What are the orthoepic norms of the language. The concept of orthoepy

Variants of orthoepic norm

Orthoepy establishes and defends the norms of literary pronunciation. Sources of deviation from the norm can be:

dialect speech ([b "a] reza; bo [n] ba; [do] horn; kakava; spy), colloquial speech (kilo "meter; to" start; to "rtfel);

a letter (under the influence of the letter h they say: [h "] then instead of [w] then; horse [h"] but instead of horse [w] but; own [g] o instead of own [c] o);

indistinguishability between the letters e and e in the letter (nothing "many instead of worthless; acquired instead of acquired, etc.);

development of the language (old literary norms: unhappy "in; tse [r"] kov; four [r"] g - modern orthoepic norms: unhappy "stliv; tse [r] kov; four [r] g).

However, the whole variety of linguistic factors is not limited to a simple opposition of the norm / not the norm. There is a standardization scale:

orthoepic norms that do not allow other options: aka [d "e] mik, a [f "e"] ra, dispan [se"] r, underfilled", etc.

orthoepic norms that allow equal options: bulo [shn] naya - bulo [ch] naya, up to [w "] - up to [pcs"], ar [te] ria - ar [t"] eriya, ba [se] yn - ba[s"]ein; your "horn - tvoro" g, sparkling "stay - and" crunchy, crumbling - crumbling, etc.

variants of the norm, of which one is recognized as the main one:

"younger" (new) norm smile [with "] housemaid started [from "a]	"older" (obsolete) norm smile[s] gorni[shn]aya started [sa]
general literary sphere use flete "yte about "thoughts	professional sphere use flute"vy fishing"
general literary norm okrov"incarnated silk	artistic norm bloody silk

Orthoepic variants may belong to different styles. Words that fall into different stylistic contexts are pronounced differently. There are socially significant pronunciation options, i.e. those that are typical of different groups of people who speak the literary language, as well as stylistic options consciously chosen in various social situations.

Usually there are three styles of pronunciation: high (solemn, bookish), neutral and reduced (colloquial). Against the background of a stylistically uncolored, neutral pronunciation, on the one hand, the features of the “reduced”, colloquial style stand out, and on the other hand, the features of a “higher”, bookish style. Each style of pronunciation, as a rule, does not cover all words, but only a certain circle of them, mainly associated with different areas of science, technology, art, and politics. For different people, this coverage is different depending on a number of conditions, including the degree of familiarity with foreign languages, the traditions of the old book pronunciation, etc. In the same way, the colloquial style of pronunciation extends to a certain circle of popular words and forms, relating mainly to the sphere of everyday life, everyday life, etc.

book (high) A distinct pronunciation of unstressed syllables, close to the source; relaxed reduction: p[o]ethical, wire[olo]ka, in general; The pronunciation of foreign words is close to the international pronunciation norm or source: nocturne; Clear pronunciation of most consonants: fifty; A hard consonant before an unstressed adjective ending in them. p., units hours: thunder [k] th, strict [g] th; Slow pace of speech, even rhythm, dominance of brittle-grammatical intonation articulation.

colloquial (reduced) Strong qualitative reduction of unstressed syllables - p[a] ethical, reduction to zero sound - about [vlk] a, contraction of vowels - in [a] generally; Pronunciation of foreign words in accordance with the pronunciation norms of colloquial speech of the Russian language: n[a]kturn; Reduction of consonants in combinations with other consonants and vowels: Softening consonants in the same forms: loud, strict; Sharp rise and fall of tone, uneven pace of speech, pauses.

Orthoepic norms in the field of vowels

1. In Russian speech, only stressed vowels are pronounced clearly. In an unstressed position, the following processes are observed:

Akanye - at home [lady?];

Hiccup - in the forest [in l "isu], nickel - [n" so];

Ykanye - wife [zhyna], horses - [horse "hey], and this process is observed after solid consonants [g], [w], [c].

Ekanye - atelier [atel "ye].

The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.

2. in the Russian language there is a tendency for the adaptability of foreign words with e after a hard consonant, many words are “Russified” and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: [akad "em" iya]; [cr "em]; [mus" hey]; but a number of words retain a solid consonant: [b "iznes]; [test].

