Was there an ice age in Siberia. There was no ice age - this is a theory that defeated the flood

Everyone knows that there was an Ice Age on Earth! And some believe that not one. But in this matter, you need to be extremely careful. Many scientists urge not to exaggerate the power and vastness of glaciers - to put it mildly.

Here is the opinion of our scientist, Professor Valery Nikitich Demin:

“Scientific, educational and reference literature is dominated by an indisputable, at first glance, opinion: the northern territories of Eurasia were inhabited by humans no earlier than the 15th millennium BC, and before that all these lands were completely covered with a powerful continental glacier, which, in principle, excluded all life and migrations. In essence, the glacier forged history itself!

However, the above absolutized dogma is contradicted primarily by archaeological data. The dated age of the oldest sites within the boundaries of the postulated glacial zone in the North of Eurasia begins with a two hundred thousand year mark, and then smoothly and consistently passes through all the centuries up to the times visible and already reflected in written monuments.

For example, according to various sources, the age of the Byzovskaya site on the Pechora ranges from 20 to 40 thousand years. In any case, material facts testify: life flourished here just at the time when, according to the "glacial theory", there could be no life. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of such sites and other material monuments in the Arctic zone of Russia. So, there is a glaring contradiction. But if only one!

You can look at the problem, so to speak, from the other end. Why does continental glaciation not repeat itself in the current, no less severe conditions, say, in Eastern Siberia, at the "pole of cold"? These and many other indisputable facts have long cast doubt on the scale and consequences of the glacial cataclysm that once befell our planet.”

Seven books directed against glacial dogma, which paralyzed science and ironed history like a glacier, were written by Academician Ivan Grigoryevich Pidoplichko (1905–1975), who until the end of his life headed the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. But try to find these books today. In the Russian State Library, the four-volume (!) monograph “On the Ice Age” (edition 1946–1956) has been archived and is not given to readers. Books containing and summarizing unique geological, climatological, botanical and zoological material that refutes the "glacial theory" in its current dogmatic form are not freely available in other libraries either.

This tragicomic situation is reminiscent of the case told by the author of the forbidden theme himself. When glacialists, that is, supporters of the “glacial theory”, once discovered a second fossil soil in the pits, and according to their attitudes, there should be only one, the “extra” was simply covered up, and the expedition was declared “allegedly never-before”. In the same way, non-glacial processes of formation of boulder deposits are hushed up. The origin of boulders is usually explained by the “flattening” of ice, although boulders are found at a considerable depth in polar quarries.

The supporters of absolutized dogmas also ignore the opinion of the founder of paleoclimatology in Russia, Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov (1842–1916), who considered the existence of an extensive European glaciation unlikely and allowed only a partial one in the north of Eurasia and America.

As for central Russia, here Voeikov was more than categorical: in accordance with his calculations, an ice shell at the latitude of Russian chernozems would automatically entail the transformation of the earth's atmosphere over this territory into a solid block of ice. Naturally, this did not happen, and therefore there was no picture of glaciation, which is usually drawn on the pages of textbooks.

Therefore, it is necessary to compare the glacial hypothesis with known historical realities more than carefully.

Summing up the accumulated facts and summing up the general state of the problem of the so-called ice ages, I.G. Pidoplichko concluded that THERE ARE NO FACTS - GEOLOGICAL, PALEONTOLOGICAL OR BIOLOGICAL - CONFIRMING THE EXISTENCE WITH LOGICAL INEVITABILITY ANYWHERE ON THE EARTH IN ANY PERIOD OF ITS DEVELOPMENT OF THE MATERIAL (NOT MOUNTAIN) glaciation.

“And there is no reason to predict,” the scientist emphasized, “that such facts will ever be discovered.”

Ustin Chashchikhin is even more categorical: "IN THE PRESENT GEOCHRONOLOGY THERE IS PLACE ONLY FOR ONE ICE AGE, WHICH IS NOT CONTRADICTING WITH THE FACTS."

A. Sklyarov in his article “Does the fate of Phaeton await the Earth?” writes:

“The popularity of the theory of plate tectonics and the commitment of official scientific circles to it at one time gave rise to such a widely known myth as the Great Gondwana glaciation, which supposedly lasted right from the Ordovician to the end of the Permian (that is, it lasted about 200 million years!) And captured all the continents that made up Gondwana ( Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia) ... It should, however, be noted that a certain cooling, although not on such a scale, did take place during this period.

Tell me, my reader, can anything living exist for 200 million years on Earth covered with ice?

The point of view of the above-mentioned scientists seems convincing to me, and I will not talk about the ice age, but about a sharp short-term jump in cooling on Earth. Immediately after the geocosmic cataclysm, a sharp drop in atmospheric temperature is coming.

Assumed separation from -50 °C to -100 °C. Estimated duration is two years.

The nature of the remains of "prehistoric" animals found around the world clearly indicates their almost instantaneous freezing. About the animals found in Alaska, A. Alford literally says the following: “ These animals ... died so suddenly that they immediately froze before they could decompose - and this is confirmed by the fact that local residents often thawed carcasses and ate meat". That's how, even the meat was preserved?! Really 75 million years has lain and has not deteriorated? Or is it still better to admit that the disaster was recent?

The catastrophe ended with the formation of permanent ice at the poles. The permafrost front passes through the northern latitudes, it seems to have fixed the border of the ancient ecumene and the lands formed as a result of the movement of tectonic plates, which indicates that when the catastrophe ended, the geomagnetic position of our planet was already the same (or approximately the same) as we are we see it today. There was, however, a second shift of tectonic plates; although strong enough, it will not have such a destructive character. The second shift is still to be discussed.

One large piece of land, breaking away, stopped at the south pole. But here's what, dear reader, is curious: there are maps of the XIV-XVI centuries, which depict Antarctica. But after all, it will be “discovered” only in the 19th century!

(This atlas is still kept in the National Museum of Istanbul.) His maps depict Greenland, North and South America with the Amazon, the Falkland Islands, as well as the Andes mountains, not yet known at that time, the Amazon is depicted with amazing accuracy.

But Magellan will go on his first circumnavigation of the world only after another seven years!

Based on ancient primary sources, the map of Mukhiddin Piri Reis depicts a large (now gone) island in the Atlantic Ocean east of the South American coast. Is it a mere coincidence that this supposed island is depicted just above the underwater Meridional Mid-Atlantic Ridge, just north of the equator and 700 miles east of the coast of Brazil - where the tiny rocks of Saints Peter and Paul barely peek out from the waves?

But the miracles don't end there. Antarctica is also shown on the same map, and it can be seen that the coastlines and terrain are presented with a certainty that can only be achieved with high-altitude aerial photography, and even shooting from space. The southernmost continent of the planet on the Reis map is devoid of ice cover! The Reis map not only shows the coastline, but also rivers, mountain ranges and mountain peaks!

Tropical animals are depicted: a monkey, a roe deer, a lemur, an animal similar to a cow. Two large tailless monkeys, standing on their hind limbs, hold hands, as if dancing. Or maybe it's people? I could not resist, I found these ancient maps on the Internet, so that it was not from other people's words. So I am writing what I have seen.

