What is included in the incentive offer. What are the suggestions for the purpose of the statement and intonation? Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

The meaning of the linguistic term “incentive sentence” is easy to understand even on an intuitive level - from the name it is clear that we are talking about such a language unit that encourages action. But how does it do it, what does it matter, and what forms does it take? Motivation can be expressed in different ways, and all its features are studied in grade 3.

Features and forms of an incentive offer

The desire for a certain action in incentive sentences can be expressed in very different ways. It can be both a prayer and a request, and an order, a ban, even a protest. An invitation, a wish, a parting word - all these are forms of motivation.

Many people think that incentive and exclamatory sentences are the same thing. But this is not entirely true - in fact, depending on the nature of such a sentence, it may have a different intonation.

Examples of incentive sentences with different intonation

So, motivation can take the soft form of prayer, request, advice or wishes, as well as parting words. In this case, from an intonational point of view, it will be closer to a declarative sentence.

An incentive sentence in a soft form will be pronounced calmly and evenly, and on a letter at the end of such a syntactic unit there will be a period, not an exclamation mark.

Here are some examples.

Sleep tight, my darling- This is a suggestion.

Come to us in the summer, we will go to the beach is an invitation.

Protest, prohibition, order - in these cases, the incentive sentence takes an exclamatory form. So, the incentive sentence has two forms: exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

So, non-exclamatory sentences are pronounced calmly. they lack a pronounced emotional coloring. At the same time, there are forms of motivation that are impossible without expression.

Exclamatory sentences do not just express an impulse to action, they are also colored emotionally. It is the emotional background that gives such syntactic units the form of an exclamation.

In such an incentive sentence, an exclamation mark is placed at the end.

There are several ways to help express motivation. And the main one is the grammatical basis in which the verb is used in the form of the imperative mood. Modal and formative particles such as “come on”, “let”, “yes” and so on help in expressing motivation. In this case, the incentive proposal can be either one-part or two-part.

What have we learned?

Motivating sentences necessarily express an incentive to some kind of action, but in different forms. If we are talking about a mild form of motivation, then a period is put at the end of the sentence, and it is pronounced with a calm intonation. If the motivating sentence is emotionally colored, then the intonation of its pronunciation is exclamatory, and at the end, respectively, an exclamation mark is placed.

incentive offer

A sentence expressing the will of the speaker (order, request, warning, protest, threat, call, invitation to joint action, etc.).

Grammatical means of making incentive sentences:

1) motivating intonation. The duty general soon!(L. Tolstoy). To the barrier!(Chekhov);

2) a predicate in the form of an imperative mood, an infinitive, a subjunctive mood, an indicative mood in combination with a motivating intonation. Do not sing, beauty, with me you are sad songs of Georgia(Pushkin). Keep on fire!(Ketlinskaya). May I never hear from you again!(Griboyedov). Would you leave, Nastya(Leonov). Went out of the way!(Bitter);

3) special particles that introduce an incentive connotation into the sentence. Let our heart not freeze, let our hand not tremble!(Isakovsky). And let him walk and look(Bitter). Let's kiss you (Makarenko). Well let's go(Panova).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "incentive sentence" is in other dictionaries:

incentive offer- A sentence with the meaning of will, motivation to action; the predicate of the imperative sentence is usually expressed by the verb in the imperative mood. P.p. can be used in different styles. In a journalistic speech, motivating ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

incentive offer- a functional type of sentence expressing an urge addressed to the interlocutor to perform the named action. The form that specifically serves to express motivation is the imperative mood (imperative); cf.: Come quickly! Don't do... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

See interrogative sentence ...

This term has other meanings, see Proposal. A sentence (in a language) is the smallest unit of a language, which is a grammatically organized compound of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational ... ... Wikipedia

A sentence expressing a question (cf. other types of sentences for the purpose of the statement: declarative sentence, imperative sentence). They differ: a) the actual interrogative sentence, to which the answer is really expected. Far away are you... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence (in a language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational completeness. ("Modern Russian language" Valgina N. S.) ... Wikipedia

Those that are an incentive offer ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence in which the expression of the content of a thought is accompanied by an expression of the speaker's feelings. The constructive elements of exclamatory sentences are interjections, emotional particles, exclamatory intonation. An exclamation mark can ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence is the smallest semantic unit, which is a series of words that are connected grammatically and in meaning. A sentence, even consisting of one word, has a complete meaning, is characterized by a certain intonation. Essentially, a sentence is a communicative unit.

