What are the morphological features of the verb to live. Infinitive

Often in school homework in the Russian language, students are faced with the need to perform one or another analysis of a word, phrase or sentence. Along with syntactic, lexical and morphemic analysis, the school program includes morphological analysis. Let's consider how to perform morphological analysis for a verb, and find out what morphological features characterize this part of speech.

The verb and its forms

Determining the initial form, the part of speech to which the word belongs, and its role in the sentence is usually not difficult. However, students often have questions regarding the morphological features of the word. For each part of speech, their permanent and non-permanent features are distinguished: it can be gender and case for a noun, aspect and tense for a verb.

A verb is an independent part of speech denoting an action that answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” Here are some examples: clean, walk, wish, love, walk.

There are 4 verb forms. These include:

• infinitive, or initial form of the verb: run, sit, be;
• conjugated forms: read, sing, steal;
• participle: fallen, dormant, embedded;
• gerund: dreaming, answering, completing.

In a sentence, conjugated forms most often play the role of a predicate, and the remaining forms can be any other members of the sentence.

There are fixed and non-permanent signs of the verb. The infinitive has only constant features, since it is an invariable part of speech. For conjugated forms, it is also possible to define non-permanent signs, since these verbs can change, for example, in numbers or persons.

Permanent morphological features

Permanent signs include the following:

• conjugation;
• returnability;
• transitivity.

View is a category that defines how a given action proceeds over time and indicates whether it has been or will be completed at a particular point in time. View can be specified for all verb forms.

The perfect form includes verbs that are used when you need to show the completeness of the action. An imperfect view, on the contrary, denotes a certain prolongation in time, incompleteness. It is not difficult to distinguish them: the imperfect form answers the question “what to do?”, For the perfect form, the question “what to do?” is used.

Consider several sentences and determine the form for the verbs that were used in them.

He woke up as the sun was already setting.

Let's find out what question the first highlighted verb answers.

He (what did he do?) woke up.

This question is a sign of a perfect look. The value also indicates the completion of the action: he woke up, i.e. has already performed the action.

Let's look at the second verb. Let's ask him a question:

The sun was already (what was doing?) setting.

We define the form of the second word as imperfect. Really, the sun was setting, but it's not clear if the action was completed or not.

It should be remembered that there are two-spectrum verbs for which it is possible to determine the aspect only when the word is given in the context. As an example, consider the word use:

• It is convenient for students to study (what to do?) to use a laptop.
• To pass the most difficult level in the game, I had to (what to do?) use the last hint.

By asking appropriate questions to the word, we can easily determine the form of the verb: in the first phrase - the imperfect, and in the second - the perfect form.

Type conjugations There are 3 types of verbs: I conjugation, II conjugation and conjugated verbs. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the desired word in the infinitive form and see what it ends with. If before the suffix -th is the letter and ( drink, saw, repair, glue), the word belongs to the II conjugation. In the event that another letter stands before the infinitive suffix ( take, walk, prick, command, bend), we refer the verb to the I conjugation.

However, keep in mind that there are exceptions to this rule, as shown in the table below.

Also a constant feature is recurrence. The reflexive form differs from the non-reflexive form by the presence of a suffix -sya or -ss at the end of a word. Returns include the following: laugh, learn, have fun; are irrevocable walk, be able to, wash.

Transitivity characterized by the possibility of connecting a verb with a noun or pronoun in the genitive or accusative case without a preposition. Thus, turn on (light), open (window), see (forest) - examples of transitive infinitives, and believe (in oneself), laugh (at a joke) are examples of intransitives.

Inconstant signs of the verb

There are five non-permanent signs:

• mood;
• time;
• number;
• face;

It should be remembered that the presence of a particular category depends on the form in which the word is used.

Mood used to indicate how an action relates to reality. In the indicative mood, verb forms denote an action that actually happened, may happen at the moment, or will only happen in the future. Examples

• As children, we often walked in the park near the house.
• In a few days they will buy a new bike.

The conditional mood describes actions that are possible only when certain conditions are met. They are formed from the infinitive or the past tense with the particle would (b). For example: She would have to pay a large sum for this.

