The subject of study of medical psychology

According to the direction of psychological research, general and private medical psychology can be distinguished.

General medical psychology studies general issues and includes the following sections:

1. The main patterns of the psychology of a sick person, the psychology of a medical worker, the psychology of communication between a medical worker and a patient, the psychological climate of the department.

2. Psychosomatic and somatopsychic relationships, that is, psychological factors affecting the disease, changes in psychological processes and the psychological make-up of the personality under the influence of the disease, the influence of mental processes and personality traits on the onset and course of the disease.

3. Individual characteristics of a person and their changes in the process of life.

4. Medical deontology and bioethics.

5. Mental hygiene and psychoprophylaxis, that is, the role of the psyche in promoting health and preventing disease.

6. Psychology of the family, psychohygiene of persons during the crisis periods of their lives (pubertal, menopausal). Psychology of marriage and sexual life.

7. Psychohygienic education, psychotraining of the relationship between the doctor and the patient.

8. General psychotherapy.

Private medical psychology studies:

1. Features of the psychology of specific patients with certain forms of illness, in particular with borderline neuropsychiatric disorders, various somatic diseases, the presence of defects in organs and systems;

2. Psychology of patients during the preparation and conduct of surgery and in the postoperative period;

3. Medico-psychological aspects of labor, military and forensic examination;

4. The psyche of patients with defects in organs and systems (blindness, deafness, etc.);

5. The psyche of patients with alcoholism and drug addiction;

6. Private psychotherapy.

Tasks of medical psychology:

psychocorrectional work (psychotherapy)

mental hygiene

psychological expertise related to social and labor rehabilitation of patients

medical-diagnostic and medical-rehabilitation.

Medical and diagnostic unit includes pathopsychological, neuropsychological, somatopsychological, psychophysiological, socio-psychological diagnostics.

Treatment and rehabilitation unit includes psychotherapeutic, psychocorrective, psychoprophylactic and sociotherapeutic measures.

The main methods of research in medical psychology:

observation of the patient's behavior,

experiment: laboratory and in vivo,

questionnaire - questionnaire survey

conversation with the patient (collection of facts about mental phenomena in the process of personal communication),

interview,

study of the products of the patient's activity (letters, drawings, diaries, crafts, etc.)

clinical diagnostic tests.

Observation:

outside surveillance is a way of collecting data about the psychology and behavior of a person by direct observation of him from the side.

Internal Surveillance, or introspection, is used when a research psychologist sets himself the task of studying a phenomenon of interest to him in the form in which it is directly represented in his mind.

Free observation does not have a predetermined framework, program, procedure for its implementation.

Standardized Observation pre-determined and clearly limited in terms of what is observed, is conducted according to a pre-thought-out program and strictly follows it, regardless of what happens in the process of observation with the object or the observer himself.

Included Surveillance characterized by the direct participation of the observer in the process under study.

Third Party Surveillance does not imply the personal participation of the observer in the process that he is studying.

Poll is a method by which a person answers a series of questions asked of him.

oral questioning used in cases where it is desirable to observe the behavior and reactions of the person answering questions. This type of survey allows you to penetrate deeper into human psychology than a written one, but it requires special training, education and a lot of time spent on research.

Written survey allows you to reach more people. The most common form is the questionnaire. But its disadvantage is that, when using the questionnaire, it is impossible to take into account in advance the reactions of the respondent to the content of her questions and, based on this, change them.

Free Poll- a kind of oral or written survey, in which the list of questions and possible answers to them is not limited in advance to a certain framework. A survey of this type allows you to flexibly change the tactics of research, the content of the questions asked, and receive non-standard answers to them.

Standardized Poll- with it, the questions and the nature of the answers to them are usually limited to a narrow framework, it is more economical in time and in material costs than a free survey.

Tests are specialized methods of psychodiagnostic examination, using which you can get an accurate quantitative or qualitative characteristic of the phenomenon under study. The tests imply a clear procedure for collecting and processing primary data, as well as the originality of their subsequent interpretation.

Test questionnaire is based on a system of pre-thought out, carefully checked in terms of their validity and reliability questions, the answers to which can be used to judge the psychological qualities of the subjects.

Test task involves assessing the psychology and behavior of a person based on what he does. The subject is offered a series of special tasks, based on the results of which they judge the presence or absence and the degree of development of the quality being studied.

projective test- it is based on the projection mechanism, according to which a person tends to attribute unconscious personal qualities, especially shortcomings, to other people.

Most Common Personality Tests

Method for researching the level of claims. The technique is used to study the personal sphere of patients. The patient is offered a number of tasks, numbered according to the degree of complexity. The subject himself chooses a feasible task for himself. The experimenter artificially creates success-failure situations for the patient, while analyzing his reaction in these situations. To explore the levels of claims, you can use the cubes of Koos.

Dembo-Rubinstein method. Used to study self-esteem. The subject on vertical segments, symbolizing health, mind, character, happiness, notes how he evaluates himself according to these indicators. Then he answers questions that reveal his idea of ​​the content of the concepts “mind”, “health”, etc.

Rosenzweig's frustration method. With the help of this method, reactions characteristic of the individual in stressful situations are studied, which allows us to draw a conclusion about the degree of social adaptation.

The method of incomplete sentences. The test belongs to the group of verbal projective methods. One version of this test includes 60 unfinished sentences that the subject must complete. These sentences can be divided into 15 groups, as a result, the relationship of the subject to parents, persons of the opposite sex, superiors, subordinates, etc. is examined.

Thematic Aperception Test (TAT) consists of 20 plot pictures. The subject must write a story for each picture. You can get data on perception, imagination, the ability to comprehend the content, the emotional sphere, the ability to verbalize, psychotrauma, etc.

Rorschach method. Consists of 10 cards featuring symmetrical monochrome and polychrome inkblots. The test is used to diagnose the mental properties of a person. The subject answers the question what it might be like. Formalization of answers is carried out in 4 categories: location or localization, determinants (shape, movement, color, semitones, diffuseness), content, popularity-originality.

Minnesota Multidisciplinary Personality Inventory (MMPI). Designed to study personality traits, character traits, physical and mental state of the subject. The subject must react positively or negatively to the content of the statements proposed in the test. As a result of a special procedure, a graph is constructed that shows the ratio of the studied personality traits (hypochondria - overcontrol, depression - tension, hysteria - lability, psychopathy - impulsivity, hypomania - activity and optimism, masculinity - femininity, paranoia - rigidity, psychasthenia - anxiety, schizophrenia - individualistic, social introversion).

Adolescent diagnostic questionnaire. It is used to diagnose psychopathy and character accentuations in adolescents.

