What is a value judgment? What is the actual character.
According to the FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Examination in 2012 in social studies, the average performance of tasks in group B in the sections "Man and Society", "Economics", "Social Relations" is 60-61%. The indicators for the components "Law" - 55% and "Politics" - 53% are somewhat worse.
The fulfillment of group B assignments requires graduates not only theoretical knowledge, but also the ability to transform them, to correctly use concepts in a certain semantic context, to classify concepts, to correlate them with each other. Let us turn to the most characteristic tasks from this point of view.
Task B5 contains as a condition a small complex of interrelated judgments. Graduates are tested for the ability to distinguish between objective statements and subjective-evaluative components in any messages of a social orientation. In 2012, the fulfillment of task B5 was 60% (in 2011, the indicator was higher - 86%). Task for differentiation of facts and opinions in social information (refers to the basic level of complexity).
The correct performance of this task is assessed as follows: complete correct performance of the task - 2 points; completion of the task with one error (one incorrectly indicated symbol) or incomplete completion of the task (absence of one symbol with correctly indicated other symbols) - 1 point; incorrect performance of the task (when specifying two or more erroneous characters) - 0 points. Each task of part 2 is considered completed correctly if the correct answer is written in the form indicated in the instructions for completing the task.
In 2013, the task model B5 will be more complicated, it is planned to include the third component in the mini-text - a judgment - a theoretical postulate. This will make it possible to identify the ability to distinguish in the texts of a social orientation an important and widely represented component in them - the provisions of the theory on which modern scientific social science is based.
What is the specificity of tasks for determining evaluative, factual judgments and the nature of theoretical statements?
Task B5 1
Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A normal good is a good whose demand increases as the income of buyers increases. (B) It is quite natural that the population seeks to acquire more high-quality food, clothing, household appliances, cars. (C) Inferior goods are bought more when incomes fall, and people refuse to purchase them as incomes rise. (D) Thus, with the growth of consumers' incomes, they repair clothes and shoes less often, preferring to buy new ones, refuse cheap and not very high-quality food products. (E) This pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel.
Determine which positions of the text have:
1) actual character;
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Let's try to figure out which judgments are factual, which are evaluative, and which statements are theoretical.
The word "fact" comes from the Latin faktum - "done, accomplished."
Fact is knowledge in the form of a statement, the reliability of which is strictly established. Facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A factual judgment fixes a real fact, a phenomenon of reality that has already taken place, which took place in real time. Judgments that are factual in nature cannot be challenged.
Science distinguishes three kinds of social facts:
Actions, deeds of people, individuals or large social groups. Products of human activity (material and spiritual).
Verbal (verbal) actions: opinions, judgments, evaluations. Examples of such social facts can be: Suvorov's passage through the Alps, the pyramid of Cheops, the words spoken by Archimedes: "Give me a point of support, and I will move the globe."
So, those events that really happened and are only material for further analysis, further value judgments are of an actual nature. For example, the text states “with increasing consumer income, they are less likely to repair clothes and shoes, preferring to buy new ones, and refuse cheap and not very high-quality food.” The position does not give ratings. The same is true in the sentence - "this pattern was studied by the German economist Ernst Engel" - a fact is stated.
Therefore, in our example, the propositions of a factual nature will be judgments (D) and (D).
The scientific explanation of the fact is connected with its evaluation. A person who cognizes social phenomena cannot be indifferent to the facts being studied, he forms his own attitude towards them, positive or negative, that is, he evaluates events in one way or another. Evaluative judgments (statement, opinion about a certain fact, object, phenomenon) express attitude towards facts, evaluate their significance. These judgments can include both a purely evaluative component (“bad”, “good”, “immoral”, etc.), as well as an attitude towards a phenomenon in a broader sense, an explanation of its causes from one’s own position or an assessment of its impact on other phenomena (“can be explained”, “is an example”, etc.). As a rule, in the text a value judgment contains the following speech turns: “in our opinion”, “in your opinion”, “from our point of view”, “apparently”, “it was believed”, “it seemed”, “as stated”, “as he said”, “as noted” etc. Therefore, one should carefully analyze the provisions of the text presented in the task, mentally correlating them with a social fact or value judgment.
