What is common between Christmas toys and glucose. DIY Christmas decorations

Chemistry quiz questions for an intellectual marathon

Which Russian chemist was an entomologist and was engaged in beekeeping?
What is more dangerous in terms of fire: a barrel filled to the brim with gasoline or not completely filled with it?
What element are you talking about?
Everyone needs him when he is only tied,
And with great difficulty
The whole world of living beings must
Him vegetable protein.
Distributed in all three kingdoms,
Released in fire.
And he is in paints and medicines,
He is needed in peace and in war
What element are you talking about?
In salts it is colorless, safe,
Useful for everyone.
Becomes very dangerous
When he is completely free.
Then it's poisonous, colored
And can crawl on the ground
Suffocating, seemed scary,
As the first gas of all OB
How are the "Wandering Wisps" in the swamp, described by Arthur Conan Doyle in the story "The Hound of the Baskervilles" formed? Why does the water of the swamp “gurgle” before the onset of inclement weather?
What is the relationship between glucose and Christmas decorations?

Answers:

A.M. Butlerov. He wrote his first scientific work "Daytime butterflies of the Volga-Ural fauna" and defended it as a dissertation, he was engaged in beekeeping in the Butlerovka estate of the Kazan province).
(In a barrel not completely filled with gasoline, a mixture of its vapors with air is formed, exploding even from a spark. Therefore, in terms of fire, it is more dangerous than a barrel filled to the top.).
(nitrogen).
chlorine).
When plant residues rot on the bottom of the swamps under the influence of microorganisms (methane fermentation), a "marsh gas" is formed - methane, which is capable of self-igniting in air, giving rise to "wandering lights". Before the onset of inclement weather, there is a decrease in atmospheric pressure. At high pressure, the gases stay at the bottom of the swamps, and at low pressure, they go outside, spreading in breadth and upwards. At this moment, you can hear the characteristic "gurgling of water".
Since glucose contains an aldehyde group of atoms, then, like aldehydes, it gives a silver mirror reaction with an ammonia solution of silver oxide. In this reaction, silver oxide is the oxidizing agent and glucose is the reducing agent. As a reducing agent, glucose is used to make Christmas toys (silver plating reaction)

Leading: Hello dear friends! We begin our meeting of the Club of Cheerful and Resourceful. Today we will witness battles between the Vobla and SOS teams.

Teams enter the hall to the music and applause of the fans.

Leading: A respected jury will help us resolve disputes and evaluate upcoming competitions: the principal of the school, the head teacher, teachers of chemistry, physics, literature, and two students.

So, the first round of our meeting! The gong sounds!

Contest "Cheers"

I ask the team captains to come to the jury table for the draw.

The captains choose tickets from #1 and #2.

Team greeting "sos»

Compete with you

We are humor, and laughter, and deeds.

We welcome you, friends!

You can't live without humor and laughter!

The purpose of our meeting is a joke and communication,

An exchange of fun, a look, an opinion.

We are happy to win and lose.

Let's cross in the game like swords, looks!

Greetings from the Vobla team

How many erudite people are here,

Nowhere for an apple to fall.

It will be hard for us to win

Let's not hit the face in the dirt.

Team's message "SOS» to fans

How many good girls

Gathered around here now

But one thought worries me:

Will they support SOS, my friend?

In the game we will not rest,

And you have to be strong in spirit.

Love cheerleaders restless

Help to survive, win!

Leading: We ask the jury to sum up the results of the first round of the "Greetings" competition.

The results are announced and posted on the scoreboard.

Leading: We begin the second competition: "Decipher the name of the team." The word is given to the Vobla team.

We took "Vobla" in the literal sense,

And not in any dissent,

And we dedicate an ode to this fish,

For us, and for you, and for everyone.

Ode to Woble

In those old, distant years

You were the prom queen.

Now you've become an exhibit

You go into oblivion forever.

You were eaten often, a lot, tasty,

With potatoes, with beer, with cabbage,

Saved the common people from hunger,

And now you are almost gone.

So as not to show you in museums,

Like dinosaurs, extinct animals,

For the joy of human existence.

And wobble we all shouted "SOS",

And we really love her.

Save the Remaining - Creation

Mother Nature,

So that she does not go into legends,

She was an idol for people!

And it's good that we called

Team "Vobloy" dear,

Solemnly recognized

Live, real, not a dream.

Leading: The word is given to the "SOS" command.

"SOS" - short - save souls,

Nature has been crying out to everyone for a long time.

Close your eyes, close your ears

And to survive is not meant to be...

Let's sound the alarm together

Because everything is in the answer

How can we live in the new century?

Leading: We begin the third round of our competition "Warm-up".

Competition conditions: each team prepared three questions with their answers and asks them in turn to each other. Thinking time 30 seconds. The jury evaluates the speed, correctness and originality of the answers.

Options for questions and answers for students in grade 10

1. What substance is extinguished with water, although it does not burn? - Calcium oxide (CaO) - quicklime.

2. What acid is always found in the human stomach, and when it is deficient, is it drunk as a medicine? - Hydrochloric acid (HCL).

