What is us item. The main types of rural settlements represented on the territory of Russia

Russia is one of the ten largest countries in the world in terms of population. The last census, which was conducted in 2010, shows that more than 142 million people live in the country.

Organized compact living of people forms settlements. Their main types, represented in Russia, are a city, an urban-type settlement, a village, a village, a village, a farm, and an aul. The formation of settlements is due to many reasons. Initially, settlements appear in territories with the most favorable climatic and relief conditions, industrial and economic potential.

Russia is a country with rather harsh climatic conditions, which, of course, primarily affects the formation of a system of settlements. The most densely populated territory of the Russian Federation is the central part.

Another factor influencing the settlement is the industrial potential of the territories. Taking into account the fact that the main deposits of minerals in Russia are located in its northern territory, it is this part of the country that is the most industrially developed region with a fairly high population density.

Consider the types of settlements in the Russian Federation.

Cities and villages

What are the types of settlements? All settlements in the Russian Federation are divided into urban and rural, which reflects the main type of employment of people.

The dominant population of the Russian Federation lives in the city. This fact can be explained by both social and material reasons. Cities are predominantly centers of civilization with a developed infrastructure, the presence of cultural and social facilities, and more comfortable living conditions compared to rural ones. It is these reasons that cause the outflow of the rural population from the hinterland and the virtual extinction of small rural settlements.

This process of dominance of cities over villages is called urbanization. Primarily, cities in Russia were industrial centers that allowed the starving peasants to survive. The development of these centers led to their growth and, as a result, an increase in the number of people living in them. Today, three-quarters of the country's population lives in cities.

The main classification reflecting the types of settlements is the classification related to the population.

Characteristics of cities by population

The total number of cities in Russia exceeds 2,000 names, of which 1,000 are cities and over 2,000 urban-type settlements. For Russia, cities are considered settlements, the number of people living in which is not less than twelve thousand people, of which more than 90 percent are employed in production, the social sphere and the service sector.

Moscow is the main city of the Russian Federation, its capital, where more than 10 million people live.

The population allows us to subdivide cities into the following types of settlements:

• Super-large cities, or million-plus cities, with a population of more than three million. There are 2 such cities in Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg.
• The largest cities, with a population of one to three million. There are 13 cities in Russia with a population in the announced range, among them Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa.
• Large cities, the population of which is from two hundred and fifty thousand to one million. There are more than forty such cities in Russia.
• Large cities, where the number of people living ranges from one hundred to two hundred and fifty thousand. In the country, their number has exceeded nine dozen.
• Medium cities, where fifty to one hundred thousand people live. Their number has exceeded one and a half hundred.
• Small towns and settlements, in which does not exceed fifty thousand people.

The most intensive population growth occurs in the largest and largest cities, due to their industrial and economic progress.

City agglomerations

Speaking about the urban types of settlements in Russia, it is also necessary to dwell on the concept of "urban agglomeration". This concept means the cooperation of medium-sized cities located close to a large city, which are united by labor, infrastructural, industrial and other types of ties.

Such medium-sized cities are called satellite cities. Satellite cities reduce population density in large ones.

The most important factor contributing to the emergence of agglomerations is the developed transport links between cities. In Russia, satellite towns have been formed near Kuibyshev, Moscow, St. Petersburg.

When agglomerations merge, megacities are formed. In Russia today, megacities have not been formed.

Characteristics of cities on a structural basis

The territorial structure of Russia makes it possible to single out the following types of urban settlements: federal, regional (oblast, krai, republican, etc.) and district.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation defines St. Petersburg and Sevastopol.

Cities of regional significance are settlements that perform the functions of an economic and cultural center, characterized by a developed industry and a population of more than thirty thousand people.

However, the quantitative indicators of the population in such cities are not exceptional, they are rather a priority. A more significant criterion for classifying cities as cities of regional significance can be considered their social, economic indicators, achievements in the social, cultural sphere, historical uniqueness, long-term plans for increasing population growth and economic development. In addition to the above criteria, in order to classify cities as cities of regional significance, it is necessary to take into account cities that have a regional structure.

Requirements for the number of residents in cities of regional significance are individual in each subject of the Russian Federation. As a rule, they include urban settlements with a population of less than fifty thousand. On the territory of such cities, industry functions, the communal sector is developed, educational, medical and commercial institutions, as well as cultural institutions provide services.

