What does uppercase and lowercase letters mean. Uppercase and lowercase letters: how they are written in Russian

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Spelling

Capital letters

§ 92. The first word of the text is capitalized, as well as the first word after the period, ellipsis, question mark, and exclamation mark that end the sentence.

Note 1. Usually the first word of each line in poems is capitalized, regardless of the presence or absence of a punctuation mark at the end of the previous line.

Note 2. After an ellipsis, which does not end the sentence, but indicates a break in speech, the first word is written with a lowercase letter, for example: And this week I have ... that ... son died(Chekhov).

Note 3. If a question mark, or an exclamation mark, or an ellipsis is after direct speech, and in the following words of the author it is indicated who owns this direct speech, then after the named characters the first word is written with a lowercase letter, for example:

- Yes, he beats nicely! - said Bulba, stopping(Gogol).
- Do you have to live? – Migun asks with a sigh.(M. Gorky).
- The wind would blow now ... - says Sergey(M. Gorky).

Section 93. The first word is written with a capital letter, following the exclamation mark, placed after the appeal or interjection located at the beginning of the sentence, for example: Oh Volga! After many years, I again brought you greetings(Nekrasov). Oh! Wish this night would pass(Chekhov).

Note. The word following an exclamation point after an interjection in the middle of a sentence is capitalized, for example: I still cannot forget two old men of the last century, whom, alas! not anymore(Gogol).

§ 94. The first word after the colon is capitalized:

1. If this is the beginning of direct speech, for example: Pushing me into the kitchen, Boleslav said in a whisper: “This is a man from Paris, with an important assignment, he needs to see Korolenko, so you go, arrange it ...”(M. Gorky).

2. If this is the beginning of a quotation that is an independent sentence, and the first word of the quotation begins a sentence in the quoted text, for example: He opened the book and read: "Pushkin spent the autumn of 1830 in Boldino."

Note. A quotation included in a sentence as a continuation of it is written with a lowercase letter, for example: Once and somewhere it was perfectly said that "the story is an episode from the boundless poem of human destinies." This is very true: yes, the story is a novel broken into pieces, into thousands of parts, a chapter torn out of a novel.(Belinsky).

3. If this is the beginning of individual headings of text, starting with a paragraph and ending with a period (see §).

Section 95. Names, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, nicknames are written with a capital letter, for example: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov (Andrei Pechersky), Macbeth, Ivan the Terrible, Scipio the Elder, Ivan Koltso, Nightingale the Robber, Richard the Lionheart, Vladimir the Red Sun, Peter the Great (Peter I).

Note 1. Articles and particles with foreign surnames and given names are written with a lowercase letter, for example: d'Artois, van Beethoven, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, von der Goltz, la Motte, Baudouin de Courtenay, de la Barthe, Abd el Kerim, Ker-ogly, Ismail Bey.

Articles and particles that have merged with surnames, as well as those that are attached to a surname with a hyphen, are written with a capital letter, for example: Lafontaine, Lavoisier, Vancouver, Macdonald, Van Dyck. All surnames beginning with about (attached to the surname with an apostrophe) and with poppy, sen, san , For example: O'Connor, McMahon, Saint-Simon, de Saint-Morand, Saint-Martin.

Note 2. Chinese surnames (they come before names) are written together, regardless of the number of syllables, and begin with a capital letter. In Chinese names (after the surname), the first part begins with an uppercase letter, the second, if any, is written with a lowercase letter and is joined to the first with a hyphen, for example: qiao(surname) guan hua(name), Zhan Hai-fu, Chen Yi.

In the personal surnames and names of Koreans, Vietnamese, Burmese and Indonesians, all parts are capitalized and are not connected with a hyphen, for example: Ho Chi Minh, U Nu, Ko Tun, Aung San, U Nu Mung, Takin Kode Hmeing.

Note 3. Individual names of people that have turned from proper names into common nouns are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Lovelace, Don Juan, philanthropist, mentor.

But if such names of people are only used in a common sense, but have not turned into common nouns, then they are written with a capital letter, for example: Can the Russian land give birth to its own Platos and fast-witted Newtons(Lomonosov); Gogols and Shchedrins are not born every day..

Note 4. Individual names of people used in a contemptuous sense as a generic name are written with a lowercase letter, for example: azefs, quislings.

