Private medical psychology. Goals and objectives of medical psychology
As one of the areas of general psychology, medical psychology is a scientific direction within which the theoretical and practical medical aspects of psychological deviations in people are considered.
The subject of study of this discipline is the psychology of individuals, which are associated with the identification of factors provoking pathology, prevention, treatment and prevention of diseases. Combining medical and psychological concepts, this area of science plays a special role in terms of maintaining physical and strengthening psychological health among the population. What does this term mean and what niche does medical psychology occupy in Russia, we will tell in this article.
Independent direction of psychological activity
With the advent of the science of psychology, which studies the patterns of appearance and manifestation of the psyche at different stages of its development, such areas as general and medical psychology arose. And while the general one examines mental functions in detail (their formation and implementation in practical conditions), the medical one studies functioning against the background of diseases occurring in the human body.
This scientific direction occupies a certain place in medical practice. This is due to the object of study itself, since medical psychology is aimed at studying changes in the psychological state of a person that occur against the background of pathological abnormalities.
As areas of scientific knowledge, medicine, general psychology and medical psychology have several points of contact within the framework of this doctrine:
- Psychological features of the activity of a medical employee in the detection and treatment of a particular disease.
- Corrective methods of influencing the patient's psyche, used in the course of his treatment.
- Psychotherapeutic impact on a person.
The main tasks of psychology in medicine include the following:
- Monitoring of psychological individual characteristics of patients.
- Evaluation of changes in psychological health and functions that occur against the background of various pathologies.
- The study of the mental sphere of adults and children, which change with mental, somatic and neurological disorders.
- Evaluation of the significance of impact factors in the course of therapeutic activities, as well as in the diagnosis and prevention of diseases.
- Analysis of behavioral activities and the application of professional skills by medical professionals during the treatment of people with pathologies.
- Assessment and study of the nature of the relationship that arises between the patient and the medical staff who are responsible for diagnosing and treating the patient.
- Development of specific techniques and principles that represent the foundations of medical psychology and allow conducting clinical research, applying corrective methods and psychotherapeutic effects, on which the success of treating patients in the clinic depends.
Within the framework of medical psychology, the main sections of medicine are studied in detail, which play an important role in therapeutic activity, namely:
- Signs and symptoms of diseases, allowing to judge the appearance of deviations.
- Causes and nature of the appearance of pathologies.
- Therapy of patients and care for them during treatment.
- Prevention and prevention of diseases.
- Increasing the resistance of the human body to the effects of pathogenic factors.
1. Mental features of diseases in dynamics.
2. The role and state of mental health of the patient in the occurrence, course and prevention of disorders, as well as in the course of ongoing hygiene measures.
3. Significance of the influence of the disease on the psychological state of the patient.
4. The course of development of mental disorders.
5. Techniques, principles and methods of psychological experimental activity in the clinic.
At the same time, not all psychological schools unanimously accept the goals, subject and tasks of medical psychology. So, for example, some believe that it should reveal in more detail the topic of mental disorders against the background of specific diseases.
According to others, the main task of medical psychologists should be to consider the characteristics of the psychological state of patients in order to apply appropriate correction techniques to them. There are also those who consider the task of this science to be the development of special correctional programs for maladaptive therapeutic pictures and maladaptive behavioral techniques.
What questions does scientific research solve?
At the same time, the general MT consists of several sections, the subject of which is the patterns of the psychology of the patient and the doctor, the relationship between them, the characteristics of the medical institution and the nature of the influence of the disease on the patient's condition. In addition, general medical psychology examines in detail the issues of deontology and hygiene within the framework of ongoing therapeutic activities.
At the same time, the tasks of private medical psychology include the study of the characteristics of the course of diseases and the nature of emerging mental processes, the patient's condition at different stages of therapy, and individual aspects of the psyche within specific deviations. Also, private MT considers the features of the psychological background in people with developmental disabilities and defects (blind, dumb, deaf), as well as in patients suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction.
The development of theoretical and practical methods, correctional programs of medical psychology was initially carried out by foreign qualified specialists, thanks to whom this scientific branch began to develop as an independent area. This concept became widespread in the West as early as the beginning of the 19th century, when medical psychologists became more actively involved in medical issues, the problems of patients with mental disabilities and their interaction with doctors.