Characteristics of cities on a functional basis

The following typological classification into types of settlements involves their division, which is based on the functions performed. Those functions include: political, administrative, industrial, transport, trade, scientific, military, recreational (health) functions. Depending on the number of functions performed by the city, they are divided into monofunctional and polyfunctional.

Characteristics of cities by economic and geographical location

There is also a gradation of cities into types of settlements according to their economic and geographical position:

• located near a mineral deposit;
• related to railway infrastructure;
• port;
• industrial and transport.

Urban village

An intermediate link between a city and a village in Russia is an urban-type settlement. This intermediateness has an impact on the quantitative composition of such settlements, as well as on the scope of employment.

The total number in the Russian Federation exceeds 1200 units. The number of people living in such settlements can vary from a few dozen people to several thousand. The largest urban-type settlement in Russia is the settlement of Ordzhonikidzevskaya, where more than 64 thousand people live.

There are several subspecies of urban-type settlements, which are located outside the city. Such settlements are considered: workers' settlements where industrial facilities are located (population up to three thousand people); resort villages (population up to two thousand people); summer cottages.

Rural settlements are the most widely represented in Russia. Their total number exceeds 150 thousand. A quarter of these settlements can be classified as sparsely populated, with less than 10 people living in them.

Despite the significant number of rural settlements, the number of people living in them is slightly more than twenty percent of the total population of Russia.

This state of affairs is due to the low standard of living in the countryside, its poor technological equipment, which, in turn, leads to the migration of the population to cities.

Types of settlements, depending on the size of their population, can be subdivided as follows:

• Large with a population exceeding five thousand.
• Large with a population of up to five thousand.
• Medium with a population of two hundred - one thousand people.
• Small with a population of up to two hundred people.

The main types of rural settlements represented on the territory of Russia

• A village is a large settlement in which there is or used to be a church. It performs the functions of a local center.
• A village is a small settlement that historically did not have a church.
• Settlement - a new type of rural settlement that arose during the Soviet Union.
• Aul is a settlement in which the ethnic population is represented: Adyghe, Abaza and Nogai.
• Khutor is a settlement with an individual farm, consisting of outbuildings, the number of which does not exceed 10.
• Stanitsa - a settlement formed by the Cossacks. The largest village of the country is Kanevskaya in the Krasnodar Territory, its population is about 45 thousand people.

Types of settlements in Russia have been formed over many years. The organization of settlements is greatly influenced by natural and climatic factors. - the main type of employment of people living in villages today. Favorable weather conditions play a major role here.

Given that in the overwhelming majority of cases, villages are monofunctional, today the main types of settlements are cities.

Summarize

Having considered the topic "What types of settlements are formed on the territory of the Russian Federation", we can conclude that rural settlements quantitatively prevail, but the population density in urban areas is much higher.

Administrative-territorial, municipal-territorial structure

Lecture No. 7 of 09/27/2011

A-T division refers to the exclusive competence of the subjects, with the exception of the names of A-T units, individual settlements, the ZATO organization. These issues are within the competence of the Russian Federation.

A-T division - this is the division of the territory of the subjects into A-T units, settlements, for the orderly implementation of the functions of public administration, LSG, social and political life in the interests of the inhabitants of this subject

Municipal-territorial division is carried out with the aim of orderly implementation of LSG and involves the division of the territory of the subject into the territory of the Moscow Region

It is necessary to distinguish the division of the territory and the classification of settlements from the A-T division provided for the needs of urban planning activities.

A-T unit - this is the inner part of the territory of the subject within the established boundaries, which has its own name, a permanent center, characterized by unity, continuity, including one or more settlements, allocated for the purpose of a comprehensive solution of the state. and local tasks to ensure the life of the population.

Types of A-T units:

Village councils.

This is a place of permanent residence of people, adapted for life, households. activities, recreation, concentrating housing, administrative and household. the buildings

Kinds:

Villages.

Stanitsy.

Settlements.

Urban-type settlements.

Districts in cities.

NPs can be urban or rural.

According to the law of the Sverdlovsk region of July 7, 2004 "On the A-T device of the Sverdlovsk region" A-T units are districts, intra-city districts and village councils (the similarity of the municipal district with the Moscow Region)

Types of NP:

urban locality- This is a settlement with an established production and social. infrastructure: in the form of a city (population over 12 thousand people); urban-type settlement (from 3 to 12 thousand people); workers' settlements (less than 3 thousand people).