Luscher test. Includes a set of eight cards - four with primary colors (blue, green, red, yellow) and four with secondary colors (purple, brown, black, gray). The choice of color in order of preference reflects the focus of the subject on a certain activity, his mood, functional state, as well as the most stable personality traits.

Experiment - with it, an artificial situation is purposefully and thoughtfully created in which the studied property is distinguished, manifested and evaluated in the best way. The experiment allows, more reliably than all other methods, to draw conclusions about the cause-and-effect relationships of the phenomenon under study with other phenomena, to scientifically explain the origin of the phenomenon and development.

natural experiment- is organized and carried out in ordinary life conditions, where the experimenter practically does not interfere in the course of ongoing events, fixing them in the form in which they unfold on their own.

Laboratory experiment- involves the creation of some artificial situation in which the property under study can be best studied.

Modeling - creation of an artificial model of the studied phenomenon, repeating its main parameters and expected properties. This model is used to study this phenomenon in detail and draw conclusions about its nature.

Mathematical modeling is an expression or formula that includes variables and relationships between them, reproducing elements and relationships in the phenomenon under study.

Logic Modeling based on the ideas and symbolism used in mathematical logic.

Technical Modeling involves the creation of a device or device, in its action reminiscent of what is being studied.

Cybernetic simulation is based on the use of concepts from the field of informatics and cybernetics as elements of the model.: 1 - method clinical guided conversation, 2 - method observations 3 - experiment 4 - psychodiagnostic examination 4. Methods medical psychology Method ... .3 Thing, tasks medical psychology Table...

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Tasks in test form.

The method of medical and psychological research is

a) inspection;

b) conversation;

c) palpation;

d) percussion.

The father of medical psychology is

a) Z. Freud;

b) E. Kretschmer;

c) S.S. Korsakov;

d) R.A. Luria.

The first experimental - psychological laboratory was created

a) I.P. Pavlov;

b) W. Wundt;

c) I.M. Sechenov;

d) D. Locke.

The subject of medical psychology studies

a) psychological influences that have a traumatic and

healing effect on a person;

b) the psychological aspect of various forms of social life;

c) legal awareness of leaders and ordinary citizens;

d) psychological foundations of human activity.

Medical psychology studies

a) the identity of the patient, health worker, their relationship;

b) the psychology of an oncological patient;

c) cognitive and practical activities;

d) psychological self-regulation.

Branches of medical psychology include

a) psychoprophylaxis and psychohygiene;

b) developmental psychology;

c) comparative psychology;

d) psychology of abnormal development (special psychology).

7. Medical psychology studies

a) psychological aspects of healing effects;

b) mental factors of the origin and course of diseases;

c) psychological aspects of hygiene, prevention, diagnosis,

treatment, examination and rehabilitation of patients;

d) patterns of mental processes, disclosure

mental properties of a person, mental states of a person

8. Sociopsychosomatics studies

a) deterioration of the demographic indicator of the health of the population;

b) the emergence of somatic diseases in society;

c) the influence of psychological factors on the occurrence of a number of

somatic diseases in society;

d) pathological processes in the body.

9. Component of health:

a) bodily;

b) sanogenic;

c) pathogenic;

d) physical.

10. Psychosomatic diseases include:

a) peritonitis

b) pleurisy

c) bronchial asthma

d) glaucoma

11. Mental disorders caused by somatic diseases are:

a) psychogenic;

b) stroke;

c) violation of the heart rhythm;

d) somatogeny.

12. In chronic somatic diseases, a change in character

a) is happening

b) maybe;

c) impossible;

d) does not undergo drastic changes.

13. A sick person differs from a healthy person in that:

a) he is in a bad mood;

b) he has an inadequate reaction to what is happening;

c) along with changes in functioning

internal organs qualitatively changes mental

condition;

d) appearance changes.

14. A disease that is associated in the elderly with a fatal outcome is:

a) heart attack

c) allergy;

d) neurosis.

15. Psychological diseases are formed, as a rule, due to:

a) acute mental trauma;

b) chronic mental trauma;

c) intrapersonal conflict;

d) interpersonal conflict.

16. Somatognosia is:

a) neurotic reaction to illness;

b) awareness of one's own illness;

c) unawareness of the presence of the disease;

d) neurosis in a somatic patient.

17. Professional deformation of a nurse is manifested in the form of:

a) indifference

b) courtesy;

c) kindness;

d) accuracy.

18. Sister - rutiner is:

a) automatic, scrupulous performance of their duties;

b) taking care of the patient is her life calling;

c) hypochondriacal, emotional, unstable, quick-tempered

manifestation of character;

d) fanaticism and devotion to their narrow activities.

19. The functional duties of a nurse are manifested in the form of:

a) education of patients and nursing staff;

b) providing nursing care;

c) activities aimed at practically useful

result;

d) development of research activities.

20. Personality traits of a nurse are

a) courage

b) courage;

c) heroism;

d) compassion

21. Actions that are contrary to the ethics of medical professionals:

a) courtesy

b) character;

c) intrigue;

d) communication.

22. The quality of work of a medical worker is favorably affected by:

a) psychological climate;

b) social climate;

c) political climate;

d) morale.

23. Communication sister - sick is:

a) brigade

c) pressure;

d) monologue.

24. Brigade method of communication:

a) the sister is sick;

b) sister - patient - relatives of the patient;

c) doctor - sister - patient;

d) the doctor is a nurse.

25. The stage of the sister-patient relationship is called:

a) primary;

b) premedical;

c) stationary;

d) dispensary.

26. Type of paramedical personnel according to Hardy:

a) the sister is the hostess;

b) older sister

c) sister is a rutiner;

d) big sister.

27. The action of a nurse, if patients in the ward smoke, drink alcohol:

a) stop the violation of discipline;

b) make an injection;

c) take blood for biological research;

d) ignore.

28. Can a nurse make changes to a doctor's prescription?

c) only with the permission of a doctor;

d) at the request of the patient.

29. A nurse with a hard of hearing patient should use:

a) writing;

b) special terms;

c) oral speech;

d) facial expressions;

30. The action of a nurse with a passive attitude

patients for treatment:

a) talk to the patient

b) give him an injection;

c) call a doctor;

d) ignore.

31. The qualities of a nurse, contributing to the creation of a normal working atmosphere in a medical institution:

a) severity;

b) rudeness;

c) friendliness, endurance;

d) confidence.

32. The internal picture of the disease is:

a) the totality of clinical data obtained during

examination of the patient;

b) indicators of examination, laboratory tests;

c) a certain dynamics of the development of the disease;

d) awareness, a holistic view of the patient about his

disease.