It is curious that ships with a perfect sailing system are also shown on the map!

And we are told that Antarctica was discovered in January 1820 by the Russian expedition of F.F. Bellingshausen - M.P. Lazarev.

Greenland on Reis's maps also has no ice cover and consists of two islands (a fact recently confirmed by a French expedition)! In short, Greenland is depicted in the way that, according to the official version, it could only be related to the geographical picture of the planet five thousand years ago! An analysis of the maps of Piri Reis by Dr. Afetinan Tarikh Kurumu in the book "Ancient Map of America" ​​(Ankara, 1954) and an examination conducted by the American Institute of Marine Hydrocartography revealed the incredible accuracy of these maps, which depict even the recently discovered mountain ranges of Antarctica and Greenland by geologists. And among other things, such accuracy, according to experts, can be obtained exclusively with the help of aerial photography. Piri Reis explains the origin of these cards in this way. They were found in the hands of a Spanish navigator who participated in three expeditions of Christopher Columbus, who was taken prisoner by the Turkish officer Kemal during a naval battle. Piri Reis points out in his notes that, according to the Spaniard, Columbus sailed to the New World using these maps!!! Piri Reis maps are stored in Istanbul (Constantinople) in the Imperial Library, of which the admiral was an honorary reader. Thus, based on all of the above, we can conclude that quite recently Antarctica and Greenland were without ice!

At the end of 1959, Charles X. Hapgood, a professor at Keene College (New Hampshire, USA), discovered a map compiled by Oronteus Phineus at the Library of Congress in Washington. And on the Phineus map (1531), Antarctica is also shown without its ice shell! The general outline of the continent coincides with what is shown on modern maps. Almost in place, almost in the center of the continent, lies the South Pole. The mountain ranges fringing the shores are reminiscent of the numerous ridges discovered in recent years, and enough not to consider this an accidental product of the cartographer's imagination. These ridges have been identified, some on the coast, some in the distance. From many of them, rivers flowed to the sea, very naturally and convincingly fitting into the folds of the relief. Of course, this assumes that the coast was ice-free at the time the map was drawn. The central part of the continent on the map is free from rivers and mountains. As shown by seismographic studies in 1958, the relief depicted on the map is true.

Question: how could the boundaries of the Antarctic land be depicted if the glaciation of the mainland (again according to the official chronology) began 25 million years ago?

Gerard Kremer, known to the whole world under the name of Mercator, also trusted the maps of Fineus. The result of the study of ancient maps by MIT professor Richard Strachan: their compilation requires knowledge of geometric triangulation methods and an understanding of spherical trigonometry.

And apparently, the compilers of the "primary sources" used by Piri Reis and other compilers of ancient maps had such knowledge. In particular, Hapgood also discovered a Chinese map copied in 1137 from an earlier original on a stone pillar. This map contains the same exact longitude data as the others. It has the same grid and also uses spherical trigonometry.

Modern science knows other "strange" maps, which are united by the presence of geographical objects unknown at the time of their creation and the incredible accuracy of coordinate values. These, besides those listed, are Dulcert's portolan (1339), Zeno's map (1380), Yehuda Ben Zara's "Portolano", Hadji Ahmet's maps (1559), Mercator's maps (1538), Gutierre's maps (1562). .), Philippe Boucher (XVIII century).

But the most interesting thing is that I have not seen Australia on any map! And Antarctica has a different shape and is twice as large as modern. The mainland is so large that it rests on South America and almost reaches Africa. And the northeastern borders of Antarctica exactly copy the northern borders of modern Australia. Well, isn't it suspicious? We must finally muster up the courage to admit that the history of the geography of the Earth and the chronology of events in reality look very different.

One of the mysteries of the Earth, along with the emergence of Life on it and the extinction of dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period, is - Great Glaciations.

It is believed that glaciations are repeated on Earth regularly every 180-200 million years. Traces of glaciation are known in deposits that are billions and hundreds of millions of years ago - in the Cambrian, in the Carboniferous, in the Triassic-Permian. The fact that they could be, "say" the so-called tillites, breeds very similar to moraine last one, to be exact. last glaciations. These are the remains of ancient deposits of glaciers, consisting of a clay mass with inclusions of large and small boulders scratched during movement (hatched).

Separate layers tillites, found even in equatorial Africa, can reach power of tens and even hundreds of meters!

Signs of glaciation have been found on different continents - in Australia, South America, Africa and India which is used by scientists to reconstruction of paleocontinents and are often cited as evidence theories of plate tectonics.

Traces of ancient glaciations indicate that continental-scale glaciations- this is not at all a random phenomenon, it is a natural phenomenon that occurs under certain conditions.

The last of the ice ages began almost a million years ago, in the Quaternary time, or the Quaternary period, the Pleistocene was marked by the extensive distribution of glaciers - Great Glaciation of the Earth.

Under thick, many kilometers of ice covers were the northern part of the North American continent - the North American ice sheet, reaching a thickness of up to 3.5 km and extending approximately to 38 ° north latitude and a significant part of Europe, on which (ice cover up to 2.5-3 km thick) . On the territory of Russia, the glacier descended in two huge tongues along the ancient valleys of the Dnieper and Don.

Partially, the glaciation also covered Siberia - there was mainly the so-called "mountain-valley glaciation", when glaciers did not cover the entire space with a powerful cover, but were only in the mountains and foothill valleys, which is associated with a sharply continental climate and low temperatures in Eastern Siberia . But almost all of Western Siberia, due to the fact that the rivers were springing up and their flow into the Arctic Ocean stopped, turned out to be under water, and was a huge sea-lake.

In the Southern Hemisphere, under the ice, as now, was the entire Antarctic continent.

During the period of maximum distribution of Quaternary glaciation, glaciers covered over 40 million km 2–about a quarter of the entire surface of the continents.

Having reached the greatest development about 250 thousand years ago, the Quaternary glaciers of the Northern Hemisphere began to gradually decrease, as the glacial period was not continuous throughout the Quaternary period.

There are geological, paleobotanical and other evidence that glaciers disappeared several times, replaced by epochs. interglacial when the climate was even warmer than today. However, the warm epochs were replaced by cold spells, and the glaciers spread again.

Now we live, apparently, at the end of the fourth epoch of the Quaternary glaciation.

But in Antarctica, glaciation arose millions of years before the time when glaciers appeared in North America and Europe. In addition to climatic conditions, this was facilitated by the high mainland that existed here for a long time. By the way, now, due to the fact that the thickness of the glacier of Antarctica is huge, the continental bed of the "ice continent" is in some places below sea level ...

Unlike the ancient ice sheets of the Northern Hemisphere, which disappeared and reappeared, the Antarctic ice sheet has changed little in its size. The maximum glaciation of Antarctica was only one and a half times greater than the modern one in terms of volume, and not much more in area.

Now about the hypotheses ... There are hundreds, if not thousands, of hypotheses why glaciations occur, and whether they were at all!