In cities with a population of more than 100 thousand people, intracity districts and village councils can be created

Rural settlement- this is a NP that does not belong to the category of urban.

The subjects regulate the issues of correlation between A-T division and municipal division in different ways. There are three possible situations:

1) LSU is carried out within A-T units, i.e. MO are identified with A-T units.

2) provides for the separation of A-T units and MO. In this case, A-T units are created to solve state tasks, MO - to address issues of local importance, and these territories are allocated taking into account the characteristics of the NP.

3) breeding A-T and municipal-territorial units. Various degrees of universality of MO and A-T units are assumed.

Federal Law 131 does not provide for any connection between A-T and the municipal-territorial unit.

Decision of the Constitutional Court dated 15.05.2007- A-T division, including issues of formation, transformation and abolition of A-T units, cannot interfere with the interests of the territorial organization of LSG.

Decision of the Constitutional Court of 24.01.1997- A-T units are formed by the subject and OGV can be created in them.

Decision of the Constitutional Court dated 03.11.1997- A-T division and MSU are not connected.

Decision of the Constitutional Court of November 30, 2000- any change in the territorial basis does not lead to a refusal to implement it.

The Federal State Statistics Service draws a parallel to two classification systems:

All-Russian classifier of objects A-T division.

All-Russian classifier of the territory of the Moscow Region.

By type of settlement settlements are subdivided as follows: (on maps
their names are in different fonts):

Urban-type settlements (working, resort and other settlements);

etc., not officially classified as urban-type settlements;

Settlements of rural and dacha type (villages, villages, villages, kishlaks, auls), as well as
separate yards.

On the maps, their names are distinguished by different font patterns (Fig. 7.5).

Rice. 7.5. Displaying the type of settlement on topographic maps:

dreams- city; New - urban village; Elbow - village
rural type

By population settlements are divided into the following gradations:

Cities with population:

1,000,000 or more

from 500,000 to 1,000,000
from 100,000 to 500,000
from 50,000 to 100,000
from 10,000 to 50,000
from 2,000 to 10,000
less than 2,000

Urban-type settlements with the number of inhabitants:

2,000 or more
less than 2000

Settlements at industrial enterprises, railway stations, marinas
etc., not officially classified as urban-type settlements, with the number of inhabitants:

1,000 or more
from 100 to 1,000
less than 100

Settlements of rural and dacha type with the number of inhabitants:

1,000 or more
from 500 to 1,000

from 100 to 500
less than 100
separate yards

The number of inhabitants in settlements is established according to the main cartographic
materials using the latest administrative-territorial directories
and lists. Census data of settlements are necessarily involved.

The number of inhabitants is displayed on the maps in font height. On old maps under the name
settlements of rural type indicate the number of households, and on new ones - the number
inhabitants in thousands with rounding (Fig. 7.6):

with the number of inhabitants less than 1,000 - up to 0.01 thousand.
from 1,000 to 100,000 - up to 0.1
over 100,000 - up to as many as thousands.

For example, if the number of inhabitants is 1,212,345, 17,145, 40, respectively, signatures are given
1212; 17,1; 0,04.

Rice. 7.6. Indication of the number of inhabitants in settlements of rural type:
a - on new topographic maps in thousandths;
b - on old maps indicating the number of yards

Political and administrative significance settlements displayed on maps
highlighting the capitals of states, administrative centers and settlements in which
ryh local authorities are located.

In addition, on these maps, the name of the settlement is underlined with one
nominal names with the names of railway stations, marinas (Fig. 7.7).

Rice. 7.7. Locality Karelino, eponymous
with the name of the railway station

The nature of the layout. When depicting settlements on topographic
maps necessarily show their layout. Cities may have regular, irregular
new and mixed layouts. Typical for modern cities is regular pla
alignment: rectangular, radial and combined. Variations of these plans
shown in fig. 7.8.

Re2 ular layout - quarters have the shape of regular geometric shapes
and relatively straight streets.

Nere2 ular layout - quarters can have arbitrary shape and size, on
the presence of narrow and crooked streets.

mixed layout- part of the city has a regular layout, and the other part -
irregular.

direct2 free layout - all streets in the city are mutually perpendicular.

Radial layout All streets are directed towards the city center.

Combined layout- part of the city has a radial structure, and the other
part is rectangular.