3. What royal drink did not a single king drink? Name its composition. - Royal vodka. It is a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids in a ratio of 1:3.

4. What effect does chloroform have on the human body? - According to the nature of the action, chloroform is a drug. It causes dermatitis, eczema, gastrointestinal disorders. A slight poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, pain in the stomach.

5. Why do smart housewives put a few ripe apples to them when storing potatoes in the basement? - Ripe fruits of apples emit ethylene gas, which causes inhibition of growth processes. Potato tubers last longer and do not germinate.

6. Why can't you make "houses" for birds out of plastic? - Unlike wood, plastic is not able to absorb moisture and release it to the outside, so the water vapor released during breathing accumulates, forming high humidity, which is detrimental to birds.

7. What is the source of anthropogenic methane? What effect does it have on the Earth's atmosphere? - Such sources are rice fields, livestock farms, coal mines and garbage dumps. Anthropogenic methane, absorbing infrared radiation of the earth's surface, enhances the greenhouse effect.

8. Which combustion products are emitted by coal-fired thermal power plants? How do they affect the atmosphere? - Combustion products are CO2, CO, 5O2, ash, etc., they enhance the greenhouse effect.

Questions and answersFor 11th grade students

1. What kind of flour is inedible? - Inedible flour, but giving bread, these are mineral fertilizers. This is bone, phosphorite, apathetic flour.

2. What is the relationship between beets and cake? - Both products contain sugar.

3. What kind of sugar is not eaten? - Lead sugar, i.e. lead acetate, tastes sweet, but it is poisonous.

4. What oil is called Provence and why? -The best grade of olive oil (transparent, fragrant, solidifying at -60°C, Provence oil is named after the province of Provence in southern France).

5. Why are concrete trenches being destroyed, through which waste from fat-packing plants is drained? - The effluent of fat-combining plants always contains fatty acids, which form calcium soap with cement lime, as a result of which the cement is destroyed and the bond between concrete grains is broken.

6. What is the relationship between glucose and Christmas decorations? - Since glucose contains an aldehyde group, it gives a “silver mirror” reaction with an ammonia solution of silver oxide, as a result of the reaction, a thin layer of silver is released, which is covered with Christmas decorations.

7. In 1845, the German chemist Christian. Shenbein accidentally spilled a mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid on the floor. He automatically wiped the floor with his wife's cotton apron, rinsed it, and hung it up to dry over the stove. The apron dried up, but then there was a not very loud explosion and ... the apron was gone. Why did the apron explode? - Threads of cotton fabric are made of cellulose, the composition of the elementary unit of the monomer of which includes three OH groups (hydroxy groups). Under the action of acids, a nitration reaction occurs with the formation of nitrocellulose (pyroxylin), which explodes with the release of heat and gases.

Options for questions and answers for students in grade 10

Which substance is quenched with water even though it does not burn? - Calcium oxide (CaO) - quicklime.

What acid is always found in the human stomach, and when it is deficient, it is drunk as a medicine? - Hydrochloric acid (HCL).

What royal drink has not been drunk by any king? Name its composition. - Royal vodka. It is a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids in a ratio of 1:3.

What effect does chloroform have on the human body? - According to the nature of the action, chloroform is a drug. It causes dermatitis, eczema, gastrointestinal disorders. A slight poisoning is accompanied by vomiting, pain in the stomach.

Why do smart housewives put a few ripe apples to them when storing potatoes in the basement? - Ripe fruits of apples emit ethylene gas, which causes inhibition of growth processes. Potato tubers last longer and do not germinate.

Why not make "houses" for birds out of plastic? - Unlike wood, plastic is not able to absorb moisture and release it to the outside, so the water vapor released during breathing accumulates, forming high humidity, which is detrimental to birds.

What is the source of anthropogenic methane? What effect does it have on the Earth's atmosphere? - Such sources are rice fields, livestock farms, coal mines and garbage dumps. Anthropogenic methane, absorbing infrared radiation of the earth's surface, enhances the greenhouse effect.

What products of combustion are emitted by coal-fired thermal power plants? How do they affect the atmosphere? - Combustion products are CO2, CO, 5O2, ash, etc., they enhance the greenhouse effect.

Questions and answersfor11th grade students

What kind of flour is inedible? - Inedible flour, but giving bread, these are mineral fertilizers. This is bone, phosphorite, apathetic flour.

What is the relationship between beets and cake? - Both products contain sugar.

What kind of sugar is not eaten? - Lead sugar, i.e. lead acetate, tastes sweet, but it is poisonous.

What oil is called Provence and why? -The best grade of olive oil (transparent, fragrant, solidifying at -60°C, Provence oil is named after the province of Provence in southern France).

Why are the concrete trenches being destroyed, through which the waste of fat-packing plants is drained? - The effluent of fat-combining plants always contains fatty acids, which form calcium soap with cement lime, as a result of which the cement is destroyed and the bond between concrete grains is broken.