What are the offers? It depends on the point of view from which proposals are considered.

Carrying out syntactic analysis, they determine such in Russian.

1. According to the purpose of the statement, the sentences are divided into:

Narrative, the purpose of which is ordinary (The flame shot up into the sky, showering the guys with a whole firework of golden sparks.)

Interrogative. Their goal is to formulate a question (How much can you repeat? When will summer already come?)

Incentives. (Equal! Attention! Sing me a song.) An incentive sentence expresses an order, a request, an incentive to action.

An incentive sentence differs from the rest not only in its special intonation, but also in the way the predicate is expressed. It can be expressed

Most often a verb in the imperative mood. (Tell me about the journey. Sing!)

A verb in an indefinite (infinitive) form (Sing! Break this building!)

Verbs in different forms, but expressing the will of the speaker (I demand immediate obedience!)

No predicate. Such an incentive sentence can use different turns.

A construction that begins with the union “so that” and conveys a categorical order (So that your spirit is not here!)

Such a motivating expression is usually used to exhort (You should go to the sea).

An incomplete sentence without a predicate (Newspaper! Silence!)

Intonationally, the incentive sentence differs from others in a higher tonality.

2. Intonationally (according to emotional coloring), exclamatory and non-exclamatory sentences are distinguished (I love the beginning of spring so much! I love the beginning of spring).

3. Depending on whether there is both a subject and a predicate, any kind of sentences can be two-part (with or one-part (with one main member) (Examples of two-part: Summer has come. The days have become unbearably hot).

The species is determined by the presence of the main member.

Nominative (or nominative) sentences have only a subject (Darkness. Silence. Romance).

Impersonal sentences have only a predicate, in which the subject cannot be meaningful (In the head it rings from the heat. It's getting dark. It's getting cold).

Definitely personal also do without a subject. Their basis is a verb of 1-2 persons, acting as a predicate. In such sentences, it is clear to whom the speaker is specifically addressing (Shut up! Give me a book. Now I’ll sing).

Generalized-personal constructions denote actions that everyone performs (Chickens are counted in the fall. Did the job - walk boldly).

Indefinitely personal, where the predicate (plural 3rd person verb) indicates that the action in this construction is more important than its producer (Outside the window they sang loudly and beautifully about love).

4. By the number of secondary members, the proposals are divided into non-common and widespread (I stand. I look. The sky. (non-distributed) I look at the blue sky. (distributed)).

5. The proposals are divided into complete, incomplete, depending on whether all the necessary members are present (I carefully read the geography textbook (full). My mother works in the hospital. Dad is at school. (Incomplete)).

6. Finally, suggestions can be:

Compound (I love life, but it doesn’t seem to spoil me).

Complicated (Swifts were flying in the sky, which were frightened by a cannon shot).

Complicated non-union (The teacher left the class, a hubbub immediately began).

When classifying proposals, all characteristics are indicated. For example: I am reading a book. Sentence: narrative, non-exclamatory, two-part, common, complete, simple.

In order to correctly read the sentence, correctly understand its meaning and correctly place punctuation marks, you need to understand what sentences are for the purpose of the statement. It is also very important to be able to determine their species affiliation. What are the suggestions for the purpose of the statement? In the Russian language, there are several classifications of these syntactic units, including those regarding the purpose of the statement, as well as the specifics of pronunciation.

Types of sentences by purpose of utterance and intonation

Let us clarify that intonation implies the emotional design of a sentence. According to the purpose of the statement, the proposals are:

Narrative.
Interrogative.
Incentives.

In turn, any of them can be both exclamatory and non-exclamatory - depending on the intonation with which the speaker pronounces it (with calm or emotional).

Declarative sentences

The most common sentences for the purpose of the statement are, of course, narrative ones. Their task is to communicate information that can either be affirmed or denied.

A declarative sentence expresses a complete thought, conveyed with the help of a special intonation: the main word from a logical point of view is emphasized by the voice, and at the end of the phrase the tone drops, becomes calmer.

You don’t need to go far for examples of narrative sentences - they are at every step: “Mom bought bread”, “Spring came and brought warmth with it”, “Mitya has the best grade in the class!”.