Note 5. The names of objects and phenomena formed from the names or surnames of people are written with a lowercase letter, for example: ohm, ampere, pendant(physical units), ford(automobile), browning, mauser(types of automatic pistols), french, riding breeches(types of clothes), Napoleon(cake).

Note 6. Names of ranks, titles and positions are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Minister, President, Marshal, Honored Scientist, Academic Secretary, Senator, State Councilor, Pope, King, Shah, Khan, Pasha.

Note 7. Names of higher positions and honorary titles in the USSR - Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Hero of Socialist Labor, Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of the Soviet Union- are written in capital letters.

Section 96. Individual names related to the field of religion and mythology are capitalized, for example: Christ, Buddha, Zeus, Venus, Wotan, Perun, Moloch.

Note. Individual names of mythological creatures that have become common nouns are written with a lower case letter, for example: moloch of imperialism.

Section 97. Individual animal names (nicknames) are capitalized, for example: Emerald, Strider(horses); Pestrianka, Belyanka(cows); Lady, Chestnut, Scatter(dogs); Murka, Gray(cats).

Note. Individual names used as names of animal species are written with a lowercase letter, for example: cow(cow), bear(bear), watchdog(dog).

Section 98. The names of the characters are capitalized in fables, dramatic and other works of art, expressed by names that usually have the meaning of common nouns, for example: Hermit, Bear, Donkey, Cannon, Sails(in Krylov's fables); Goblin, Snow Maiden, Santa Claus(in "The Snow Maiden" by Ostrovsky); Falcon, Already(by M. Gorky); Someone in gray(by L. Andreev).

Section 99. Capitalize adjectives formed from the individual names of people, mythological creatures, etc. (see §§ 95-98):

a) if they are possessive in the full sense of the word (that is, they express the belonging of something to a given person, mythological creature) and contain the suffix -ov(s) or -in (no subsequent suffix -sk- ), For example: Marx's "Capital", Dalev Dictionary, Zeus' Wrath, Liza's work;

b) if they are part of names that are equal in meaning to the “name”, “memory” of such and such, for example: Lomonosov Readings.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from individual names of people are written with a lowercase letter:

a) if they are not in the full sense of the possessive, for example: Pushkin's style, Suvorov's tactics, x-ray room, Adam's apple, Graves' disease, Pasteur's station, Sisyphean labor, Aesopian language, Procrustean bed;

b) if they are possessive in the full sense, but contain the suffix -ovsk- (-evsk-) or -insk- , For example: Tolstoy's estate, Turgenev's "Notes of a Hunter", Pushkin's apartment.

Note 2. Adverbs formed from individual names of people are always written with a lowercase letter, for example, Pushkin style, Suvorov style.

§ 100. Individual names of astronomical and geographical objects (including the names of states and their administrative and political parts), streets, buildings are written with a capital letter. If these names are composed of two or more words, then all words are written with a capital letter, except for service words and generic names, such as: island, cape, sea, star, bay, constellation, comet, street, square, etc. ., or ordinal designations of the luminaries ( alpha, beta etc.), for example:

Astronomical names: Mars, Capricorn, Northern Crown, the star of Archduke Karl, the constellation Canis Major, alpha Ursa Minor, beta Libra.

Note. The words sun, moon, earth are capitalized when they are used as astronomical names, for example: around sun the following planets are in circulation: Mercury, Venus, Earth(with his companion moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto; rotation period Earth; but: tillage, sunrise.

Geographical administrative-territorial and other names: Pamirs, Pyrenees, Dardanelles, North Pole, Tropic of Cancer, New Guinea, Saint Helena, Queen Charlotte Islands, Balearic Islands, Balkan Peninsula, Cape Chelyuskin, Cape of Good Hope, Isthmus of Corinth, Lesser Alps, Rocky Mountains, Main Caucasian Range, Klyuchevskaya hill, Magnetic Mountain, Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Laptev Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, Onega Bay, Lake Ladoga, Big Salt Lake, Lake Baikal, Blue Nile, Belaya River, Moskva River, Volga-Don Canal, Georgian Military Highway, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, West Kazakhstan Region, French Equatorial Africa, Novgorod-Seversky, Askania-Nova, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo, Kremlin1, Mokhovaya Street, Gorky Street, Enthusiasts Highway, Komsomolskaya Square, Vosstaniya Square, Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge, Lieutenant Schmidt Bridge , Summer Garden, Borovitsky Gates.