Rice. 7.8. Types of city plans:

a- regular (rectangular); b- radial; in- combined
naya; 2 - irregular; d- mixed

The structure of settlements of rural type is:

quarterly- represents the correct quarters, mutually separated
perpendicular streets. The built-up part of the quarters runs along the streets.

Private- represents buildings stretched out in one row with adjacent
on the one hand homestead lands.

Precinct- represents groups of courtyards placed in disorder throughout
area occupied by the town.

The nature of the location of settlements of rural type on the ground depends on the geo
graphic landscape. They can be located along river valleys, along ravines, along the banks
lakes and seas, at crossroads, etc. (Fig. 7.9).

a -- quarterly; b- ordinary; in- precinct placement;
2 - a settlement in a mountain valley and near a lake

Rice. 7.9. Types of development of settlements of rural type:
d - settlement along the ravine and watershed

Random development rural-type settlements are shown by conventional signs
individual buildings. With a large number of buildings, they are selected, while
first of all, industrial enterprises, public buildings (school
ly, hospitals) and the largest buildings. Making a generalization of such a populated
point, you must keep all edge buildings, regardless of their size, so that you
divide the area occupied by this settlement (Fig. 7.10).

Rice. 7.10. An example of an image of a rural-type settlement with unsystematic buildings:
a b
in

Dispersed development rural-type settlements is shown by conventional signs
kami of individual yards. The selection of yards is carried out similarly to unsystematic building.
Edge yards are also retained to highlight the total area occupied by the data.
settlement (Fig. 7.11).

a- on a map at a scale of 1:25,000; b- on a map at a scale of 1:50,000

Rice. 7.11. An example of an image of a rural-type settlement with dispersed buildings:
in - on a map at a scale of 1:100,000

The dispersed type of settlement is characterized by the fact that individual residential buildings
ki are located at a considerable distance from each other (more than 50 m). This type is typical
for Abkhazia, Central Asia.

On topographic maps, as a rule, all settlements should be shown.
you. When creating maps at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:100,000 for densely populated areas with pain
With the number of individual yards, some of the yards may not be shown. On maps, created
moved to uninhabited and sparsely populated areas, all buildings are shown, including those not
residential.

On maps of scales 1:25,000 and 1:50,000, fire resistant buildings (stone
nye, brick, reinforced concrete) by pouring orange, non-fire resistant (wooden,
adobe, etc.) - with a yellow fill. On maps at a scale of 1:100,000, the nature of fire
the stability of buildings is not shown (Fig. 7.12).

Rice. 7.12. An example of an image of a rural-type settlement:

a- on a map at a scale of 1:25,000; b - on a map at a scale of 1:50,000;
in - on a map at a scale of 1:100,000

In large cities with a population of more than 50,000, the oran is distinguished by the background color.
yellow-colored neighborhoods with dense buildings. Densely built-up areas include
quarters or parts thereof, in which the distances between buildings, as a rule, are not more than 50 m.
In other cities with less than 50,000 inhabitants, neighborhoods are filled in black.
colors (Fig. 7.13).

Rice. 7.13. An example of the image of cities on maps at a scale of 1: 100,000:

a- a large city with a population of more than 50,000 people; b - small town
with less than 50,000 inhabitants

The compilation of settlements is carried out in a certain sequence.
(Fig. 7.14):

1. First, objects are applied that are economically important or have a value
landmarks (industrial enterprises, tower-type structures, churches, monuments
nicknames).

2. An image of the outer contour, main and main streets is given.

3. Image of minor streets and driveways.

4. Intra-quarter buildings - buildings and structures in quarters are shown.

5. Filling in the contours of the lands with conventional signs.

Rice. 7.14. The procedure for compiling a settlement

When compiling settlements of all three scales, it is necessary to accurately preserve
nenie outlines and position of streets, alleys, driveways, squares and quarters.

The concept of "street" includes the carriageway and sidewalks, green spaces between
them and landscaping elements (lanterns, crossing signs, fences, etc.).

On a map at a scale of 1:25,000, all streets, driveways and dead ends are shown. On the map
headquarters 1:50 000 some minor streets are not shown if their display interferes
correct display of buildings. On a 1:100,000 scale map, selection of streets and dead ends
produced depending on the size of the quarters of settlements.

Minor streets and cul-de-sacs are eliminated by merging small blocks
into larger ones. At the same time, it is necessary to preserve the layout, shape and size of the quarters.