The imperative mood is used in requests and orders to indicate the required action. Examples:

• Please bring my book to school tomorrow.
• Put this cabinet a little closer to the window.

The category of time is defined only for the indicative mood. There are 3 forms: past tense for actions that have already happened before; present for actions taking place at the current moment; future tense - for what will happen after a certain time period. Here are some examples:

• came home, looked for a notebook, listened to music - past tense forms;
• I learn by heart, you look around, they make noise in the yard- present tense forms;
• we will know mathematics, find a wallet, watch a movie - forms of the future tense.

Number can be defined for any inflected verb forms. As with other changeable parts of speech, they distinguish the singular (when one actor is related to the performance of the action) and the plural (if there are several persons).

• come, would do, leave, learn, looking for- singular;
• bring, would like, reacted, fall, ride- plural.

Category faces are distinguished only for forms of the imperative mood, as well as for the present and future tenses of the indicative mood. 1 person means that the speaker refers this action to himself or the group of people in which he is ( I say, we think). If the described action refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, then the verb is used in the form of 2 persons ( answer, repeat). 3 person means that the action is performed by people who are not related to the speaker or interlocutor ( silent, wipe).

Genus is a feature that is defined for the singular in the conditional mood or in the indicative mood in the past tense.

• bought, would come- masculine;
• wear, dream- feminine;
• broken, burnt- neuter gender.

An example of morphological parsing

Consider how you can determine what morphological features a verb has. To do this, we analyze the word mastered used in the sentence:

Fifth grade students easily mastered new topic.

1. Mastered denotes an action, therefore, we define a part of speech - a verb.
2. Initial form (infinitive) - master.
3. We define permanent signs:
   1. Students (what did they do?) mastered , the question refers to the perfect form.
   2. Pay attention to the form of the infinitive, pay attention to the fact that before -th located and(while the verb is not on the list of exceptions), this indicates the II conjugation.
   3. No suffix -sya or -ss says that the verb is irrevocable.
   4. The verb agrees with the noun in the accusative case ( mastered the topic), therefore, it belongs to the transitional ones.
4. We analyze what non-permanent signs can be determined for this form:
   1. The action is performed in reality, therefore its mood is indicative.
   2. The time of action is the past (you can add adverbs of time to the sentence yesterday, last year, the form of the verb will not change). Remember that the person is not defined in the past tense.
   3. Insofar as pupils - it's a lot of actors mastered is in the plural form. For the plural, it is impossible to determine the gender.
5. In this offer mastered is predicate.

The verb, as a part of speech, is characterized by signs that can be changeable and constant. In the first case, grammatical categories change depending on the context; in the second case, they do not change under any circumstances. The article provides both features with examples.

Verb Features- these are grammatical categories of verb forms that are inherent in the verb as a part of speech. In Russian, permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb are distinguished.

Permanent signs of the verb

Permanent signs of the verb- these are grammatical categories inherent in all verbal forms (conjugated verbs, infinitive, participle, gerund). These signs do not change depending on the context in which the verb is used.

• View- a sign that determines exactly how an action occurs.
  • Perfective verbs answer the question "what to do?" (examples: read, multiply);
  • Imperfective verbs answer the question "what to do?" (transfer, share).
• recurrence- a category that defines a potential state (bites) or the action of the subject (washes), directed at himself, or the actions of several objects, the actions of which are directed at each other (put up).
  • Reflexive verbs (deal, hug);
  • Irreversible verbs (hug, hug).
• Transitivity- a sign that determines the process or action that passes to the object.
  • transitive verbs (drink coffee, chop vegetables);
  • Intransitive verbs (believe, play).
• Type of conjugation- a category that determines the features of the conjugation of verbs by numbers and persons.
  • I conjugation (sew, float);
  • II conjugation (shine, clean);
  • Heterogeneous (run, want).

Inconstant signs of the verb

Inconstant signs of the verb- these are grammatical categories characteristic of conjugated verbs and participles. These categories change depending on the context in which the word is used.

