Particle as usage examples. Formative or semantic particles are not and neither? Separate and hyphenated spelling of particles

Particles do not have lexical meanings (and this is how they differ from significant parts of speech) and do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences (and this is how they differ from service parts of speech).

Particles are:

Amplifying (or, even, then, and, neither, after all, etc.)

Restrictive (only, only, etc.)

Index (here, there, this)

Interrogative (whether, really, really, really, but)

Exclamatory (what for, how, etc.)

Negative (not, not at all, far from, not at all)

Formative particles that serve to form word forms and new words occupy an intermediate position between function words and prefixes and suffixes:

1) particles would, let, let, yes, -ka, it was, serving to express moods or shades of moods in verbs;

2) undefined particles: something, something, something, something;

3) negative particle "not" serves not only to express negation, but also to form words with the opposite meaning. In this case, it acts as a prefix:

friend - foe, cheerful - sad, smart - stupid.

Separate writing of particles

1) Particles would (b), same (g), whether (l) written separately:

I would read it if, here, what kind, however, however, hardly, hardly.

The rule does not apply to cases where these particles are part of the word: to, also, too, really, or and etc.

2) Particles after all, out, here, even, they say written separately:

so after all, over there, like this, even he; brought, they say.

Hyphenating Particles

1) Particles are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, something- (koi-), (-kas - dial.), -either, -something, -s, -tka, -tko, -that:

you-de, she-de, na-ka, nate-ka, look, someone, something, someone, some, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look- tko, somewhere, sometime, something.

Particle -de(colloquial) is used when transmitting someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they say) and in the meaning of the particles "say", "say":

And if I see, de, that the execution is small for him, I will immediately hang all the judges around the table.

My countryman turned to the commander at a halt: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, the case is expensive, they say, since a local resident, it’s within easy reach of the yard.

2) Particle say(colloquial) was formed by the merger of two words: de and say.

3) Particle -with(derived from the word sir) gives a shade of servility, obsequiousness:

Chatsky. Caught honors and nobility?

Molchalin. No, sir, everyone has their own talent ...

Chatsky. You?

Molchalin. Two-sir: moderation and accuracy.

If a between the particle koe- (koi-) and the pronoun there is a preposition, then the whole combination is written apart:

from someone, on something, someone with someone, something with someone.

4) Particle still("still", "however", "nevertheless", "indeed", "in the end") is written with a hyphen:

after verbs - persuaded, nevertheless, appeared;

after adverbs - true, long, again, again;

after the particles - after all, quite, really, downright.

In other cases, the particle is still written separately:

The secretary, although he felt his slight dissatisfaction, nevertheless rejoiced at the presence of such old women among the district's assets.

But although the temptation was great, I still managed to overcome myself.

5) Particle -then is added with a hyphen to pronouns and adverbs both to express uncertainty and to give the statement an emotional coloring:

Why is your heart broken?

Note 1. Separately, the combination is written like that ("namely") before listing homogeneous members:

In mixed forests there are various trees, such as: birch, aspen, cedar, pine.

Note 2. If the particle "-to" is inside a compound word written with a hyphen, then the hyphen is placed before the particle, and after it it is omitted:

Bandage something crosswise (compare: crosswise);

Exactly exactly, but that's not the point (compare: exactly the same).

Note 3. If a particle that is written with a hyphen comes after another particle, then the hyphen is not written:

all the same, somewhere; with whom, they say, this does not happen (compare: after all, with someone, they say, this does not happen).

Exception: before the particle -с, the hyphen is preserved: Do you have a bite-s?

Particles "not" and "neither" - in the next post.

The concept of a particle. Particle Values

Particle- a service part of speech, which gives additional semantic shades to both words and sentences, and also serves to form word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but may be part of the members of a sentence.

Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content:

Many Russian writers and poets used particles in their work.

For example, A.S. Pushkin used the particle here about 1000 times. A particle even sounded at the poet more than 300 times. For example: " But dollseven during these years Tatiana in the handsnot took". And who does not know the famous " Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ? Already – a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech:

with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.);

with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.);

with unions (and, yes, and and etc.);

with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.).

Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles: not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all .

Particles can "travel" through the sentence, but their place is still strictly fixed: each particle is used by the speaker or writer before the word or phrase that is important to the author.

Inot champion.Exactly I am a champion.Really am i a champion?Even I am a champion.

Iafter all champion.

Felix Krivin's miniature "Would, Lee, Zhe".

Would, Lee, Same... These are not just office words. They should not be confused with some -Something or -Something that cling to the members of the proposal, hold on to them with their dash.

The particles of By, Li, Zhe are not like that; despite their official position, they are completely independent and are written separately from other words - this must always be remembered. Each of them is busy with their own business - trying to emphasize the main idea.

And in off-duty hours ... Oh, what official words don’t talk about in off-duty hours!

- If I had not two, but three letters, - says the particle Would, - I would say this! Oh, this particle would, what a dreamer she is!

“Probably not,” the Lee particle objects to her, true to its habit of doubting everything.

“Do you need an extra letter?” “It's just empty talk,” Zhe stops them, accustomed to looking at things realistically.

“Two letters are enough for you – it’s no longer required by spelling.

This is how these particles argue in their free time. Although they are all service words, each has its own character, so they behave differently in the text:

Would-dreaming

Lee doubts.

Well, he claims.

And try to live without at least one of these particles! Don't live!

Particle Discharges:

1) Meaningful: Is it really, etc.

2) Shaping: would, come on, etc.

Shaping particles:

would (b), it happened, yes, come on, let's, let, let.

These particles serve to form word forms.

1) Particle would (b) participates in the creation of the conditional mood of the verb and can stand in the sentence both next to the verb, and be separated from it by other words.

Yes, I must have eaten. would and left. If a would you yesterday not late , today all the work was would finished.

2) Particles let (let) and come on (come on) participate in the creation of the imperative mood of the verb. Let be The kids will go camping as a group.

3) Particle happened (was) forms a special form of the past tense: Bela used to , sings songs to us or dances a lezginka. discontinued It was rain, suddenly poured again.

4) Particles more, less, most form the form of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs: most brave, more interesting.

Sense Particles

Semantic particles give the whole sentence or individual words different shades of meaning:

particles really (really), is it, is it (l) express a question.

For example: Really did all the merry-go-rounds burn down?Is can be bored in the park?

particles what the, how, well and convey admiration, surprise, indignation. For example: how The Dnieper is wide!

particles here, out highlight the subject to which you want to pay attention. For example: Here mill.Won I used to live there.

Often these particles are used together with the union a: And here and my brother came.

·

particles even, after all, after all, after all, not, really, well designed to reinforce a particular word in a sentence. For example: You've got hands that ran awayeven trousers.

·

particles not, not, not at all, far from express denial in different ways. For example: Not flowers bloom in late autumn the whole offer is denied ). Not the wind rages over the forest ( the word is denied ).

Particles expressing :

hardly, hardly . For example: Unlikely I can read the book in one day.

Particles expressing:

exactly, just, exactly, exactly, exactly . for example : Exactly I got this question in an exam.

Particles expressing :

only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively . for example : Only Mom understands me.

The particle that expresses :

-ka. For example: Think-ka well.

Separate and hyphenated spelling of particles.

1. Separate writing of particles

Apart particles are written would (b), same (g), whether (l): I would do it if I would, here it is, however, hardly, always.

Do not confuse with unionsto, too, also , particleseven, really .

Particle union

Compare: Whatwould should I eat?To to eat, we stopped for a halt.

Apart particles are written almost, just now (I'm almost done; she just didn't cry).

2. Hyphenating Particles

Through a hyphen particles are written: -something, -either, -something, something, koy-, -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko.

For example: what-then , whose-or , assomeday , particles are part of indefinite pronouns and become suffixes;

tell-ka , is he-de , Yes-with , well-ka , well-tka , colloquial or obsolete expressions.