33. Sensitive level of ICD includes:

a) a complex of subjective sensations of the patient caused by

disease;

b) the patient experiences his illness;

c) the patient's ideas about his illness;

d) inadequate attitude of the patient to his disease;

34. With a utilitarian attitude to the disease, the patient

a) shows excessive attention to his illness;

b) fixed on painful sensations;

c) seeks to extract some material or moral

d) does not believe in a favorable outcome of the disease

35. The patient listens to any deviation from the usual state when:

a) neglect of their illness;

b) a negative attitude towards their illness;

c) hypochondriacal attitude to his illness;

d) utilitarian attitude to his illness.

36. Hysterical reaction to illness is:

a) a sharp change in mood, demonstrativeness, exaggeration

b) at the slightest malaise, patients think about the danger to

health;

c) denial of the disease;

d) melancholy, sadness, suicidal moods.

37. The type of mental response to the disease, in which there is a "flight into the disease" refers to:

a) hypochondriacal type;

b) ergopathic type;

c) egocentric type;

d) hysterical type.

38. In what type of mental response to a disease is the reaction to the social significance of the diagnosis emphasized?

a) anxious;

b) apathetic;

c) egocentric;

d) sensitive.

39. What type of mental reaction, as a rule, occurs in a patient in response to the diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm:

a) hypochondriacal;

b) anosognosic;

c) neurasthenic;

d) apathetic.

40. The type of mental response to the disease, in which there is an "escape to work" refers to:

a) ergopathic type;

b) hysterical type.

c) hysteroid type;

d) hypochondriacal type.

41. Psychologically unmotivated anger, irritability, anger are included in the structure:

a) premenstrual psychopathy;

b) premenstrual dysphoria;

c) premenstrual asthenia;

d) premenstrual depression.

42. A typical psychological reaction to a message about the need for a surgical operation is:

a) preoperative anxiety;

b) preoperative stress;

c) preoperative hysteria;

d) preoperative depression.

43. The attitude of the patient to the disease:

a) dissimulation;

b) hostility;

c) neurasthenia;

d) reflex.

44. Exaggeration of signs of a disease and subjective complaints is called:

a) dissimulation;

b) aggravation;

c) hypochondria;

e) hyperesthesia.

45. Pretending to be sick is:

a) aggravation;

b) simulation;

c) dissimulation;

d) stimulation.

46. ​​Hiding the disease and its symptoms:

a) aggravation;

b) simulation;

c) dissimulation;

d) reflection.

47. Types of reaction to the disease:

a) asthenic;

b) genetic;

c) observant;

d) instrumental.

48. Painful disorders arising under the influence of mental factors:

a) somatogeny;

b) psychogeny;

c) neurasthenia;

d) neuroses.

49. Empathy is:

a) mandatory active assistance;

b) identification of oneself with others;

c) feeling about the feelings of another person;

d) the ability to feel the emotional state of another

person.

50. Pathopsychology studies:

a) the breakdown of mental activity and personality traits during

diseases;

b) the ratio of mental phenomena with physiological

brain structures;

c) means of mental influence on the treatment of patients;

d) a system of measures to ensure mental health

51. The reaction of a melancholic to an illness is manifested:

a) disagreement with a particular procedure;

b) insomnia, depression and detachment;

c) unwillingness to discuss issues of their illness;

d) slowness in everything.

52. Neuroses are:

a) mental illness itself;

b) "boundary" states;

c) painful changes in character;

d) deep mental disorder.

53. The cause of a nervous system disease of a non-psychogenic nature is:

a) disruption of the external nervous system;

b) intoxication;

c) trauma;

d) metabolic disorders.

54. Neurasthenia (asthenic neurosis) is characterized by:

a) a game of experiences;

b) increased suggestibility;

c) doubts and phobias;

d) fatigue and weakness.

55. Psychasthenia is:

a) obsessive-compulsive disorder;

b) hysteria;

c) hypochondria;

d) dissociation.

56. Violation of contact with reality is:

a) depersonalization;

b) dissociation;

c) autism;

d) schizothymia.

57. Mood disorder is:

a) dysphoria;

b) depression;

c) dementia.

d) delirium.

58. The syndrome that occurs after the withdrawal of potent drugs is called:

a) delirium;

b) abstinence;

c) dysphoria;

d) dementia.

59. Monotonous, repetitive actions and words observed in patients are:

a) apraxia;

b) ecolapse;

c) stereotyping;

d) typification.

60. Adaptation of body functions, organs and cells to environmental conditions is called:

a) adaptation;

b) stability;

c) lability;

d) inertia.

61. Stress that causes grief and suffering is:

a) a stressor

b) distress;

c) dysphoria;

d) affect.

62. A mental state accompanied by discomfort, sometimes fear, is:

a) unconditional inhibition;

b) the state of affect;

c) mental tension;

d) sublimation.

63. The most common manifestations of all mental illnesses are:

a) depressive states;

b) delirium;

c) alcohol intoxication;

d) schizophrenia.

64. Catatonic and hebephrenic excitation occurs in patients with:

a) idiotic

b) schizophrenia;

c) epilepsy;

d) a heart attack.

65. Psychopathic arousal develops after:

a) conflict situations;

depressed;

d) sleep disturbance.

66. Egogeny is:

a) mutual influence of patients on each other;

b) self-hypnosis of the patient;

c) the influence of the medical staff on the patient;

d) misunderstanding in the family.

67. Sorroganias are a consequence of:

a) defects in the communication of patients with each other;

b) careless words and actions of a nurse;

c) wrong behavior of relatives;

d) reading special medical literature.

68. Yathropathy is:

a) misdiagnosis

b) treatment based on misdiagnosis;

c) forms of negative educational influence;

d) fear of the upcoming treatment.

69. Paralinguistics studies:

b) the location of the interlocutor in space;

c) physical contact;

d) facial expressions, body motility.

70. Psychoprophylaxis is:

a) a system of special measures aimed at

preservation and strengthening of human mental health;

b) mental impact on body disorders;

c) a complex therapeutic effect on the body;

d) measures aimed at preventing mental

diseases.

71. prevention is:

a) genetic prophylaxis;

b) early diagnosis;

c) application of correction methods;

d) prevention of disability.

72. Mental decompensation is:

a) a feeling of disappointed hopes;

b) a certain idea of ​​the disease;

c) adaptation;

d) surrender

73. The condition that took place before the onset of the disease is called:

a) premorbid state;

b) anosognosia;

c) egocentrism;

d) ergopathy.

74. Science aimed at preventing the occurrence and spread of mental illness is called:

a) psychotherapy;

b) psychoprophylaxis;

c) mental hygiene;

d) psychology.

75. Adaptation of a patient to environmental conditions is:

a) rehabilitation;

b) readaptation;

c) actual resocialization;

d) compensation.