In the official names of the Soviet republics and countries of people's democracy, the word republic capitalized, for example: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, People's Republic of China, People's Republic of Bulgaria.

Informal names of states and their parts, figurative names of geographical objects are also written with a capital letter, for example: Soviet Union, Country of Soviets, Soviet Bashkiria, Poltava region, Trans-Urals, Belokamennaya(Moscow).

Nouns that are part of complex proper names and conditionally name an object are written with a capital letter, for example: Golden Horn(bay), Czech Forest(the mountains), Red Village(city), Small bumps(the street), Big Dipper(constellation).

Note 1. Names of the countries of the world ( north, south, east, west, southeast, northwest etc.) are written with a lowercase letter, for example: the ship headed south and then turned west.

But when they replace territorial names, they are written with a capital letter, for example: languages of the peoples of the North and East.

Note 2. Articles and particles that are at the beginning of foreign geographical names are written with a capital letter and are attached with a hyphen, for example: Los Angeles, English Channel, Le Creusot, De Castries.

Note 3. Functional words that are part of foreign geographical names and are in the middle of a combination are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Boulogne-sur-Mer, Piazza di San Marco.

Note 4. Foreign-language generic names that are part of geographical names are written with a capital letter, with the exception of those that are included in the Russian language, for example: Amu Darya, Rio Negro(although Daria and rio means "river"), but Varanger Fjord, De Long Fjord(word fiord exists in Russian as a geographical term).

Note 5. Place names used in a figurative sense retain capitalization, for example: Munich(meaning "agreement with fascism"), Versailles(meaning "Peace of Versailles"), Sedan(meaning "military defeat").

Note 6. The names of animals, plants, tissues and other objects, as well as phenomena formed from geographical names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: St. Bernard(dog breed) tsinandali(type of wine) Boston(fabric, dance).

Section 101. Adjectives formed from their own geographical names are capitalized:

a) if they are part of complex geographical names, for example: Belgian Congo, Moscow region;

b) if they are part of complex individual names of people as their nicknames, for example: Dimitry Donskoy, Alexander Nevsky, Peter Amiensky;

c) if they are part of complex names of historical events, institutions, etc., the spelling of which with a capital letter is established below (see § 102).

§ 102. In the names of historical events, epochs and phenomena, as well as historical documents, works of art and other material monuments, the first word is written with a capital letter, as well as proper names included in them.

These include names expressed by:

a) one noun, for example: October, Renaissance, Reformation, Domostroy; the same words can be used as common nouns, and then they are written with a lowercase letter, for example: in the 16th century. reformation touched various aspects of German culture; style Renaissance;

b) a combination of an adjective formed from a proper name with a noun, for example: Petrine reform, Sassanian era, Carolingian dynasty(but: pre-Petrine era, pre-Napoleonic wars), Edict of Nantes, Battle of Poltava, Paris Commune, Erfurt program, Lena massacre, Treaty of Versailles, Venus de Milo, Laurentian Chronicle;

c) any other combination with an initial adjective or numeral, for example: Long Parliament, Time of Troubles, Magna Carta, Hundred Days, Seven Years' War, Third Republic, July Monarchy, Great October Socialist Revolution, Great Patriotic War.

The names of historical events, epochs, etc., which are not proper names, are written with a lowercase letter, for example: paleolith, feudalism, ancient world, crusades, middle ages, second world war.

§ 103. The first word in the names of revolutionary holidays and significant dates is written with a capital letter, for example: May 1st, International Women's Day, New Year's Day, January 9th.

If the initial ordinal number in such a complex name is written as a number, then the following word is written with a capital letter, for example: January 9, May 1.

Note. The names of religious holidays and fasts, as well as days of the week, months, etc., are written with a lowercase letter, for example: christmas, trinity day, Christmas time, carnival, great post, eid al-Adha, thursday, september.

§ 104. In the full names of the orders, all words, except for the words order and degree, are capitalized, for example: Order of the Red Banner of Labor, Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class, Order of Glory, 2nd class.

