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Scientific and technical progress

The continuity of scientific and technical progress depends primarily on the development of fundamental research, which reveals new properties and laws of nature and society, as well as on applied research and experimental design, which make it possible to translate scientific ideas into new equipment and technology. Scientific and technological progress is carried out in two interdependent forms: 1) evolutionary, meaning a relatively slow and partial improvement of the traditional foundations of science and technology; 2) revolutionary, proceeding in the form of a scientific and technological revolution, which gives rise to a fundamentally new technique and technology, causes a radical transformation of the productive forces of society. Under capitalism, scientific and technological progress is carried out in the interests of the bourgeoisie, is used by it to intensify the exploitation of the proletariat, for militaristic and misanthropic purposes, and causes mass unemployment.

Under socialism, scientific and technological progress contributes to the dynamic development of the productive forces and the steady improvement of the people's well-being. The 27th CPSU Congress set the task of accelerating scientific and technical progress in every possible way as a decisive means of qualitatively transforming the productive forces, transferring the economy to the tracks of all-round intensification, and decisively improving the quality of products. For the period up to the year 2000, measures have been outlined that will make it possible to bring the national economy of the country to the forefront of science, technology and technology through the effective use of the forms and methods inherent in socialism for the implementation of scientific and technical progress. A deep technical reconstruction of the national economy is being carried out on the basis of modern scientific and technological achievements.

The leading role in accelerating scientific and technical progress is played by mechanical engineering, which ensures the introduction of new generations of equipment, fundamentally new technologies. The industries on which the implementation of large-scale comprehensive programs in the strategic areas of scientific and technical progress and the technical renovation of production depend are developing more rapidly. The integration of science and production is growing, new effective forms of their interaction are emerging, organization is improving, and the time for developing and mastering technical innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions in the national economy is being reduced.
As a result of the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, the historical vocation of socialism is realized more fully - to put the achievements of advanced science, the most perfect and powerful technology, and the growing force of creative collective labor into the service of communist construction.

The tasks of accelerating scientific and technological progress are carried out through a unified technical policy, restructuring of structural policy and investment policy (see also Scientific and technological revolution).

The essential forces of man as a decisive factor in socio-economic progress develop in close interconnection with other factors. Some of them are integrated into certain groups, complexes, enhancing their synergistic effect. An important role in this process is played by the scientific and technological revolution (STR). The long period of deployment of scientific and technical progress indicates its combination with the evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress (STP), which implies the elucidation of the relationship between scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological progress, the main features of the scientific and technological progress itself. Disclosing the essence of the scientific and technological revolution, the features of the modern stage (including the transformation of science into a direct productive force) makes it possible to find out the impact of these revolutionary changes on socio-economic progress, in particular on the content of labor, the formation of a new type of society.

Scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological revolution

The essence of scientific and technological progress.

Scientific and technical progress affects the development of each element of the system of productive forces. In the most generalized form, the progressive nature of the development of science and technology is manifested in the replacement of the technological mode of production based on manual labor with the technological mode of production based on machine labor, and it - with the modern technological mode of production based on automated labor.

Scientific and technological progress (NTP)- progressive, organically interconnected development of science and technology, which leads to evolutionary and revolutionary changes within the technological mode of production, and indirectly - changes in other elements of the economic system (organizational and economic relations, economic property and economic mechanism) of the totality of social relations (social, political , legal, etc.).

Scientific and technical progress, as a consequence of the operation of objective economic laws and, above all, the law of increasing needs, the law of the socialization of production and labor, and others, extends primarily to the system of productive forces.

Modern scientific and technical progress began with the industrial revolution of the late XVIII - early XIX century., As a result of which a new technological method of production was established. Manual work, which prevailed before this revolution, did not require deep theoretical knowledge. Their minimum was gradually accumulated empirically. Large-scale machine industry, in contrast, provided for the involvement of new forces of nature (steam, electricity) in the production process, which required intensive theoretical development of new scientific disciplines (in particular, mechanics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc.). As a result of the use of the achievements of these sciences, modern industry arose, its new branches and technologies appeared, and the social division of labor deepened. Evidence of the organic relationship between scientific and technological progress was the creation in 1875 of the world's first laboratory in the American company General Electric. Receiving a constant impulse from machine production, science, in turn, generates new ideas, developments, which are eventually embodied in production.

