, 1828, 1832, 1836, 1840, 1844, 1848, 1852, 1856, 1860, 1864, 1868, 1872, 1876, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896, 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032,2036, 2040, 2044, 2048, 2052, 2056, 2060, 2064, 2068, 2072, 2080, 2084, 2088, 2092, 2096, 2104, 2108, 2112, 2116, 2120, 2124, 2128, 2132

History of appearance

The very concept of a leap year appeared at a time when scientists proved that the astronomical year has 365 days and approximately 5 hours and 49 minutes. This happened under Julius Caesar, who was known as a fairly progressive ruler. Since then, 1 extra day has been added to the calendar.

The ancient Romans counted the days until the beginning of the next month, and we determine the elapsed from the beginning of the current month. Suppose February 22 for us is the 22nd day of the month, and for the Romans it was the 6th day before the start of the new month. In a leap year, February has two 6th days. "Second sixth" from Latin and gave the name "leap".

The next stage was the Julian calendar, where every third year became a leap year. By the way, in our days it is on it that holidays are determined. We use the Gregorian calendar, and we have a leap year every fourth year.

Superstitions and fears

It is generally accepted among the people that leap years are very unfortunate, and sometimes tragic. Even the Romans began to consider this year bad, because of the "sixth day" the fast increased by one day (it lasted until the beginning of March). The odious holiday "Kasyanov's Day", which was already celebrated by our ancestors, added to the mysticism. It was set for February 29th.

It is believed that on a leap day it is highly undesirable to radically change the usual way of life: get married, move, change jobs, have children, especially the first child.

Leap year (lat. bis sextus - “second sixth”) - a year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the duration of which is 366 days - one day more than the duration of a regular, non-leap year. In the Julian calendar, a leap year is every fourth year; in the Gregorian calendar, there are exceptions to this rule.

A year is a conventional unit of time, which historically meant a single cycle of seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). In most countries, the calendar length of the year is 365 or 366 days. At present, the year is also used as a temporal characteristic of the revolution of planets around stars in planetary systems, in particular the Earth around the Sun.

The calendar year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars is 365 days in non-leap years and 366 days in leap years. The average length of the year is 365.2425 days for the Gregorian and 365.25 days for the Julian calendar.

The calendar year in the Islamic calendar contains 353, 354 or 355 days - 12 lunar months. The average length of the year is 354.37 days, which is less than the tropical year, and therefore Muslim holidays "roam" according to the seasons.

The calendar year in the Jewish calendar contains 353, 354 or 355 days in a simple year and 383, 384 or 385 days in a leap year. The average length of the year is 365.2468 days, which is close to the tropical year.

The length of the tropical year (the time between the two vernal equinoxes) is 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. The difference in the duration of the tropical year and the average Julian calendar year (365.25 days) is 11 minutes 14 seconds. Of these 11 minutes and 14 seconds, approximately 128 years add up to one day.

As the centuries passed, a shift in the day of the vernal equinox, with which church holidays are associated, was noticed. By the 16th century, the vernal equinox occurred about 10 days earlier than March 21, which is used to determine the day of Easter.

To compensate for the accumulated error and avoid such a shift in the future, in 1582, Pope Gregory XIII reformed the calendar. In order to better match the average calendar year to the solar year, it was decided to change the leap year rule. As before, a year remained a leap year, the number of which is a multiple of four, but an exception was made for those that were a multiple of 100. From now on, such years were leap years only when they were also divided by 400.

In other words, a year is a leap year in two cases: either it is a multiple of 4, but not a multiple of 100, or it is a multiple of 400. A year is not a leap year if it is not a multiple of 4, or it is a multiple of 100, but not a multiple of 400.

The last years of centuries ending in two zeros are not leap years in three cases out of four. So, the years 1700, 1800 and 1900 are not leap years, since they are a multiple of 100 and not a multiple of 400. The years 1600 and 2000 are leap years, since they are a multiple of 400. The years 2100, 2200 and 2300 are non-leap years. In leap years, an extra day is introduced - February 29. The Catholic world lives according to the Julian calendar. Unlike the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar takes into account only one object - the Sun.

Now we live according to the Julian calendar (new style), before the revolution we lived according to the Gregorian (old style). The difference between the old and new styles was 11 days in the 18th century, 12 days in the 19th century, and 13 days in the 20th-21st centuries. In the 22nd century, this difference will already be 14 days. The Gregorian calendar was introduced under Soviet rule on February 14, 1918 (after January 31, it was no longer February 1, but immediately the 14th). The last leap year was , the next one will be .

1996, 1992, 1988, 1984, 1980, 1976, 1972, 1968, 1964, 1960, 1956, 1952, 1948, 1944, 1940, 1936, 1932, 1928, 1924, 1920, 1916, 1912, 1908, 1904, according to Gregorian 1900 is a non-leap year, Julian is a leap year. 1896.

Note: For most computer and mobile systems, valid dates are from December 13, 1901, 20:45:54 GMT to January 19, 2038, 03:14:07 GMT. (These dates correspond to the minimum and maximum value of a 32-bit signed integer). For Windows, valid dates are from 01-01-1970 to 01-19-2038.

The new year 2020 will be a leap year, which means that in it we will live 1 more day - in February, instead of the usual 28 days, there will be 29. An additional 366 day in a leap year on February 29 is due to the fact that the Earth makes its revolution around the Sun in 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes and 46 seconds. To compensate for this difference of almost 6 hours, one day is added to the calendar every 4 years.

Everyone treats a leap year differently - someone considers this period the most ordinary year that does not carry any danger, someone is afraid of it and associates many superstitions with this period. In this article we will try to understand all the signs, beliefs and misconceptions associated with a leap year.

Upcoming Leap Years: 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, 2040, 2044.

An extra day in a leap year, February 29, is called Kasyanov Day. In Naoda, this day is considered one of the most difficult and dangerous. A bad attitude towards the leap year was in folk beliefs associated with a certain Kasyan, about whom there were many legends and beliefs. According to one legend, Kasyan was an Angel who knew all the affairs and plans of God. However, it later turned out that he was a traitor who told all the plans to the demons. For this he was punished - for 3 years he was beaten on the forehead, and for 4 years he was released to Earth, where he had already committed evil deeds. According to another legend, Kasyan was a saint, but he broke the law and drank alcohol for 3 years, and stopped for 4 years.

Signs for Leap Year 2020

In Leap Year, nothing serious can be started - building a house, major contracts or transactions, purchases, weddings, and much more. All this was forbidden. Because nothing good will come of such undertakings - everything will soon fall apart and bring many more problems with it. Also, if possible, do not change jobs and apartments.

In a leap year, it is better not to start building a bathhouse.

A child born in a leap year needs to take blood relatives as godfathers.

If you live in a village and breed geese, then, when slaughtering a bird in a leap year, give the third goose as a gift to relatives or neighbors.

In the spring of a leap year, when you plant seeds and seedlings for the first time in the garden, say: "In a leap year, it's fine to die."

If you still decide to get married in a leap year, then before the ceremony, say this amulet: "I crown with a crown, and not with a leap year."

People who get divorced in a leap year should buy a new towel. These towels are then taken to the church and given to the cleaners, saying to themselves: “I pay tribute to the leap year, and you, family angel, stand next to me. Amen. Amen. Amen.

In a leap year, leaving home, they say without stepping over the threshold: "I'm going and going along the leap year, I bow to the leap year. I left the threshold, I'll be back here. Amen."

At the first thunder in a leap year, they cross their fingers and whisper: "The whole family is with me (names of your family members). Amen."

Hearing the howl of a dog in a leap year, they say: "Go howl, but not to my house. Amen."