Section 105. In the names of the highest party, government, trade union institutions and organizations of the Soviet Union, all the words that make up the name are written with a capital letter, except for service words and the word the consignment:

Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union.
Supreme Soviet of the USSR (RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR and other republics).
Union Council.
Council of Nationalities.
Council of Ministers of the USSR (RSFSR, Ukrainian SSR and other republics).
Supreme Court of the USSR.
All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
Soviet Army and Navy.

Note. All words are also written with a capital letter, except for official ones, which are included in the names of some international organizations: World Peace Council, United Nations, Security Council, Red Cross and Red Crescent Society.

§ 106. In the names of ministries and their main departments, as well as in the names of other central Soviet institutions and organizations (except those indicated in § 105), the first word is written with a capital letter. If they include proper names or names of other institutions and organizations, then these proper names and names are written in the same way as when used independently, for example:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for new technology.
USSR Academy of Sciences.
Main Publishing Department of the Ministry of Culture of the USSR.

In the full official names of Soviet institutions of local importance, higher educational institutions, entertainment enterprises, industrial and trade organizations, etc., the first word and the proper names included in the name are written with a capital letter, for example:

Council of Working People's Deputies.
Yaroslavl Regional Executive Committee of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
Moscow State Pedagogical Institute named after V. I. Lenin.
Kuibyshev State Opera and Ballet Theatre.
Russian folk choir named after Pyatnitsky.
Stalingrad Tractor Plant.

Note. The rule of this paragraph also applies to complex names of international and foreign central public and professional organizations and government agencies, for example: World Federation of Trade Unions, All China Democratic Women's Federation, State Council of the Polish People's Republic, People's Chamber(India).

§ 107. In the official names of political parties, the first word is capitalized if it is not a word the consignment, For example: Polish United Workers' Party, Communist Party of Austria, Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, Union of October 17(but: party of socialist revolutionaries).

Conditional names in the composition of the names of political parties are written with a capital letter, for example: party of earth and will(or "Land and Freedom"), People's Will Party(or "People's Will").

Note. Foreign-language names of political parties are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Kuomintang, Dashnaktsutyun(Armenian counter-revolutionary party), Labor Party.

Section 108. In the names of insignia distinguished by quotation marks, the names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, institutions, enterprises, etc., the first word and the proper names included in them are written with a capital letter, for example: "For labor prowess"(medal), Pravda, Leningradskaya Pravda, Evening Moscow(newspapers), "New world"(magazine), "Russian Truth"(legal document), "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"(poem), "Woe from Wit"(comedy), "The Eve"(novel), "I visited again"(poem), "Prince Igor"(opera), "Hammer and sickle"(plant), "The Path to Communism"(collective farm).

In double compound names, the first word of the second name is also capitalized, for example: "The Adventures of Chichikov, or Dead Souls", "The Power of Darkness, or the Claw is stuck - the whole bird is abyss".

§ 109. In the texts of official communications and documents, the spelling of job titles, titles, regulations, etc. with an uppercase or lowercase letter is determined by special departmental instructions.

In special stylistic usage, common nouns can be capitalized, for example: Motherland, Man.

1 Word Kremlin is capitalized when it is the proper name of a city district, for example: Moscow is located in a ring: in the center is the Kremlin, then comes Kitay-gorod etc. But: In Pskov, as in other old Russian cities, there is a Kremlin(here Kremlin- a common noun in the meaning of a fortress).

Capital letters

concept capital letters has two meanings:

A capital letter is a printed sample of a letter for handwriting, mainly used in copybooks - a special notebook for elementary school students.

A capital letter is a capital letter in a sentence. A small letter in the same font is called a lowercase.

Letters written by hand, or a printed sample of a letter for handwriting, are more correctly called prescribed letters. Fonts that imitate handwriting, "handwritten", are called "calligraphic".

Same as capital letters.

§2. Letter C

We start writing a letter from the middle of the additional ruler. It differs from the capital letter only in size. We will combine capital and lowercase letters C, with other letters in the same way. Upper connection: we lead the end of the letter to the top line of the working line, from where the next letter will be written. The lower connection is not issued separately.

But few people know how to make lowercase letters from capital letters and vice versa with one press of certain keys. SMALL LETTERS OF THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET.