76. Exchange of actions during communication is:

a) communication;

b) perception;

c) interaction;

d) degradation.

77. Diagnostic and therapeutic methods based on the use of medical instruments are:

a) suggestive methods;

b) psychoanalytic methods;

c) behavioral methods;

d) invasive methods.

78. The process of medical influence of a doctor on the psyche of a patient is:

a) mental hygiene;

b) psychotherapy;

c) psychoprophylaxis;

d) depression.

79. Methods of psychotherapy are:

a) suggestion;

b) autogenic training;

c) all of the above;

d) self-indulgence.

80. The psychological impact of one person on another is:

a) self-hypnosis;

b) suggestion;

c) autogenic training;

d) conversation.

81. The state of rest and relaxation that occurs in a subject due to a decrease in tension is called:

a) relaxation;

b) hypnosis;

c) remission;

d) stimulation.

82. The method of psychotherapy in which patients act alternately as partners or actors is called:

a) T-group;

b) psychodrama;

c) psychosynthesis;

d) transactional analysis.

83. The technique of psychotherapy, in which an explanation of his behavior acceptable to a person is formed, is called:

a) rational therapy;

b) logotherapy;

c) psychoanalysis;

d) hypnosis.

84. The degree of susceptibility and readiness to submit to the influence is:

a) suggestibility;

b) consciousness;

c) lack of will;

d) authenticity.

85. The ability to uncritically perceive the information received is

a) hypnotism

b) suggestibility;

c) detachment;

d) catharsis.

86. At the lethargic stage of hypnosis,

a) wax flexibility;

b) stupor;

c) drowsiness;

d) sleepwalking.

87. Life event affecting significant parties

human existence and leading to deep

psychological experiences is called:

a) stress;

b) psychotrauma;

c) distress;

d) eustress.

88. During the stages of "depression" a person experiences:

a) weakness

b) fatigue;

c) helplessness;

89. Who communicates the diagnosis to the patient?

a) a nurse;

b) a relative;

d) head. department.

90. When a patient is informed of his diagnosis, he may experience such an emotional state as:

b) despair;

d) all of the above.

91. The emotional stages through which a dying patient passes are:

a) denial

b) depression;

d) all of the above.

92. Perception of diagnosis and prognosis is influenced by:

a) age;

b) a person's religiosity;

c) education;

d) all of the above.

93. In order to help the patient cope with fear, it is necessary:

a) be silent

b) be able to communicate;

c) do not answer his questions;

d) give hope.

94. Is the fear of death a problem?

a) psychological;

b) social;

c) spiritual;

d) physical.

95. The way of providing medical care is called:

a) professional;

b) medical;

c) state;

d) individual insurance.

96. Clinical death is characterized by:

a) lack of consciousness, pulse and blood pressure are not determined, breathing

rare, arrhythmic;

b) lack of consciousness, pulse and blood pressure are not determined, breathing

absent, pupil wide;

c) consciousness is clear, the pulse is thready, blood pressure decreases, the pulse

filiform;

d) consciousness is absent, the pulse is thready, blood pressure decreases,

breathing clear.

97. After the doctor confirms the biological death of the patient, the nurse must complete:

a) a list of medical prescriptions;

b) the title page of the medical history;

c) temperature sheet;

d) cover sheet.

98. An irreversible stage of an organism's dying is:

a) biological death;

b) clinical death;

c) agony;

d) preagony.

99. What is the name of the institution that cares for the dying?

a) a hospital

b) dispensary;

c) hospice;

d) a sanatorium.

100. Voluntary painless deprivation of life of a patient,

suffering from an incurable disease is called:

a) euthanasia;

b) empathy;

c) eideticism;

d) eugenics.

101. The following properties play the greatest role in the appearance and formation of neurotic disorders:

a) higher nervous activity;

b) temperament;

c) character;

d) personality.

102. All the following types of deviant behavior are distinguished, with the exception of:

a) criminal;

b) delinquent;

c) addictive;

d) psychopathological.

103. Psychological compatibility of spouses is:

a) correspondence of characters, personal characteristics;

b) consistency of role ideas about the functions of spouses in

c) understanding the differences between male and female sexuality;

d) the coincidence of means and methods of achieving a life goal.

104. The principles of family psychotherapy include:

a) family dynamics;

b) self-hypnosis;

c) divorce;

d) growth prospects.

105. Conflicts in the family are the result of:

b) jealousy;

c) headache;

d) envy.

106. An important component of “family anxiety” is:

a) feeling of helplessness;

b) meek disposition;

c) selfishness;

d) the prospect of growth.

107. Family-conditioned psychotraumatic experiences contribute to:

a) a strong family;

b) disruption of family life;

c) understanding the differences between male and female sexuality;

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Introduction

1. The concept of medical psychology

2. Sections of medical psychology

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Medical psychology is relevant and one of the leading branches of modern psychology. Medical psychology is characterized by a close connection between its theoretical foundations and their practical use in solving a wide range of problems of protecting and strengthening the health of the population.

In modern conditions of aggravation of social problems in our country, deterioration of health indicators of the population, there is an increasing objective need to solve interrelated problems of a medical and social nature at a qualitatively new level. Objectively, there is a need for active introduction of new forms and methods of social work into the practice of health authorities.

In the 90s 20th century a new direction of social work and a type of professional activity - medical and social work - began to take shape and will be actively introduced into healthcare practice. A feature of medical and social work is that it, as a type of professional activity, is formed at the junction of two independent industries.

- social protection of the population and public health. This nature of medical and social work requires special approaches to the training of social work specialists aimed at forming the foundations of knowledge in the field of medicine and medical psychology.

The close connection between medical psychology and psychiatry is based on the common object of research, a common understanding of mental illness, manifested by disorders in the reflection of the real world and, as a result, disorganization of behavior or its changes.

In solving theoretical and practical problems, a medical psychologist relies on subject knowledge, which consists of two interconnected parts. On the one hand, these are the ideas accumulated to date about the nature, structure, brain mechanisms, the main patterns of individual development and manifestations of the human psyche, i.e. what is called general psychology, on the other hand, is knowledge of one's own subject, reflecting the psychological patterns of violations and deviations in cognitive (cognitive) processes and a person's personality, due to a specific disease. In this case, we are talking about medical psychology and, above all, about pathopsychology as one of its branches, formed within the framework of clinical psychology. But at the heart of the approach to understanding pathology (anomalies, deviations in the psyche) is a system of views on the nature of mental reflection in a healthy normal person.