Analyzing the above text, we can conclude that provision (B) is of an evaluative nature.
Thus, facts form the empirical basis of knowledge. A scientifically established fact is the basis of science, it is recognized as a given, as an indisputable truth (one of the meanings of the word "fact" is "true knowledge"). Whereas explanations of the facts, attitudes towards them, assessments of their role may be different.
To perform such tasks, many reference books recommend using the following recommendations:
| Factual judgments may contain the following phrases: | Examples of value judgments are: |
|---|---|
| arose | It is considered to |
| include | From the point of view of researchers |
| Numbers - (volume) | Apparently |
| decide | I think |
| Destined | In our opinion |
| This is (some fact) | Seems |
| At all times there was | Need to recognize |
| Provide | According to a number of researchers |
| Therefore (statement) | From our point of view |
| accepted, approved | More likely |
| However… (some fact) | In our opinion |
| Have a shape | According to another point of view |
| Recognizes | It can be assumed |
| Forbid (statement) | An understatement…unjustifiably |
| Delivered (fait accompli) | It is quite active (some kind of process) |
| Entered the top ten | However… |
| bind | Has a strong tendency to keep |
| took place | If preserved, then we can assume |
| announced a merger | Something tonight is in decline |
| Graduated from the Institute | All this has a detrimental effect on… |
| Wasting a lot of time | is the greatest achievement of civilization |
| More and more use | This year it got a topical focus |
| Diagnosed | The level has risen significantly |
| Experts recorded | The gap could not be considered acceptable |
| This has caused a significant increase | Shares of an oil company become a "locomotive" |
| The next International Design Festival took place | It is unlikely that stocks will be stable |
| In the study took part 30,000 men | She does the right thing |
| the date | Habit can lead |
| Actually happened | It got a topical focus and became more modern |
| Happened | The level of submitted works has increased significantly |
| The gap that existed before between the "medal" projects and all the rest could not be considered acceptable | |
| We believe that such distribution of duties negatively affects family relationships | |
| This opinion may be due to low level of education |
A theoretical statement is such an initial statement of a unified general theory or such a statement, deduced in the process of consistent reasoning from previously established statements of this theory, which does not contradict all the initial and derivational statements of a unified general theory adjacent to it.
So the correct answer is:
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 |
And now let's decide?
Examples of tasks B5 2
№1.
(A) In modern society, situations arise when a person consciously participates in various cultural traditions. (B) Obviously, they are connected with population migrations, modernization. (C) The consequence may be psychological splitting, the formation of a "split" type of personality. (D) Sociologists call the position of such a person marginal. (E) The danger of a marginal position is the impact on a person of conflicting norms of values.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) actual character
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 2. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) A group of scientists led by A. Peccei organized the so-called Club of Rome, an international non-governmental organization whose goal is to study the problems of the modern world. (B) Uncontrolled population growth, environmental problems, modern advances in science and technology have posed the problem of assessing the direction of the quality of social progress. (C) The aggravation of global problems testifies, in our opinion, to the crisis of modern civilization. (D) At the same time, we admit that attempts to solve global problems strengthen the unity of countries and peoples. (E) Experts from different countries take part in the work of the Club of Rome.
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 3. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) Sociologists identify several factors of social mobility. (B) Some of them are objective - the state regime, the socio-economic and political situation in society, the processes of modernization. (C) Some factors are associated with the activity of the individual himself - the level of education, career, etc. (D) But no matter how external circumstances develop, individual mobility is obviously determined by the level of claims and activity of a person. (E) In modern society, a person probably has every chance to realize himself, to achieve a high social position.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 4. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) Ivan successfully passed the interview for a job as a lawyer. (B) But the employer refused to conclude an employment contract with him, having learned that he was 48 years old. (B) In the advertised vacancy, the age of the applicant was not specifically specified. (D) It would be right for Ivan to appeal this decision in court. (E) Labor disputes are considered by courts of general jurisdiction in the framework of civil proceedings.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 5.