On a map at a scale of 1:25,000, when depicting quarters of cities and towns of the city
type, all buildings and structures in them are shown if the distances between them are not
less than 0.3 mm. If the distance is less than the specified value, then the buildings should be
call with selection. Outstanding buildings are applied first, then buildings,
having large dimensions, as well as located at the intersections of streets and on the outskirts of
settlements. Examples of generalization of the image of building blocks in cities
and settlements of dacha and rural type are shown in fig. 7.15, 7.16.

Rice. 7.15. Generalization of the image of development in small towns and urban settlements
type in scale:

a - 1:10 000; b - 1:25 000; in- 1:50 000; g - 1:100 000

Rice. 7.16. Generalization of the image of development in dacha and rural settlements
in scale:

a - 1:10 000; b - 1:25 000; in- 1:50 000; g - 1:100 000

These maps also highlight parks, squares, fruit, berry and citrus orchards,
vineyards, sports grounds, as well as wastelands in the quarters of settlements.

Signatures of the names of settlements. All plotted settlements should
indicate their official name. On a 1:100,000 scale map, you can leave without
signatures of names of settlements with less than 50 inhabitants, if their signatures
on this site can not be placed due to the large overload of the map.

1. What are the requirements for the image of settlements on a large
large-scale topographic maps?

2. How are settlements classified when they are depicted on a large scale?
headquarters topographic maps?

3. How is the type of settlement transmitted on large-scale topographic
maps?

4. How are cities, urban-type settlements and rural-type settlements divided according to
the number of inhabitants?

5. How is the number of inhabitants transmitted on maps at a scale of 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:100,000?

6. What is the difference between showing the number of inhabitants in rural-type settlements on old maps
and new?

7. What names of settlements are underlined in the name?

8. What layouts can cities have?

9. What is the difference between regular city planning and irregular planning?

10. What is the difference between mixed and combined city planning?

11. What types of buildings are there in rural-type settlements?

12. Describe the unsystematic development of a rural-type settlement.

13. Give a description of the dispersed development of a rural settlement

14. How is the selection of settlements on maps of these scales?

15. In what sequence is the settlement compiled on the maps of these masses
headquarters?

16. How are streets, driveways and dead ends selected?

17. How are prominent buildings shown?

18. Up to what scale, inclusive, is the fire resistance of quarters shown? How is she
transmitted on cards?

19. What does the orange color of quarters mean on topographic scale maps

20. How is the selection of buildings within the quarters of settlements?

21. How are densely built-up parts of quarters shown?

22. How is the selection of buildings in unsystematic building?

23. How is the selection of detached yards when depicting settlements
Comrade with dispersed buildings?

24. Which settlements on maps of scale 1:100,000 can be left without
pisi?

7.4. Depiction of communication routes and their generalization

On topographic maps, roads are subdivided according to the mode of movement, mat
rial coverage, conditions of patency and throughput.

Topographic maps show:

Railways;

Monorails and cableways, funiculars and bremsbergs, tram lines
and ground sections of metro lines;

Highways, paved roads and highways from
cover;

Unsurfaced or improved dirt roads, unpaved, field
and forest roads;

Caravan routes, pack and hiking trails, winter roads;

Railway facilities (stations and metro stations, sidings, boards
forms, stopping points, railway stations, depots, roadblocks, semaphores and lights
tophoras, etc.);

Bridges, tunnels, flyovers, viaducts, embankments and cuts;

Pipes, pedestrian bridges, paved road exits, fascinated sections of roads,
gati, rowing;

Mountain passes, fences and casings along the roads.

The following requirements are imposed on maps of all three scales:

1. Correctly convey the density of the road network.

2. Accurately convey the location of the roads.

3. Correctly show the class of each road and its condition.

4. Clearly show road intersections, road sections near bridges, crossings and places where
difficult detour.

5. Show in detail the road structures that characterize the equipment of the roads,
serving as guidelines.

6. The axis of the conventional road sign must exactly correspond to the axis of its image on
cartographic material.

7. The image of the roads must be consistent with the image of other elements with
holding a card.

Land routes according to the method of movement are divided into rail
and trackless . Railroads include railways, cableways, funica
lers and bremsbergs, tram lines and ground sections of subway lines.

Railways shown on maps subdivided by track gauge (width
coil-gauge with a track width of 1435 mm or more, in the Russian Federation - 1524 mm) and narrow-gauge with a track width of
gauge less than 1435 mm); by the number of tracks for one-, two- and multi-track; by type of traction - electric
trified and others and according to the condition of the canvas - operating, under construction, dismantled
nye (Figure 7.17).