In German writing, all nouns are capitalized, in English they are used at the beginning of each full-valued word in headings. Lowercase Letters, letters of regular sizes and styles, as opposed to uppercase letters in modern scripts based on Latin, Cyrillic, Greek and Armenian graphic bases.

Capital letters in special stylistic usage

An uppercase or capital letter is a letter that is enlarged in size compared to smaller, lowercase, ordinary letters. The concepts of "lowercase letters" and "uppercase letters" must be distinguished very clearly, otherwise your writing may become utterly confusing. A capital letter is a capital letter, that is, large in size. Lowercase letters are those. which are written in a line, since we mainly write in small letters, then lowercase letters are regular, small letters. Uppercase letters are not capital (or capital) letters, but handwritten characters designed for continuous writing.

In many languages, capital letters are used at the beginning of the first word of a sentence, at the beginning of proper nouns or nouns, often at the beginning of each line of verse. So, for example, in titles, words or whole phrases can only consist of capital letters. Abbreviations can be written in all uppercase or a combination of uppercase and lowercase. The division into uppercase and lowercase letters is present in the Greek, Latin, Armenian alphabet, as well as in Cyrillic.

For example, this can be seen in the letters A, B, E, in the variant of lowercase letters they will look like: a, b, e. Differences in spelling are noticeable. In some languages, there is no division into lowercase and uppercase letters, as for example it is not in Georgian writing.

Let's move on from history to the practical use of capital letters in texts. Both uppercase and lowercase letters are used at the beginning of words denoting positions. Everything depends on the context.

Spelling of holiday names

An uppercase (large, capital) letter is used in two different functions. For this purpose, the first word of the text is capitalized, as well as the first word after the period, ellipsis, question and exclamation marks that end the sentence. Secondly, the capital letter serves to highlight individual words, regardless of the structure of the text. Proper names can be used for a generalized designation of homogeneous objects, becoming common nouns; in this case, the uppercase letter in many cases is replaced by lowercase.

The spelling of the names of the holidays also causes difficulty. Immediately make a reservation that only the first words of the name are capitalized. A capital letter is also written in the names of dates that begin with a number. So, the correct option is "March 8".

The very name of the organizations, of course, is included in the section "Words with a capital letter". It can consist of several words, the writing of which must also refer to the rules of grammar.

12.1. The names of elected institutions are written with a lowercase letter. 15. The first word in the names of historical eras and events is written with a capital letter.

Teacher's Day, Days of Slavic Literature and Culture. Kalke (but: Battle of the Nations, 1813). The word year is also written in names such as the year of the Snake, the year of the Dragon. Perov, Oginsky's polonaise (but: Palace of Congresses, Palace of Nations). USSR, all words are written with a capital letter, except for the word order, for example: the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the October Revolution.

Adjectives in -sky, which are part of the names that have the meaning of "the name of such and such." The first word and all proper names in the names of congresses and conventions. The first word and proper names in the compound names of the most important documents, state laws, architectural monuments, works of art.

The letter C was the fairest, the brightest, the happiest letter of the Russian alphabet. Oh, I understand, I understand - I can’t do without you in the Russian alphabet! The capital letter C is written in proper names, which include: first names, patronymics, surnames of people, animal names and geographical names.

The Russian language is one of the most difficult languages in the world, but the spelling section is especially difficult. What words are capitalized?

In order to avoid confusion in this matter, certain rules should be followed. Let's consider this issue in detail.

Uppercase and lowercase letters - what is it?

Each schoolboy or student has come across the concepts of uppercase and lowercase letters. In everyday speech, they are usually called capital and small letters. Despite the permissible use in colloquial speech, the Russian language has a certain terminology and structure for writing alphabetic characters.

The main difference between an uppercase character and a lowercase character is the size. The capital letter is the one with which a new sentence or thought begins. It is also called capital.

Example. Day was cloudy. The letter "D" capital, capital, large.

The lowercase character continues the sentence and is less than the capital character.

Example: was cloudy. The letter "b" lowercase, small.

Use of uppercase and lowercase letters

There are a number of rules when it is necessary to use one or another letter character. Knowing these rules of use will eliminate spelling errors. We will analyze specific cases when an uppercase or lowercase letter is written.