Do not confuse:as if is written fluently.

Particle -then not only included in indefinite pronouns. She joins the words to give a touch of emotionality.

For example: Far-then he won't run away. task-then I decided?

Particles something (something) are written separately, if separated from the pronoun by a preposition: with someone, with someone.

Particle - still written with a hyphen:

After adverbs: anyway, pretty much

After particles: really, really ,

After verbs: insisted, but he left.

In other cases -still spelled separately:

· The old man got his way.

· She did leave her family.

Morphological analysis of particles

1. Part of speech. General value.

2. Morphological features: discharge, unchangeable.

3. Syntactic role.

Sample: When same will you start writing?

It's a particle.

1. Semantic, amplifying.

2. An unchangeable word.

3. Not a member of the offer.

negative particles.

No, neither are the most frequent particles. Besides : no, not at all, not at all .

Particle NOT plays the main role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

negative value for the whole sentence: Don't be this.

negative value to a separate member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.

positive value, assertion (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not say.

Most often, the negative particle is not part of the predicate: There was no rain during the night. (there was no - predicate) I don't know. (I don't know - saying)

Particle NO gives:

negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Don `t move!

strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: There is not a soul around. Not a single thing is visible. There is not a cloud in the sky.

Sometimes neither is used without not: The sky is clear.

amplification and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle nor is used in the subordinate clause): Whatever (=everything) he would do, everything worked out for him. Wherever (= everywhere) you look, fields and fields are everywhere.

When repeating a particle neither acquires the meaning of a coordinating (connecting) union: Neither the sun nor the air will help me. (neither - union)

Negative particles include the word - No .

It is used in the negative answer to the expressed or unspoken question: Want? No.

To strengthen the negation, the word no is repeated or used before the negative predicate: No I do not want.

Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes.

Distinguishing particles NI, union NI-NI, prefix NI-

Prefixneither-

Neither is part of negative pronouns and adverbs: neither who(pronoun), neither when(adverb).

If the particle neither is separated from the pronoun by a preposition, then it is written separately: neither with by whom,neither have whom.

Distinguish negative pronoun with a prefix neither- from a pronoun with a particle not .

Compare: This wasnone other than Dubrovsky. -Nobody else couldn't do it.

Remember:

not what elseas not who elseas

nothing other none different

Recurring union no no…

As a repeating coordinating conjunction no no… serves to connect homogeneous members of a sentence or simple sentences as part of a complex one.

For example: I do not wantneither condemn,neither forgive you.Neither she won't hurt anyoneneither no one will hurt her.

Particleneither .

Particle neither with words written separately: In my mouth since morningneither crumbs.

Single and double particles neither are included in the composition of stable revolutions and are written separately. For example: asneither whatever happened, whateverneither became,neither aliveneither dead,neither becomeneither sit down etc.

Creative work on the topic:

"Particles in Russian"

Performed:

7th grade student "A"

Balashova Svetlana

Morphological features

A particle is a service part of speech that serves to express various semantic shades of any member of a sentence or a sentence as a whole, as well as to form moods. The particle introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence and serves to form word forms. Invariable part of speech. The particle is not a member of the sentence.

Morphological features: shaping, negative, modal. Formatives serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb. These include: yes, come on, let's, would (b), let, let. Negatives serve to express negation, reinforce negation, or give the sentence a positive meaning in case of double negation. These include: no, no. Modal are used to express various semantic shades and feelings in a sentence. These include: is it really, is it, what kind of, how, here, only, only, really, etc.

Modal particles contribute the following semantic shades:

1) question: is it, is it really, for example: Have you prepared the past material for today's lesson? Didn't you make the right choice by continuing your education?

2) indication: here, out, for example: Here are the necessary tools for a practical lesson;

3) clarification: exactly, just, for example: It is this specialist who will be in demand to work in our company;

4) allocation, restriction: only, only, exclusively, for example: Only those who passed will be allowed to take the exams. A medical worker should be an exceptionally kind, sympathetic, merciful person;

5) exclamation: what kind, how, for example: How nice it is for the teacher to see the success of his students!