8. On a clear sunny day, Isaac Newton went for a walk and met a shepherd. The shepherd advised the scientist to return home so as not to get caught in the rain. Newton did not heed the advice of the shepherd and was punished. Chilled and wet, he wished to know how the shepherd had managed to predict the weather so accurately. The shepherd replied that a ram had helped him. How? - Before rain and in wet weather, the pores of each hair of the animal are filled with water, the hair swells and lengthens. In dry weather, some of the water evaporates, and the length of the coat decreases.

9. Do human tears have bactericidal properties? - Human tears contain 0.1% proteins, including the enzyme lysozyme, which has a bactericidal effect. Lysozyme quickly and completely dissolves many aerobic bacteria. 10. Why do animals lick their wounds for a long time? - It is not in vain that animals lick their wounds for a long time: in addition to enzymes that kill microorganisms, a special protein was found in saliva that stimulates the reproduction of skin cells and the formation of blood capillaries.

Leading: The next round of our competition is called "Experimenter". From each team are invited - two people.

Your task is to identify several substances by color and with closed eyes by smell.

1st variant of substances

Acetic acid by smell

Gasoline by smell

Formalin by smell

Barium sulfate milky white precipitate

Iron hydroxide (III) brown precipitate

2nd variant of substances

Ammonia by smell

Ethyl alcohol by smell

Kerosene by smell

Silver chloride white cheesy precipitate

Copper (II) hydroxide blue precipitate

Leading: We pass to the second stage of the competition "Experimenter".

Reagent kits are pre-prepared on the table: sodium carbonate solution, dilute hydrochloric acid, calcium hydroxide solution, a glass tube, a piece of chalk, a candle, rubber balls, matches, test tubes.

Leading: Please come to me one participant from each team.

Your task is to get carbon dioxide and explain how you did it.

Music sounds, the guys begin to conduct experiments.

Options for obtaining CO2:

pour sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid into a test tube, CO2 will be released as a result of the reaction;

carry out the reaction of the interaction of chalk with hydrochloric acid;

Light a candle or just a match - when any organic substance burns, CO2 is released;

blow into the calcium hydroxide solution through a glass tube;

just inflate a balloon - we exhale CO2.

(The jury evaluates each of the stages of the "Experimenter" competition by 5 points.)

Leading: Let's move on to the most interesting and exciting round of our competition "Homework".

The first contest "What would it mean?"

Leading; Each team was given the task in advance to draw a picture on an environmental theme. Now you will exchange your drawings and try to explain in 30 seconds what you think is drawn on them.

Explanation of the command " SOS »

Whales generally eat plankton.

But this whale eats everything.

Oh, he is illegible - a glutton,

And he threw out a lot of rubbish.

He changed all his dishes

To what floats around.

Explanation of the "Vobla" command

If the air is polluted

There will be nothing for us to breathe.

A man will put on a spacesuit,

It's a suit for the new age.

Leading: And now the teams will play environmental scenes.

Team scene "SOS»

"Two grandmothers"

Two grandmothers enter the stage: Avdotya Nikitichna- rustic, Marya Ivanovna- urban.

Maria Ivanovna: Hello Avdotya, how are you? How is your health?

Avdotya Nikitichna: Oh! Oh! What is health like now? Sugar, they say, can not be eaten, salt too, already meat is harmful. So I decided to become a vegan.

Maria Ivanovna: Who did you decide to become?

Avdotya Nikitichna: By whom, by whom - a vegeterian!

Maria Ivanovna: Lord, I came up with some kind of cosmic name. Perhaps you mean vegan?

Avdotya Nikitichna: Well, yes. Yentoy herself, who eats all the vegetables. So I decided to live longer.

Maria Ivanovna: And what happens?

Avdotya Nikitichna: Instead of living longer, I almost died earlier.

Maria Ivanovna: How so?

Avdotya Nikitichna: Yes, vegetables are now processed with some kind of nitractors.

Maria Ivanovna: Ha, ha, ha! You got it all wrong again! They are called nitrates, they feed plants.

Avdotya Nikitichna: Yes, now they even eat ozone. He had already been eaten so much that even some holes began to appear in the sky.

Maria Ivanovna: Oh, don't tell me, my granddaughter said that her fiancé recently flew into some kind of pipe! Maybe in this hole, huh? So he sings a song about it, pitiful, like romances used to be sung. Let's listen to her.

Song about the ozone hole

(melody from the film "Cruel Romance")

At last I will tell you:

My dear flew away in vain,

I want to fly, I'm going crazy

Into the ozone hole, into space.

Maybe I'll find it there

Or maybe meeting an astronaut,

I will pass through the Milky Way

I will marry an Argonaut.

At last I will tell you:

Run into the ozone hole

I am in dreams every day.

Perhaps, having flown out into a hole,

I will achieve happiness for a moment!

At last I will tell you..

Leading: The environmental scene will be shown by the Vobla team.

The Tale of the Turnip

Grandfather and Grandmother are sitting on chairs on the stage. Behind them, a squatting girl with a large pattern- Turnip.

storyteller(reads): Once upon a time there was an old man and an old woman. One day the old man decided to plant a turnip.

The old man pushes back his chair, and everyone sees the sitting Turnip.

Storyteller: And in order for the turnip to grow faster and be tastier, I decided to use the miraculous chemistry.