Interrogative sentences

Sentences on the purpose of the statement are also interrogative. Their semantic task is to convey a question. Questions can be different, on which the subspecies of this type of sentence depend. Depending on the purpose of the question and the nature of the intended answer, there are:

Interrogative sentences are of different types also in their nature. This is:

The means of achieving the goal of interrogative sentences are a special intonation in oral speech, a question mark in writing, as well as question words (what, how, why, etc.), particles (is it really) and a certain word order: (“Adults go to work?”, “Who goes to work?”, “Where do adults go?”).

Incentive Offers

The types of sentences for the purpose of the statement have another, third, type - incentive. These are sentences that contain a certain expression of the will of the author of the phrase. Their main task is to induce the addressee to some action, and the inducement can be expressed in different forms.

Prayers: "I beg you, let me look at my son at least once !!!".
Requests: "Give me a pencil, please."
Order: "Shut up immediately!".
Wishes: "Get well soon, be kind."

The impulse to action in sentences of this type is expressed with the help of a special (incentive) intonation, the form of the imperative mood of predicates and some particles like “let”, “come on”, “come on”, etc.

Non-exclamatory sentences

Thus, what are the proposals for the purpose of the statement, it is now clear. As for the intonation coloring, the vast majority of them are non-exclamatory. They are pronounced calmly, without emotional anguish and special feeling. Most often they are a narrative message or a question, less often they are an inducement.

Examples: “From hot tea, warmth spread throughout the body”, “Where did this boy come from?”, “Please take your mother by the hand.”

exclamatory sentences

Sentences uttered in a special tone and with a special feeling are called exclamatory sentences. Most often, phrases containing motivation need such intonation, but any other type can also have an exclamatory color.

Suggestions according to the purpose of the utterance and intonation are:

Narrative exclamations: "Summer has come - how great!".
Interrogative exclamations: “Will you never accept the truth?!”.
Incentive exclamatory: "Give me my toy immediately!".

Highlighting in writing

Punctuation marks in them depend on what sentences are for the purpose of the statement and intonation.

The end of a non-exclamatory declarative sentence is indicated by a dot: "That's how this strange story ended."
A non-exclamatory interrogative sentence ends with a question mark: “Has your father left yet?”
The non-exclamatory motivating sentence also has a dot at the end: “Give up this dirty business.”
At the end of a declarative, motivating or interrogative sentence with an exclamatory intonation, an appropriate (exclamation) mark is placed (in the latter case, after the interrogative one). If emotions are especially heated, then there can be three such signs. “And he went home!”, “Stupid, get away from the edge!”, “Will you let me go?!”, “Watch out!!!”.
When there is a hint of incompleteness, there can be an ellipsis at the end of any type of sentence. For example: “Sadness ...”, “Well, you returned, and then? ..”, “Run, run faster! ..”.

According to the purpose of the statement, sentences are, as we found out, of three types. The Russian language is rich and diverse. This article provides information about what sentences for the purpose of utterance and intonation are found in the Russian language. To study and assimilate it is a must for anyone who wants to speak and write correctly.

L. F. Berdnik

Interrogative sentences in modern Russian

In studies on the syntax of the Russian language, interrogative sentences are qualified as a special semantic variety of interrogative statements. The similarity of interrogative and incentive sentences has been noted in the science of language for a long time; so, still F.F. Fortunatov, and after him A.M. Peshkovsky considered interrogative sentences as one of the varieties of incentive speech. In the book "Essays on the Theory of Syntax" (Voronezh, 1973) I.P. Raspopov speaks of a certain similarity between interrogative and incentive sentences: interrogative sentences also contain an expression of will, prompting an answer. However, these and similar disparate remarks do not give a holistic view of the structural-semantic and stylistic features of interrogative-incentive constructions. In this article, we will turn to the specifics of expressing motivation in the form of a question.

An interrogative sentence is by its nature close to an incentive one, since it contains an expression of will, prompting an answer, but this is an incentive to a special action - speech. Wed:

Where are you going? - Tell me where you're going.

What are you doing? - Say what you're doing.

The meaning of these sentences is interrogative. But in one case this meaning receives a grammaticalized expression with the help of an interrogative structure with an interrogative word, and in the other, the question is expressed lexically - by a verb with the meaning of speech in the imperative mood. A motivating phrase like Tell me... can be substituted for almost almost any question. But the use of the motivating part is redundant, since the question itself induces the interlocutor to answer by its form, although such “excessive” motivating-interrogative constructions are quite common. They reinforce the question, emphasize it, require a mandatory answer, for example:

- Tell me, Yakov, why are you knocking? - I asked. (Korolenko); - But like this,- says Mitriy Vasily, - answer truthfully: for how many souls do you bear tribute?(he); - Well, tell me, folks, how did you get the idea to repair the temple?- But how? No way. (V. Shukshin).