In the part of borrowed words, before the vowel [e], hard consonants are or can be pronounced. however, only in a few cases the hardness of the consonant before [e] is indicated by the letter e: sir, mayor, peer, etc. In other cases, the hardness of the consonant remains unmarked: after a hard consonant, as well as after a soft one, the letter e is written: kaba [re]; ka[pe]lla; [ke]b; [neseser]; past [te] l; [se] psis; s [te] k, [me] tr, etc.

3. In separate words of foreign origin, in place of the letter o in pre-stressed and stressed syllables, instead of the expected reduced sound, [o] is pronounced or can be pronounced: [boa]; [bol "iro]; [rococo].

4. The Russian historian N.M. suggested using the letter ё. Karamzin, simplifying the complex drawing of a letter that existed earlier in the alphabet. Two dots above the letter ё in print and in writing are usually not put (they are indicated sequentially only in dictionaries, primers, textbooks for elementary education). Therefore, it turned out that many spellings can be read in two ways, hence the errors in the pronunciation of the letter ё:

faded / fade - nepr. fade / fade

whitish - nepr. whitish

imported - nepr. imported

buckets (r.p. pl.) - adv. buckets (r. p. pl.)

maneuvers - nepr. maneuvers

worthless - nepr. worthless

newborn - nepr. newborn

And vice versa, e replaces e, making the mistake:

scam - nepr. scam

being - nepr. being

deadwood - nepr. deadwood

grenadier - nepr. grenadier

perplexed - adverb perplexed

simultaneous - nepr. simultaneous

guardianship - nepr. guardianship

5. A number of letters of the Russian alphabet denotes two sounds: i [th - a], e [th - e], e [th - o], yu [th - y]. This process is observed at the absolute beginning of a word, after a vowel, after dividing soft and hard signs.

Orthoepic norms in the field of consonants

1. Stunning: voiced consonants at the end of a word and before deaf consonants are replaced by the corresponding (paired) deaf ones:

bread [n], goal [n "], zali [f], cro [f "], pyro [k], naro [t], lebe [t "], but [w], gr [s], grya [ with"] etc.

speed [p] ki, tra [f] ka, [f] second, lo [t] ka, weak [t] ko, po [t] writing, books [sh] ki, girlfriend [sh] ka, none [s ]ko.

2. Voicing: in place of deaf consonants before a voiced one (except [c] corporal - e [f] reytor), the corresponding (paired) voiced ones are pronounced: about [z "] ba, [z] do, [zz] adi (behind), young [d "] ba, o [d] guess, in [g] hall.

3. Pronunciation of individual consonants or groups of consonants:

a) in place of the letter g in the Russian literary language are pronounced:

[g] - [g]us, o[g]orod, [g]nat, [g]rib, and [g]ra, etc.;

[k] - vra [k], sapo [k], etc.;

[x] - Bo[x];

[h] / [g] - in interjections a [g] a; wow; e[g]e (aha! wow! ege!);

In interjectional use of the word Lord - [g] Lord;

In some words of church-book origin: in indirect cases of the word God, in the words good, rich and derived from them (bo[g]y, rich[g]aty, etc.). However, the pronunciation of these words with the sound [h] / [g] is falling into disuse, giving way to the sound [g];

[in] - ko [in] o; my[v]o; one's [in] about, etc.

b) the combination of gk is pronounced like [hk]: le [hk] y, my [hk] y.

c) the combination ch, as a rule, is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. [ch] (anti [ch] th; ve [ch] th; yes [ch] y; on [ch] y; pro[ch] y, etc.).

In some words, only [shn] is pronounced in place of ch:

(fine [shn] o, boring [shn] o, naro [shn] o, egg [shn] ica, empty [shn] th, laundry [shn] th, bitter [shn] th, two [shn] ik, square [shn]ik, och[shn]ik and in female patronymics on -ichna: Fomi[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, etc.).

There is also a double pronunciation [ch] / [shn]:

bulo [shn] / [h] th; bitterness [shn] / [h]ik; kopee [shn] / [h] th; young [shn] / [ch] th; drain [sh] / [ch] th; wheat [shn] / [ch] y, etc.