Rice. 7.17. Depiction of railroads and structures on large-scale topographic maps
maps:

a- single-track, double-track, triple-track; b- electrified: single-track, double-track
nye, three-track; in- narrow gauge railways and tram lines; g - hanging up
horns and funiculars; e - railway stations

In addition, monorail railways, tram lines are also shown.
(a common symbol with narrow gauge railways), cableways, funi
coolers (railways on steep slopes, in the mountains with cable traction) and bremsbergs, on
ground sections of subway lines.

If the railway line passes through the settlement, then it is shown without
gap, and if necessary, you can reduce the thickness of the sign.

The maps show all railway stations, sidings, platforms and
new items. If the stations are located outside the settlements, then it necessarily gives
is their name. Semaphores and traffic lights are shown on a map at a scale of 1:25,000.

Highways when depicted on maps, they are divided into motorways, highways
gyi with improved surface and paved roads, on improved unpaved
roads, dirt (country) roads, field and forest roads, caravan routes
and pack trails, hiking trails (see subsection 5.3). Special conventional signs
paved roads and winter roads (Fig. 7.18).

Rice. 7.18. An example of road classification on large-scale topographic maps:

a- highways; b- roads with improved surface; in- highways with
coated; d - improved dirt roads; e - roads with a wooden surface;
e- unpaved roads and hard-to-reach sections of roads; well- field and forest roads;
h- winter roads

Highways, paved roads and highways from
coverage are shown on the maps of these scales, all, regardless of the density of the road
networks. Improved dirt roads are also shown, as a rule, all, only with
when setting maps at a scale of 1:100,000, roads of small length may be excluded.

Dirt (country) roads are usually plotted on maps at a scale of 1:25,000
all. On maps of scales 1:50,000 and 1:100,000, roads are plotted with selection, if in a given
The area has a dense network of roads. When drawing roads of lower classes, preference is given to:

1. Roads that provide communication between settlements and railway stations
stations, marinas, airfields and high-class roads.

2. Roads that are a continuation of the main passages in settlements.

3. All roads that lead to water sources, through passes to state
borders or along borders.

4. Connecting settlements by the shortest distance.

5. Roads that have the best driving conditions and have a smoother
profile.

When compiling roads, the features of the mapped territory must be taken into account.
rhetoric. For example, winter roads are shown only on maps created on a small scale.
residential and hard-to-reach areas where there are no higher-class roads and travel
available only in winter.

On maps created for sparsely populated, mountainous and desert areas with a sparse network
roads, all caravan routes and pack trails are shown.

Hiking trails are shown when depicting hard-to-reach areas (mountains,
tender forests, thickets of bushes, swamps), where there are no other means of communication.

The generalization of the contour of the roads is practically not done. Generalization is allowed for iso
winding roads in the mountains, when all the meanders cannot be conveyed, while it is necessary
Dimo save all the main turns of the roads.

In addition to the main roads on the maps, fascinated road sections, gati and rowing
with a length of at least 2 mm.

fascines- are bundles of brushwood laid on longitudinal beds
and pressed by poles; from above, the fascines are covered with earth or sand.

Gati - solid floorings of logs, placed on brushwood or poles.

Rowing- low mounds of soil, stones, and sand.

Sometimes all these primitive structures along the roads have local names, for example
measures pavement.

If the roads cross mountain ranges, then it is necessary to show passes with captions.
with their height marks and accessibility period, for example: (GU-X), i.e. the pass is accessible
from April to October. The main passes should be highlighted with a larger size of the sign
and signatures.

When depicting motorways and roads, their technical characteristics are signed
ristic: pavement width (for motorways - the width of one lane and the number of
los), the width of the road with shoulders (for motorways) and the pavement material, and also denotes
the boundary of the change of the coating material. The coating material is indicated by conditional abbreviations
signed by:

A - asphalt concrete, asphalt
B - cobblestone

B m - bitumen-mineral mixture

B r - paving stones

G - gravel

K - chipped stone

C - cement concrete

Shch - crushed stone

Sh l - slag

When depicting improved dirt roads, only the width of the passage is signed
part of the road.

Images of highways and motorways are labeled with road numbers, as well as
allocate numbers of trans-trunk routes (European, Asian, etc.). Rooms
are determined by the latest road maps and road atlases (Fig. 7.19).