Usually put forward the following main scientific hypotheses:

• Volcanic eruptions, leading to a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere and cooling throughout the Earth;
• Epochs of orogeny (mountain building);
• Reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which reduces the "greenhouse effect" and leads to cooling;
• The cyclical activity of the Sun;
• Changes in the position of the Earth relative to the Sun.

But, nevertheless, the causes of glaciation have not been finally clarified!

It is assumed, for example, that glaciation begins when, with an increase in the distance between the Earth and the Sun, around which it rotates in a slightly elongated orbit, the amount of solar heat received by our planet decreases, i.e. Glaciation occurs when the Earth passes the point in its orbit that is farthest from the Sun.

However, astronomers believe that changes in the amount of solar radiation hitting the Earth alone are not enough to start an ice age. Apparently, fluctuations in the activity of the Sun itself also matter, which is a periodic, cyclic process, and changes every 11-12 years, with a cycle of 2-3 years and 5-6 years. And the largest cycles of activity, as established by the Soviet geographer A.V. Shnitnikov - approximately 1800-2000 years.

There is also a hypothesis that the emergence of glaciers is associated with certain parts of the Universe through which our solar system passes, moving with the entire Galaxy, either filled with gas, or “clouds” of cosmic dust. And it is likely that "space winter" on Earth occurs when the globe is at the point furthest from the center of our Galaxy, where there are accumulations of "cosmic dust" and gas.

It should be noted that usually periods of warming always “go” before cooling epochs, and there is, for example, a hypothesis that the Arctic Ocean, due to warming, is sometimes completely freed from ice (by the way, this is happening now), increased evaporation from the surface of the ocean , currents of humid air are directed to the polar regions of America and Eurasia, and snow falls over the cold surface of the Earth, which does not have time to melt in a short and cold summer. This is how ice sheets form on the continents.

But when, as a result of the transformation of part of the water into ice, the level of the World Ocean drops by tens of meters, the warm Atlantic Ocean ceases to communicate with the Arctic Ocean, and it gradually becomes covered with ice again, evaporation from its surface stops abruptly, less and less snow falls on the continents and less, the "feeding" of glaciers is deteriorating, and the ice sheets begin to melt, and the level of the World Ocean rises again. And again the Arctic Ocean connects with the Atlantic, and again the ice cover began to gradually disappear, i.e. the cycle of development of the next glaciation begins anew.

Yes, all these hypotheses quite possible, but so far none of them can be confirmed by serious scientific facts.

Therefore, one of the main, fundamental hypotheses is climate change on the Earth itself, which is associated with the above hypotheses.

But it is quite possible that the processes of glaciation are associated with the combined impact of various natural factors, which could act jointly and replace each other, and it is important that, having begun, glaciations, like “wound clocks”, are already developing independently, according to their own laws, sometimes even “ignoring” some climatic conditions and patterns.

And the ice age that began in the Northern Hemisphere about 1 million years back, not finished yet, and we, as already mentioned, live in a warmer period of time, in interglacial.

Throughout the epoch of the Great Glaciations of the Earth, the ice either receded or advanced again. On the territory of both America and Europe, there were, apparently, four global ice ages, between which there were relatively warm periods.

But the complete retreat of the ice occurred only about 20 - 25 thousand years ago, but in some areas the ice lingered even longer. The glacier retreated from the area of ​​modern St. Petersburg only 16 thousand years ago, and in some places in the North small remnants of the ancient glaciation have survived to this day.

Note that modern glaciers cannot be compared with the ancient glaciation of our planet - they occupy only about 15 million square meters. km, i.e. less than one-thirtieth of the earth's surface.

How can you determine whether there was a glaciation in a given place on the Earth or not? This is usually quite easy to determine by the peculiar forms of geographical relief and rocks.

Large accumulations of huge boulders, pebbles, boulders, sands and clays are often found in the fields and forests of Russia. They usually lie directly on the surface, but they can also be seen in the cliffs of ravines and in the slopes of river valleys.

By the way, one of the first who tried to explain how these deposits were formed was the outstanding geographer and anarchist theorist, Prince Peter Alekseevich Kropotkin. In his work "Investigations on the Ice Age" (1876), he argued that the territory of Russia was once covered by huge ice fields.

If we look at the physical and geographical map of European Russia, then in the location of hills, hills, basins and valleys of large rivers, we can notice some patterns. So, for example, the Leningrad and Novgorod regions from the south and east are, as it were, limited Valdai Upland, which has the form of an arc. This is exactly the line where, in the distant past, a huge glacier, advancing from the north, stopped.

To the southeast of the Valdai Upland is the slightly winding Smolensk-Moscow Upland, stretching from Smolensk to Pereslavl-Zalessky. This is another of the boundaries of the distribution of sheet glaciers.

Numerous hilly winding uplands are also visible on the West Siberian Plain - "manes", also evidence of the activity of ancient glaciers, more precisely glacial waters. Many traces of stops of moving glaciers flowing down the mountain slopes into large basins have been found in Central and Eastern Siberia.

It is difficult to imagine ice several kilometers thick on the site of the current cities, rivers and lakes, but, nevertheless, the glacial plateaus were not inferior in height to the Urals, the Carpathians or the Scandinavian mountains. These gigantic and, moreover, mobile masses of ice influenced the entire natural environment - relief, landscapes, river flow, soils, vegetation and wildlife.

It should be noted that in Europe and the European part of Russia from the geological epochs preceding the Quaternary period - the Paleogene (66-25 million years) and the Neogene (25-1.8 million years) practically no rocks were preserved, they were completely eroded and redeposited during the Quaternary, or as it is often called, Pleistocene.

Glaciers originated and moved from Scandinavia, the Kola Peninsula, the Polar Urals (Pai-Khoi) and the islands of the Arctic Ocean. And almost all the geological deposits that we see on the territory of Moscow are moraine, more precisely moraine loams, sands of various origins (water-glacial, lake, river), huge boulders, as well as cover loams - all this is evidence of the powerful impact of the glacier.

On the territory of Moscow, traces of three glaciations can be distinguished (although there are many more of them - different researchers distinguish from 5 to several dozen periods of ice advances and retreats):

• Okskoe (about 1 million years ago),
• Dnieper (about 300 thousand years ago),
• Moscow (about 150 thousand years ago).

Valdai the glacier (disappeared only 10 - 12 thousand years ago) "did not reach Moscow", and the deposits of this period are characterized by water-glacial (fluvio-glacial) deposits - mainly the sands of the Meshcherskaya lowland.

And the names of the glaciers themselves correspond to the names of those places to which the glaciers reached - to the Oka, the Dnieper and the Don, the Moskva River, Valdai, etc.

Since the thickness of the glaciers reached almost 3 km, one can imagine what a colossal work he did! Some elevations and hills on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region are powerful (up to 100 meters!) Deposits that the glacier “brought”.

The best known, for example Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya moraine ridge, separate hills on the territory of Moscow ( Vorobyovy Gory and Teplostan Upland). Huge boulders weighing up to several tons (for example, the Maiden's Stone in Kolomenskoye) are also the result of the work of the glacier.