6) doubt: hardly, hardly, for example: It is unlikely that you will cope with the task if you do not make efforts;

7) amplification: even, really, after all, after all, for example: How many times have the basic terms been repeated;

8) mitigation, requirement: - ka, for example: Repeat this topic again.

Particles are also a class of words expressing diverse relationships that are realized in an act of speech or text, namely: the relationship of the reported to the participants in the act of speech (speaking, listening), as well as the relationship between them; the attitude of the reported to reality (in terms of its reality, unreality; reliability, unreliability); relation between statements and their components. By expressing these relationships, the particles realize their meanings. In some meanings of the particle, semantic components are presented that modify the content side of the message (only, everything, was, not, neither).

Particles, in addition, serve to form morphological and syntactic moods (if, let, let). In the Grammar of the Modern Russian Literary Language, particles are classified according to a different basis - according to functions. Three main categories are distinguished: syntactic (would, let, yes, come on, etc.), subjective-modal (after all, even, maybe, really, etc.) and negative (not, not) particles. Among subjective-modal particles, amplifying particles differ in meaning (something, even, after all, here, here), excretory (only, only), etc. In the Russian Grammar, the main categories of particles are also distinguished by functions. Characterizing a sign (action or state) according to its course in time, according to the completeness or incompleteness of implementation, according to the effectiveness or not effectiveness (it was, it happened, it happens, etc.). Particles in this grammar are also classified according to their structure: they are divided into primitive and non-primitive, into simple (and, fortunately, more, etc.) and composite; composite particles are divided into dissected (that would be, that's it, like this, etc.) and not dissected (would be good, if only, still, etc.); inside the compound particles, phraseological units are distinguished (no-no and; what of what, etc.). Thus, the question of the classes of particles and the principles of their selection is solved in different ways. In the study of particles as lexical units in their system, a large number of intersecting subclasses are found, interconnected by a variety of relationships.

Various classifications can be applied to particles as units of a language, taking a separate value of a particle as a classification unit (for example, in the classification proposed below). The most adequate to linguistic reality are those classifications that reflect the semantic properties of particles. However, the analysis of particle semantics is impossible without taking into account the specifics of their functioning. According to the main classification feature - semantic particles are divided into eleven categories. Modal particles expressing different types of subjective relations. With the help of such particles, the meanings associated with two types of modality are expressed: reality / unreality and certainty / unreliability.

With the meanings “possibility”, “desirability”, “necessity”, associated with the opposition reality / unreality, the particular meanings of expectation expressed by the particles (simply, and, precisely, nevertheless, nevertheless; for example, And you agreed!), surprises (well, look how), incentives, encouragement, demands, wishes (come on, well, so that, otherwise, would, let, if, whenever, it would be good; for example, I have to live!; To be good meeting!), reminders / reminders (tea, more, for example, Take a candy! - I don’t see sweets!; Remember her: she still sang a song for you!), assumptions (maybe, as if, exactly, as if, like , exactly, in no way; for example, if someone entered?), fears (unequally); with the opposition of reliability / unreliability, particular meanings of confirmation (yes, exactly), assumptions (let it be, well, good), doubts, distrust [yes, no, directly, perhaps, as if; e.g.: I will find you a book! -Yes, you can find it! (in the meaning of "you will not find"); I'll stay. No, really? (meaning "can't believe")]. Emotionally expressive particles expressing various emotional characteristics (threat, surprise, dissatisfaction, annoyance, irony, mockery): Well, you see, you see, simply, directly. These words (except simply, directly) are classified by some researchers as interjections as words that serve the sphere of emotions. They approach particles when they function as a modal component of a sentence.