Grandfather comes out with a bag of mineral fertilizers.

Storyteller: He took the "magic powder" and began to sprinkle the turnip. I tried, and I overdid it.

Grandfather pours out the whole bag.

Storyteller: Then the grandfather decided how to water the turnip. He took the still "living water" from the Don and watered the turnip. The grandfather got tired and decided, in order not to go far, to water the turnip with "dead water" from Temernichka. The grandfather watered the turnip well, conscientiously. Has the turnip grown? big big.

The turnip gets up.

Storyteller: Grandpa calls grandma.

Grandfather: Look, grandmother, what a turnip has grown - beautiful, but blush! Gotta try it soon.

grandmother: Wait, grandfather, I heard that you first need to check the harvest, but you really probably overdid it - you watered the turnip with both “living water” and “dead water”, but poured too many powders!

Grandfather: Yes, okay, grandma, you heard a lot of fears.

Grandfather bites off a “piece” of a turnip and falls, writhing on a chair, grandmother is crying ...

Storyteller: This is what an unreasonable and careless attitude towards nature and the sciences can lead to...

The team sings a song.

Lyrical - ecological

The harvest has grown

But what is the interest in it,

These vegetables are useless

Even the pig won't eat them.

Chorus:

The retort is spinning, spinning.

Formulas glow.

It's great then

When we open the bowels,

We will build chemical plants,

And the waste will only be water!

We argue a lot about water,

How to save it for everyone

We need to remember everything without words,

You can't even bake bread without it.

The air is cool, fresh,

But we have a terrible dream

As from varnishes "Curl", "Charm",

Ozone in holes above the ground.

We want to say guys

There are many miracles in chemistry,

All her laws are holy,

She is not afraid of the devil and the devil.

Leading: And now the “Competition of team captains”.

Captains are offered test tasks.

1. What simple substance in some cases is the hardest, and in others - very soft?

b) hydrogen;

c) carbon,

d) oxygen.

Answer: carbon, which forms allotropic modifications - diamond and graphite.

2. What are the known two gases that are not poisonous, but inthey are dyinganimals?

a) CO2 and O2;

c) CO2 and K2;

Answer: CO2 and N2 are carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

The captains hand each other the Black Box.

"Black box" from the team "SOS»

Here is a substance that was first isolated from grape sugar by the chemist Joseph Louis Proust in 1802. The taste of this substance is as pleasant as the taste of victory. Answer: glucose.

"Black box" from the "Vobla" team

Here is what most peoples served as a symbol of constancy, indestructible friendship and hospitality. Answer: salt.

Leading: We ask the jury to evaluate the "Competition of captains" and sum up the results of the meeting.

The teams take the stage and read the farewell lines together:

Friends, our moment has come to say goodbye to you,

With a smile we will remember this hour,

The intensity of the struggle and joy in the world of knowledge,

Support for your dear eyes.

Our KVN is not over here,

We will be resourceful everywhere.

We became friends at KVN very

And together we will be in happiness and in trouble!

And for life on the planet - everyone is responsible!

Facts that make us think

1. Historical background:

The first law on environmental protection can be considered the edict of the English King Edward 1, adopted in 1273, which prohibited the use of coal for heating dwellings in London. Violation of the edict was punishable by death.

Under King Edward III, Parliament passed a law in 1336 prohibiting the dumping of rubbish into the Thames.

2. Up-to-date information:

1/3 of the surface of the world's oceans is covered with an oil film, plus industrial effluents and household waste.

The chemical composition of the soil has changed dramatically due to an excess of fertilizers, pesticides, various metals and their compounds, and the disposal of radioactive substances.

Industrial emissions of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide lead to air pollution.

In some areas of the planet, local climate changes are already occurring due to air pollution.

Photochemical smog is formed over cities, which includes carcinogenic organic substances that adversely affect the human body.

More than 600,000 tons of freon are released annually into the atmosphere, which leads to the destruction of the ozone layer, and this, in turn, delays UV rays and reduces the intensity of short-wave solar radiation.

Currently, 33% of salt, 60% of magnesium of world production is extracted from the world's oceans.

In the Middle Ages, people extracted only 18 chemical elements from the earth's crust, and at the end of the 20th century, more than 80.

Some countries are already importing fresh water, and there are even projects to pump water from Greenland to Europe, and from Antarctica to South America and Africa.

American scientists have calculated that millions of plastic bags, bottles and plastic products are floating in the North Pacific. The fact that these objects are found in the stomachs of marine animals has become commonplace.

The Cologne Cathedral, Athens, the Acropolis and other historical buildings have suffered more in the last decade than in all previous centuries!

Lesson topic: Carbohydrates. Glucose, its structure and properties.

Lesson Objectives:

Discuss the importance of carbohydrates in nature and human life, bring students to the realization of the practical significance of chemical knowledge in human life.

To create conditions for the development of analysis skills, predictive qualities of the mind when performing a chemical experiment to recognize the functional groups of glucose.

To promote the development of thinking through the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships “the structure of a substance - the properties of a substance - the use of a substance”.