Thanks to the practical activities of Western specialists, medical psychology in Russia began to develop actively already at the beginning of the 20th century. Currently, a scientific journal of the same name is regularly published, covering the activities of doctors in this field. Also, the textbook “Fundamentals of General and Medical Psychology”, authored by D.A. Shkurenko.
And in this case, science considers changes in the patient's condition against the background of disorders in the structure or functioning of the brain that have arisen due to acquired or congenital pathologies. The second area of MP is directly related to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of a somatic nature, which arise due to the influence of mental factors on the somatic processes occurring in the human body.
What methods are used by industry experts
The methods of medical psychology, which are actively used in clinical practice today within this scientific direction, can be divided into the main ones, which include experimental studies and observation, and auxiliary methods (obtaining additional information during the survey and testing of patients, analysis of the materials received, etc.). .d.). The final stage of research in which MT methods are used is the writing of an expert opinion based on the results obtained.
There is another test system (Wexler), through which it is possible to assess the intelligence and individual characteristics / qualities of adult patients and children. This system consists of 11 points: 6 tests for oral questioning and 5 tests - this is a practical activity (recognition of objects, their comparison, systematization, folding of individual elements, etc.).
This is only a part of the methods that are used in the framework of medical psychology. But it is worth noting that all of them are only an addition to the overall clinical picture of the examination and treatment of patients, allowing for the most accurate assessment of the personal psychological qualities of the subjects. Author: Elena Suvorova
The book includes a full course of lectures on medical psychology, is written in an accessible language and will be an indispensable tool for those who want to quickly prepare for the exam and pass it successfully. Designed for students of colleges, medical universities.
Subject, structure and tasks of medical psychology
The subject of study of medical psychology
Psychology is the science of the psyche as a function of the brain, which consists in reflecting objective reality. In the process of studying psychology, it was divided into general, studying individual mental processes, and private (special), including such branches as pedagogical, legal, medical, and many others. Medicine, like many other sciences, is developing rapidly, in the work of doctors and nurses there is a large number of the latest equipment, a variety of monitoring tools that improve the quality of the treatment and diagnostic process. Patients are not always prepared for the effects of various devices on them, the features of new methods of treatment. In connection with the progress of medical science, a new term has appeared - "the psychology of treating patients." The subject and purpose of the psychology of dealing with patients is the ability to consider the fate of the patient in the surrounding medical environment. At the beginning of his illness, a person struggles with his malaise on his own. After a certain period of time, when his own strength is exhausted, medical workers resort to the process of struggle. The focus of the psychology of dealing with the patient is the question of the interaction of the patient with the environment of the medical institution, the formation of relations between the patient and the doctor, the sister and the patient, and the tripartite union: doctor-sister-patient. In matters of medical interaction, sometimes there is such an understanding of the process: the doctor treats the patient, and the sister takes care of him. However, this is not a completely correct understanding of the issue: the distribution of work between a doctor and a nurse largely depends on local conditions and the nature of the medical institution. In addition, the sister has a psychological impact on the patient no less than the doctor, since the duration of her communication with the patient is often longer.
Structure of medical psychology
Medical psychology can be divided into general and particular. General medical psychology deals with such issues as the study of changes in the human psyche caused by a particular disease with the development of criteria for a healthy psyche, a sick psyche and a temporarily altered one; psychology of behavior of medical workers in general and doctors in particular, the psychological climate of medical institutions of various types; the influence of the psyche on the physical state of a person and vice versa, i.e. psychosomatic and somato-psychic interactions; the main features that characterize the individuality of a person (temperament, character, personality) and their possible changes in the process of ontogenesis; ethics and deontology in the activities of medical workers, including issues of medical duty and medical secrecy; issues of mental hygiene, including the psychology of family, marriage, sexual life, the psychology of interpersonal relationships of a person in crisis periods of his life (adolescent, menopausal, senile); questions of psychotherapy, psychotraining, psychological consultations.