The pattern of modern scientific and technical progress is the outstripping progress of science in the system "science - technology - production". In particular, scientific and technological progress is fundamental and applied scientific research, primarily in the field of natural science; technology and the improvement of the existing one, which is accompanied by the introduction of more advanced forms and methods of organizing production, the expansion of the scope of new technology to related, and subsequently to all other sectors of the national economy, which is due to the close interdependence of industries due to the developed modern division of labor. science, technology (in particular, technology and production).

A clear division of labor is also present in the process of scientific activity, which is divided into fundamental, applied scientific research and scientific development. The scope of fundamental scientific research is the discovery of the laws of development of matter, society and the process of thinking, the qualification of phenomena and processes, their forecasting, and the like. Applied scientific research is aimed at transforming phenomena and processes, production methods for the purpose of economic (commercial) use in production or enterprise. They are mainly sectoral, formed on the basis of applied industrial scientific research, design and experimental work and are an intermediate link between science and production, linking them into a single whole. Scientific developments provide for the systematic use of the results of applied research to create new machines and equipment, energy sources, materials, etc. Scientific personnel are divided into researchers, engineers and technicians, and auxiliary personnel serving each of these categories.

Modern scientific and technical progress develops in evolutionary and revolutionary forms. The evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress is the gradual and partial improvement of existing and the introduction of new technology, objects of labor, the evolutionary development of science (without scientific revolutions), the absence of industrial and other revolutions within the technological mode of production. This form leads to evolutionary changes in economic property relations, in the economic mechanism, and gradually ensures the improvement of other subsystems of social relations. The revolutionary form of scientific and technical progress means fundamental, significant changes in the development of science, technology, the human worker, objects of labor, and other elements of the system of productive forces and technical and economic relations. Both forms are organically linked. Gradual quantitative and qualitative transformations within the evolutionary form is a prerequisite for fundamental changes within the technological mode of production, scientific, industrial revolutions, scientific and technological revolutions, and its various stages. So, scientific and technological revolution, which began in the 50s of the XX century, entered a qualitatively new stage of its development in the 70s, associated with the microprocessor, biotechnological revolution.

According to UNESCO, the engineering and scientific potential (as an important part of the scientific and technical progress) in Ukraine in the late 80s was 6.5% of the world engineering and scientific potential. Such an assessment was based on quantitative indicators: scientific and technical activities were carried out in 1,900 scientific institutions, organizations and enterprises, and the number of people involved in it reached almost 500 thousand, of which 6.5 thousand were Doctors of Science and almost 60 thousand were Candidates of Sciences, amounted to 5.4% of the total working-age population of Ukraine (in the US, this figure was 6.4%). However, the domestic scientific potential developed somewhat apart from the technical one. This showed a low implementation of scientific results into production (only 0.6% of such results were implemented at five or more enterprises, less than 20% - at three or four, and 80% - at one), significant physical (almost 60%) and moral (up to 90%) depreciation of fixed assets, a small number of computers, industrial robots, machine tools with digital program control, etc. At the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. the situation worsened.

The evolutionary development of scientific and technical progress is not limited to quantitative changes, but also implies certain qualitative shifts, which jointly prepare the basis for cardinal essential transformations. Under the conditions of scientific and technological revolution, the connection between science and technology becomes close, that science turns into a direct productive force, becomes a dynamic element in the system "science - technology - production". the ground for the transition of a developed technological mode of production to another is developed, but this transition occurs as a result of scientific and technological revolution.

Section 1. The essence of scientific and technological progress, scientific and technological revolution.

Section 2. World economic leaders.

NTP — it is an interconnected progressive development of science and technology, due to the needs of material production, the growth and complication of social needs.

essence scientific and technological progress, scientific and technological revolution

Scientific and technical progress is inextricably linked with the emergence and development of large-scale machine production, which is based on the ever wider use of scientific and technical achievements. It allows you to put powerful natural forces and resources at the service of man, to turn production into a conscious application of the data of natural and other sciences.

With the strengthening of the relationship of large-scale machine production with science and technology at the end of the 19th century. 20th century special types of scientific research aimed at translating scientific ideas into technical means and new technology are rapidly expanding: applied research, experimental design and production research. As a result, science is increasingly becoming a direct productive force, transforming an increasing number of aspects and elements of material production.

NTP has two main forms:

evolutionary and revolutionary, meaning a relatively slow and partial improvement of the traditional scientific and technical foundations of production.