Create conditions for the implementation of creative activity, the ability to independently find a solution to the problem, the formation of cognitive UUD.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Leading teaching methods: problem-search conversation, chemical experiment.

During the classes

Organizing time.

Motivational - orientation.

Today I want to start the lesson with a poem:

Pour strong tea
Pretty sucrose
Stir in a bowl with a spoon.
grape glucose,
And honey fructose
And milk lactose
Loved by adults and kids.
But starch and fiber
Which is very, very unsweetened,
You won't surprise us either.
That's the way nature is
It is too… (students answer)

Why do you think I read this poem? ( This is the topic of our lesson

- Today in the lesson, as you understand from the poem, we are starting to study such a class of organic compounds as carbohydrates.

Let's remember where we have already met with these substances?

These compounds were reviewed by you in a biology course. Now I invite Ionova Regina to make a short presentation on the topic "The biological role of carbohydrates, their classification").

Students conclude: Carbohydrates are important chemical compounds.

Now, I draw your attention to the epigraph to the second part of our lesson: (slide 1)

“A chemist shouldn't be like that
who sees nothing further than smoke and ashes,
but one that, on the basis of experimental data
can draw theoretical conclusions

M.V. Lomonosov

- Why do you think I took these words as an epigraph to our lesson?
- What are we going to do, based on this epigraph?
“Today we will not have experiments, but an experiment.
What do you think is the difference between experience and experiment? ( There was an advanced task for self-preparation for a poorly performing student).

Let me remind you what experience is. experience called the reproduction of a phenomenon experimentally, the creation of something new under certain conditions for the purpose of research, testing.
Experiment involves putting forward a hypothesis, then testing it with the help of experience and, finally, a conclusion confirming or refuting this hypothesis. (A hypothesis is an assumption that requires confirmation). (slide 2)

What do you think is the main task we should set ourselves now?

So today at our lesson task will consist of the following: make a conclusion about the nature of the substance under study on the basis of the experiment . (slide 3) Let's agree what we mean by the nature of matter? (Composition, structure, properties).

- The nature of what substance are we to investigate? To define this substance, I propose to get acquainted with the areas of its application. (slide 4)

What substance are we talking about now? ( about glucose).

Glucose is an amazing substance, it is the energy reserve of each cell, without glucose the cell dies, excess glucose in the blood leads to a disease - diabetes mellitus. Medicines, confectionery and much more we owe to glucose. She deserves a lesson to devote to her.

Formulate the topic of the second part of our lesson: Glucose, its structures and properties. (slide 5)

What do you know about glucose?

- Sweet, highly soluble in water.( slide 6)

Of course, this knowledge is not enough to fully characterize glucose. To get acquainted with its chemical properties and suggest its structure, let's turn to the experiment. In order to competently conduct it, it is necessary to recall a number of theoretical questions that we will rely on during the experiment.

What questions (theories) do we need to remember in order to correctly conduct an experiment, correctly put forward a hypothesis?

1. The main provisions of the theory of chemical structure of A.M. Butlerov. Teacher: The structure of a substance, the mutual influence of atoms determine the properties of a substance. This position is the leading line of today's lesson.

2. Carbohydrates are oxygen-containing substances. Remember the classes of organic compounds that also contain oxygen? (Alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, the student at the blackboard writes down the general formulas of these classes of compounds). What functional groups are typical for them?

3. With the help of what qualitative reactions can carboxylic acid, aldehyde and polyhydric alcohol be recognized? (The presence of a carboxyl group can be checked using an indicator - litmus. A qualitative reagent for polyhydric alcohol - interaction with freshly prepared copper (II) hydroxide. A sign of the reaction is a color change from blue to bright blue. A qualitative reagent for aldehyde interaction with an ammonia solution of oxide A sign of the reaction is the formation of a precipitate - a “silver mirror” on the walls of the test tube).

Operational executive.

– Theoretical questions are remembered. Let's move on to practice. Remember that we are doing an experiment, what should we do first? ( first put forward hypothesis). (slide 7)

Statement of the problem: Glucose is the most important representative of monosaccharides, therefore it is an oxygen-containing substance. What functional groups can be contained in its molecule?

- Therefore, it can be assumed that glucose may contain one or more hydroxyl groups, or an aldehyde group, or a carboxyl group.

- Now let's test the proposed hypothesis. What research methods will we use for this? ( Chemical experiment and observation).

Remember that conducting an experiment requires accuracy, accuracy, and care. But first, about the safety rules. Let's recall the rules for working with an alcohol lamp when heating and fixing a test tube, how to work with caustic substances. (slide 8)

Let's divide the class into three groups, each of which will now turn into a mini-laboratory:

Group 1 examines the substance glucose for the presence of hydroxyl groups;
group 2 - for the presence of an aldehyde group; 3rd - for the presence of a carboxyl group and solves the calculation problem for the derivation of the formula of organic matter. ( Each group receives a task and instructions). Record the results of the observation in the table. (slide 9)

Discussion of the results of the experiment.