The problem of the structure and dynamic characteristics of the psyche is solved in different ways by different psychological schools and is interpreted differently by representatives of various directions within the framework of their own conceptual ideas about a person as a subject of reflection of the surrounding world. This is also directly related to the solution of practical problems, since the psychological concept determines the methodology for studying a person, followed by a system of specific methods for identifying the desired features of the psyche in normal and pathological conditions. In this sense, psychological methods are not neutral, they are created and implemented to identify and evaluate those components of the psyche that are adequate to the accepted psychological concept (or scientific paradigm). The choice of methodology is, first of all, a meaningful choice of a certain system of views on the essential components of the human psyche.

1. The concept of medical psychology

Medical psychology is a branch of psychology devoted to the study of the influence of mental factors on the occurrence and course of diseases, the diagnosis of pathological conditions, psychoprophylaxis and psychocorrection of diseases. It is customary to distinguish two main areas of application of medical psychology: neuropsychiatric and somatic diseases. Based on the data obtained in medical psychology, productive hypotheses can be constructed about the process of normal development of the psyche.

Medical psychology (from Lat medicus - medical, healing) - a branch of psychology that studies the psychological aspects of hygiene, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, examination and rehabilitation of patients. The field of study of Medical psychology includes a wide range of psychological patterns associated with the occurrence and course of diseases, the impact of certain diseases on the human psyche, providing an optimal system of health effects, the nature of the relationship of a sick person with the macrosocial environment. The structure of Medical Psychology includes a number of sections focused on research in specific areas of medical science and practical health care. The most common of these is clinical psychology, including pathopsychology, neuropsychology and somatopsychology. The branches of medical psychology associated with psychocorrectional work are intensively developing: psychohygiene, psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, and mental rehabilitation. Kerbikov O.V., Izbr. works, M., 1971, p. 300--11: About psychohygienic work at school.

Among the most important problems of Medical psychology are the interaction of mental and somatic (bodily, physiological) processes during the onset and development of diseases, the patterns of formation of the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhis disease in a patient, the study of the dynamics of awareness of the disease, the formation of adequate personal attitudes associated with treatment, the use of compensatory and protective mechanisms personality for therapeutic purposes, the study of the psychological impact of therapeutic methods and means (medicines, procedures, clinical and instrumental studies, surgical interventions, etc.) in order to ensure their maximum positive impact on the physical and mental state of the patient. An important place among the issues studied by medical psychology is occupied by the psychological aspects of the organization of the medical environment (inpatient sanatorium polyclinics, etc.), the study of the relationship of patients with relatives, staff and with each other. In the complex of problems of organizing therapeutic measures, the study of the patterns of the psychological impact of a doctor in the course of his diagnostic, therapeutic, preventive work, the rational building of relationships between participants in the treatment process, the prevention of iatrogenics Psychology Dictionary is of particular importance. / Ed. A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky. - 2nd ed. M., 1990

2. Sections of medical psychology

medical psychology disease psychocorrection

Medical psychology, includes the following sections:

1.) Pathopsychology, a branch of psychology that studies the patterns of disorders of mental activity and personality traits based on comparison with the patterns of their formation and course in the norm.

The development of pathopsychology is closely intertwined with the development of psychiatry. The first experimental psychological laboratories in neuropsychiatric institutions were created at the end of the 19th century. German psychologist W. Wundt, Russian psychoneurologists V. M. Bekhterev and S. S. Korsakov.

At the beginning of the 20th century the first manuals on the use of experimental psychological methods for the study of mental patients began to be published. The ideas of L. S. Vygotsky played an important role in the development of pathopsychology in Russia.

Pathopsychological research is of great importance for a number of general methodological problems of psychology, for example, for resolving the question of the relationship between the biological and the social in the development of the psyche. The data of these studies show that a violation of the personality does not mean the "release" of its biological instincts and needs, but is characterized, first of all, by a change in the very human motives and needs. It is also established that the regularities of the disintegration of the psyche do not repeat the stages of its development in reverse order.

The data of pathopsychological studies are used in psychiatry: as diagnostic criteria; when establishing the degree of intellectual decline; during the examination (judicial, labor, military); when taking into account the effectiveness of treatment, especially when using psychopharmacological agents; in the analysis of violations of mental activity in the case of harmful working conditions; when deciding on the restoration of lost performance.

Pathopsychology uses experimental research methods, the main principle of which is a qualitative analysis of mental disorders as a mediated and motivated activity. The pathopsychological experiment provides an opportunity to update not only mental operations, but also the motives of a sick person. The pathopsychology of childhood received particular development, in which, on the basis of Vygotsky's position on the "zone of proximal development", special methods were developed, in particular the method of a teaching experiment.

Methods of medical psychology, not differing in principle from the methods of general psychology, are specified depending on the nature of the disease. Medical psychology pays special attention to the anamnesis - the analysis of the patient's past experiences from infancy to the moment of illness.

2). Anamnesis (Greek anamnesis - recollection), information about the patient's living conditions that preceded this disease, as well as the entire history of the development of the disease.

Anamnesis is an integral part of every medical examination, often giving the necessary indications for the diagnosis of the disease. Distinguish between a general history and anamnesis of the disease. The general history includes answers to the following groups of questions: diseases of parents and close relatives (hereditary diseases, malignant tumors, mental illness, tuberculosis, syphilis, etc.); previous diseases and operations, lifestyle (marital status, nutritional conditions), habits (alcohol consumption, smoking), sexual life, working conditions, all living conditions.

The anamnesis of this disease concerns the onset of the disease, the course and treatment of it until the day of the study. The anamnesis is collected from the story of the patient himself or those around him.

In veterinary practice, anamnesis is collected by interviewing animal caregivers, studying documentary data (case histories, etc.). The origin of the animal and the state of health of its parents, the presence of diseases in the farm to which the animal belongs, the conditions of care and maintenance (characteristics of feeding, watering, premises for the animal, operating conditions) are established. They find out previous diseases, the time of occurrence of this disease, its signs, cases of a similar disease in the household, information about the treatment used. Shklyar V.S. Diagnosis of internal diseases. K., 1960

3). The painful nature of the experience, the insolubility of the pathogenic situation, the duration of the traumatic stress - all these factors can be understood and explained only taking into account the individual characteristics of the individual and the nature of the patient.

Stress (from English stress - pressure, pressure, tension),

1) in technology - an external force applied to an object and causing its deformation.

2) in psychology, physiology and medicine - a state of mental stress that occurs in a person during activities in difficult conditions (both in everyday life and in specific circumstances, for example, during space flight). The concept of stress was introduced by the Canadian physiologist G. Selye (1936) when describing the adaptation syndrome.

Stress can have both positive and negative effects on activity, up to its complete disorganization, which poses the task of studying a person’s adaptation to difficult (so-called extreme) conditions, as well as predicting his behavior, especially in such conditions. Levitov N D., On the mental states of a person, M., 1964: Emotional stress, trans. from English, L., 1970.