These forms determine each other: the quantitative accumulation of relatively small changes in science and technology eventually leads to fundamental qualitative changes in this area, and after the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology, revolutionary changes gradually outgrow evolutionary ones.

Depending on the prevailing social system, scientific and technological progress has various socio-economic consequences. Under capitalism, the private appropriation of means, production and the results of scientific research leads to the development of scientific and technological progress mainly in the interests of the bourgeoisie and is used to intensify the exploitation of the proletariat, for militaristic and misanthropic purposes.

Under socialism, scientific and technical progress is put at the service of the whole society, and its achievements are used to more successfully solve the economic and social problems of communist construction, to form the material and spiritual prerequisites for the all-round development of the individual. In developed socialism, the most important goal of the economic strategy of the CPSU is to accelerate scientific and technological progress as a decisive condition for increasing the efficiency of social production and improving the quality of products.

The technical policy worked out by the 25th Congress of the CPSU ensures the coordination of all directions in the development of science and technology, the development of fundamental scientific research, as well as the acceleration and wider introduction of their results into the national economy.

Based on the implementation of a unified technical policy in all sectors of the national economy, it is planned to speed up the technical re-equipment of production, to widely introduce progressive equipment and technology that will increase labor efficiency and product quality, save material resources, improve working conditions, protect the environment and rationally use natural resources. The task was set - to make the transition from the creation and implementation of individual machines and technological processes to the development, production and mass application of highly efficient machine systems;

equipment, instruments and technological processes that ensure the mechanization and automation of all production processes, and especially auxiliary, transport and warehouse operations, make greater use of adaptable technical means that make it possible to quickly master the production of new products.

Along with the improvement of already mastered technological processes, groundwork will be created for fundamentally new equipment and technology.

The scientific and technological revolution is a fundamental transformation in the system of scientific knowledge and in technology, taking place inextricably linked with the historical process development of human society.

Industrial revolution of the 18th-19th centuries process which replaced handicraft technology with large-scale machine production, and established capitalism, relied on the scientific revolution of the XVI-XVII centuries.

The modern scientific and technological revolution, leading to the replacement of machine production by automated production, is based on discoveries in science at the end of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. The latest achievements of science and technology bring with them a revolution in the productive forces of society and create enormous opportunities for the growth of production. Discoveries in the field of the atomic and molecular structure of matter laid the foundation for the creation of new materials;

advances in chemistry made it possible to create substances with predetermined properties;

the study of electrical phenomena in solids and gases served as the basis for the emergence of electronics;

the study of the structure of the atomic nucleus opened the way to the practical use of atomic energy;

thanks to the development of mathematics, means of automating production and control were created.

All this indicates the creation of a new system of knowledge about nature, a radical transformation of technology and production technology, an undermining of the dependence of the development of production on the restrictions imposed by the physiological capabilities of man and natural conditions.

The opportunities for growth in production created by the scientific and technological revolution are in flagrant contradiction to the relations of production. capitalism, subordinating the scientific and technological revolution to the growth of monopoly profits, the strengthening of the dominion of the monopolist (see. Monopoly capitalist). cannot advance before science and technology social tasks corresponding to their level and nature, giving them a one-sided, ugly character. The use of technology in capitalist countries leads to such social consequences as rising unemployment, increased intensification of labor, and an ever-increasing concentration of wealth in the hands of financial magnates. The social system, which opens up space for the development of scientific and technological revolution in the interests of all working people, is.

In the USSR, the implementation of the scientific and technological revolution is inextricably linked with the construction of the material and technical base of communism.

Technical development and improvement of production is carried out towards the completion of an integrated mechanization production, the automation of processes that are technically and economically prepared for this, the development of a system of automatic machines and the creation of prerequisites for the transition to integrated automation. At the same time, the development of labor tools is inextricably linked with a change in production technology, the use of new sources of energy, raw materials and materials. Scientific and technological revolution affects all aspects of material production.

The revolution in the productive forces determines a qualitatively new level of society's activity in the management of production, higher demands on personnel and the quality of work of each worker. Opportunities opened up by the latest achievements of science and technology are realized in growth labor efficiency, on the basis of which prosperity is achieved, and then the abundance of commodities.

With the progress of technology, primarily with the use of automatic machines, is associated a change in the content of labor, the elimination of unskilled and heavy manual labor, an increase in the level of professional training and the general culture of workers, and the transfer of agricultural production to an industrial basis.