Private medical psychology deals with the study of the individual characteristics of certain patients. It studies the features of the course of mental processes in individuals with mental pathology; in persons suffering from diseases requiring surgical interventions, especially during periods such as preparation for surgery and the postoperative period; psychological characteristics of persons suffering from congenital defects, especially when it comes to sensory defects that lead to disability; psychological characteristics of citizens during various types of examinations, including military medical, judicial, medical and social, mental characteristics of persons suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction, as well as mental characteristics of patients with any other somatic pathology. The maximum application in psychiatric practice is pathopsychology, in neurological practice - neuropsychology, in somatic practice - psychosomatics.
Medical psychology is a relatively young branch of knowledge, and therefore there are various interpretations of its content and functions. Not so long ago, medical psychology was included in the compulsory curriculum for medical students, and until that moment it was an optional course. In most developed countries, the concept is not medical psychology, but clinical. In our country, clinical psychology is considered as part of the medical. In the United States of America, the term "clinical psychology" is used, the sections of which are psychotherapy, psychodiagnostics, psychohygiene, rehabilitation, psychosomatics, as well as some sections of defectology. In Poland, the term "medical psychology" is used, and its subsections are psychotherapy, psychocorrection, restorative medicine, and rehabilitation. In Russia, the following division of medical psychology into areas of knowledge is most popular: clinical psychology, psychohygiene, and psychoprophylaxis. Clinical psychology includes neuropsychology, pathopsychology and psychosomatics.
Tasks of medical psychology
The main task of medical psychology is to study the psyche and behavior of the patient and those around him, relatives and medical personnel at different stages of their communication. These stages can be the realization of the very fact of any problems in the body that require medical intervention, the moment of making a decision to go to the doctor, the patient's reaction to the fact that he is ill and needs outside help, the attitude to the amount of prescribed treatment and examination, and also a possible prognosis regarding life, health and ability to work, predicting one’s future significance in the family, at work and in society as a whole, internal adaptation of the psyche of the sick person to the described problems. All emerging related problems of interaction between the patient and medical personnel are considered and evaluated in the light of the main task - to provide the maximum possible and effective assistance to the patient. At the same time, she studies the problems of medicine in the psychological aspect and the methods of psychology in the medical aspect. The activity of medical psychology is reflected in the activities of various parts of the health care system: outpatient, hospital, sanatorium, pharmacy, at different stages of training medical personnel, research work, in the field of healthcare organization and some other aspects. Medical psychology develops in close cooperation with psychotherapy, psychiatry, neurology, neurosurgery, deaf psychology, oligophrenic pedagogy, occupational therapy, etc.
Thus, medical psychology, like all psychology in general, can be divided into general and particular. The task of general medical psychology is to study the relationship between the personality of the patient and the doctor. The issue of private medical psychology is the development of various methods of treatment in a specific application to certain areas of medicine. General and particular medical psychology are closely intertwined with philosophical, biological, sociological and many other disciplines.
(tickets)
Medical psychology as a science. Its content and main sections.
Medical (clinical) psychology- a branch of psychology, which was formed at the junction with medicine, it uses the knowledge of psychological patterns in medical practice: in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. In addition to studying the psyche of a sick person, to the main sections subject Clinical psychology includes the study of the patterns of communication and interaction between patients and medical workers, as well as the study of psychological means of influencing patients in order to prevent and treat diseases. Medical psychology can be divided into: general clinical psychology, which develops the problems of the basic laws of the psychology of a sick person, the problems of the psychology of a doctor and the psychology of the treatment process, and in addition the doctrine of the relationship between the mental and somatopsychic in a person, issues of psychohygiene, psychoprophylaxis and medical deontology are considered; Private clinical psychology revealing the leading aspects of the psychology of patients with certain diseases, as well as the characteristics of medical ethics; Neuropsychology - serving to solve the problems of establishing the localization of focal lesions of the brain; Neuropharmacology - investigating the effect of medicinal substances on the mental activity of a person; Psychotherapy- studying and using the means of mental influence for the treatment of the patient. Pathopsychology - can also be attributed to clinical psychology. And finally special psychology - studying people with deviations from normal mental development, which is associated with congenital or acquired defects in the formation of the nervous system (tiflopsychology - for the blind, deaf psychology - for the deaf, oligophrenopsychology - for the mentally retarded)
The place of medical psychology in the structure of psychology.