Further development of medical psychology leads to the identification of such branches as clinical psychophysiology (clinical psychosomatology) and clinical neuropsychology, psychological problems of defectology and pathology. Medical psychology is the basis of psychotherapy and psychohygiene.

4) Neuropsychology, a branch of psychology that studies the brain basis of mental processes and their relationship with individual systems of the brain; developed as a branch of neurology.

For centuries, idealistic psychology proceeded from the idea of ​​the parallelism of brain (physiological) and conscious (mental) processes or from the idea of ​​the interaction between these two areas, which were considered independent.

Only in the second half of the 19th century. In connection with the progress in the study of the brain and the development of clinical neurology, the question was raised about the role of individual parts of the cerebral cortex in mental activity. Pointing out that when certain areas of the cortex of the left (leading) hemisphere are affected, individual mental processes (vision, hearing, speech, writing, reading, counting) are disturbed, neurologists suggested that these areas of the cerebral cortex are the centers of the corresponding mental processes and that "mental functions" are localized in certain limited areas of the brain. This is how the doctrine of the localization of mental functions in the cortex was created. However, this teaching, which bore a "psychomorphological" character, was simplified.

Modern neuropsychology proceeds from the position that the complex forms of mental activity that have formed in the process of social development and represent the highest forms of conscious reflection of reality are not localized in narrowly limited areas ("centers") of the cortex, but represent complex functional systems, in the existence of which the complex takes part. working areas of the brain. Each part of the brain makes a specific contribution to the construction of this functional system. Thus, the brain stem sections and the reticular formation provide the energy tone of the cortex and are involved in maintaining wakefulness. The temporal, parietal and occipital regions of the cerebral cortex are an apparatus that provides the receipt, processing and storage of modal-specific (auditory, tactile, visual) information that enters the primary sections of each zone of the cortex, is processed in more complex "secondary" sections of these zones and combines, is synthesized in the "tertiary" zones (or "overlap zones"), especially developed in humans. The frontal, premotor and motor areas of the cortex are an apparatus that ensures the formation of complex intentions, plans and programs of activity, implements them in a system of corresponding movements and makes it possible to exercise constant control over their course.

Thus, the entire brain is involved in the performance of complex forms of mental activity.

Neuropsychology is essential for understanding the mechanisms of mental processes. At the same time, by analyzing mental disorders that occur with local brain lesions, neuropsychology helps to clarify the diagnosis of local brain lesions (tumors, hemorrhages, injuries), and also serves as the basis for the psychological qualification of the resulting defect and for restorative training, which is used in neuropathology and neurosurgery. .

In Russia, problems of neuropsychology are dealt with at the Department of Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University, in a number of laboratories and neurological clinics. Great contributions to the development of neuropsychology were made by scientists from other countries: H. L. Teuber and K. Pribram (USA), B. Milner (Canada), O. Zangwill (Great Britain), A. Ekaen (France), and E. Weigl (German Democratic Republic). ). The special journals "Neuropsychologia" (Oxf., since 1963) are devoted to the problems of neuropsychology. Cortex (Mil., since 1964) and others. There is an international society for neuropsychology. Introduction to clinical neuropsychology, L., 1973; A. R. Luria.

5) Psychotherapy (from psycho ... and Greek therapeia - treatment), a system of mental influences aimed at treating the patient. The goal of psychotherapy is to eliminate painful deviations, to change the patient's attitude towards himself, his condition and the environment. The ability to influence the human psyche was noticed in antiquity. The formation of the scientific began in the 40s. 19th century (the work of the English physician J. Brad, who explained the effectiveness of mental influence by the functional features of the human nervous system). The theoretical substantiation and practical development of special methods of psychotherapy are associated with the activities of J. M. Charcot, V. M. Bekhterev and many others. in the origin and development of diseases; However, Freudianism (and earlier, in the first half of the 19th century, the school of "psychics" that considered mental illness as a result of the "oppression of sin") has an irrational approach to understanding the nature of mental illness. Psychotherapy in the USSR is based on data from medical psychology and the physiology of higher nervous activity, and on the clinical and experimental method of research.

There are general and private, or special, psychotherapy. General psychotherapy is understood as a complex of psychological influences that strengthen the patient's strength in the fight against the disease (the relationship between the doctor and the patient, the optimal psychological climate in the institution, which excludes mental trauma and iatrogenic diseases, the prevention and timely elimination of secondary neurotic layers that can be caused by the underlying disease). General psychotherapy is a necessary component of the treatment process for all forms of diseases. Private psychotherapy is a method of treating patients with the so-called borderline forms of neuropsychiatric disorders (neurosis, psychopathy, etc.), using special methods of psychotherapeutic influence: rational (explaining) psychotherapy, suggestion in the waking state and in hypnosis, distracting psychotherapy, autogenic training , collective psychotherapy, etc. (in combination with medication and other methods of treatment). Psychotherapy is impossible without positive emotional contact with the patient. Platonov K. I., The Word as a physiological and therapeutic factor, 3rd ed., M., 1962;

6) Mental hygiene, a section of hygiene that studies the measures and means of forming, maintaining and strengthening the mental health of people and preventing mental illness. The theoretical basis of Psychohygiene is social and general psychology, psychotherapy, social psychiatry and the physiology of higher nervous activity. The first special work "Hygiene of Passions, or Moral Hygiene" belongs to Galen. The original idea for Psychohygiene of the dependence of people's mental health on the conditions of their social life was put forward by Zh. Zh. Kabanis. The founder of Psychohygiene in Russia, I. P. Merzheevsky, saw the most important means of preserving mental health and increasing the productivity of activity in the high aspirations and interests of the individual. Psychohygiene in Russia is characterized by predominant attention to such social measures as improving working and living conditions, the consistent formation of active socially valuable attitudes in adolescents, professional orientation that contributes to the implementation of these attitudes, as well as to psychohygienic education and training in special methods of managing one's own mental state. and well-being. An important method of Psychohygiene is medical examination of persons with neuropsychiatric disorders. The actual tasks of P. include the prevention of mental trauma in children and the development of ways to rationalize the learning process in secondary and higher schools (in order to prevent neuropsychic overload). In connection with the consequences of the scientific and technological revolution, the importance of managing the psychological climate in large and small social groups, as well as methods of increasing the mental stability of workers in professions of increased complexity, is growing. Sections of Psychohygiene: industrial (Psychological occupational hygiene), mental work, sexual life and family relations, children and adolescents, the elderly.