Address particles expressing the semantics associated with the social sphere. This semantics can be reduced to the oppositions higher/lower/equal; own / someone else's. This category includes particles: -ka, -s (obsolete). In the values ​​of the particle, a sign of categorical/non-categorical character is found, which leads to the sphere of modal values. Context particles that serve to identify the author's behavior, to draw attention to certain components of an utterance or text. Context particles are associated with the organization of speech activity (already, and, yes, no, here, out; for example, Yes, one more news; Yes, I almost forgot, you have a letter), with all sorts of clarifications regarding selected expressions, fillings "Emptiness" in speech (or that, namely), and with indications of the transfer of someone else's speech (they say, de, they say, supposedly). Quantitative particles expressing the quantitative characteristic of the component of the propositional content from the point of view of the speaker (only, only, just like that).

Negative particles specialized in expressing negation (no, no). A phase particle (was) that modifies the propositional semantics of the verbal predicate, expressing that the action began or was expected, but did not take place or was interrupted. Emitting particles expressing the meaning of inconsistency or correspondence of the supposed, expected and actual (only, only, even, already, exactly, and).

Identifying particles [same, and; for example, Here he was born, here he lives all his life; I have the same book (like the one in the window)], which serves to express anaphoric relations in the text (relationships of coreference or equal lexemes). Gradational particles expressing the growth of a feature (even). Particles-replicas and able to function in the dialogue as a replicating component (yes, okay, okay). The semantic classification covers this entire class of words, but does not reflect all the properties of this class. The second classification feature is the features of the functioning of the particle: some of them can function in a relatively closed statement (already, ek, only, there, for you), others - display the statement in a wider text, being non-union indicators of communication in the text (as if, and, an well, only, even, exactly). Particles can also be classified according to their correlation with the type of speech act: a question - is it really, is it, is it; motivation - let, give, well, so that, otherwise; assertion - all other particles. This classification does not cover the entire class - some words in this respect are neutral, indefinite, not marked (only, even, everything). Particles, being words with a wide variety of parameters, can simultaneously be included in several classifications. So, the particle is even excretory, textual, not marked from the point of view of being related to the speech act; particles ek - emotionally expressive, functions in isolated utterances and in a statement; particles is modal, textual, interrogative (in relation to the speech act).

Separate writing of particles

Particles would (b), but (g), whether (l) are written separately: I would read, if, here, which one, however, however, hardly, hardly.

Note. The rule does not apply to those cases when these particles are part of the word: so that, also, too, really, or etc.

Hyphenating Particles

Particles (suffixes) are written through a hyphen -de, -ka, something- (koi-), (-kas - dialect), -either, -something, -s, -tka, -tko, -that: you-de, she -de, na-ka, nate-ka, look, someone, someone, someone, someone, from somewhere, yes, sir, well, look, somewhere , sometime, something. Note. The particle -de (colloquial) is used when transmitting someone else's speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they say) and in the meaning of particles they say, they say; cf .: And if I see, de, that the execution is small for him, I will hang all the judges right there around the table (Kr.). - My fellow countryman turned to the commander at a halt: so and so, - allow me to leave, they say, the case is expensive, they say, since a local resident, it’s within easy reach of the yard (Tv.). The particle say (colloquial) was formed by merging two words: de and say.

A particle is a service part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but may be part of the members of a sentence.
The main sphere of particle use is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech gives the statements greater expressiveness, emotionality. Excessive use of particles leads to clogging of speech and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional shades to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of members of a sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

When parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Discharges of particles.

According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into categories.

• shaping,
• negative,
• semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that are involved in the formation of certain forms of various parts of speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, state names, pronouns).

• Particles that serve to form the mood forms of the verb:
  • imperative mood - yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
  • subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; what would did not happen.
    Particle would(b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I made more would it is better. I would did even better.

  Particles would, let, let, yes, let's (let's) are part of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb in the morphological analysis of the verb as a part of speech.

• Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, state names - more, less : more important, less important; more interesting, less boring.
  The value of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more and all : more scarier all more interesting.