(A) The global problems of the modern world threaten the survival of humanity as a biological species. (B) Downplaying the danger of a new world war in modern conditions is unjustified. (B) Officially, there are about 70,000 nuclear weapons on Earth. (D) Calculations performed show that this arsenal is capable of completely destroying life on the planet. (E) We believe that an appeal to the world community with a call for disarmament is extremely necessary.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 6. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The family as a social institution ensures the reproduction and primary socialization of new generations. (B) The study involved 1503 people - boys and girls over 18 years old. (C) They were asked various questions: about marriage, divorce and raising children. (D) Every second respondent stated that early marriages often end in divorce. (E) In our opinion, such marriages destabilize society and exacerbate the crisis of family values.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 7. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The emergence of family legal relations is connected with the official registration of marriage in the manner prescribed by law. (B) Adults Ivan and Natalya came to the registry office to apply for state registration of marriage. (C) The registry office officer refused to accept this application because Ivan was declared legally incompetent by the court. (D) Natalya, who knew about this and was guided by the desire to register in Ivan's apartment, acted immorally. (E) Ivan's guardians should keep a better eye on him.
Determine which provisions of the text are worn
1) actual character
2) the nature of value judgments
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 8. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The middle class in modern Western societies is the most numerous part of society. (B) Apparently, it is impossible to single out a single, universal criterion for belonging to the middle class. (C) Both the level of income, and standards of consumption, and the level of education, and the ability to skilled work are used as criteria. (D) The middle class includes small entrepreneurs, highly skilled workers, service professionals, administrative staff, intellectuals, and other groups. (E) The middle class is seen as the basis for the stable development of society.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
№ 9. Read the text below, each position of which is indicated by a specific letter.
(A) The process of depreciation of money, i.e. inflation, manifested in price increases, not justified by an increase in the quality of goods and services (B) The increase in prices in country Z in the winter months turned out to be “more modest” than the forecasts of most economists. (C) Inflation was 2.1% (3.4% over the winter of the previous year). (D) Most likely, the decline in oil prices on world trading floors contributes to the slowdown in the indicator. (E) Perhaps the stabilization of gasoline prices in the domestic market also played a role in the statistics.
Determine what provisions of the text are:
1) actual character;
2) the nature of value judgments;
3) the nature of theoretical statements.
Write in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number expressing its nature.
| BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Answers: 3
| job number | BUT | B | AT | G | D |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| № 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| № 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| № 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| № 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| № 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| № 6 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| № 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| № 8 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| № 9 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
According to the FIPI analytical report on the results of the USE in 2012, task B6 is also difficult for graduates, which involves the inclusion of concepts and terms in a certain semantic context. The results of the USE in 2012 show that this applies to all sections of the course. The greatest difficulty is the use of legal terms. The average percentage of completion of task B6 is 45.4% 4 . This is the lowest rate of completion of Part 2 assignments by graduates. The extremely low result of completing task B6 indicates the lack of systemic knowledge of the course and the low communicative culture of this group of graduates.
The issue of this type of assignment has already been considered. Information can be viewed.
Notes:1 USE - 2013: Social science: the most complete edition of typical assignments / ed. - comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2003. (FIPI).
2 Ibid.
3 USE - 2013: Social science: the most complete edition of typical assignment options / ed. - comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2003. P. 146 - 148
4 Analytical report on the results of the USE in 2012 p.6.
When compiling the article, materials were used:
1. Analytical report on the results of the USE in 2012 (http://www.fipi.ru).
2. Unified State Examination - 2013: Social science: the most complete edition of typical assignment options / ed. - comp. O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. - Moscow: Astrel, 2003. (FIPI)
Value judgments
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | Value judgments |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Psychology |
How likely is it to rain today? Is this person suitable for a certain position? What are the chances of your favorite football team winning the decisive match? How confident am I in the correctness of the decision made? What is the real price of this car, is the seller asking too much for it? Is it dangerous to walk at night in this area of the city? What is the probability of entering this university at this faculty? To what extent can this person be trusted?