Glaciers smoothed out uneven terrain: they destroyed hills and ridges, and the resulting rock fragments filled depressions - river valleys and lake basins, transferring huge masses of stone fragments over a distance of more than 2 thousand km.

However, huge masses of ice (considering its colossal thickness) pressed so hard on the underlying rocks that even the strongest of them could not withstand and collapsed.

Their fragments were frozen into the body of a moving glacier and, like emery, scratched rocks composed of granites, gneisses, sandstones and other rocks for tens of thousands of years, developing depressions in them. Until now, numerous glacial furrows, "scars" and glacial polishing on granite rocks, as well as long hollows in the earth's crust, subsequently occupied by lakes and swamps, have been preserved. An example is the countless depressions of the lakes of Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.

But glaciers did not plow out all the rocks on their way. The destruction was mainly those areas where the ice sheets originated, grew, reached a thickness of more than 3 km and from where they began their movement. The main center of glaciation in Europe was Fennoscandia, which included the Scandinavian mountains, the plateaus of the Kola Peninsula, as well as the plateaus and plains of Finland and Karelia.

Along the way, the ice was saturated with fragments of destroyed rocks, and they gradually accumulated both inside the glacier and under it. When the ice melted, masses of debris, sand and clay remained on the surface. This process was especially active when the movement of the glacier stopped and the melting of its fragments began.

At the edge of glaciers, as a rule, water flows arose, moving along the surface of the ice, in the body of the glacier and under the ice layer. Gradually, they merged, forming whole rivers, which, over thousands of years, formed narrow valleys and washed away a lot of clastic material.

As already mentioned, the forms of glacial relief are very diverse. For moraine plains many ridges and ridges are characteristic, indicating the stops of moving ice and the main form of relief among them are shafts of terminal moraines, usually these are low arched ridges composed of sand and clay with an admixture of boulders and pebbles. The depressions between the ridges are often occupied by lakes. Sometimes among the moraine plains one can see outcasts- blocks hundreds of meters in size and weighing tens of tons, giant pieces of the glacier bed, transferred by it over great distances.

Glaciers often blocked the flow of rivers and near such "dams" huge lakes arose, filling the depressions of river valleys and depressions, which often changed the direction of river flow. And although such lakes existed for a relatively short time (from a thousand to three thousand years), they managed to accumulate on their bottom lake clays, layered precipitation, counting the layers of which, one can clearly distinguish the periods of winter and summer, as well as how many years these precipitations accumulated.

In the era of the last Valdai glaciation arose Upper Volga glacial lakes(Mologo-Sheksninskoe, Tverskoe, Verkhne-Molozhskoe, etc.). At first, their waters had a flow to the southwest, but with the retreat of the glacier, they were able to flow to the north. Traces of the Mologo-Sheksninskoye Lake remained in the form of terraces and coastlines at an altitude of about 100 m.

There are very numerous traces of ancient glaciers in the mountains of Siberia, the Urals, and the Far East. As a result of ancient glaciation, 135-280 thousand years ago, sharp peaks of mountains appeared - "gendarmes" in Altai, in the Sayans, the Baikal and Transbaikalia, in the Stanovoy Highlands. The so-called "reticulate type of glaciation" prevailed here, i.e. if one could look from a bird's eye view, one could see how ice-free plateaus and mountain peaks rise against the background of glaciers.

It should be noted that during the periods of glacial epochs, rather large ice massifs were located on part of the territory of Siberia, for example, on Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, in the Byrranga mountains (Taimyr Peninsula), as well as on the Putorana Plateau in northern Siberia.

Extensive mountain-valley glaciation was 270-310 thousand years ago Verkhoyansk Range, Okhotsk-Kolyma Highlands and in the mountains of Chukotka. These areas are considered glaciation centers of Siberia.

Traces of these glaciations are numerous bowl-shaped depressions of mountain peaks - circuses or karts, huge moraine shafts and lake plains in place of melted ice.

In the mountains, as well as on the plains, lakes arose near ice dams, periodically the lakes overflowed, and giant masses of water rushed at incredible speed through low watersheds into neighboring valleys, crashing into them and forming huge canyons and gorges. For example, in Altai, in the Chuya-Kurai depression, “giant ripples”, “drilling boilers”, gorges and canyons, huge outcropping blocks, “dry waterfalls” and other traces of water streams escaping from ancient lakes “only - just "12-14 thousand years ago.

"Intruding" from the north on the plains of Northern Eurasia, the ice sheets either penetrated far to the south along the depressions of the relief, or stopped at some obstacles, for example, hills.

Probably, it is not yet possible to determine exactly which of the glaciations was the “greatest”, however, it is known, for example, that the Valdai glacier was sharply inferior in area to the Dnieper glacier.

The landscapes at the borders of the sheet glaciers also differed. So, in the Oka epoch of glaciation (500-400 thousand years ago), to the south of them there was a strip of Arctic deserts about 700 km wide - from the Carpathians in the west to the Verkhoyansk Range in the east. Even further, 400-450 km to the south, stretched cold forest-steppe, where only such unpretentious trees as larches, birches and pines could grow. And only at the latitude of the Northern Black Sea region and Eastern Kazakhstan did comparatively warm steppes and semi-deserts begin.

In the era of the Dnieper glaciation, the glaciers were much larger. Tundra-steppe (dry tundra) with a very harsh climate stretched along the edge of the ice cover. The average annual temperature approached minus 6°C (for comparison: in the Moscow region, the average annual temperature is currently about +2.5°C).

The open space of the tundra, where in winter there was little snow and severe frosts, cracked, forming the so-called "permafrost polygons", which in plan resemble a wedge in shape. They are called "ice wedges", and in Siberia they often reach a height of ten meters! Traces of these "ice wedges" in ancient glacial deposits "speak" of the harsh climate. Traces of permafrost, or cryogenic impact, are also visible in the sands, these are often disturbed, as if “torn” layers, often with a high content of iron minerals.

Water-glacial deposits with traces of cryogenic impact

The last "Great Glaciation" has been studied for over 100 years. Many decades of hard work of outstanding researchers were spent on collecting data on its distribution on the plains and in the mountains, on mapping terminal moraine complexes and traces of glacier-dammed lakes, glacial scars, drumlins, and “hilly moraine” areas.

True, there are researchers who generally deny the ancient glaciations, and consider the glacial theory to be erroneous. In their opinion, there was no glaciation at all, but there was “a cold sea on which icebergs floated”, and all glacial deposits are just bottom sediments of this shallow sea!

Other researchers, "recognizing the general validity of the theory of glaciations", however, doubt the correctness of the conclusion about the grandiose scales of the glaciations of the past, and the conclusion about the ice sheets that leaned on the polar continental shelves is especially strong distrust, they believe that there were "small ice caps of the Arctic archipelagos”, “bare tundra” or “cold seas”, and in North America, where the largest “Laurentian ice sheet” in the Northern Hemisphere has long been restored, there were only “groups of glaciers merged at the bases of domes”.