So, the capital letter is always used:

at the beginning of a sentence, paragraph or specific semantic part;
in direct speech. It is important that quotation marks are used here;
at the beginning of a quote;
after the following punctuation marks: dot, exclamation and question mark, ellipsis (if the thought is finished);
in each new line of the verse, regardless of punctuation marks;
when writing nicknames, pseudonyms, first names, surnames and patronymics;
in the names of districts and regions ( Moscow region, Moscow region);
in the name of brands, brands;
when describing historically important events, as well as territorial and administrative points (Europe, Siberia, the North);
in the names of the planets, their satellites, rivers, seas, lakes and oceans ( Moon, Sun, Earth);
when using possessive proper names in the genitive case ( Olin ball);

All concepts that are used only in the context of officiality, legislative acts and the composition of the state begin with a capital letter.

Examples: Ministry of Culture, Russian Federation, Federal Law, Presidential Administration, Moscow Kremlin, Constitution, Soviet Power, Presidential Charter, Civil War, Decree, Government, Management.

Lowercase (or small) letters are written in the following cases:

at the end of a sentence or after the first and subsequent words;
after a comma and a semicolon;
colons (if there is no direct speech further) and ellipsis (if the thought is not finished);
when naming various ranks;
in the names of the months.

Words that characterize family affiliation, as well as those not related to matters of national importance, are used with a small letter.

Examples: kyzy, ogly, Russian cheese, Moscow, world, all-Russian, state, Russians, Muscovites, capital, university, land, etc.

Rules for writing capital letters in proper names

The concept of a proper name can be combined into the following group:

Personal data: patronymics, surnames, first names.
Animal nicknames.
Nicknames, as well as heroes of fiction books.
Astronomical and astrological designations.
geographical names.
Brands of printed publications, automobiles and tobacco products.

Important: The main difference between proper names and common nouns is the absence of the plural when they are used. For example: Eugene Onegin, Vedomosti newspaper.

Often, proper names can become common nouns. For example: Mikhail Bulgakov is a proper name. The work is written in Bulgakov's style - a common noun. In this case, the adjective is written with a lowercase letter.

What else is capitalized

Compound nouns can contain capital letters in the middle of a word, for example: Mostorg.

All words denoting the highest religious officials are capitalized: Patriarch Kirill, Pope of Rome.

All abbreviations have the following spelling: CPSU, SSU, St. Petersburg State University.

The spelling of pronouns can vary depending on the meaning. For example, if the appeal is carried out in a respectful form to one person, then it is used You, you, yours, yours. In case of plural, write you, you, yours, yours.

There are words that cause difficulty in a graphic image. For example, a noun "republic" is printed with a small letter if it is used separately from the name of the state. If it is part of the state structure, then we print "Republic of Tatarstan".

Headings and subheadings in texts must be printed with a capital letter. A headline consisting of all capital letters is a gross mistake.

Every year, the Russian language undergoes changes in the norms of use, including spelling. The fact is due to the appearance of neologisms and borrowings from foreign languages.

The fundamental rules remain unchanged. Relatively young linguistic units of a language undergo metamorphosis.

The word "register" has come to us since the days of typewriters. It was a special key, when turned on, the printing of capital letters was switched to capital letters.

In fact, in our time, little has changed for the keyboard of personal computers and the letter switching register is now performed by the “Shift” and “Caps Lock” keys.

How to change case in Word

In addition to the key on the keyboard for switching case, there are several commands in the menu ribbon. To see them, you need to open the "Home" tab and find the "Register" command in the "Font" toolbox. This command includes the following items:

Like in suggestions. The command to change the first letter in each sentence to uppercase, and all the rest are automatically lowercase.
All lower case. After turning on this command, the entire selection consists of only small (lowercase) letters.
All uppercase. This command replaces all letters with capital (uppercase) letters.
Start with capital letters. Command to capitalize each word.
Change register. This command performs letter inversion, i.e. reverses all letters.

In addition, the Word editor has the ability to change the case of individual letters and assign upper or lower case to them. Very useful when working with mathematical or chemical formulas.

You can change the case of letters to upper or lower, on the "Home" tab, the "Font" block, using the buttons of the same name:

subscript;
Superscript sign.