Each of us often have to answer such questions. The answers to them are value judgments(in English literature - judgment). A value judgment is a subjective or psychological dimension. Making a value judgment, a person classifies, ranks, assigns certain numerical values to objects, events or people. For example, to the question of whether this applicant is suitable for work in this position, you can answer ʼʼyesʼʼ or ʼʼnoʼʼ, you can compare ᴇᴦο with other applicants, or you can evaluate the degree of compliance with the position as a percentage. In the first case, this will be a simple classification into fit and unfit for the position, in the second - a ranking procedure, and in the third - the assignment of a numerical value. But in all these cases we are dealing with a value judgment.
Value judgments can rightfully be classified as cognitive processes or information processing processes. However, value judgments have a certain specificity. Its essence lies in the fact that they stand (so to speak) on the ʼʼedgeʼʼ of a multitude of cognitive processes. On the one hand, value judgments use everything that is acquired at the primary stages of information processing - sensory and perceptual; on the other hand, it is value judgments that complete the process of informational preparation of an action, it is on their basis and under their direct influence that the so-called regulatory processes are deployed, decisions are made, goal setting is carried out and behavior is planned. By virtue of the indicated (ʼʼmarginalʼʼ) specificity, value judgments are, to a greater extent than, say, sensations and perception, ʼʼʼʼʼ tiedʼ to motivational and emotional processes. Value judgments reflect not only (and sometimes not so much) reality, but also the needs and goals of the individual himself.
Chapter 11
The psychological study of value judgments began in the 1950s within the framework of decision-making problems. In 1954, Ward Edwards published a review of the research on decision making by economists, mathematicians, and philosophers. In 1955, another well-known researcher Herbert Simon formulated the principle of bounded rationality, the essence of which was that, due to the limited cognitive abilities of a person ᴇᴦο, value judgments and decisions differ significantly from rational ones, they are suboptimal and full of errors. Since then, the efforts of psychologists working in the field of value judgment research have been aimed at identifying more and more errors in subjective measurements. In this case, everything that does not correspond to normative model- a mathematical model of decision-making developed by mathematicians or economists. It came almost to the tragic intensity of passions. More and more, the belief that human value judgments are very unstable, inconsistent and fuzzy, they ominously distort reality, their rationality is inevitably violated by many different factors: the specifics of the task, the context, the individual qualities of a person, making a value judgment, ᴇᴦο emotional state, etc. . The picture turned out to be such that a person in his assessments of reality and decisions is almost completely an irrational being. The situation is paradoxical. On the one hand, we have rational, normative models, theories that prescribe to a person how he should act, on the other hand, irrational human behavior. Moreover, the author of both the first (theories) and the second (real behavior) was the same humanity.
Value judgments - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Value judgments" 2015, 2017-2018.
How likely is it to rain today? Is this person suitable for a certain position? What are the chances of your favorite football team winning the decisive match? How confident am I in the correctness of the decision made? What is the real price of this car, is it too much ...
studies of motivational, intentional (goals, intentions, attitudes) and emotional factors on evaluative behavior. References Sateker C, Weber M. Recent developments in modeling preferences: uncertanty and ambiguity//J. Risk Uncertain. 1992 Vol. 5. P. 325-370. Edwards W. The theory of decision making//Psychological Bulletin. 1954 Vol. 51. P.... .
A value judgment (opinion) is a subjective assessment by a person of any phenomenon of the surrounding reality. It is usually expressed using evaluative words (“acceptable / unacceptable”, “good / bad”) or explains the individual position of a person.
According to their orientation, judgments are of three types:
- Actual (objective). That is, those that record real events. In other words, it is a real fait accompli, recorded by people or special devices and stored in any form. The actual opinion may be the result of one's own or someone else's experience. Often, events that did not happen in reality, but are the plots of books (films, commercials), are often referred to as actual. For example, the fact that Alice fell down the rabbit hole is a fact, albeit in a fantasy world.
- Estimated (subjective). Always subjective, even if they are public. Such judgments reflect the individual perception of the fact.