For Northern Eurasia, these researchers recognize only the Scandinavian ice sheet and isolated "ice caps" of the Polar Urals, Taimyr and the Putorana Plateau, and in the mountains of temperate latitudes and Siberia - only valley glaciers.

And some scientists, on the contrary, “reconstruct” “giant ice sheets” in Siberia, which are not inferior in size and structure to the Antarctic.

As we have already noted, in the Southern Hemisphere, the Antarctic ice sheet extended to the entire continent, including its underwater margins, in particular, the regions of the Ross and Weddell seas.

The maximum height of the Antarctic ice sheet was 4 km, i.e. was close to modern (now about 3.5 km), the area of ​​ice increased to almost 17 million square kilometers, and the total volume of ice reached 35-36 million cubic kilometers.

Two more large ice sheets were in South America and New Zealand.

The Patagonian Ice Sheet was located in the Patagonian Andes, their foothills and on the adjacent continental shelf. Today it is reminded of by the picturesque fjord relief of the Chilean coast and the residual ice sheets of the Andes.

"South Alpine Complex" New Zealand- was a reduced copy of the Patagonian. It had the same shape and also advanced to the shelf, on the coast it developed a system of similar fjords.

In the Northern Hemisphere, during periods of maximum glaciation, we would see huge arctic ice sheet resulting from the union North American and Eurasian covers into a single glacial system, and an important role was played by floating ice shelves, especially the Central Arctic ice shelf, which covered the entire deep-water part of the Arctic Ocean.

The largest elements of the Arctic ice sheet were the Laurentian Shield of North America and the Kara Shield of Arctic Eurasia, they had the form of giant plano-convex domes. The center of the first of them was located over the southwestern part of the Hudson Bay, the peak rose to a height of more than 3 km, and its eastern edge extended to the outer edge of the continental shelf.

The Kara ice sheet occupied the entire area of ​​the modern Barents and Kara Seas, its center lay over the Kara Sea, and the southern marginal zone covered the entire north of the Russian Plain, Western and Central Siberia.

Of the other elements of the Arctic cover, the East Siberian Ice Sheet which spread on the shelves of the Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi seas and was larger than the Greenland ice sheet. He left traces in the form of large glaciodislocations New Siberian Islands and the Tiksi region, are also associated with grandiose glacial-erosion forms of Wrangel Island and the Chukotka Peninsula.

So, the last ice sheet of the Northern Hemisphere consisted of more than a dozen large ice sheets and many smaller ones, as well as of the ice shelves that united them, floating in the deep ocean.

The periods of time in which glaciers disappeared, or were reduced by 80-90%, are called interglacials. The landscapes freed from ice in a relatively warm climate were transformed: the tundra retreated to the northern coast of Eurasia, and the taiga and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppe and steppe occupied a position close to the present.

Thus, over the past million years, the nature of Northern Eurasia and North America has repeatedly changed its appearance.

Boulders, crushed stone and sand, frozen into the bottom layers of a moving glacier, acting as a giant “file”, smoothed, polished, scratched granites and gneisses, and peculiar strata of boulder loams and sands formed under the ice, characterized by high density associated with the impact of glacial load - the main, or bottom moraine.

Since the dimensions of the glacier are determined balance between the amount of snow that falls on it annually, which turns into firn, and then into ice, and what does not have time to melt and evaporate during the warm seasons, then as the climate warms, the edges of the glaciers recede to new, “equilibrium boundaries”. The end parts of the glacial tongues stop moving and gradually melt, and the boulders, sand and loam included in the ice are released, forming a shaft that repeats the outlines of the glacier - terminal moraine; the other part of the clastic material (mainly sand and clay particles) is carried out by melt water flows and is deposited around in the form fluvioglacial sand plains (zandrov).

Similar flows also act in the depths of glaciers, filling cracks and intraglacial caverns with fluvioglacial material. After the melting of glacial tongues with such filled voids on the earth's surface, chaotic heaps of hills of various shapes and compositions remain on top of the melted bottom moraine: ovoid (when viewed from above) drumlins, elongated like railway embankments (along the axis of the glacier and perpendicular to the terminal moraines) ozes and irregular shape kamy.

All these forms of the glacial landscape are very clearly represented in North America: the boundary of ancient glaciation is marked here by a terminal moraine ridge with heights of up to fifty meters, stretching across the entire continent from its eastern coast to its western one. To the north of this "Great Ice Wall" glacial deposits are represented mainly by moraine, and to the south of it - by a "cloak" of fluvioglacial sands and pebbles.

As for the territory of the European part of Russia, four epochs of glaciation have been identified, and for Central Europe, four glacial epochs have also been identified, named after the corresponding alpine rivers - gunz, mindel, riss and wurm, and in North America Nebraska, Kansas, Illinois and Wisconsin glaciations.

Climate periglacial(surrounding the glacier) territories was cold and dry, which is fully confirmed by paleontological data. In these landscapes, a very specific fauna appears with a combination of cryophilic (cold-loving) and xerophilic (dry-loving) plants – tundra-steppe.

Now similar natural zones, similar to periglacial ones, have been preserved in the form of so-called relic steppes- islands among the taiga and forest-tundra landscape, for example, the so-called alasy Yakutia, the southern slopes of the mountains of northeastern Siberia and Alaska, as well as the cold, arid highlands of Central Asia.

tundrosteppe differed in that it the herbaceous layer was formed mainly not by mosses (as in the tundra), but by grasses, and it was here that formed cryophilic version herbaceous vegetation with a very high biomass of grazing ungulates and predators - the so-called "mammoth fauna".

In its composition, various types of animals were fancifully mixed, both characteristic of tundra – reindeer, caribou, musk ox, lemmings, for steppes - saiga, horse, camel, bison, ground squirrels, as well as mammoths and woolly rhinos, saber-toothed tiger - smilodon, and giant hyena.

It should be noted that many climatic changes were repeated as if "in miniature" in the memory of mankind. These are the so-called "Little Ice Ages" and "Interglacials".

For example, during the so-called "Little Ice Age" from 1450 to 1850, glaciers advanced everywhere, and their size exceeded modern ones (snow cover appeared, for example, in the mountains of Ethiopia, where it is not now).

And in the preceding "Little Ice Age" Atlantic optimum(900-1300) glaciers, on the contrary, decreased, and the climate was noticeably milder than the current one. Recall that it was at that time that the Vikings called Greenland the “Green Land”, and even settled it, and also reached the coast of North America and the island of Newfoundland on their boats. And the Novgorod merchants-Ushkuiniki passed through the "Northern Sea Route" to the Gulf of Ob, founding the city of Mangazeya there.

And the last retreat of the glaciers, which began over 10 thousand years ago, is well remembered by people, hence the legends about the Flood, so a huge amount of melt water rushed down to the south, rains and floods became frequent.

In the distant past, the growth of glaciers occurred in epochs with low air temperature and increased humidity, the same conditions developed in the last centuries of the last era, and in the middle of the last millennium.