Open the structure of psychodiagnostics methods
Psychodiagnostics as a branch of psychology, it is focused on measuring the individual psychological characteristics of a person. It focuses the researcher not on research, but on examination, i.e. setting a psychological diagnosis, which can be established at three levels: symptomatic diagnosis (limited to a statement of features or symptoms); etiological (takes into account, in addition to the features, the causes of their occurrence); typological diagnosis (determining the place and significance of the identified characteristics in the overall picture of a person's mental life). Main methods: observations - systematic, purposeful tracking of manifestations of the psyche (sometimes: slice, longitudinal, continuous, selective, included); experiment– active intervention of the researcher in the situation. (natural, laboratory) . Additional methods: Tests - sets of tasks and questions that allow you to quickly assess the mental phenomenon and the degree of its development; modeling - creation of an artificial model of the studied phenomenon; analysis of products of activity - created things, books, letters, inventions, drawings (here - content analysis); conversation(anamnesis - information about the past, interviews, psychological questionnaires)
Principles of construction and conduct of psychological examination
Psychological
What are the indicators of psychological diagnosis?
Diagnosis can be established at three levels: symptomatic (empirical) diagnosis (limited to a statement of features or symptoms); etiological (takes into account, in addition to the features, the causes of their occurrence); typological diagnosis (determining the place and significance of the identified characteristics in the overall picture of a person's mental life).
The most important element is to find out in each individual case why these manifestations are found in the behavior of the subject, what are their causes and consequences. The second step is the etiological diagnosis, which takes into account the presence of symptoms, as well as their causes. .
Factors determining the reliability of the diagnosis.
Features of effective interaction between the patient - the doctor, the client - the psychologist.
Almost any meeting and conversation between a doctor and a patient is important for establishing and maintaining optimal psychological contact. It is especially important to conduct the first meeting professionally and competently, because. it has not only diagnostic value, but is also important as a psychotherapeutic factor. It is important to be able to listen to the patient and note what is most important for him. In the formulation of questions, influences of an inspiring nature should be avoided. In each case, the most convenient method is chosen by the doctor, depending on the patient's condition and the experience of the doctor. The doctor must be fluent in active listening techniques (nonjudgmental listening, evaluative listening, wordless communication, etc.), persuasion techniques (method of choice, Socratic dialogue, authority, challenge, deficit, expectation projection), be able to argue and even enter into conflict. Take into account the nature of the disease and from here choose the type of contact. Do not forget about the existence of the image of the “ideal patient” and the “ideal doctor” (empathetic and non-directive, empathic and directive, emotionally neutral and directive).
The main forms of interaction after contact is established are either leadership or cooperation.
What are the basic ethical values of a clinical psychologist
The work of a clinical psychologist is one of the most difficult professions. A person who has devoted himself to this, of course, must also have a vocation for psychology. The psychologist must first humane. The patient, first of all, has the right to expect from the psychologist a desire to help and is convinced that there can be no other psychologist. Humanism, consciousness of duty, endurance and self-control, conscientiousness, have always been considered the main characteristics of a psychologist. A clinical psychologist must have the data necessary for both the psychologist and the doctor. One of the main ethical principles should be the principle of compliance It, as a rule, includes three types of information: about diseases, about the intimate and family life of the patient. The psychologist is not an accidental owner of this information; they are entrusted to him as a person from whom help is expected. In addition, a necessary personality trait of a psychologist is general and professional culture, including both organization in work and love for order, accuracy, cleanliness. All this was formed into a doctrine - medical deontology. .
Professiogram of practical psychologist
Professionalism - description of the profession in terms of the requirements they place on a person. It covers various aspects of a specific professional activity: socio-economic, technical, legal, medical and hygienic, psychological, etc. Psychogram - a brief summary of the requirements for the human psyche as a list of necessary professional abilities.