- Theoretical. This is a presentation of information based on the experience of many generations. A person does not have to be a scientist for scientific experience to become the basis of his theoretical judgments.
Theoretical judgments are easily confused with facts. It should be remembered that a fact is a concrete phenomenon, and a theory is just a scheme of actions.
A person always gives an independent assessment of the world around him, even if this opinion is dictated to him from the outside. Despite this, there are several types of evaluative opinions:
- correct;
- wrong;
- adequate;
- inadequate;
- optimal;
- suboptimal.
The correctness of an opinion can be judged by comparing it with the pattern of events. About adequacy - comparing with reality (facts).
Optimality means how beneficial the evaluative opinion is to the subject of the statement.
Sometimes a person utters a blatant lie, himself perfectly understanding this. Such self-deception can be very optimal if it results in the achievement of the intended goal!
An example of such an inadequate and suboptimal judgment is when a person finds positive moments in the most bleak events (being fired from a job, stealing a wallet) that help to achieve something new and better.
Inadequate and incorrect value judgments are determined by comparing them with reality.
Assessing what is happening around, a person can control himself and shape his reality. Communicating with other people, we sometimes notice the incorrectness of their statements. The same thing happens to those who listen to us. It turns out that all people lie and tell the truth at the same time.
As a result, we can say that the main function of a value judgment is not to clarify the truth, but to justify one's own thoughts, words, and actions.
Any assessment ultimately affects the actions, behavior of a person, his attitude towards himself and others.
In mentally healthy people, self-esteem is usually a little high, which allows them to stay at least at an average level. This phenomenon is also characteristic of humanity as a whole. However, if such unreasonable optimism reaches global proportions, it is a step into the abyss for society.
Each person is a particle of his environment, which does not want to stand out too much from the general mass. This leads to the conclusion that the subjective evaluative opinion of each of us is the result of the influence of public judgments. And the main function of evaluation is in self-government, as well as in identifying oneself with society.
How likely is it to rain today? Is this person suitable for some
position? What are the chances of your favorite football team to win?
in the final match? How confident am I in the correctness of the decision made?
niya? What is the real price of this car, are there too many
does the seller pay for it? Is it dangerous to walk at night in this area?
kind? What is the probability of entering this university at this faculty? In ca-
How much can you trust this person?
Each of us often have to answer such questions. Answer-
Tami on them are value judgments(in English literature -
judgment). A value judgment is a subjective, or psi-
chological, measurement. Making a value judgment, a person classifies
cites, ranks, assigns certain numerical values to objects
there, events or people. For example, when asked if a given
applicant for work in this position, you can answer "yes" or "no",
you can compare it with other applicants, or you can assess the degree of
position responsibility in percent. In the first case it will be a simple class
classification into suitable and unsuitable for the position, in the second - the procedure
fool ranking, and in the third - the assignment of a numerical value. But
in all these cases we are dealing with a value judgment.
Value judgments can rightly be categorized as
nitivnye processes or processes of information processing. However
value judgments have a certain specificity. Its essence lies in
that they stand (so to speak) on the "edge" of the multitude of cog-
nitive processes. On the one hand, in value judgments, use
everything that is acquired at the primary stages of information processing is taken into account.
tsii - sensory and perceptual; on the other hand, it is precisely the evaluative
deniya completes the process of information preparation of the action,
it is on their basis and under their direct influence that the
there are so-called regulatory processes: decisions are made,
Goal-setting occurs and behavior is planned. By virtue of the said
(“marginal”) specific value judgments to a greater extent than,
we feel, sensations and perceptions are “tied” to motivational and emotional
physical processes. Value judgments reflect not only (but other
and not so much) reality, but also the needs and goals of the individual himself.