At exits outside the frame of the map sheet of conventional road signs, their direction is signed
notation: the signature of the own name of the nearest settlement is given and the
distance in kilometers (Fig. 7.19)

The order and rules of the compilation of roads. Roads on maps of given scales are always
arranged in order from highest class to lowest. Railways and roads
are worked out immediately on the entire sheet, and the rest are made up in separate sections.

First, road structures are drawn up, the conventional signs of which are interrupted
image of the road (for example, railway stations, tunnels, bridges). Then the composition
The road itself is laid, and only after that all other road structures are applied.

When depicting roads, it is necessary to ensure that the axis of the symbol of the road
exactly corresponded to the axis of its image on the cartographic material. Vectorization
roads are made strictly along the axis of the conventional sign of the road.

Violation of this rule is allowed only in the event that a merger has occurred
roads with other objects. If, when compiling roads on a smaller scale, about
the confluence of the road with the shore of a river, lake or sea has come out, then the conventional sign of the road is displaced.
If there is a confluence of two roads, then the conventional sign of the lower class road is shifted.

Rice. 7.19. Indication of road numbers and their directions on topographic maps

With special care, turns and intersections of roads are worked out on the map. iso
Road markings should be consistent with the depiction of other content elements.
maps (hydrography, settlements, etc.).

Questions and tasks for self-control

1. What types of roads are shown on large-scale topographic maps?

2. How are railways classified?

3. What are the requirements for the image of roads?

4. How is the line of the railway passing through the settlement shown?

5. How are railway stations shown? Which stations subscribe?

6. How are automobile and dirt roads classified?

7. How is the selection of dirt and field roads on maps at a scale of 1:100,000?

8. Taking into account what the road configuration is transmitted?

9. What is the characteristic of motorways and highways?

10. How are the signatures of numbers and characteristics of roads given?

11. What road structures are given on maps of these scales?

12. Which low-class roads are preferred in their generalization?

13. When are winter roads shown?

14. What are fascines, gati, rowing?

15. What is the characteristic of roads crossing mountain ranges?

16. What is signed at the exits outside the frame of the map sheet of the main roads?

17. In what sequence are roads compiled?

18. In what case can the axis of the road be moved relative to its position on
original cartographic material?

7.5. Relief image and its generalization
on large-scale topographic maps

The relief on the maps of all three scales is depicted horizontal lines, conventional signs
mi cliffs, rocks, ravines, gullies, screes, etc. and elevation marks. Rel image
efa is supplemented with labels of absolute and relative heights of characteristic points locally
sti, signatures of horizontal lines and indicators of the direction of slopes (bergstrokes)
(See subsections 5.4, 5.4.1).

As a result of the fact that large-scale topographic maps are used for
detailed study and assessment of the terrain and various calculations and measurements on
him, then the most stringent requirements are imposed on the image of the relief:

1. It is necessary to visually convey the nature of the relief and the degree of its dissection.

2. Accurately display the location, size and shape of terrain irregularities, character
characterizing its patency, camouflage and protective properties, as well as the possibility of ori
orientation on the ground.

3. Visually and correctly convey the morphological features of various types
relief (plain-erosive, hilly-morainic, mountainous, karst, volcanic,
sand relief, etc.).

4. Accurately and clearly convey the main orographic lines and points (watersheds,
thalwegs, ledges, peaks, saddles, etc.).

5. Correctly and clearly display the direction of the slopes, their steepness, as well as sharp
surface disturbances (cliffs, ravines and gullies, bedrock outcrops, etc.).

6. Arrange elevation marks in such a way that it is possible to quickly determine
dividing the absolute heights of terrain points and the excess of some points over others.

When depicting the relief with horizontal lines, it is very important to choose the right height
relief sections. The main height of the section is set depending on the nature
topography of the mapped area. Within one sheet of the map, the main height of the
cheniya does not change. On topographic maps, according to
honeycomb section (Table 7.4).