Features of providing psychological assistance to the client
Psychological help - area of practical application of psychology, focused on improving the socio-psychological competence of people. It can be addressed to both a separate subject and a group or organization. In clinical psychology, psychological assistance includes providing a person with information about his mental state, the causes and mechanisms of the appearance of mental or psychopathological phenomena in him, as well as active targeted psychological influence on an individual in order to harmonize his mental life, adapt to the social environment. The main methods are psychological counseling, psychological correction and psychotherapy. All of them can be used individually or in combination. P. Counseling - the main goal is scientifically organized informing the client about his psychological problems, taking into account his personal values and individual characteristics in order to form an active personal position, etc. P.Correction- is understood as the activity of a specialist in correcting those personality traits, mental development of a client that are not optimal for him. The goal is to develop an adequate and effective for maintaining health and mental activity that contributes to personal growth and adaptation in society. Psychotherapy - a system of complex therapeutic verbal and non-verbal influence on emotions, judgments, self-consciousness of a person in various diseases (mental, nervous, psychomatic). Types of mental influence: influence, manipulation, management, formation.
What is iatrogenic? What are the ways to prevent their occurrence?
Iatrogenic - a general name denoting psychogenic disorders in a patient due to careless, hurting the patient's words of a doctor (actually iatrogeny) or his actions (iatropathy), a nurse (sororogeny), and other medical workers. Harmful self-influence associated with prejudice towards the doctor, fears of a medical examination, can also lead to similar disorders (egogeny). Deterioration in the patient's condition under the influence of undesirable influences of other patients (doubts about the correctness of the diagnosis, etc.) is denoted by the term egrotogeny. Prevention - improving the general and professional culture of medical workers, etc ...
Characteristics of the main categories of medical ethics
One of the main ethical principles should be the principle of compliance medical secrecy (confidentiality) It, as a rule, includes three types of information: about diseases, about the intimate and family life of the patient. The psychologist is not an accidental owner of this information; they are entrusted to him as a person from whom help is expected.
a branch of psychology that studies the psychological aspects of hygiene, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, examination and rehabilitation of patients. Defines the specifics of the relationship between the doctor and the patient. Substantiates the procedures for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, rehabilitation of patients.
The field of study of medical psychology includes a wide range of psychological patterns related to:
1) with the onset and course of diseases and the influence of mental factors on this;
2) with the influence of diseases on the human psyche;
3) with the diagnosis of pathological conditions;
4) with psychoprophylaxis and psychocorrection of diseases;
5) with the provision of an optimal system of health effects;
6) with the nature of the relationship of a sick person with a microsocial environment.
It is customary to distinguish two main areas of application of medical psychology: neuropsychiatric diseases and somatic diseases.
The structure of medical psychology contains a number of sections focused on research in specific areas of medicine and practical health care. The most common of these is clinical psychology, including pathopsychology, neuropsychology, and somatopsychology. Intensively developing branches of medical psychology associated with psychocorrectional work: psychohygiene, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, mental rehabilitation.
The most important problems of medical psychology include such as:
1) the interaction of mental and somatic processes in the occurrence and development of diseases;
2) regularities in the formation of the patient's idea of his disease;
3) study of the dynamics of awareness of the disease;
4) formation of adequate personal attitudes related to treatment;
5) the use of compensatory and protective personality mechanisms for therapeutic purposes;
6) study of the psychological impact of therapeutic methods and means to ensure their maximum positive impact on the physical and mental state of the client, etc.
An important place among the issues under study is occupied by:
1) psychological aspects of the organization of the medical environment;
2) the study of the relationship of patients with relatives, staff and with each other.
In the complex of problems of organizing therapeutic measures, the following are of particular importance:
1) study of the patterns of the psychological impact of a doctor in the course of his diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive work;
2) the study of the rational construction of relationships between participants in the treatment process;
3) prevention of iatrogenia.
Based on the data obtained in medical psychology, it is possible to build productive hypotheses about the process of normal development of the psyche.
MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY
English medical psychology) is a branch of psychological science aimed at solving theoretical and practical problems related to the psychoprophylaxis of diseases, the diagnosis of diseases and pathological conditions, psychocorrectional forms of influence on the recovery process, with the solution of various expert issues, with the social and labor rehabilitation of patients. . M. p. studies the influence of mental factors on the occurrence and course of diseases, and on the process of people's recovery.