Conclusion

Thus, the branch of psychological science, which is designated as medical psychology, takes part in solving the practical problems of psychiatry. the context of general psychological knowledge necessary for a doctor and constituting a significant part in the content of curricula for training specialists in the field of medicine.In contrast, the sphere of scientific and practical activity of a psychologist in the health care system is designated abroad as clinical psychology.This situation of the transitional period of name change is characterized by the use in the domestic literature and normative documents of the concepts "medical" and "clinical" psychology as synonyms). Having its own subject and logic of development, it participates in solving the problems of diagnostics, examination, in the implementation of psycho-correctional, psychotherapeutic and rehabilitation measures aimed at adapting the patient to life in society. At the same time, psychological research contributes to the solution of the theoretical problems of modern psychiatry.

Literature

Luria A. R. Fundamentals of neuropsychology, M., 1973;

Shklyar V.S. Diagnosis of internal diseases. K., 1960

Introduction to clinical neuropsychology, L., 1973;

Kerbikov O.V., Izbr. works, M., 1971, p. 300--11: About psychohygienic work at school.

Platonov K. I., The Word as a physiological and therapeutic factor, 3rd ed., M., 1962;

Psychology Dictionary. / Ed. A.V. Petrovsky, M.G. Yaroshevsky. - 2nd ed. M., 1990

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The subject and tasks of medical psychology Medical psychology is a branch of psychological science aimed at solving theoretical and practical problems related to the psychoprophylaxis of diseases, diagnosing diseases and pathological conditions, as well as solving issues related to psychocorrectional forms of influence on the recovery process, solving various expert issues , social and labor rehabilitation of sick people.

Medical psychology, as one of the branches of psychology, includes or is associated with the following sections: the psychology of the patient, the psychology of therapeutic interaction, the norm and pathology of mental activity, pathopsychology, the psychology of individual differences, developmental clinical psychology, family clinical psychology, the psychology of deviant behavior, psychological counseling, psychocorrection and psychotherapy, neurosology, psychosomatic medicine.

Medical psychology is closely related to related disciplines, primarily psychiatry and pathopsychology. The area of ​​common scientific and practical interest of medical psychology and psychiatry is the diagnostic process. Recognition of psychopathological symptoms and syndromes is impossible without knowledge of their psychological antonyms - phenomena of everyday life that reflect the individual psychological characteristics of a person and are located within the normal variations of mental response.

In medical psychology, questions of psychology and the main tasks of medicine are closely intertwined. Like psychology and the major clinical disciplines, medical psychology is divided into general medical psychology and specific medical psychology.

General medical psychology studies the personality of the patient, doctor, middle and junior medical worker and their relationship.

Private medical psychology studies the same issues in relation to each specific medical discipline: surgery, therapy, pediatrics, sanitation, gerontology, neuropathology, psychiatry, etc.

The subject and tasks of medical psychology.
Medical psychology studies the influence of mental factors on the occurrence and course of diseases and on the process of people's recovery.

Modern medical psychology is divided into two main areas. The first is related to the use of psychology in the clinic of neuropsychiatric diseases, where the main problem is to study the effect on the patient's psyche of a change in the structure and functioning of the brain, caused by an in vivo acquired pathology or determined by congenital anomalies. Another area of ​​medical psychology is associated with its application in the clinic of somatic diseases, where the main problem is the influence of mental states (factors) on somatic processes.

The first area of ​​medical psychology received the greatest development, this was manifested in the emergence of such scientific disciplines as neuropsychology (A.R. Luria) and experimental pathopsychology (B.V. Zeigarnik).

The subject of study of medical psychology is: the personality of a sick person, the personality of a medical worker (including the future), as well as the relationship of a sick person and a medical worker in various conditions - when visiting a patient at home, in an outpatient clinic and clinic.

This circle of questions also includes the psychology of the relationship between medical workers of each link and all links among themselves in the process of professional activity and in everyday life, with specialization and improvement, in public life, etc.

Medical psychology studies: 1) the role of the psyche in promoting health and preventing diseases; 2) the place and role of mental processes in the occurrence and course of various diseases; 3) the state of the psyche during the treatment of the disease and, in particular, the reaction to various medications; 4) mental disorders arising from various diseases, and methods for their relief.

Important issues of medical psychology are psychoprophylaxis, psychotherapy and psychohygiene.

Methods of medical psychology.
The main methods of medical and psychological research are conversation, observation and experiment.

Methods for studying the mental characteristics of somatic patients are borrowed by medical psychology from psychodiagnostics and general psychology, and the assessment of the adequacy or deviance of human behavior from psychiatry, developmental psychology and developmental psychology. The psychosomatic section of clinical psychology is based on scientific ideas from such areas as psychotherapy, vegetology, and valueology.

In addition to the basic methods of talking with the patient and observing his behavior, testing is used in medical psychology.

For psychodiagnostic purposes, tests are widely used that make it possible to distinguish two main groups of mental properties: properties of the intellect and properties of the character of the personality.

For example. Wiene-Simon system. The tests are age appropriate. Mental development, or mental age is determined by the number of tasks solved as a percentage of the passport age. The points from the solution of each problem are added up, and the average age indicator is displayed as a percentage. An indicator below 70% means the presence of oligophrenia.

Wexler test system for children and adults. According to the researchers, this method gives an idea of ​​the intelligence and personal qualities of the subject. The system includes 6 verbal tests and 5 practical tests. The first 6 are in the study of: 1) awareness, 2) general intelligence, 3) the ability to reproduce numbers, 4) solve arithmetic problems, 5) establish similarities, b) identify 42 words. The five action tests represent tasks for: 1) recognizing objects with missing parts; 2) establishing a sequence of pictures; 3) folding drawings from parts; 4) drawing up geometric figures from parts (from 9 to 16) according to the model; 5) encryption of numbers, according to the code, within 90 s.

Rorschach method. The essence of the method is to find meaning in ink colored and black spots peculiarly located on the card. Rorschach testing is used to check the level of mental development of the subject.

The Minnesota multifactorial personality questionnaire (MMP1) is widely used in our country in the modification of domestic authors.

Psychological methods (tests) are not the main ones in assessing the individual psychological characteristics of the subject, but only supplement the data of the patient's clinical examination, such as a thorough history taking, conversation, observation, data from clinical and laboratory studies.

(tickets)

Medical psychology as a science. Its content and main sections.