• Mood- a category that expresses the relation of an action or process to reality. The sign is characteristic of conjugated forms of verbs.
  • indicative (examples: rewriting, feeling);
  • imperative (rewrite, feel);
  • Conditional (I would rewrite, I would feel).
• Number– a category denoting the number of subjects performing an action. The sign is inherent in conjugated forms and participles.
  • plural (visited, booked);
  • The only thing (built, pasted over).
• Time- a category indicating at what moment the action was carried out in relation to the moment of speech. The sign is inherent in verbs in the indicative mood.
  • Future (I will assemble, they will ride, decorate);
  • The present (collects, ride, decorate);
  • Past (collected, traveled, decorated).
• Face- a category that indicates who is performing the action. The sign is characteristic of verbs of the indicative mood (present and future tense) and imperative mood.
  • 1st person (type, play, sing);
  • 2nd person (install, build, look, write);
  • 3rd person (translates, walk).
• Genus- a category indicating the gender of the subject, the action being performed. The sign is characteristic of participles, past tense verbs of the indicative mood and verbs of the conditional mood.
  • Male (filled, swept, would weld);
  • Female (sewn, washed, would move);
  • Average (cooked, rolled away, would be useful).

Verb

Verb is an independent part of speech that answers questions what to do? what to do? and denotes the action or state of an object as a process.
Syntactic function: in a sentence it is a predicate. In the indefinite form, the verb can be subject, object, attribute, circumstance.
Old mannew neighbor. (BUT.)

Morphological features of the verb

Permanent:
returnability;
transitivity;
type (perfect or imperfect);
conjugation (I or II).
Non-permanent:
mood (indicative, imperative, conditional);
time (in the indicative mood) - present, past, future;
number (singular or plural);
person (in the imperative mood; in the present and future tenses - the indicative mood);
gender (in the past tense - singular, in the conditional mood).
initial form- indefinite form of the verb (infinitive).

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Transitive verbs can have a direct object: meet(friend) drink(tea); noun in the accusative case without a preposition: know(the address); a noun in the genitive case without a preposition, if the action covers part of the subject: put(Sahara); if the verb has a negation: do not see(horizon). Intransitive verbs cannot carry a direct object: run, smile.

Verb type

Perfect(completed action) what to do? - send, reply.
Imperfect(incomplete action) what to do? - send, reply.

verb mood

Indicative.
The real actions that took place, are taking place and will actually take place: participates, participated, will participate.
Imperative.
Actions to which the speaker encourages someone (orders, asks, advises): (don't) participate, (don't) speak, (don't) come.
Conditional(subjunctive).
Actions intended, desirable or possible under certain conditions: (wouldn't) participate, (wouldn't) talk, (wouldn't) come.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation- this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers.

There are different conjugated verbs to want, to run, which are conjugated partly according to the 1st, and partly according to the 2nd conjugation.

Verbs are specially conjugated there is(eat) and to give.

Morphological analysis of the verb

1. Part of speech. General value.
Initial form (infinitive).
2. Permanent morphological features:
view;
transitivity;
returnability;
conjugation.
Variable morphological features:
mood;
time (in the indicative mood);
person (in the present and future tenses; in the imperative mood);
number;
gender (in the past tense singular and in the conditional mood).
3. Syntactic role.
You are driving... You are dozing.(Turg.)
you are going- verb.
1. (What are you doing?) you are driving (designation action). N. f. - drive.
2. Post. - carry. in., non-return, non-transition., I ref.; non-post. - expressed. inc., present vp., 2nd person, pl. h.
3. (What are you doing?).
Dozing- verb.
1. (What is being done?) Dozing (denoted state). N. f. - doze off.
2. Post. - carry. in., return, intransit., I ref.; non-post. - expressed. inc., present vr., impersonal.
3. (What is being done?).

Words differ from each other not only in lexical meaning. All of them are usually divided into groups - parts of speech. This gradation occurs on the basis of the grammatical meaning of words and their special features - morphological.

Morphology - section of the Russian language

A whole branch of science, called morphology, deals with parts of speech. Any word has its own characteristics: general meaning, grammatical, morphological and syntactic features. The first indicates the same meaning of a particular part of speech. For example, the designation of an object by nouns, its attribute by adjectives, verbs - action, and participles - a sign by action.

Syntactic signs are the role of one or another part of speech in a sentence. For example, verbs, as a rule, are predicates, less often - subjects. Nouns can be objects, circumstances, subjects, and sometimes predicates in a sentence.