Modern M. p. is divided into 2 main areas. One is related to the use of psychology in the clinic of neuropsychiatric diseases, where the main problem is to study the effect on the patient's psyche of changes in the structure and functioning of the brain, caused by lifelong acquired pathology, or determined by congenital, in particular genetic, anomalies. Dr. the field of M. p. is associated with its use in the clinic of somatic diseases, where the main problem is the influence of mental states (factors) on somatic processes (see Psychosomatics).
The most profound development in domestic psychology was received by the 1st area of M. p., which manifested itself in the emergence of 2 scientific disciplines: neuropsychology (Luria A. R.) and experimental pathopsychology (Zeigarnik B. V.). The development within these scientific disciplines of fundamental theoretical problems - the brain organization of higher mental functions, the relationship between the development and decay of mental activity, etc. - made it possible to lay the scientific foundations for the active participation of M. p. in solving diagnostic, experimental and rehabilitation problems.
The 2nd area of mental health is less developed, which is primarily due to insufficient scientific development of issues related to the nature and mechanisms of interaction between somatic (bodily) and mental processes. Among the most important is also the problem of studying the relationship between the doctor and the patient. At present, the efforts of psychologists, physiologists, doctors, biologists, and others are united in the development of problems in this area of mental health.
L. p. plays an important role in the development of psychological science itself, since in pathology m. often reveals what is often hidden in the norm. M. p. - the most important area of practical application of psychological science, one of the sources of new psychological knowledge. See Clinical Psychology. (Yu. F. Polyakov.)
MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY
the area of psychological research and knowledge related to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of various diseases, as well as the scientific description of psychological and behavioral disorders that occur in humans with various diseases.
Psychology medical
the field of domestic psychology that studies a very wide range of problems, such as the psychological aspects of human diseases, the activities of medical workers, the relationship between them and patients, as well as the relationships that develop in groups of patients and in teams of medical workers. In addition, this is the study of the role of psychological factors in the development of pathology, the study of the influence of somatic disorders on the psyche of patients, the development of methods for diagnosing mental pathology in patients of various profiles, methods for the prevention of psychosomatic pathology, the development and practical application of psychotherapy techniques, psychological correction, the rationale for various approaches to rehabilitation and others. Sometimes this term is associated with psychopathology (“private medical psychology”), thereby understanding the latter as the study of the psychological aspects of psychiatric disorders or even the semiotics of the latter.
medical psychology
lat. medicus - medical, medical) - (1) a branch of psychology that uses psychological patterns, mechanisms in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment of diseases, and in the rehabilitation of patients. M. p. studies the activities of a doctor, medical personnel, their attitude towards the patient, the psychology of a sick person and his relationship with his own kind, the role of mental factors in the occurrence of psychosomatic diseases, iatrogenesis, the psychological climate of medical institutions; (2) the branch of clinical psychology concerned with the professional practice and provision of services to patients with physical or mental illness, often in a hospital setting. The main areas of interest are mental health, psychosomatic diseases, reactions and attitudes of the individual to his mental and physical state, issues of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of the patient, solving various problems of psychological examination. Two main areas are traditionally distinguished in M. p.: 1) the use of psychology in the clinic of neuropsychiatric diseases, where the main problem is the study of the influence on the patient's psyche of changes in the structure and functioning of the brain caused by lifelong acquired pathology or congenital, in particular genetic anomalies. This direction in domestic psychology is represented by two scientific disciplines - neuropsychology (A. R. Luria) and experimental pathopsychology (B. V. Zeigarnik); 2) the use of psychology in the clinic of somatic diseases, where the main problem is the influence of mental states (factors) on somatic processes (this direction is represented by the scientific discipline - psychosomatics). Currently, the use of psychology in medicine is diverse: these are traditional areas of medical psychology, and psychological support for the work of health schools, the professional activities of a medical worker and pharmacist, the use of psychology in family medicine, the management of medical institutions, medical and pharmaceutical education (in the training of nurses with higher education, health managers, family doctors, military doctors, etc.), organizing support groups, holding Balint groups with doctors and nurses, participation of psychologists in public health programs, etc. M. p., being in close relationship with clinical psychology (a new psychological specialty), develops on the border of psychology and medicine.