The 1st group concludes that as a result of the interaction of a glucose substance with a freshly prepared solution of copper (II) hydroxide, a bright blue solution is observed, which is typical for polyhydric alcohols, hence, the composition of the substance includes several hydroxyl groups, and when heated, we get an orange precipitate, which is typical for aldehydes. (for other groups, the experience is clearly demonstrated from disk 1C “Organic Chemistry Grade 10-11)

The 2nd group concludes that as a result of the interaction of a substance with an ammonia solution of silver oxide, a "silver mirror" reaction is observed, which is characteristic of the aldehyde group, hence, the composition of the substance includes an aldehyde group (for other groups, the experience is clearly demonstrated from disk 1C “Organic Chemistry Grade 10-11).

The 3rd group, having presented the solution to the problem, concludes that the molecular formula of the substance is C 6 H 12 O 6. The absence of a change in the color of the indicator indicates the absence of a carboxyl group in the glucose molecule.

Given: Solution:

% (C) = 40% (0.4)
% (H) = 6.7% (0.067) CxHyOz
% (O) = 53.3% (0.533)
M(glucose) = 180 g/mol1) x: y: z = 0.4/12: 0.067/1: 0.533/16
x: y: z = 0.033: 0.067: 0.033
formula = ? x: y: z \u003d 1: 2: 1 -–> CH 2 O
2) n \u003d M (glucose) / M (CH 2 O)
n \u003d 180 / 30 \u003d 6 - -\u003e C 6 H 12 O 6

Answer: the formula is C 6 H 12 O 6.

What confirms our hypothesis? To what class can we classify glucose?

- Glucose has the properties of both polyhydric alcohols and aldehydes. Hence,glucose is a polyhydric aldehyde alcohol. (slide 10)

Thus, we approached the solution of the problem of derivation of a structural glucose formulas.

We know the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 and the chemical properties of the substance based on experimental data. So try to make its structural formula. Remember: 1 - the carbon atom is 4-valent, 2 - the substance contains one aldehyde group, 3 - there will be 5 alcohol groups, respectively. The presence of 5 hydroxyl groups is confirmed by a glucose ester containing 5 acetic acid residues and experimentally proves that all atoms C are connected to each other in a straight chain. Let's write a formula expressing the structure of glucose.

How should the hydroxo groups be arranged: in pairs at the same carbon atom or at different ones?

Students response:

Different, otherwise the molecule will be unstable.

It has been established that the third C atom has the -OH group located differently than the other C atoms, and the common structure of glucose looks like this:

Conclusion: thus, glucose is an aldehyde alcohol, more precisely, a polyhydric aldehyde alcohol.

Introduction to cyclic forms of glucose.

However, it has been established that, in addition to linear molecules, in a glucose solution there are molecules of a cyclic structure that make up crystalline glucose. Thus, in an aqueous solution of glucose, three of its isomeric forms are in dynamic equilibrium - the cyclic α-form, linear and cyclic β-form. In aqueous solutions, glucose is found mainly in cyclic forms and less than 1% in the aldehyde (open) form. Alpha and beta forms of glucose are isomeric to each other. (slide 11)

Teacher: the molecular composition of C 6 H 12 O 6 corresponds to many substances of various structures, do you know which substance has the same composition as glucose? (slide 12)

(fructose)

What is the difference in the structure of these two substances?

Fructose is much sweeter than glucose, does not give reactions of the aldehyde group of glucose, and melts at a lower temperature. This once again confirms that the properties of substances are a function of their chemical structure.
- What are the names of such substances that have the same molecular formula, but a different structure? (Students answer)

Chemical properties of glucose.

Finding out the structure of the glucose molecule, guys, what properties have we already determined?

1) interacts with Cu (OH) 2, with the formation of a bright blue solution of copper (II) gluconate;

2) interacts with Ag 2 O in an ammonia solution to form free silver and gluconic acid;

3) interacts with Сu(OH) 2 , forms a red precipitate upon heating;

Chemical properties of glucose: a) as an aldehyde b) as a polyhydric alcohol we have considered. It also has specific properties; under certain conditions, it undergoes fermentation reactions.

Teacher: Houses,using textbook materials, write down the chemical properties of glucose. (page 135 table 13).

In connection with the consideration of the chemical properties of glucose, it is interesting to recall an episode from Valentin Pikul's novel "Unclean Power", which deals with an unsuccessful attempt to poison Rasputin in 1916.

“The lazovert pulled on rubber gloves with a creak, ground the crystals of potassium cyanide into powder ... The doctor generously and densely saturated the inside of the cakes with a terrible poison.

…Rasputin reluctantly ate the poison cake. I liked it - I reached for the second one. Yusupov tensed inwardly, ready to see a corpse in front of him. But Rasputin calmly finished the eighth petit-four ...

Teacher. Why didn't potassium cyanide kill Rasputin?

Students express different hypotheses, a lively conversation arises.

* Rasputin was considered a saint.

*He had good health.

*He was a very powerful person.

*The point is not in Rasputin himself, but in the effect of the wine with which he washed down the cake.

*Maybe the action of glucose and sucrose, which were in the cake, affected?

*The poison was expired.

*Little poison was added.