So, the meanings of the question and the motivation for action are very close, both of them belong to the emotional-volitional language, therefore, under certain conditions, an interrogative sentence can induce not to verbal, but to ordinary action (which, in fact, is what incentive statements are directed to). The general condition for the emergence of an incentive meaning in an interrogative form is the breadth of the grammatical semantics of the interrogative sentence, its ambiguity: the ability to have different meanings in different conditions. The potential polysemy of interrogative sentences was pointed out in the works of A.M. Peshkovsky,

O. Jespersen, A.I. Smirnitsky, N.I. Zhinkina, E.I. Shendels and others. In the meaning of an interrogative sentence, three semes are distinguished: the seme of the question, the seme of the message and the seme of motivation (a seme is understood as the minimum element of a grammatical meaning).

Particular conditions favoring the appearance of the seme of motivation in the form of a question are lexical content, context, situation and intonation. Therefore, the meaning of motivation is realized not by all structural elements in the sentence, but only by some with a certain lexical content, in a certain situation and with a special intonation. While retaining the general meaning of the question, these constructions can also express a call to action. Consider the features of such proposals.

Both pronominal and non-pronominal interrogative sentences can act with the meaning of an incentive to action.

In non-pronominal interrogative sentences, the meaning of motivation often occurs in interrogative structures with the particle don't... is it, which, as it were, frames the predicate expressed by modal verbs want, wish, be able, sometimes combined with a polite address to the listener on You, explicitly or implicitly expressed, for example:

Here are the juicy slices! Would you like?(Mayakovsky); - Would you like, he suddenly whispered to me, I'll introduce you to the first wit here?(Turgenev).

In addition to modal verbs, these constructions also use full-significant verbs, for example:

Will you drink milk on the road?- said Jacob. (M. Gorky); Will you buy another piece of forest from me?(A.N. Ostrovsky).

The meaning of the impulse can be expressed by infinitive interrogative sentences with the particle not ... whether. At the same time, the incentive meaning is enhanced due to the interaction of the infinitive with the particle a at the beginning of the sentence and indicating the addressee in the form of the dative case of the pronoun of the 2nd person, singular or plural:

Why don't we go warm up?(A.N. Tolstoy); Why don't we go to dinner?(M. Gorky); Look, why don't you have another operation?(P. Nilin).

The imperative meaning is often found in non-pronominal interrogative sentences with modal words. may be (maybe) in combination with perfective verbs and an indication of the addressee. The addressee of a speech is always recognizable from the context, even if it is not formally expressed. Usually such statements express a soft request, advice, for example:

Maybe beat, are you washing from the road, dad?(G. Nikolaeva); Mmaybe we can discuss this issue?(V. Tendryakov); Can you get up and walk around a little? Let me take you around the hut.(V. Shukshin).

Pronominal interrogative sentences can also have an incentive value. So, the incentive value of advice is contained in infinitive sentences with interrogative words why why with particle would, negation not and the dative case of the addressee, for example:

Listen, my dear, why don't you try to perform on the stage?(Kuprin); Then why don't we try to look at everything that surrounds us, as they say, with a fresh look?(Com. truth. - 1977.

Usually in such sentences the perfect form of the verb predominates, which contributes to a softer expression of motivation.

Interrogative sentences with a pronoun what, which, as a rule, have a negative particle in their composition not, can express the meaning of an invitation, a sentence, for example:

Why don't you sit? I'll heat up the samovar.(K. Fedin); Why don't you have fun ... well?(L. Leonov).

In colloquial speech, questions such as invitations are often found: Why don't you visit us? Why don't you come?

In interrogative sentences, a negative particle is often found not, which does not have a negative meaning, but, as it were, introduces new expressive shades into the semantics of motivation and actualizes the incentive value of the interrogative form.

The incentive value is manifested in infinitive interrogative sentences with a pronominal phraseological unit What if, For example:

What if you try?(D. Granin); What if you call Krylov now?(he); And what if you go to the Kuban, away from here ... far ... far.(M. Sholokhov).

In these constructions, the addressee is not formally expressed, but it is clear from the context that the impulse is addressed to the first person.