What are the morphological features

The group of morphological features, permanent and non-permanent, is much more extensive. The first characterize the word as a specific part of speech. For example, a verb is always determined by conjugation, aspect, transitivity. Variable morphological features indicate that the part of speech has the ability to change. For example, a noun changes in cases and numbers - these will be its non-permanent signs. But the adverb and participle are unchangeable parts of speech, respectively, they only need to indicate constant signs. The same is true for service parts of speech and interjections.

Before analyzing the morphological features of parts of speech, it is worth noting that it is necessary to distinguish between a word and its form. Words differ from each other in lexical meaning, and when they change, their forms are formed. For example, the word "plot" has the lexical meaning "fenced part of the area", and its forms will be a change in cases: plot, plot, plot, about the plot.

Noun

Indicating the constant morphological features of a noun, we talk about whether it is a common noun or proper, animate or inanimate, we also determine the type of its declension and gender.

Common nouns denote a set of any objects, without highlighting their individual features. For example, with the word "river" we denote all rivers: large and small, northern and southern, full-flowing and not very. But if we indicate a specific river, the only one of its kind, for example, the Neva, the noun will be its own.

Objects of wildlife are animate nouns, all the rest are inanimate. These are constant morphological features of the noun. Dog (who?) - animated; table (what?) - inanimate. Also, the nouns of these categories differ in the forms of accusative and genitive cases. The endings in the genitive and accusative plurals are the same for animate, for inanimate - accusative and nominative.

Let's take an example. Genitive case: no (whom?) Cats; accusative: I see (who?) cats. Compare: I see (what?) chairs; there are (what?) chairs.

The following genders are distinguished: male, female and middle. To determine these morphological features of a noun, it is necessary to substitute the pronouns mine - mine - mine, respectively, for the word.

We present the declension of nouns in the table:

Non-permanent morphological features of a noun are its case and number. These categories form the forms of the word-noun.

Adjective

Just like a noun, the morphological features of the adjective are divided into permanent and non-permanent.

The first are its rank, degree of comparison and form, full or short.

Adjectives are divided into qualitative, relative and possessive. The first may be in the subject to some extent, they can act in full or short form, and also form degrees of comparison. For example: beautiful is an adjective of quality. Let's prove it. It is characterized by such morphological features of the adjective as the degree of comparison (more beautiful, more beautiful) and the short form (beautiful). Relative adjectives cannot have these categories (golden, hazy, shaving). Possessives denote belonging, they answer the question "whose?".

The degrees of comparison are divided into comparative and superlative. The first shows a greater or lesser degree of some quality: tea is more sweet - less sweet - sweeter. The superlative degree denotes the highest or lowest degree of a feature: the shortest, the funniest, the smallest.

The full and short forms are inherent in quality adjectives. It should be remembered that short ones do not decline, but they can be changed by numbers and gender: cheerful (full form) - cheerful (m. gender, singular) - cheerful (female, singular) - cheerful (plural ).

The inconstant morphological features of the adjective are the case forms, number and gender in which it is used. The category of gender can only be determined for adjectives in the singular.

Numeral

Permanent morphological features of the word, which is a numeral, are its category and structure characteristics.

Allocate quantitative and ordinal numerals. The former require an answer to the question "how much?" (ten, fifteen, twenty-five), the second - "what is the number?" (tenth, fifteenth, twenty-fifth).

• Simple (five, second).
• Complex (thirteen, fifteenth).
• Compound (twenty-two, three hundred and forty-one).

The non-permanent signs of the name of the numeral are largely determined by its category. So, quantitative numbers are characterized by a change in cases only. Ordinal numbers are similar in grammatical parameters to adjectives, therefore they can form case forms, change in numbers and genders.

Pronoun

If we talk about a pronoun, then its morphological features largely depend on which part of speech it is close in grammatical meaning. They can gravitate toward a noun, adjective, or numeral. Let's analyze the pronouns and their morphological features in this context.

Pronouns-nouns are characterized by an invariable category of person (personal) and formative gender, number, case.

Pronouns-adjectives can also be changed by gender, number and case. The exception is the words her, him, them- they do not change in cases.