And about 2.5 thousand years ago, a significant cooling of the climate began, the Arctic islands were covered with glaciers, in the countries of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea at the turn of the eras, the climate was colder and more humid than now.

In the Alps in the 1st millennium BC. e. glaciers moved to lower levels, cluttered mountain passes with ice and destroyed some high-lying villages. It was during this era that glaciers in the Caucasus became sharply activated and grew.

But by the end of the 1st millennium, climate warming began again, mountain glaciers retreated in the Alps, the Caucasus, Scandinavia and Iceland.

The climate began to seriously change again only in the 14th century, glaciers began to grow rapidly in Greenland, the summer thawing of the soil became more and more short-lived, and by the end of the century permafrost was firmly established here.

From the end of the 15th century, the growth of glaciers began in many mountainous countries and polar regions, and after the relatively warm 16th century, severe centuries came, and were called the Little Ice Age. In the south of Europe, severe and long winters often repeated, in 1621 and 1669 the Bosporus froze, and in 1709 the Adriatic Sea froze off the coast. But the "Little Ice Age" ended in the second half of the 19th century and a relatively warm era began, which continues to this day.

Note that the warming of the 20th century is especially pronounced in the polar latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and fluctuations in glacial systems are characterized by the percentage of advancing, stationary and retreating glaciers.

For example, for the Alps there are data covering the entire past century. If the proportion of advancing alpine glaciers in the 40-50s of the XX century was close to zero, then in the mid-60s of the XX century, about 30% of the surveyed glaciers advanced here, and in the late 70s of the XX century - 65-70%.

Their similar state indicates that the anthropogenic (technogenic) increase in the content of carbon dioxide, methane and other gases and aerosols in the atmosphere in the 20th century did not affect the normal course of global atmospheric and glacial processes. However, at the end of the last, twentieth century, glaciers began to recede everywhere in the mountains, and the ice of Greenland began to melt, which is associated with climate warming, and which especially intensified in the 1990s.

It is known that the increased amount of man-made emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, freon and various aerosols into the atmosphere seems to be helping to reduce solar radiation. In this regard, “voices” appeared, first of journalists, then of politicians, and then of scientists about the beginning of a “new ice age”. Ecologists "sounded the alarm", fearing "the coming anthropogenic warming" due to the constant growth of carbon dioxide and other impurities in the atmosphere.

Yes, it is well known that an increase in CO 2 leads to an increase in the amount of retained heat and thereby increases the air temperature near the Earth's surface, forming the notorious "greenhouse effect".

Some other gases of technogenic origin have the same effect: freons, nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, methane, ammonia. But, nevertheless, far from all carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere: 50-60% of industrial CO 2 emissions end up in the ocean, where they are quickly assimilated by animals (corals in the first place), and of course, assimilated by plants–remember the process of photosynthesis: plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen! Those. the more carbon dioxide - the better, the higher the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere! By the way, this has already happened in the history of the Earth, in the Carboniferous period ... Therefore, even a multiple increase in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere cannot lead to the same multiple increase in temperature, since there is a certain natural control mechanism that sharply slows down the greenhouse effect at high concentrations of CO 2.

So all the numerous “scientific hypotheses” about the “greenhouse effect”, “rising the level of the World Ocean”, “changes in the course of the Gulf Stream”, and of course the “coming Apocalypse” are mostly imposed on us “from above”, by politicians, incompetent scientists, illiterate journalists, or simply science swindlers. The more you intimidate the population, the easier it is to sell goods and manage ...

But in fact, a normal natural process is taking place - one stage, one climatic epoch is replaced by another, and there is nothing strange in this ... And the fact that natural disasters occur, and that there are supposedly more of them - tornadoes, floods, etc. - so another 100-200 years ago, vast areas of the Earth were simply uninhabited! And now there are more than 7 billion people, and they often live where exactly floods and tornadoes are possible - along the banks of rivers and oceans, in the deserts of America! Moreover, remember that natural disasters have always been, and even ruined entire civilizations!

And as for the opinions of scientists, which both politicians and journalists like to refer to so much ... Back in 1983, American sociologists Randall Collins and Sal Restivo wrote in plain text in their famous article “Pirates and Politicians in Mathematics”: “... There is no fixed set of norms that guide the behavior of scientists. Only the activity of scientists (and other types of intellectuals related to them) is unchanged, aimed at acquiring wealth and fame, as well as gaining the opportunity to control the flow of ideas and impose their own ideas on others ... The ideals of science do not predetermine scientific behavior, but arise from the struggle for individual success in various conditions of competition ... ".

And a little more about science ... Various large companies often provide grants for so-called "research" in certain areas, but the question arises - how competent is the person conducting the research in this area? Why was he chosen out of hundreds of scientists?

And if a certain scientist, a “certain organization”, for example, orders “some research on the safety of nuclear energy”, then it goes without saying that this scientist will be forced to “listen” to the customer, since he has “quite certain interests”, and it is understandable that he, most likely, will “adjust” “his conclusions” for the customer, since the main question is already not a question of scientific research–what does the customer want to get, what result. And if the result of the customer not satisfied, then this scientist will no longer be invited, and not in any "serious project", i.e. "monetary", he will no longer participate, as they will invite another scientist, more "compliant" ... Much, of course, depends on the citizenship, and professionalism, and reputation as a scientist ... But let's not forget how much they "receive" in Russia scientists... Yes, in the world, in Europe and in the USA, a scientist lives mainly on grants... And any scientist also "wants to eat."

In addition, the data and opinions of one scientist, albeit a major specialist in his field, are not a fact! But if the research is confirmed by some scientific groups, institutes, laboratories, t only then can research be worthy of serious attention.

Unless of course these "groups", "institutes" or "laboratories" were not funded by the customer of this study or project ...

A.A. Kazdym,
candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences, member of MOIP

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Ice Age vs. Flood

Was there or wasn't the Flood after all?

The victory of the theory of two Charles in its original, "extremist" version, as it were, automatically "provided an answer" to this question, which stood at the very beginning of the formation of geology as a science. Since the “theory without catastrophes” won, then there was no World Flood, since the Flood is also a catastrophe.

Nowadays, however, most often geologists try to circumvent such an unscientific method, preferring either to simply remain silent, or to refer to the famous Occam's razor, - they say, since they "succeed" in explaining the features of the geological structure of the earth's crust and the occurrence of various layers without any Flood, then There was no such thing as a flood.

But that's the problem, that in reality it is possible to explain by no means all the available features. As well as not all paleontological finds related to this. Moreover, paradoxically, many of these finds were already known at the very beginning of the dispute between the two global geological concepts. However, this is natural - after all, supporters of the reality of the Flood did not rely on biblical texts alone in disputes with evolutionists ...