Medical (clinical) psychology- a branch of psychology, which was formed at the junction with medicine, it uses the knowledge of psychological patterns in medical practice: in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. In addition to studying the psyche of a sick person, to the main sections subject Clinical psychology includes the study of the patterns of communication and interaction between patients and medical workers, as well as the study of psychological means of influencing patients in order to prevent and treat diseases. Medical psychology can be divided into: general clinical psychology, which develops the problems of the basic laws of the psychology of a sick person, the problems of the psychology of a doctor and the psychology of the treatment process, and in addition the doctrine of the relationship between the mental and somatopsychic in a person, issues of psychohygiene, psychoprophylaxis and medical deontology are considered; Private clinical psychology revealing the leading aspects of the psychology of patients with certain diseases, as well as the characteristics of medical ethics; Neuropsychology - serving to solve the problems of establishing the localization of focal lesions of the brain; Neuropharmacology - investigating the effect of medicinal substances on the mental activity of a person; Psychotherapy- studying and using the means of mental influence for the treatment of the patient. Pathopsychology - can also be attributed to clinical psychology. And finally special psychology - studying people with deviations from normal mental development, which is associated with congenital or acquired defects in the formation of the nervous system (tiflopsychology - for the blind, deaf psychology - for the deaf, oligophrenopsychology - for the mentally retarded)

The place of medical psychology in the structure of psychology.

Open the structure of psychodiagnostics methods

Psychodiagnostics as a branch of psychology, it is focused on measuring the individual psychological characteristics of a person. It focuses the researcher not on research, but on examination, i.e. setting a psychological diagnosis, which can be established at three levels: symptomatic diagnosis (limited to a statement of features or symptoms); etiological (takes into account, in addition to the features, the causes of their occurrence); typological diagnosis (determining the place and significance of the identified characteristics in the overall picture of a person's mental life). Main methods: observations - systematic, purposeful tracking of manifestations of the psyche (sometimes: slice, longitudinal, continuous, selective, included); experiment– active intervention of the researcher in the situation. (natural, laboratory) . Additional methods: Tests - sets of tasks and questions that allow you to quickly assess the mental phenomenon and the degree of its development; modeling - creation of an artificial model of the studied phenomenon; analysis of products of activity - created things, books, letters, inventions, drawings (here - content analysis); conversation(anamnesis - information about the past, interviews, psychological questionnaires)

Principles of construction and conduct of psychological examination

Psychological

What are the indicators of psychological diagnosis?

Diagnosis can be established at three levels: symptomatic (empirical) diagnosis (limited to a statement of features or symptoms); etiological (takes into account, in addition to the features, the causes of their occurrence); typological diagnosis (determining the place and significance of the identified characteristics in the overall picture of a person's mental life).

The most important element is to find out in each individual case why these manifestations are found in the behavior of the subject, what are their causes and consequences. The second step is the etiological diagnosis, which takes into account the presence of symptoms, as well as their causes. .

Factors determining the reliability of the diagnosis.

Features of effective interaction between the patient - the doctor, the client - the psychologist.

Almost any meeting and conversation between a doctor and a patient is important for establishing and maintaining optimal psychological contact. It is especially important to conduct the first meeting professionally and competently, because. it has not only diagnostic value, but is also important as a psychotherapeutic factor. It is important to be able to listen to the patient and note what is most important for him. In the formulation of questions, influences of an inspiring nature should be avoided. In each case, the most convenient method is chosen by the doctor, depending on the patient's condition and the experience of the doctor. The doctor must be fluent in active listening techniques (nonjudgmental listening, evaluative listening, wordless communication, etc.), persuasion techniques (method of choice, Socratic dialogue, authority, challenge, deficit, expectation projection), be able to argue and even enter into conflict. Take into account the nature of the disease and from here choose the type of contact. Do not forget about the existence of the image of the “ideal patient” and the “ideal doctor” (empathetic and non-directive, empathic and directive, emotionally neutral and directive).

The main forms of interaction after contact is established are either leadership or cooperation.

What are the basic ethical values ​​of a clinical psychologist

The work of a clinical psychologist is one of the most difficult professions. A person who has devoted himself to this, of course, must also have a vocation for psychology. The psychologist must first humane. The patient, first of all, has the right to expect from the psychologist a desire to help and is convinced that there can be no other psychologist. Humanism, consciousness of duty, endurance and self-control, conscientiousness, have always been considered the main characteristics of a psychologist. A clinical psychologist must have the data necessary for both the psychologist and the doctor. One of the main ethical principles should be the principle of compliance It, as a rule, includes three types of information: about diseases, about the intimate and family life of the patient. The psychologist is not an accidental owner of this information; they are entrusted to him as a person from whom help is expected. In addition, a necessary personality trait of a psychologist is general and professional culture, including both organization in work and love for order, accuracy, cleanliness. All this was formed into a doctrine - medical deontology. .

Professiogram of practical psychologist

Professionalism - description of the profession in terms of the requirements they place on a person. It covers various aspects of a specific professional activity: socio-economic, technical, legal, medical and hygienic, psychological, etc. Psychogram - a brief summary of the requirements for the human psyche as a list of necessary professional abilities.

Features of providing psychological assistance to the client

Psychological help - area of ​​practical application of psychology, focused on improving the socio-psychological competence of people. It can be addressed to both a separate subject and a group or organization. In clinical psychology, psychological assistance includes providing a person with information about his mental state, the causes and mechanisms of the appearance of mental or psychopathological phenomena in him, as well as active targeted psychological influence on an individual in order to harmonize his mental life, adapt to the social environment. The main methods are psychological counseling, psychological correction and psychotherapy. All of them can be used individually or in combination. P. Counseling - the main goal is scientifically organized informing the client about his psychological problems, taking into account his personal values ​​and individual characteristics in order to form an active personal position, etc. P.Correction- is understood as the activity of a specialist in correcting those personality traits, mental development of a client that are not optimal for him. The goal is to develop an adequate and effective for maintaining health and mental activity that contributes to personal growth and adaptation in society. Psychotherapy - a system of complex therapeutic verbal and non-verbal influence on emotions, judgments, self-consciousness of a person in various diseases (mental, nervous, psychomatic). Types of mental influence: influence, manipulation, management, formation.

What is iatrogenic? What are the ways to prevent their occurrence?

Iatrogenic - a general name denoting psychogenic disorders in a patient due to careless, injuring the patient's words of a doctor (iatrogeny proper) or his actions (iatropathy), a nurse (sororogeny), and other medical workers. Harmful self-influence associated with prejudice towards the doctor, fears of a medical examination, can also lead to similar disorders (egogeny). Deterioration in the patient's condition under the influence of undesirable influences of other patients (doubts about the correctness of the diagnosis, etc.) is denoted by the term egrotogeny. Prevention - improving the general and professional culture of medical workers, etc ...

Characteristics of the main categories of medical ethics

One of the main ethical principles should be the principle of compliance medical secrecy (confidentiality) It, as a rule, includes three types of information: about diseases, about the intimate and family life of the patient. The psychologist is not an accidental owner of this information; they are entrusted to him as a person from whom help is expected.