In the long term, by ensuring full well-being for all, society will overcome the still remaining significant differences between town and country under socialism, the essential differences between mental and physical labor, and will create conditions for the all-round physical and spiritual development of the individual.

Thus, the organic combination of the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution with the advantages of the socialist economic system means development in the direction of communism.

The scientific and technological revolution is the main arena of economic competition between socialism and capitalism. At the same time, it is also an arena for a sharp ideological struggle.

Bourgeois scientists approach the disclosure of the essence of scientific and technological revolution mainly from the natural-technical side.

In order to apologise for capitalism, they consider the shifts taking place in science and technology, outside of social relations, in a "social vacuum".

All social phenomena are reduced to processes taking place in the sphere of “pure” science and technology, they write about the “cybernetic revolution”, which allegedly leads to the “transformation of capitalism”, to its transformation into a “society of universal abundance” devoid of antagonistic contradictions.

In reality, the scientific and technological revolution does not change the exploitative essence of capitalism, but further aggravates and deepens the social contradictions of bourgeois society, the gulf between the wealth of a small elite and the poverty of the masses. countries capitalism is now as far from the mythical "abundance for all" and "general prosperity" as before the start of the scientific and technological revolution.

Potential opportunities for development and production efficiency are determined, first of all, by scientific and technological progress, its pace and socio-economic results.

The more purposefully and effectively the latest achievements of science and technology, which are the primary source of the development of productive forces, are used, the more successfully the priority tasks of the life of society are solved.

STP (scientific and technological progress) in the literal sense means a continuous interdependent development of science and technology, and in a broader sense - a constant process of creating new and improving existing technologies.

scientific and technological progress can also be interpreted as a process of accumulation and practical implementation of new scientific and technical knowledge, an integral cyclic system “science-technology-production”, covering the following areas:

fundamental theoretical research;

applied research work;

experimental design developments;

development of technical innovation;

increasing the production of new equipment to the required volume, its application (operation) over a certain period of time;

technical, economic, environmental and social aging of trade items, their constant replacement with new, more efficient models.

The scientific and technological revolution (scientific and technological progress) reflects a fundamental qualitative transformation of the conditional development based on scientific discoveries (inventions) that have a revolutionary effect on the change of tools and objects of labor, production management technologies, and the nature of people's labor activity.

General NTP priorities. Scientific and technical progress, always carried out in its interrelated evolutionary and revolutionary forms, is a determining factor in the development of productive forces, a steady increase in production efficiency. It directly affects, first of all, the formation and maintenance of a high level of technical and technological base of production, ensuring a steady increase in the productivity of social labor. Based on the essence, content and patterns of the modern development of science and technology, it is possible to single out the most characteristic industries national economy, the general directions of scientific and technological progress, and for each of them priorities, at least in the short term.

In the conditions of modern revolutionary transformations of the technical basis of production, the degree of its perfection and the level of economic potential as a whole is determined by the progressiveness of the technologies used - methods for obtaining and converting materials, energy, information, product manufacturing. Technology becomes the final link and form of materialization of fundamental research, a means of direct influence of science on the sphere of production. If earlier it was considered a supporting subsystem of production, now it has acquired an independent significance, turning into an avant-garde direction of scientific and technological progress.

Modern technologies are characterized by certain development and application trends. The main ones are:

firstly, the transition to low-stage processes by combining in one technological unit several operations that were previously performed separately;

secondly, there is little provision in new technological systems - or waste-free production;

thirdly, increasing the level of integrated mechanization processes based on the use of machine systems and technological lines;

fourthly, the use of microelectronics in new technological processes, which makes it possible, simultaneously with an increase in the level of automation of processes, to achieve greater dynamic flexibility of production.

Technological methods increasingly determine the specific form and function of the means and objects of labor, and thereby initiate the emergence of new areas of scientific and technological progress, displace technically and economically obsolete tools from production, give rise to new types of machines and equipment, automation tools. Now fundamentally new types of equipment are being developed and manufactured “for new technologies”, and not vice versa, as it was before.

It has been proved that the technical level and quality of modern machines (equipment) directly depend on the progressivity of the characteristics of the structural and other auxiliary materials used for their production. Hence follows the enormous role of the creation and wide use of new materials—one of the most important areas of scientific and technological progress.