Enough with the theoretical part, let's get down to practice and with a few examples, we'll figure out how the case change works.

How to make small letters big

It is not always possible to predict which register is appropriate in a particular case. Fortunately, Word provides a function with which you can convert small letters to large ones.

This procedure is performed using the tools in the "Home" menu ribbon, or using the "Font" advanced settings window.

Let's take a closer look at how this is implemented in practice.

Convert lowercase letters to uppercase

The function of replacing lowercase letters with capital letters throughout the entire text or a fragment is useful for filling out questionnaires and other official documents, where there is an instruction to write data using capital letters. And also to highlight fragments of the text to which the reader's special attention should be paid.

To make the text in capital letters, you need to fulfill the conditions:

Select the text to be converted.
Go to the "Home" tab, in the "Font" section, click on the arrow of the "Register" button (looks like "Aa");
Select "All caps" from the list of available options.

Note. You can change letters to uppercase if, after selecting a fragment or an entire document, check the box “All uppercase”. To find it, you need to execute the command selection chain: “Home” → “Font” (arrow in the lower right corner) → Font window → “Modification” → “All caps”.

This command replaces all text with standard size letters.

If you want the text to be typed in capital letters, but their height matches the size of lowercase letters, you can check the box next to the "small caps" line in the "Font" advanced settings window.

Automatic capitalization of the first letter

When typing fast, typos pop up every now and then. One of the most common is the lowercase first letter of a new sentence.

In Word, there is an option to automatically change the first letter from lowercase to uppercase. Converting only the first letter of a word to capital can be done using two tools from the "Register" command:

Select the desired piece of text.
In the "Home" tab, find the "Register" tool and select "Start with uppercase" from the available options.

This tool is used for text where proper nouns are used, or other words that start with a capital letter.

When typing is case-insensitive, but there is a beginning and end of a sentence (there are periods at the end of the sentence), you can change the case from small letters to uppercase if you apply the “As in sentences” command to such text.

Remove automatic capitalization of the first letter

To prevent the automatic capitalization of the first letter of each sentence as you type, you need to change the default AutoCorrect settings:

Open the "AutoCorrect: Russian" window: "File" → "Options" → "Spelling" → "AutoCorrect Options";
In the window, open the "AutoCorrect" tab and uncheck the box next to the line "Make first letters of sentences capitalized".

How to make large letters small in Word

Replacing uppercase letters with lowercase letters is used in cases where the Caps Lock key is accidentally pressed, or it is necessary to change the font size or type.

With examples, let's see how it is implemented.

Superscript and subscript

Sometimes you want individual words or characters to appear above or below the main line of a line in a document. For example, the designations of mathematical degrees, chemical elements. In corporate workflow, explanations of blank lines are also written in superscript to separate them from the main text.

You can customize the display of the superscript as follows:

Select text or individual letters to change;
Open the advanced settings window "Font" ("Home" → "Font" → arrow in the lower right corner);
In the "Modify" section, check the "superscript" box.

Note: This tool is also located on the menu ribbon in the "Font" section or is activated by pressing the three keys "Ctrl" + "Shift" ++.

To display the subscript type of writing text, you must perform the same algorithm, but only check the box next to the line "subscript", or press the key combination "Ctrl" +=.

Change font size

You can change a large letter to a small one by reducing the font size without changing the case of the letters. To perform a quick change to a smaller font size, you need to use the Reduce Size tool, which is located in the Home menu ribbon in the Font section.

Looks like "A▼". Works for selected text, or for text typed after clicking on the specified button. Each click reduces the font by 0.5 pt.

You can enlarge the font using the Increase Font tool, which is located on the menu bar next to the Reduce Font tool and looks like "A▲". Increases the font size by 0.5 pt.

Convert capital letters to lowercase

When the Caps Lock key is accidentally turned on, and then the text is typed by mistake, you do not need to re-type it. In this case, using the "Change case" function will effectively and quickly correct the situation.

With this function, you can convert uppercase letters to lowercase, and then, lowercase will become uppercase, and capitals will be lowercase.

You can also find this function in the list of options for replacing the Register tool.

In order for the selected text to be written in lowercase letters in full, after selecting the text, use the “all lowercase” tool (“Home” → “Font” → “Register”).