“The leading 'diluvialist' (scientist who studies the flood) was unquestionably William Buckland (1784-1856), who in 1813 took a position as lecturer in mineralogy at the University of Oxford, and there, in 1818, became lecturer in geology... In his speech at upon taking up his position as teacher of geology, Buckland tried to show that the geological facts are consistent with the information about the creation of the world and the flood recorded in the books of Moses ... For the publication of his magnum opus (main work), entitled "Traces of the Flood", Buckland was honored high praise from critics... Buckland was well acquainted with the geological literature and, using reports of fossil bones found at high altitudes in the Andes and the Himalayas, came to the conclusion that the flood was not limited to the lowlands; the water column was large enough to cover the high mountain ranges. He collected extensive and varied material in support of the global flood. The following were considered as evidence: gorges and gorges cutting through mountain ranges; remnants and mesas; colossal accumulations of rubble; boulders scattered on the hills and on the slopes of the mountains, where the rivers could not carry them. These phenomena, it seemed, could not be associated with the action of modern, insufficiently powerful factors of erosion and sediment transport. Therefore, Buckland adhered to the ideas of Sir James Hall about some kind of grandiose stream or water shaft like a giant tidal wave ”(E. Hallem,“ Great Geological Disputes ”).

It should be noted that during the period of struggle between the two approaches, during the period of confrontation, Buckland's work with an attempt to prove the reality of the Flood receives praise from not only adherents of his position, but also from critics! .. So, the evidence base he collected was really very serious! ..

Rice. 11. William Buckland

However, a number of relief features in some regions and the nature of the occurrence of geological layers did not at all correspond to the biblical version of the Flood. These features simply physically could not be formed under conditions of complete flooding of the land with water according to the scenario of the Holy Scriptures. This is what the supporters of the theory of two Charles took advantage of.

It has been observed that many of these geological features bear a striking resemblance to the effects of glaciers in mountainous regions. The tongues of glaciers, increasing in winter and decreasing in the summer season, left behind rather characteristic traces, which scientists drew attention to. There was only one serious problem - such traces were present in very large areas where in the foreseeable past there was a warm climate, and where there were no conditions for the formation of glaciers.

This problem was eliminated with the help of the version that earlier the climatic conditions on the planet were completely different - much colder. So much so that the ice sheet covered vast areas in Europe and North America. This is how the theory of the "Ice Age" appeared, which (at first glance) removed the bulk of the contradictions in explaining the available geological facts.

Being the only alternative to the biblical version of the Flood, along with the victory of the theory of two Charles, the theory of the "Ice Age" automatically also received recognition. However, this is quite natural, since, in fact, it represents only a very special case (if not a special consequence) of Lyell's winning theory. And now the theory of the "Ice Age" occupies a dominant position.

The end of the Ice Age (in the 11th millennium BC according to the accepted geochronological scale) is now associated not only with a strong climate change, which eventually led to modern conditions, but also with the mass extinction of animals, which is usually correlated with the boundary between eras. From the point of view of archeology, this is the end of the ancient Stone Age, the Paleolithic; and according to the geological classification, this is the boundary between the Pleistocene, the lower part of the Quaternary period, and the Holocene, its upper part.

“... the mass extinction of animals did indeed occur as a result of the turmoil of the last Ice Age ... In the New World, for example, over 70 species of large mammals became extinct between 15,000 and 8000 BC .. These losses, which meant, in fact, violent death over 40 million animals were not evenly distributed throughout the period; on the contrary, the main part of them falls on two thousand years between 11000 and 9000 BC. To feel the dynamics, we note that during the previous 300 thousand years, only about 20 species disappeared” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).

“The same pattern of mass extinction was observed in Europe and Asia. Even distant Australia was no exception, having lost in a relatively short period of time, according to some estimates, nineteen species of large vertebrates, and not only mammals” (ibid.).

The very term "Ice Age" has become so deeply embedded in our lives that (thanks to the well-known cartoons and TV programs under this name) you can hardly find a person who would not be familiar with it. And few people think about the fact that in fact ... The Ice Age just didn't exist.!.. At least it wasn’t exactly in the form in which it was used to be perceived - as a period of a certain global cooling on the planet.

I think the unprepared reader here will be surprised and even indignant. How was it not the Ice Age?!. After all, everyone around is only talking about the fact that he was! ..

However, the "everyone says" argument is not any proof of the truth of what "they say". It is necessary to look at objective data, and not at fashion or popularity. After all, delusions may well be fashionable and popular.

So let's take a closer look at the "Ice Age". Or rather, what is called its ending ...

Although a variety of factors are cited as the reasons for the sharp warming at the turn of the Pleistocene and Holocene, in general, the majority of scientists believe that this was global climate change, which led to the rapid melting of glaciers over vast areas and an increase in the level of the World Ocean, and became the main cause of mass extinction of animals, the main peak of which occurred in the XI millennium BC (within the accepted geochronological scale!).

However, the nature of the fossil remains and geological deposits correlated with this period of time in a number of regions does not at all correspond to the smooth change in the level of the World Ocean, which should have occurred with the gradual melting of ice at the end of the "Ice Age". The observed facts are much more reminiscent of the result of the impact of a powerful water flow, which is very fleeting in time and comparable precisely with a cataclysm, and not with a gradual change in weather conditions.

It is curious that this discrepancy was noticed already when the theory of the "Ice Age" was still in its infancy and took its first steps - in the first half of the 19th century. By this time, it was already known, for example, about archaeological finds in Siberia and Alaska, which clearly indicate precisely catastrophic course of events.

“In the permafrost of Alaska ... one can find ... evidence of atmospheric disturbances of incomparable power. Mammoths and bison were torn apart and twisted as if some cosmic arms of the gods were acting in rage. In one place ... they found the front leg and shoulder of a mammoth; the blackened bones still held the remnants of soft tissues adjacent to the spine along with tendons and ligaments, and the chitinous sheath of the tusks was not damaged. There were no traces of dismemberment of carcasses with a knife or other tool (as would be the case if hunters were involved in the dismemberment). The animals were simply torn apart and scattered around the area like woven straw, although some of them weighed several tons. Mixed with clusters of bones are trees, also torn, twisted and tangled; all this is covered with fine-grained quicksand, subsequently tightly frozen” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).

“The same story happened in Siberia - and here, too, many animals were found buried in permafrost, most of which were typical of temperate regions. And here the corpses of animals were among uprooted tree trunks and other vegetation and bore signs of death from an unexpected and sudden catastrophe ... Mammoths died suddenly, and in large numbers, during severe frost. Death came so quickly that they did not have time to digest the food they had swallowed ... ”(A. Alford,“ Gods of the New Millennium ”).

Rice. 12. Map of finds of mammoth remains in Siberia

“The northern regions of Alaska and Siberia, apparently, suffered the most from the deadly cataclysms 13,000-11,000 years ago. As if death had waved a scythe along the Arctic Circle, the remains of a myriad of large animals were found there, including a large number of carcasses with intact soft tissues and an incredible number of perfectly preserved mammoth tusks. Moreover, in both regions, mammoth carcasses were thawed to feed sled dogs, and mammoth steaks even appeared on restaurant menus” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).

But most importantly, these finds provide evidence that the climate in these regions was not at all colder (as it should be, based on the theory of the "Ice Age"), but on the contrary - much warmer, than now.