*Glucose neutralizes the poison, it loses its properties.

Problem solving and conclusions.

Teacher. Listen to the opinion of scientists and decide which hypothesis answers this question..

For a long time, in case of danger of cyanide poisoning, it was recommended to keep a piece of sugar behind the cheek. Scientists have proven that glucose interacts with cyanides to form the non-toxic compound glucose cyanohydrin. Take this into service.(slide 13)

The guys are surprised and remember this property of glucose.

Getting glucose

Remember how you can get glucose? (Answer and writing reaction equations on the blackboard).

photosynthesis reaction.

6CO 2 +6 H 2 O chlorophyll C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + Q

Hydrolysis of starch (the equation is written down by the teacher).

Teacher. Is it possible to obtain glucose from the formalin substance known to you? When they are going to preserve (preserve) the tissue, killing all living things in it - putrefactive microorganisms, fungi, bacteria - they give this advice: "Put the drug in formalin."

There is an active discussion, several opposing opinions are expressed.

*No, because formalin kills all living things, and glucose maintains life.

*It is possible, but this glucose cannot be consumed in food.

*Everything is possible in chemistry.

*It is possible, because A chemical reaction produces a new substance with new properties.

*No, these substances have completely different properties.

Teacher. Thanks for the hypotheses. Which one is correct, you will see for yourself..

But the great Russian chemist A.M. Butlerov saw in this substance one of the sources of life: in solutions of weak bases, formalin molecules, connecting with each other, form a chain of carbohydrates. polymerization reaction.

So in 1861 Butlerov proved that death gives birth to life. Record this method of obtaining glucose in your notebook. ( slide 15)

Reflective-evaluative.

Test on the topic “Carbohydrates. Glucose"

Choose one answer from four:

1. Glucose refers to:

1) disaccharides;
2) monosaccharides;
3) polysaccharides;
4) carboxylic acids.

2. Glucose in chemical structure is:

1) monohydric alcohol;
2) aldehyde;
3) polyhydric alcohol;
4) polyhydric aldehyde alcohol.

3. Molecular formula of glucose:

1) CH 3 COOH;
2) C 6 H 12 O 6;
3) C 12 H 22 O 11;
4) NSON.

4. Glucose isomer is:

1) sucrose;
2) fructose;
3) lactose;
4) starch.

5. Glucose forms cyclic forms:

1) only -form;
2) and -forms;
3) only -forms;
4) does not form.

6. Crystalline glucose contains molecules:

1) with an open chain of atoms;
2) cyclic structure;
3) aldehyde and cyclic forms.

7. Glucose as an aldehyde reacts with

2) magnesium;

8. Glucose as a polyhydric alcohol reacts with

1) copper (II) hydroxide when heated;
2) magnesium;
3) copper (I) hydroxide when heated;
4) copper (II) hydroxide at room temperature.

Homework.

§32. From the biology course, name the applications of glucose and take the test.

Test:

1) At the beginning of the 20th century. doctors already knew that sugar is the "white death", but very slow and sweet. The same doctors, having thoroughly studied the table of D.I. Mendeleev, found several full-fledged sugar substitutes that do not differ from it in taste, but do not cause diabetes and tooth decay.

What is the name of one of the sugar substitutes?

Answer options . pinacon,sorbitol , glycerin.

2) Bleeding gums, ulcers on the oral mucosa, loosening and loss of teeth, covering the body with bruises - these are signs of the disease - scurvy.

With a lack of what vitamin in the body, this painful disease develops?

Answer options . With, D, A.

3) What is the name of the disease of the joints, caused by a violation of the metabolism of uric acid in the body, the cause of which is lactic acid?

Answer options . Rheumatism, sciatica, gout .

4) An ordinary frog can spend the winter frozen in ice, and in the spring comes back to life. This phenomenon is based on the increased content of what carbohydrate in her blood?

Answer options . Glucose , fructose, galactose.

5) What is the name of the salt, which is used in medical practice for allergic, skin diseases, pulmonary and nasal bleeding, with increased excretion of calcium from the body?

Answer options . Calcium gluconate , lead acetate, copper glycerate.

6) The product of one of the types of glucose fermentation is a substance that is used as an irritant for rubdowns, compresses. What is this substance?

Answer options . methanol,ethanol , butanol.

7) What isomer of glucose, due to which spermatozoa receive energy, is synthesized in the seminal vesicles?

Answer options . Fructose , mannose, halose.

8) Glucose is used in the production of mirrors and Christmas tree decorations. What type of chemical reactions underlies this production?

Answer options . substitution,oxidation , joining

Today there will be an industrial report from the Beauty and the Beast series.
When you take out a bright ball from a beautiful package, which you then hang on a New Year tree, you probably don’t even think about where and how it was made.
Yes, the bulk of Christmas decorations now come from China, but still not all.
There are four enterprises in Ukraine that produce good old glass Christmas decorations and it is quite possible that some of the balls on your Christmas tree are made on one of them.
For example, at a completely old-school factory, which is located not far from Kyiv.
It's hard to believe that colorful balloons can be produced in such an entourage trashy place.
Also, how hard it is to believe that each ball is blown by workers to the detriment of their health, because the production of Christmas decorations is incredibly harmful.
So, welcome to the place where the real soviet trash and the magic of the holiday, loved by millions of people, are wonderfully combined - the Klavdiev Christmas tree decorations factory.