The main sign of motivation is the appeal to the addressee. The addressing of the impulse can be directed to the interlocutor (2nd person), to oneself (1st person), to the 3rd person, as well as to the motivation for joint action of the speaker and the interlocutor. Addressing is expressed in personal forms of pronouns and verbs.

In infinitive interrogative sentences, when the impulse is addressed to the 2nd person, an obligatory component of the structural scheme is an indication of the addressee in the form of the dative case of the pronoun of the 2nd person, singular or plural.

When the impulse is addressed to itself, the dative case of the addressee is absent.

What incentive meanings can interrogative-incentive sentences express and how do they differ from actual incentive statements?

There are three main types of meaning of the imperative: a) categorical motivation with particular meanings of demand, order, command, order, prohibition; b) softened motivation with particular meanings of requests, begging, persuasion, prayers; c) the so-called "neutral" impulse, which is a transitional stage between a softened categorical impulse: advice, invitation, permission, warning. These shades of meaning cannot always be clearly distinguished, because intonation, context, situation, lexical content play an important role in this. The same can be said about interrogative sentences. Moreover, in them the meaning of the question does not completely disappear, it seems to be relegated to the background, and its presence is manifested in shades of the transmitted impulse: the impulse can be softer, informal, since the speaker does not know how his advice will be perceived, therefore this advice takes the form of an interrogation: it is both advice and a question ( Why don't you go to the doctor?), invitation and question ( Maybe we can go to the cinema?). Sometimes the speaker of the situation is unable to give advice or express another kind of urge; in this case, the impulse also takes the form of a question ( Your Excellency, would you mind driving you?- Kuprin). Thus, soft prompting in the form of a question is used where the relationship between the interlocutors is unequal, where one interlocutor, for various reasons, cannot afford to express the prompting more categorically. This is one of the reasons for the use of interrogative-incentive sentences instead of proper incentive ones.

On the other hand, some types of motivation in the interrogative form are more categorical than in the incentive sentence. This refers to the prohibition of an action, which in interrogative form comes close to a threat:

My aunt is tired of my walking. - Will you give peace to the doors today? Well, sit down, grab the yarn.(Ch. Aitmatov).

In interrogative sentences expressing the prohibition of an action, there is a rethinking of the meanings of interrogative pronouns ( what in the meaning of "why"), violation of direct relationships and connections between words ( Will you give peace to the doors today?). This leads to the fact that the action, which is directly indicated by the verb, is thought of as undesirable and even forbidden by the speakers. Such a rethinking of the content of an utterance is closely related to a certain intonation, close to an exclamatory one, and to the peculiarities of lexical content. In these sentences, the particle not is absent, whereas in the imperative sentence the prohibition is usually expressed in the negative form of the imperfective verb not:

Do not sing, beauty, with me you are the songs of sad Georgia ...(Pushkin).

So, interrogative sentences can have the meanings of a simple motivation (offer), request, advice, invitation to action, prohibition of action and cannot express the meaning of an appeal, order, order. Interrogative-incentive sentences are able to express many private meanings of all three types of motivation: categorical, neutral and softened, while the quality of the motivation changes: it either intensifies, becomes more rigid, categorical, or, conversely, softens.

Most often, an interrogative sentence appears with the meaning of a simple motivation for a specific action that is useful for the addressee. The meaning of the invitation approaches this value, for example:

Kwaska, gentlemen, would you?(Korolenko); Would you like to have breakfast with us?(Yu. Bondarev); - Will you come with me? he suggested. - My brother lives here.(V. Shukshin).

Interrogative sentences with the meaning of a request are distinguished by the special delicacy of the expression of a request, close to begging:

- Uncle, uncle... Andrey Ivanovich said to the rear peasant, won't you pick us up?(Korolenko).

An irresolute request is expressed by non-pronominal structures with a modal word may be (maybe):

I'm leaving. Maybe you'll take me?(M. Gorky).

Interrogative sentences with the meaning of advice also express the thought more delicately, unobtrusively. Advice is always justified, supported by context, for example:

Why don't you take this position?- asked Krylov. “You understand so well the need for self-sacrifice.(D. Granin).

Interrogative sentences often express the motivation for action and the speaker himself:

- Or maybe still take a chance, try? Captain Yenakiev asked himself, twisting the eyepieces of the stereo tube over his eyes. (V. Kataev).

Interrogative-incentive sentences also express an incentive to joint action, which is also more relaxed, naturally, informally compared to the incentive expressed by an incentive sentence:

Let's go together? Shall we dance?(V. Shukshin)