“In the northern countries, these events left the carcasses of huge quadrupeds frozen into the ice, preserved to this day along with skin, wool and meat. If they had not been frozen immediately at the moment of death, decomposition would have destroyed their bodies. But on the other hand, such a constant cold could not have been characteristic of those places where we find animals frozen into the ice: they couldn't live at that temperature. Animals died, then, at the very moment when glaciation descended on their habitats ”(Cuvier G. (1825). Discours (3rd edn.), vol. 1, pp.8-9).

The date of publication of the work from which the last quotation is taken, 1825, is very indicative. There is not yet Darwin's theory of evolution, there is not yet Lyell's theory, there is not yet a special case of them - the theory of the "Ice Age", and facts are already known that indicate not only the sudden death of animals (which corresponds to a catastrophe), but also significantly warmer rather than colder climate at the location of the discovery. Moreover, the facts indicating that at the time of the end of the "Ice Age" in these regions there was not a warming at all, but, on the contrary, a sharp cooling!..

However, in the name of the triumph of the theory of two Charles, these data were simply preferred (and still prefer) not to be remembered. The facts are rejected in favor of the theory and its special cases!..

However, I don’t think that everything was decided directly by the struggle between two irreconcilable theories, during which scientists, for some selfish reasons, deliberately decided to become “unscrupulous” and deliberately discard these data. The objective features of that time should also be taken into account.

Where was scientific thought concentrated in the first half of the 19th century?.. It was concentrated almost entirely in Europe and the developed centers of the United States, which were located mainly on the east coast of North America - that is, just in those regions where traces of glaciers were found. From here to Siberia and Alaska, the path is not at all close, especially then ...

And it is quite natural that the bulk of the empirical material collected at this point in time - geological and paleontological - fell precisely on Europe and the eastern part of North America. After all, it was much easier for the scientific fraternity to collect data at their side than to make the most difficult expeditions to harsh regions located thousands of kilometers away. The result is also quite natural - the bulk of the research and work of that time is also devoted to the regions of Europe and the eastern part of South America. And it is absolutely no wonder that in this mass of studies, literally single reports of finds in Siberia and Alaska could simply be trite ... lost! ..

We have to admit that statistics actually won, not the scientific approach. And the theory of the "Ice Age" simply "outweighed" the version of a transient catastrophe, the version of the Flood - outweighed it not even with arguments, but almost literally, that is, with a mass of scribbled paper ...

Meanwhile, the question is by no means reduced to ordinary statistics. The fact is that the finds in Siberia and Alaska not only do not fit into the theory of the "Ice Age", they put an end to it! the temperature here should have been not lower (as the Ice Age theory suggests), but higher than today!.. However, if the temperature on Earth was so low that powerful glaciers covered Europe (as the Ice Age theory says), then in Siberia and Alaska, now much further north, must have been even colder. Consequently, the glaciers must have been here such that there could be no question of any animals at all! ..

For example, evidence was found that at the end of the so-called "Ice Age" it became noticeably colder not only in Siberia and Alaska, but also in the southern part of South America, which also should not have been. After all, if the general temperature background of the planet increased, then in South America one would expect warming, and not cooling at all.

Recently, data have also been obtained that not everything is so simple with glaciers in Antarctica. It is usually indicated that their age is at least hundreds of thousands, and even millions of years. But the problem is that this conclusion is made on the basis of an analysis of individual samples in limited regions (where the ice shell is thicker), but for some reason it spreads to the entire continent at once. Meanwhile, studies in some coastal areas indicate that not all of Antarctica's glaciers are of such a venerable age. And the climate in some parts of this continent was earlier so much warmer that even rivers flowed here! that the rivers in the part of Antarctica closest to the Ross Sea flowed literally only about six thousand years ago! ..

“In 1949, on one of Sir Baird's Antarctic expeditions, samples of bottom sediments were taken from the bottom of the Ross Sea by drilling. Dr. Jack Huf of the University of Illinois took three cores to study climate evolution in Antarctica. They were sent to the Carnegie Institute of Washington (DC), where a new dating method developed by nuclear physicist Dr. V. D. Ury was applied ...

The nature of bottom sediments varies greatly depending on the climatic conditions that existed at the time of their formation. If they were carried by the rivers and deposited in the sea, then they are well sorted, and the better, the farther they fall from the mouth of the river. If they are torn off the earth's surface by a glacier and carried into the sea by an iceberg, then their character corresponds to coarse clastic material. If a river has a seasonal cycle, flowing only in the summer, most likely from melting glaciers in the inland, and freezing over every winter, then the precipitation will form in layers, like annual rings on trees.

All these types of sediments were found in the bottom cores of the Ross Sea. Most striking was the presence of a series of layers formed from well-sorted sediments brought to the sea by rivers from ice-free lands. As can be seen from the cores, there have been at least three temperate epochs in Antarctica during the past million years when the Ross Sea coasts should have been free of ice...

The timing of the end of the last warm period in the Ross Sea, determined by Dr. Ury, was of great importance to us. All three cores indicated that the warming ended about 6000 years ago, or in the fourth millennium BC. This was when glacial [corresponding to the presence of glaciers] sediments began to accumulate on the bottom of the Ross Sea in the next ice age to us. Kern convinces that this was preceded by a longer warming ”(Ch. Hapgood,“ Maps of Ancient Sea Kings ”).

It turns out that during the "Ice Age" the climate in Antarctica was warmer, and not colder at all. And it got colder there just after the "Ice Age" ended.

Isn't there too many "unfortunate misunderstandings"?.. And isn't the area on which these same "misunderstandings" are observed, covering as a result a huge part of the globe, not too large?..

It is actually possible to get out of this tangle of climatic contradictions in a very simple way, if (leaving aside the question of the Flood and the causes of observed climatic changes for the time being) we draw a rather banal logical chain: the closer to the pole, the colder the climate, the more, respectively, and the likelihood of glaciers forming. Expanding this logical chain from the end to the beginning and starting from the facts, we obtain the following conclusion.

Glaciers in Europe and eastern North America formed because earlier in the 11th millennium BC these regions were closer to the geographic north pole than they are now. The climate in Siberia and Alaska was warmer, because at the same time these regions were located further from the north geographic pole than they are now. Similarly, South America with nearby areas of Antarctica was further from the geographic south pole than is the case today. In other words, earlier the geographical poles of our planet occupied a different position.

There was actually no "Ice Age"! .. At least in the sense that we understand it now - as lower temperatures throughout the planet as a whole. The "Ice Age" was in Europe and in the east of North America (after all, there were ice), but it had not a planetary, but only local character! .. And it ended not because of the general increase in temperature on the planet, but because, as a result of a change in the position of the geographical poles, Europe and the eastern part of North America ended up in warmer latitudes.

Facts and simple logic lead to this conclusion. But this is a conclusion that does not yet explain the reasons for the changes that have occurred. And they still need to be dealt with. How to deal with whether these causes are related to what we (like geologists two hundred years ago) started with - that is, whether these causes are connected with the Flood. And for this, you first need to understand what the "Global Flood" is.