2. Klavdievskaya factory has been operating since the distant 1949 and today is gradually getting out of the long-term crisis caused by the collapse of the USSR.
I can imagine how difficult it is for an enterprise that operates only 2 months a year to survive in the face of the massive expansion of cheap Chinese consumer goods.
This is probably why I don’t want to paint this report in critical colors, but just talk about how ordinary people in an old Soviet factory make beauty for the main holiday of the year

3. The factory has four workshops, which are located in different buildings.
It all starts with the glass blower, which is located in this old two-story building with cheerful multi-colored pipes.

4. The factory has found a great way to increase profits in addition to the main activity - the production of toys.
It allows you to pay money to see how it's done.
And this is a huge respect! I love doing industrial reporting and it usually takes some effort to get production shots.
And here the enterprise itself shows how everything is done.
And, it should be noted, very successfully.
We shot on a weekday and the traffic was incredible. Literally crowds of children and all arriving and arriving buses.

5. Scoop here, of course, everywhere.
And it's very ambivalent.
This photo shows two completely different generations of slogans)

6. I wonder what party they work for here now)

7. Glassblowing shop. The workplace is simple - a gas burner, pipes with gas and compressed air, an exhaust chute and a table.

8. Hellish labor. In the truest sense of the word.

9. The raw material for the Christmas tree decoration is ... hollow glass tubes.
First, they are heated and divided into blanks for balls.
Heated glass begins to melt, becomes plastic and malleable. This separates the desired parts of the tube.

10. Then this elongated fused piece of glass is twisted with a special hook on one side to drown out this strange tube on one side.
Surprisingly, these fused pieces of glass still remain hollow inside.
After all, the ball will then be blown out.

11. Then the blanks are again heated on the burner to the desired temperature

12. In the hand of the future Christmas ball

13. And when the glass reaches the right temperature, the worker simply blows into the tube, blowing out the ball.

14. Glass should be hot, red. Its temperature is about 1000 degrees. The worker has only a few seconds to blow the balloon.
And it must be the right size.
Sometimes they check the caliber with a special measuring device, which stands on the table nearby.

15. Ball blanks look like a large transparent drop. The leg through which the ball was blown does not break off. It will still be needed for silvering and coloring.
One worker blows 150-200 balloons per shift.

16. Before sending to the silver plating shop

17. This is a different building. There are workshops for silvering, coloring and decorating balls

18. And again, a real old school - safety posters. These photos are for olgalit . She knows everything about safety and even more. Urgently everyone friend her!!!

19. She is spying on you!

20. Instructions from 1989!

21. But it's time to go to the shop. It is here, in this picturesque place, that real magic is created with balls - they are silvered

22. Feeling as if we are in some kind of torture chamber.

23. And here is the tool that I was talking about yesterday, offering to make assumptions about its purpose.
This is a needle for injecting a special solution into the ball, which will cover the inside of the glass ball with a thin layer of silver. pure silver.

24. The solution consists of silver oxide, ammonia, glucose and distilled water.
It is injected quite a bit, then the workpiece is shaken so that the solution covers the walls inside the ball, and is lowered for a few seconds into a bath with water heated to 50 degrees, while shaking.
The silver solution solidifies on the walls of the ball, covering them with the thinnest uniform layer. The process is called the "silver mirror reaction".
Then the balls get to the external painting area, where they are covered with one color or another. And then they get to the most interesting part...

25. You can’t shoot here, because it is very distracting for workers and prevents them from doing magic.
But we were kindly allowed

25. Here the balls are turned into those beautiful Christmas decorations that we are used to.
They are painted here.

26. Each Christmas decoration is painted manually according to a sample template.

27. All the guys who work in this room are graduates of art schools and schools. After all, their task is to make toys amazing

28. They draw in parts. For example, first white snow is applied to the entire batch, then a green Christmas tree, then a house, then a window in the house, etc.

29. Ready-made toys to dry

30. Not only balls are made here, but also various three-dimensional toys. For example, such Fushi-Mice. They are also blown, but inside a special form.

31. Decorating a train. As for me, the balls are more beautiful and more elegant

32. After the paint is applied, it is fixed by sprinkling with various materials. This creates the effect of rough snow or voluminous sparkles.

33. Can you imagine the painstaking work?

34. Stand with layout templates

35. Workplace of the artist

36. Half finished balls

37. It's fun to look for various unusual labels among jars and bottles)

38. Paint toys with acrylics

39. Cutting and packaging area. Here the balls are circumcised - they cut off the extra leg

40. Well, then the toys go to the store.
In the company store at the factory full house

41. By the way, children can take a small master class where they will be taught to paint toys.
But it's not easy to get on it - there is a huge queue

42. It's not for you to draw tanks on a notebook sheet)

43. Add snow and - voila!

44. Final photo. How not to cut your own bow.

Thanks for the trip Sasha