Only pronouns have a case form - numerals.

So, when determining what morphological features a pronoun has, it is first necessary to look at the category and, accordingly, indicate the rest of the characteristics.

Verb: constant signs

The constant morphological features of the verb are its form, transitivity, reflexivity and conjugation.

Verbs come in two categories, perfect and imperfect. The first involves the question "what to do?", the second - "what to do?". For example, move (what to do?) - a perfect look; shift (what to do?) - imperfect view.

The category of transitivity suggests that the verb governs a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. All other verbs will be intransitive. Let's give an example: to hate (whom, what?) the enemy, lies, fog - a transitive verb. Go to the house, fly through the sky, jump over a step, get a sore throat - these verbs are intransitive, nouns with prepositions, and the form of the accusative case cannot be made.

The reflexive verb has the suffix -sya (-s): swim, swim (reflexive); bathe - irrevocable.

We present the conjugation of the verb in the table:

Verb: fickle signs

Non-permanent morphological features of the verb are its number, mood, gender, tense and person. These categories are largely defined by others. For example, verbs of the indicative mood change from time to time. Imperfective verbs are the only ones that have three forms of tense.

Russian verbs have three mood forms: indicative (I bake, I will bake, I baked), imperative (peki) and conditional (would bake).

Verbs also change by gender: he swam, she swam, it swam. This category is typical for past tense verbs.

The person of the verb indicates by whom the action is performed: by the speaker (I remove), the interlocutor (you remove) or the subject / person of the conversation (she removes).

As with a pronoun, you first need to look at the category and, accordingly, indicate the rest of the characteristics.

Participle

Permanent morphological features of the participle are aspect, transitivity, recurrence, pledge and time.

Just like verbs, participles are perfect and imperfective: working (what to do? work) - imperfective; built (what to do? build) - a perfect look.

If the participle is formed from a transitive or reflexive verb, the same signs will remain with him. For example, the participle "locking" (locking) is formed from the transitive verb "lock" - it also has this category. From the reflexive verb "to lock" the participle "locking" is formed, respectively, also reflexive.

Participles can be real (the sign is made by the object itself: the thinker is the one who thinks) and passive (the object experiences the action of the sign: a written book is a book that is written by someone).

Two forms of tense can be distinguished from participles: present (playing) and past (playing).

The non-permanent morphological features of the participle are similar to the adjective: gender, number, case, form (short or full).

gerund

The participle is an invariable part of speech, therefore, it has exclusively constant features:

• View. Perfect (doing what? - reading) and imperfect (doing what? - reading).
• Transitivity. Transmitted from the verb: having decided (to decide is a transitive verb); going (to go is an intransitive verb).
• Recurrence. Distributed - reflexive participle; distributing - irrevocable.

Adverb

Just like a gerund, an adverb does not form a form. Thus, only constant morphological features are indicated in it: a rank by meaning and if the adverb is qualitative, i.e. formed from the name of an adjective, indicate the degree of comparison.

For example, the adverb "fun" is formed from the adjective cheerful, so the formation of degrees of comparison is possible: fun (positive); more fun (comparative); the most fun of all (excellent).

The verb is an independent conjugated (changed by numbers and persons) part of speech, has permanent and non-permanent morphological features.

Verbs are:

• imperfect form- answer the question what to do? (build, swim, climb);
  perfect look- answer the question what to do? and indicate the completion of the action or the result (build, swim, climb);
• transitive - combined with nouns, pronouns in the accusative case without a preposition (read newspapers, build a house);
  intransitive - cannot be combined (walk on road, swim in sea);
• 1st conjugation - verbs ending in -et, -at, -ot, -ut and others except -it (lose weight, inject);
  2nd conjugation - verbs ending in -it (twist, build);
• returnable - with the suffix -sya and -sya (meet, wash, study);
  irrevocable (meet, wash, teach).

Some verbs are not used without the suffix -sya, that is, they are only reflexive: hope, bow, work, laugh, become, be proud, stay, etc.

If verbs denote actions that occur on their own without a character (object), then they are called impersonal: it gets dark, shivering, unwell, frosty, dawning. Impersonal verbs usually denote natural phenomena or the state of a person.