In the field of objects of labor, the following trends in scientific and technological progress can be distinguished:

a significant improvement in the quality characteristics of materials of mineral origin, stabilization and even a decrease in the specific volumes of their consumption;

intensive transition to the use of light, strong and corrosion-resistant non-ferrous metals (alloys) in a larger number, which became possible due to the appearance of fundamentally new technologies (developments), significantly reducing the cost of their production;

a noticeable expansion of the range and a forced increase in the production of artificial materials with predetermined properties, including unique ones.

Modern production processes are subject to such requirements as achieving maximum continuity, safety, flexibility and productivity, which can only be realized with an appropriate level of mechanization and automation - an integrated and final direction of scientific and technological progress. and automation of production, reflecting varying degrees of replacement of manual labor by machine labor, in its development successively, in parallel or in parallel-sequentially passes from a lower (partial) to a higher (complex) form.

In the context of production intensification, the urgent need for a reusable increase labor efficiency and a radical improvement in its social content, a radical improvement in the quality of trade items automation of production processes is becoming a strategic direction scientific and technological progress for most enterprises industries National economy. The priority task is to ensure integrated automation, since the introduction of separate automatic machines and units does not give the desired economic effect due to the remaining significant amount of manual labor. A new and rather promising integrated direction is associated with the creation and implementation of flexible automated production. The accelerated development of such industries (primarily in mechanical engineering and some other industries) is due to the objective need to ensure the highly efficient use of expensive automatic equipment and sufficient mobility of production with constant updating of the product range.

World Economic Leaders

developed countries of the world, the country of the "golden billion". They are seriously preparing to enter the post-industrial world. Thus, the states of Western Europe have joined their efforts within the framework of a pan-European program. Industrial developments are unfolding in the following areas of information technology. Global mobile telephony (, 2000-2007) - providing ubiquitous teleaccess to any subscribers and information and analytical resources of the global network from a personal handset (like a cellular one) or a special mobile terminal.

More recently, people on the planet slept up to 10 hours a day, but with the advent of electricity humanity began to spend less and less time in bed. The culprit of the electrical "revolution" is considered to be Thomas Alva Edison, who created the first electric light bulb. However, 6 years before him, in 1873, our compatriot Alexander Lodygin, the first scientist who thought of using tungsten filaments in lamps, patented his incandescent lamp.

telephone set

First in the world telephone set, which was immediately dubbed the miracle of miracles, was created by the famous Boston inventor Bell Alexander Gray. On March 10, 1876, the scientist called his assistant at the receiving station, and he distinctly heard in the receiver: "Mr. Watson, please come here, I need to talk to you." Bell was quick to patent his invention and a few months later telephone set was located in almost a thousand houses.

Photography and cinema

The prospect of inventing a device capable of transmitting an image haunted several generations of scientists. As early as the beginning of the 19th century, Joseph Niépce projected the view from the window of his workshop onto a metal plate using a camera obscura. And Louis-Jacques Mand Daguerre perfected it in 1837.

The indefatigable inventor Tom Edison made his contribution to the invention of cinema. In 1891, he created a kinetoscope, an apparatus for displaying photographs with the effect of movement. It was the Kinetoscope that inspired the Lumiere brothers to create cinema. As you know, the first film show took place in December 1895 in Paris on the Boulevard des Capuchins.

Debate over who first invented radio, continue. However, most representatives of the scientific world attribute this merit to the Russian inventor Alexander Popov. In 1895, he demonstrated a wireless telegraphy apparatus and became the first person to send a radiogram to the world, the text of which consisted of the two words "Heinrich Hertz". However, the first radio patented by the enterprising Italian radio engineer Guglielmo Marconi.

a television

television appeared and developed thanks to the efforts of many inventors. One of the first in this chain is a professor at the St. Petersburg Technological University, Boris Lvovich Rosing, who in 1911 demonstrated an image of a cathode ray tube on a glass screen. And in 1928, Boris Grabovsky found a way to transmit a moving image over a distance. A year later in USA Vladimir Zworykin created a kinescope, modifications of which were subsequently used in all televisions.

Internet

The World Wide Web, which has enveloped millions of people around the world, was modestly woven by Briton Timothy John Berners-Lee in 1989. The creator of the first web server, web browser and website could have become the richest man in the world if he had patented his invention in time. As a result, the World Wide Web went to the world, and its creator - a knighthood, the Order of the British Empire and Technological in 1 million euros.

Scientific and technical progress is

Encyclopedia of the investor. 2013 .