POPULATED, oh, oh; yon. Having a large number of inhabitants, tenants. N. district. N. house. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Populated place (settlement), the primary unit of human settlement within one built-up land plot (city, urban-type settlement, village). An obligatory sign of a settlement is the constancy of its use as a habitat ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

LOCALITY- SETTLEMENT, see Settlement ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

locality- - [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN human settlementpopulation aggregateinhabited locality …

See Settlement... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

LOCALITY- (in state and administrative law) - a grassroots territorial unit. The types of N. p. are: a) urban settlements (see City), b) rural settlements (see Village), c) summer cottages, workers and resort villages (see Village) (Article 1 of the General ... ... Soviet legal dictionary

urban-type settlement- - [A.S. Goldberg. English Russian Energy Dictionary. 2006] Topics energy in general EN urban locality … Technical Translator's Handbook

Locality Third Branch Country Russia Russia ... Wikipedia

Locality Second Branch Country Russia Russia ... Wikipedia

Locality Titan Country Russia Russia ... Wikipedia

Books

• , . The guide consists of four sections. The first is devoted to the description of the archaeological, historical, cultural and architectural monuments of the peninsula. The second tells about natural masterpieces…

• The concept and composition of the lands of settlements
• The concept of a settlement under the legislation of the Russian Federation

1. The concept and composition of the lands of settlements

According to paragraph 1 of Art. 83 of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, lands of settlements are lands used and intended for the construction and development of settlements.
The main feature is their location - these lands are separated from the lands of other categories by the boundaries of urban, rural settlements. The boundaries of settlements are displayed on the master plan of the urban district, settlement, as well as the territorial planning scheme of the municipal district. The boundaries of urban, rural settlements cannot cross the boundaries of municipalities or go beyond their boundaries, as well as cross the boundaries of land plots provided to citizens or legal entities.
The second sign of the lands of this category is their intended purpose - this is the development and development of urban and rural settlements.
Types of territorial zones are listed in paragraph 1 of Art. 85 ZK RF. These include:
residential,
public and business,
production,
engineering and transport infrastructures,
recreational,
agricultural use,
special purpose, etc.
Local self-government bodies may establish other types of territorial zones, allocated taking into account functional zones and features of the use of land plots and capital construction projects.
In residential areas of settlements, it is allowed to place free-standing, built-in or attached objects of social and domestic purposes, healthcare facilities, general education, places of worship, parking lots of vehicles, garages and other objects associated with the residence of citizens and not having a negative impact on the environment.
Public and business zones of settlements are intended to accommodate healthcare facilities, culture, trade, public catering, social and domestic purposes, business activities, secondary vocational and higher vocational education facilities, administrative, research institutions, places of worship, parking lots road transport, business, financial facilities and others related to the life of citizens. The list of capital construction objects permitted for placement in public and business areas may include residential buildings, hotels, underground or multi-storey garages. In industrial zones, zones of engineering and transport infrastructures, utility and storage facilities, housing and communal services, transport, wholesale trade facilities can be located. The agricultural use zones may include land plots occupied by agricultural land, agricultural facilities and intended for agricultural and dacha farming, horticulture, personal subsidiary plots, development of agricultural facilities.
Recreational areas may include areas occupied by urban forests, squares, parks, city gardens, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, beaches used and intended for recreation, tourism, physical culture and sports. In settlements, zones of specially protected territories may be allocated, which include land plots of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health-improving and other especially valuable value.
Special purpose zones may include territories occupied by cemeteries, crematoria, animal burial grounds, consumer waste disposal facilities and other facilities, the placement of which can only be ensured by allocating these zones and is unacceptable in other territorial zones. The composition of various territorial zones may include land plots (territories) of common use, occupied by squares, streets, driveways, highways, embankments, squares, boulevards, water bodies, beaches and other objects that are freely used by an unlimited number of people. A single social, natural and economic territory with the lands of settlements are suburban areas located outside the boundaries of settlements. In suburban areas, areas of agricultural production, recreation areas for the population, reserve lands for the development of the city are allocated. The boundaries and legal regime of suburban areas, with the exception of suburban areas of federal cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, are approved and amended by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. The concept of a settlement under the legislation of the Russian Federation

The current legislation does not contain the concept of "settlement". Federal Law "On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation" dated October 6, 2003 N 131-FZ gives the concepts of urban and rural settlements:
An urban settlement is a city or a settlement in which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected and other bodies of local self-government;
Rural settlement - one or several rural settlements united by a common territory, in which local self-government is exercised by the population directly and (or) through elected and other local self-government bodies.
Thus, from the text of the law it follows that settlements are
- cities
- urban districts
- urban districts with intracity division
- settlements
- villages, villages, villages, farms, kishlaks, auls and other rural settlements.