Chapter 11
The psychological study of value judgments began in the 1950s.
das of the 20th century in the framework of decision-making problems. In 1954 Ward Edwards
published a review of decision making research
conducted by economists, mathematicians and philosophers. In 1955, another
renowned researcher Herbert Simon formulated principle
concept of bounded rationality, the essence of which was that
limited cognitive abilities of a person, his evaluative judgments
and solutions differ significantly from rational ones, they are suboptimal
we are full of mistakes. Since then, the efforts of psychologists working in the field
studies of value judgments were aimed at identifying
more and more errors in subjective measurements. An error in this
considered everything that does not correspond normative model- mathematical
decision-making model developed by mathematicians or economists
mi. It came almost to the tragic intensity of passions. More and more
the belief that human value judgments have
highly unstable, inconsistent and fuzzy character, they are evil
things distort reality, their rationality is inevitably violated by many
various factors: the specifics of the task, the context, the individual
real qualities of a person making a value judgment, his emotional
the rational state, etc. . The picture turned out to be
a person in his assessments of reality and decisions - almost completely
irrational being. The situation is paradoxical. From one
On the other hand, we have rational, normative models, theories,
telling a person how he should act, on the other hand, irrational
onal human behavior. Moreover, the author of both the first (theories) and
the second (real behavior) was the same humanity.
This situation led to a turning point in the interpretation of rational behavior.
Denia. This happened around the mid 90s. In this sense ha-
the review on value judgments and decision making is
niya, published in 1998 . The authors about
Zorah note that psychologists have become increasingly aware of the limitations
traditional approach to the study of value judgments.
What was the essence of this approach and what needs to be revised in it?
The only criterion optimality evaluative behavior was his great-
fortitude. At the same time, correctness was understood as how accurately in assessing
nighttime judgment reflects reality. If, for example, a person believes that
his chances of getting a job in a given city are 25%, and special
objective data confirm this assessment, then the judgment can be considered
correct. If a person systematically overestimates (or underestimates)
f) their chances of getting a job, then this kind of value judgments
law can be considered erroneous, and therefore suboptimal.
However, many years of research have convinced psychologists that the
vigor is not the only criterion that guides
person when making a value judgment. If you need to buy one
disposable lighter, then you will not spend long hours studying technical
characteristics of these very inexpensive devices, for a survey of experimental
Unrealistic optimism
new users and structured interviews with sellers. Let you
mistakenly consider one of the lighters more reliable and convenient in
use, let your evaluative behavior and subsequent choice be
are wrong in the strict sense of the word, but they will be optimal-
mi in terms of the criterion of saving, or minimizing, efforts. Let be
football players will overestimate their chances of winning before the game, let them evaluate
nighttime judgments will be wrong, but they will be optimal with
in terms of the quality of the upcoming game, because by doing so they both
would program themselves to win. Even if they don't win, but
surely they will play better than if they initially expected to lose.
Let you be mistaken in thinking that, do not enter this university and did not receive
just this education, you would have been tormented all your life by what you
it's not your business. Let, from the point of view of "absolute" truth, this
it’s not like that for everyone, but cats don’t scratch your soul, speaking in a stricter language
com, evaluating your past as a relatively favorable outcome, you
provide yourself with a comfortable emotional state.
So, paradoxical as it may sound, a value judgment can be
wrong, but optimal. Accuracy of reflection of reality is not-
being the only criterion for the optimality of value judgments. From the time of-
scientific studies of evaluative behavior make it possible to single out at least
at least three more criteria. This is saving, or minimizing, cognitive effort
(see, for example,); improving the efficiency of
next action; improvement in emotional state(see, for example,
). The optimality criterion is essentially a cognitive
tive meta-purpose, or, more simply, that for the sake of which, in the name of which the evaluative
judgment is made. Behavior can generally be considered optimal if
it maximizes, contributes to the achievement of the optimality criterion. Ana-
logical evaluative behavior is optimal if it contributes to the achievement
cognitive metagoal or is consistent with the optimality criterion.
To explain many, if not all, of the so-called biases
night judgments from reality is possible by what the subject uses in his
evaluative behavior, along with the criterion of accuracy of reflection of reality
criteria for minimizing cognitive effort, increasing efficiency
follow-up action or criterion for improving the emotional state.
Next, we will consider the main facts obtained in the study.
value judgments, as well as their possible interpretations in terms of critical
optimality theories used by the subject of evaluative behavior.
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