When forming forms, particles approach morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya (s), -something, -either, -something and no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of continuous or separate spelling. Particle should be distinguished -then and -then : which -then, where -then ( ) - I -then I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In the complex of Babaitseva in the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where something, something, something - referred to derivational particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, someone, anyone; some - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles. not and neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles are converted into .
With a particle not Words with the opposite meaning are formed: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

negative particles

No, neitherare the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays the main role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

• negative value for the whole sentence: Do not be this.
• negative value to a separate member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.
• positive value, assertion (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not say.

Most often a negative particle not is included in the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I Don't know. (Don't know- saying)

Particle NI gives:

• negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
• strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither cloud. Sometimes neither used without not : In the sky neither cloud.
• strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle is used in the subordinate clause neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
• When repeating a particle neither becomes important coordinating (connecting) union : Neither sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
• Negative particles include the words no. It is used in the negative answer to the expressed or unspoken question: Want? Not . To reinforce the negation word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don't want to.
  Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes .
• not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish nor (not) prefix, particle and conjunction. The prefix is ​​written together ( someone, no one, no one). Particle and union are written separately: no not a soul (particle, reinforces negation); Neither (union) rain, neither The (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Sense Particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various semantic shades into the sentence (clarify, emphasize, reinforce), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Groups of particles by value:

• Contribute semantic shades:
  • interrogative —whether (l), is it, really :
    Really This is true? Truth whether This? Is don't you agree with me?
    Is and really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it) did not you recognize me? But, they can also have different meanings.
    In offers with unless doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to argue with the interlocutor, he is sure of the inadmissibility of the fact: Is can you lie?
    In offers with really there is doubt and surprise: Really did he deceive us?
  • index — here (and here), out (and out), here and, there and .
    Highlight the subject to which you need to pay attention: Here my village.
  • specifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
    Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
  • express selection, limitation(restrictive-excretory) - only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively : I am not sick, only) tired a little.
• particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
  • exclamatory particles - what the how , Well: What a soul! That's lovely! oh well!
    These particles express admiration, surprise, indignation.
    Particle as has a homonym as - pronoun as and union as .
    Particle as usually used in exclamatory sentences: how delightful evenings in Russia!
    Pronoun-adverb as used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the sentence : How do you feel? how - circumstance.
    Union as - in complex sentences: I will tell you, as to live on.
  • express doubt —hardly, hardly Barely whether it will do. Unlikely he will agree.
  • amplifying particles - even, even, not, well, really, after all, after all, only, only and etc.
    Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha is familiar only famous monuments. ( Only - amplifying particle, in the sentence is part of the definition only known).
    Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon got brighter, the stars same just turned blue. Particle same highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
  • express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
    In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

• And day and night the cat is a scientist all walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - amplifying value
• Well what the neck, what theeyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
• Yeshello sun,Yesthe darkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the form of the imperative mood of the verb
• Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. forms the subjunctive mood of the verb.
• What we've been talking about before only thought, now realized. Just thought -only not an adverb, not a union, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not). Therefore, it is a particle.

Dyachenko S.V.
junior researcher
IRA them. V.V. Vinogradov RAS

How to recognize a particle in a sentence

What is a particle? As we know from morphology, a particle is a service part of speech that helps to express different shades of meaning. But how exactly are particles involved in changing the shades of our speech?

Shaping particles help us form new forms of words, for example, the conditional or subjunctive mood of verbs: I would like visit Florence. These forms denote a special relationship of the speaker with the outside world: his wishes and dreams, aspirations, needs, requests and orders, assessments of objects and events.

*Remember that formative particles can also form the imperative mood of verbs and degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Find particles in the sentences and explain their role in each case:

1. The concert turned out to be longer than the organizers wanted, as the artists were often called for an encore.

2. May this year bring joy and success to all of us!

3. If I could play the piano, I would play Chopin every evening.

4. It was the most beautiful sunset I have ever seen in my life.

5. The teacher said that my essay about Lermontov turned out to be less interesting than the essay about Pushkin.

6. Long live the sun, let the darkness hide!

7. I would love to show you this letter, but I can't.

8. This time the student was more attentive in preparation and made fewer mistakes in the work.

9. “Tell your father, let him take tickets not to the mezzanine, but to the stalls,” my mother asked.