The subject of study of medical psychology
According to the direction of psychological research, general and private medical psychology can be distinguished.
General medical psychology studies general issues and includes the following sections:
1. The main patterns of the psychology of a sick person, the psychology of a medical worker, the psychology of communication between a medical worker and a patient, the psychological climate of the department.
2. Psychosomatic and somatopsychic relationships, that is, psychological factors affecting the disease, changes in psychological processes and the psychological make-up of the personality under the influence of the disease, the influence of mental processes and personality traits on the onset and course of the disease.
3. Individual characteristics of a person and their changes in the process of life.
4. Medical deontology and bioethics.
5. Mental hygiene and psychoprophylaxis, that is, the role of the psyche in promoting health and preventing disease.
6. Psychology of the family, psychohygiene of persons during the crisis periods of their lives (pubertal, menopausal). Psychology of marriage and sexual life.
7. Psychohygienic education, psychotraining of the relationship between the doctor and the patient.
8. General psychotherapy.
Private medical psychology studies:
1. Features of the psychology of specific patients with certain forms of illness, in particular with borderline neuropsychiatric disorders, various somatic diseases, the presence of defects in organs and systems;
2. Psychology of patients during the preparation and conduct of surgery and in the postoperative period;
3. Medico-psychological aspects of labor, military and forensic examination;
4. The psyche of patients with defects in organs and systems (blindness, deafness, etc.);
5. The psyche of patients with alcoholism and drug addiction;
6. Private psychotherapy.
Tasks of medical psychology:
psychocorrectional work (psychotherapy)
mental hygiene
psychological expertise related to social and labor rehabilitation of patients
medical-diagnostic and medical-rehabilitation.
Medical and diagnostic unit includes pathopsychological, neuropsychological, somatopsychological, psychophysiological, socio-psychological diagnostics.
Treatment and rehabilitation unit includes psychotherapeutic, psychocorrective, psychoprophylactic and sociotherapeutic measures.
The main methods of research in medical psychology:
observation of the patient's behavior,
experiment: laboratory and in vivo,
questionnaire - questionnaire survey
conversation with the patient (collection of facts about mental phenomena in the process of personal communication),
interview,
study of the products of the patient's activity (letters, drawings, diaries, crafts, etc.)
clinical diagnostic tests.
Observation:
outside surveillance is a way of collecting data about the psychology and behavior of a person by direct observation of him from the side.
Internal Surveillance, or self-observation, is used when a psychologist-researcher sets himself the task of studying a phenomenon of interest to him in the form in which it is directly represented in his mind.
Free observation does not have a predetermined framework, program, procedure for its implementation.
Standardized Observation pre-determined and clearly limited in terms of what is observed, is conducted according to a pre-thought-out program and strictly follows it, regardless of what happens in the process of observation with the object or the observer himself.
Included Surveillance characterized by the direct participation of the observer in the process under study.
Third Party Surveillance does not imply the personal participation of the observer in the process that he is studying.
Poll is a method by which a person answers a series of questions asked of him.
oral questioning used in cases where it is desirable to observe the behavior and reactions of the person answering questions. This type of survey allows you to penetrate deeper into human psychology than a written one, but it requires special training, education and a lot of time spent on research.
Written survey allows you to reach more people. The most common form is the questionnaire. But its disadvantage is that, when using the questionnaire, it is impossible to take into account in advance the reactions of the respondent to the content of her questions and, based on this, change them.
Free Poll- a kind of oral or written survey, in which the list of questions and possible answers to them is not limited in advance to a certain framework. A survey of this type allows you to flexibly change the tactics of research, the content of the questions asked, and receive non-standard answers to them.
Standardized Poll- with it, the questions and the nature of the answers to them are usually limited to a narrow framework, it is more economical in time and in material costs than a free survey.
Tests are specialized methods of psychodiagnostic examination, using which you can get an accurate quantitative or qualitative characteristic of the phenomenon under study. The tests imply a clear procedure for collecting and processing primary data, as well as the originality of their subsequent interpretation.
Test questionnaire is based on a system of pre-thought out, carefully checked in terms of their validity and reliability questions, the answers to which can be used to judge the psychological qualities of the subjects.