Verbs change:

• in three directions:
  • indicative mood (running, looking, going) - verbs reflecting the action, the state of the object;
  • conditional mood (would run, look, go) - verb + particle "b" or "would", expressing the action when a condition is met;
  • imperative mood (run, look, go) - verbs with an expression of a request, an order.
• three times:
  • past tense - reflects the action, the state of the object in the past (drawing, watching, studying);
  • present tense - an action, a state that occurs in the present (I draw, I look, I study);
  • future tense - an action, a state that has not yet occurred, but will occur in the future (I will draw, I will look, I will study);
• by persons and numbers in the present and future tense (run, run, run);
  by number and gender(in the singular) in the past tense (read, read, read).

Permanent morphological features of verbs: conjugation, aspect, transitivity. Inconstant: inclination, number, time, gender. Verbs in the imperative mood change in tense. Verbs in the present and future tenses change by person and number (I write, he writes, she will write / will write, they will write / will write), in the past tense - by numbers and gender (I wrote, she wrote, they wrote).

indefinite form

The initial form of the verb is an indefinite form (infinitive), which reflects neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender. Verbs in an indefinite form answer the questions what to do? or what to do? Examples: see - see, sow - sow, look - consider, carry, pass, find, etc. Verbs in the infinitive form have a form, transitivity and intransitivity, conjugation.

Verbs in the indefinite form end in -ty, -ty, -ь. Let's give examples of verbs in pairs - what to do with questions? (imperfect view) and what to do? (perfect view).

Verb conjugations

Verbs are divided into two conjugations: first and second. The first conjugation includes verbs in -et, -at, -ot, -ut, -t, etc. (twirl, dig, prick, blow, whine). The second conjugation includes verbs in -it (wear, saw, walk). There are 11 exception verbs (7 verbs in -et and 4 verbs in -at) that belong to the second conjugation, and 2 exception verbs in -it that belong to the first conjugation.

Exception verbs

I conjugation:
shave, shave
(2 verbs)

II conjugation:
-et: look, see, hate, endure, offend, twirl, depend;
-at: drive, hold, hear, breathe
(11 verbs)

When changing verbs according to persons and numbers, the endings are formed in accordance with the conjugation to which the verb refers. Let's summarize the cases with a table.

Face	I conjugation		II conjugation
	unit	Plural	unit	Plural
1st	-u/-u	-eat	-u/-u	-them
2nd	-eat	-et	-ish	-ite
3rd	-et	-ut/-ut	-it	-at/-yat

The given endings are called personal endings of the verb. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the verb in an indefinite form of the same form as the personal form: do - perform (non-noun), let's do - perform (owl).

Examples:
chita Yu→ cheat at→ I conjugation
build yat→ build it→ II conjugation

When determining the conjugation of a verb, keep in mind that:

1. Verbs with prefixes refer to the same conjugation as non-prefixed ones: do - do, work - work, teach - learn, drive - overtake;
2. Reflexive verbs refer to the same conjugation as non-reflexive ones: wash - wash, consult - advise, learn - teach, apologize - excuse;
3. There is an alternation of consonants in the present tense: bake - bake, shore - protect, walk - walk, ask - ask, answer - answer, etc.

From the verbs to win, to vacuum, the 1st person singular is not formed. From the verb to be, the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present tense are not formed; for the 3rd person singular, sometimes eat is used instead of be. The verbs want and run change according to the first and partially according to the second conjugation - heterogeneous verbs. The verbs eat (eat) and give are conjugated in a special way.

Verb examples

Examples of verbs in different genders, tenses, moods.

Gender is only in the singular past tense:
Masculine (what did you do?): swam, hung.
Feminine (what did you do?): swam, hung.
Middle gender (what did you do?): floated, hung.

Syntactic role

In a sentence, a verb in its initial form (infinitive) can play a different syntactic role. The verb of the personal form in the sentence is the predicate.

I will tell fairy tales (M. Lermontov). (Compound predicate.)
Learning is always useful (proverb). (Subject.)
Please wait. (Addition.)
I was impatient to get to Tiflis (M. Lermontov). (Definition.)
The boys ran to hide. (Circumstance.)