10. The most terrible thing was that, along with the key, the opportunity to get a brand new travel magazine from the mailbox disappeared.

11. After the business trip, Mr. N began to express himself even more grandiloquently than before.

Of course, in addition to the shaping particles, there are brighter, more understandable particles for us - semantic. They help us express the feelings and emotions that are associated with the subject of the conversation: uncertainty and doubt in someone's words, surprise or indifference. In addition, these particles help organize information: they highlight the subject, point to it, clarify the information or reinforce the meaning. For example, a proposal It will always be summer here we can change with particles so that we get completely different values ​​(think about which ones):

It won't always be summer here.

Let there always be summer here.

And it will always be summer here.

Will it always be summer here?

It will always be summer here..

And it will always be summer here...

So, semantic particles help us to unobtrusively express different feelings and thoughts and, moreover, do not attract attention to themselves - that's why they particles! But besides modest small particles, other parts of speech operate in sentences, designed to form syntactic connections and express emotions. How to distinguish a particle from a conjunction, preposition or interjection?

Union always associated with parts of one whole: it occurs with homogeneous members or with parts of a complex sentence. That is why the union has its own place in the sentence, and it cannot “run” around the sentence back and forth: If a you write a dictation well, we will watch a movie in the next lesson. We can't move the "if" conditional to the end: * Will you write a dictation well if we watch a movie- sounds comical and incomprehensible, not in Russian, as they say. The particle, unlike the union, does not depend so much on the ratio of the parts, the beginning and the end of the sentence. It can move more freely, like a particle "would", or together with the word to which it is attached: Which- then the boy gave the veteran flowers. - The veteran was given flowers by some then boy.

As you noticed, the connection of a particle with a word often leads to writing with a hyphen or even together - this is how the negative prefixes “not-” and “ni-” appear:

I asked for a small green bag instead of a big bag. I handed her a small green bag.

Pretext associated with cases of nouns and is used only with them. We cannot tear off the preposition from the noun and transfer it to another part of the sentence, just as we cannot designate the emotion or idea that the preposition expresses : During For five years, Oleg has been diligently studying music.

The interjection in its functions is very close to the particle: this part of speech also expresses our emotions, secret movements of the soul and reactions to what is happening. To distinguish between particles and interjections, checking for connection with other members of the sentence will help: usually the particle is connected with the rest of the sentence, and the interjection can be separated into a separate exclamation: Oh, I haven't been to the theater for a long time! – Oh! How long have I not been to the theater!

! Remember: if we come across a one-word sentence expressing doubt or irony, we should be careful:

I got an A for my dictation today. – Really?

We were going to the cinema today. - Is it?

* Think about what part of speech the words are in these sentences really and unless. You will find the answer at the end of the article.

Exercise. Find prepositions, conjunctions, particles and interjections in sentences. Explain the role of these parts of speech.

1. After many years, this story has acquired details and has become more exciting than many modern detective stories.

2. I am talking exclusively about those biologists who prefer fieldwork.

3. And even if I was scared, how can you check me?

4. Alas, time flies too imperceptibly for young people!

5. Far from the native land, the heart becomes chilly and uncomfortable.

6. What a strange person our neighbor is!

7. Ah, how beautiful it is to get up on a June morning and go out into the dew-breathing garden!

8. And why didn't I think of calling you!

9. It was thanks to the horizontal extent of Eurasia that ancient people were able to exchange their inventions, plant seeds and domesticated animals.

10. Mother did not even remember the words spoken at dinner.

11. I would gladly drop everything and leave to explore the desert, but I could not break the promise.

Answer(task to determine the part of speech of words really and unless:

These words are semantic particles in these sentences - the sentences are incomplete, therefore the remaining members are omitted.