Test task involves assessing the psychology and behavior of a person based on what he does. The subject is offered a series of special tasks, based on the results of which they judge the presence or absence and the degree of development of the quality being studied.
projective test- it is based on the projection mechanism, according to which a person tends to attribute unconscious personal qualities, especially shortcomings, to other people.
Most Common Personality Tests
Method for researching the level of claims. The technique is used to study the personal sphere of patients. The patient is offered a number of tasks, numbered according to the degree of difficulty. The subject himself chooses a feasible task for himself. The experimenter artificially creates success-failure situations for the patient, while analyzing his reaction in these situations. To explore the levels of claims, you can use the cubes of Koos.
Dembo-Rubinstein method. Used to study self-esteem. The test subject on vertical segments, symbolizing health, mind, character, happiness, notes how he evaluates himself according to these indicators. Then he answers questions that reveal his idea of the content of the concepts “mind”, “health”, etc.
Rosenzweig's frustration method. With the help of this method, reactions characteristic of the individual in stressful situations are studied, which allows us to draw a conclusion about the degree of social adaptation.
The method of incomplete sentences. The test belongs to the group of verbal projective methods. One version of this test includes 60 unfinished sentences that the subject must complete. These sentences can be divided into 15 groups, as a result, the relationship of the subject to parents, persons of the opposite sex, superiors, subordinates, etc. is examined.
Thematic Aperception Test (TAT) consists of 20 plot pictures. The subject must write a story for each picture. You can get data on perception, imagination, the ability to comprehend the content, the emotional sphere, the ability to verbalize, psychotrauma, etc.
Rorschach method. Consists of 10 cards featuring symmetrical monochrome and polychrome inkblots. The test is used to diagnose the mental properties of a person. The subject answers the question what it might be like. Formalization of answers is carried out in 4 categories: location or localization, determinants (shape, movement, color, semitones, diffuseness), content, popularity-originality.
Minnesota Multidisciplinary Personality Inventory (MMPI). Designed to study personality traits, character traits, physical and mental state of the subject. The subject must react positively or negatively to the content of the statements proposed in the test. As a result of a special procedure, a graph is constructed that shows the ratio of the studied personality traits (hypochondria - overcontrol, depression - tension, hysteria - lability, psychopathy - impulsivity, hypomania - activity and optimism, masculinity - femininity, paranoia - rigidity, psychasthenia - anxiety, schizophrenia - individualistic, social introversion).
Adolescent diagnostic questionnaire. It is used to diagnose psychopathy and character accentuations in adolescents.
Luscher test. Includes a set of eight cards - four with primary colors (blue, green, red, yellow) and four with secondary colors (purple, brown, black, gray). The choice of color in order of preference reflects the focus of the subject on a certain activity, his mood, functional state, as well as the most stable personality traits.
Experiment - with it, an artificial situation is purposefully and thoughtfully created in which the studied property is distinguished, manifested and evaluated in the best way. The experiment allows more reliable than all other methods to draw conclusions about the cause-and-effect relationships of the phenomenon under study with other phenomena, to scientifically explain the origin of the phenomenon and development.
natural experiment- is organized and carried out in ordinary life conditions, where the experimenter practically does not interfere in the course of ongoing events, fixing them in the form in which they unfold on their own.
Laboratory experiment- involves the creation of some artificial situation in which the property under study can be best studied.
Modeling - creation of an artificial model of the studied phenomenon, repeating its main parameters and expected properties. This model is used to study this phenomenon in detail and draw conclusions about its nature.
Mathematical modeling is an expression or formula that includes variables and relationships between them, reproducing elements and relationships in the phenomenon under study.
Logic Modeling based on the ideas and symbolism used in mathematical logic.
Technical Modeling involves the creation of a device or device, in its action reminiscent of what is being studied.
Cybernetic simulation is based on the use of concepts from the field of informatics and cybernetics as elements of the model.: 1 - method clinical guided conversation, 2 - method observations 3 - experiment 4 - psychodiagnostic examination 4. Methods medical psychology Method ... .3 Thing, tasks medical psychology Table...
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Self-esteem - what is it: concept, structure, types and levels
Cassandra's Path, or Pasta Adventures War on Earth and Underground