Sometimes the differences in pronunciation [ch] / [sh] are determined by the semantics of the word: mammary [ch] gland - youth [ch] porridge; thrush [n]itsa (disease) - thrush[shn]itsa (one who carries milk); heart [ch] drops - heart [shn] friend, etc.

d) The combination of th is pronounced in accordance with the spelling [th], except for the word that and its derivatives: [pcs] oby, [pcs] something, something [pcs] o, none [pcs] o. The word something is pronounced with [th].

e) ssh and w > [w] / [wh]: be [w] smart; ra[w]ity and under.

zh, zh, zhzh > [zh] / [zhzh]: burned - [zh] eg, squeezed - [zh] al, fried - and [zh] aryl, I go - e [zh] y, reins - in [zh] and, yeast - dro [g] and, rain - to [g "] ik and under.

midrange and midrange; ss, zhch, sch; ssch, stch, zdh > [w "] (letter u): different [w"] ik; sign [w "] ik; zaka [w"] ik; out [w "] ik; zano [w"] ive; split [w "] to eat (split) and under .;

ts, ds, ds > [c]: o [c] a (father); si[c]a; milk[c]a; two[c]at; kolo[ts]a (wells), oxvor[ts] cue; similarity and similar;

f) consonants [t], [d], [t "], [d"] are not pronounced:

between [h] - [n]: star [know] th; by [zn] about; pra[zn] nickname and similar;

between [s] - [n]: me[sn] th; cloud [s] oh; che [sn] and under .;

between [s] - [l]: dependent [sl] ive; owl[sl]ive; happy and similar;

between [n] - [s]: age [ns] tvo; giga[ns] cue; golla[ns] cue; irla[ns]-cue; command [ns] cue and under .;

between [n] - [k] in the words: golla [nk] a (oven), shotla [nk] a (fabric).

BUT! golla[ntk]a (resident of Holland); governess; irla[ntk]a (resident of Ireland); waitress; student[ntk]a; scotla[ntk]a (resident of Scotland) etc.;

in combination vstv - the first [in] is not pronounced: hello [stv] uy; chu [st] about and under.

Orthoepic norms in the area of ​​stress (accentological norms)

The stress entirely belongs to the sphere of oral speech and is usually not indicated in writing. Russian stress - highlighting a syllable with greater intensity of the pronunciation apparatus - dynamic (power). It has the following properties:

Diversity - the place of stress is not attached to a specific syllable of the word (for example, initial or final) or to a specific morphological part of the word (to the stem or ending): you "carried; voro" on; gray "thy; teachers"; translated; democratize; etc. In the above words, the stress falls on different syllables (from the first to the sixth) and on its different morphological parts (root, prefix, suffix, ending).

In a number of other languages, unlike Russian, the place of stress is assigned to a certain syllable of the word. In Czech and Finnish it falls on the initial syllable of a word, in Polish on the penultimate syllable, in French on the last syllable.

The diversity of stress in Russian is an important means of distinguishing words.

1. Homograph words are distinguished:

a "tlas - atla" s; for "mok - zamo" to; flour "- mu" ka; o "rgan - organ" n; par "rith - bet" (sense-distinctive function).

2. some forms of two different words differ in the place of stress:

pi "scha (n.) - pi" cabbage soup (r.p.); food" (deep.); food" (p. inf. verb);

white "to (n., singular) - squirrel" (singular r.p.), squirrel "(sing. d.p.); white" lok (n., pl. r.p.) - be "lka (singular, i.p.), be" lku (singular, v.p.);

pi "whether (from drinking) - drank" (p. infl. of the verb from sawing);

pa "whether (from the mouth) - fell" (p. inf. of the verb from to burn);

me "whether (from stranded) - stranded" (p. infl. verb from grind);

sign "com (from sign) - sign" m (from familiar).

3. The place of stress may differ between the changed word and the unchangeable word: according to "that (noun, tv.p. singular) - poto" m (adv.).

Mobility. The multi-place stress of the Russian language in some words is fixed (i.e., when forming grammatical forms of a word, it remains on the same syllable), and in others it is mobile (i.e., when forming different grammatical forms of a word, the stress is transferred from one syllable to another). Compare: book "ga, book" gi, book "ge, book" gu, book "goy, about book" ge (singular); books "gi, books" g, books "gum, books" gi, books "gami, about books" gah (plural) - motionless stress; and head, head, head, head, head, head, about the head (singular); go "lovy, golo" in, head "m, go" golovy, head "mi, o head" x (plural) - mobile stress.

Another example:

cut, cut, sew, cut, t, cut, t (fixed beat)

I can, you can, you can, you can, you can gut (sub. beat).

The mobility of Russian stress is an additional auxiliary tool that accompanies the main means of forming grammatical forms: different forms of a word, differing from each other in endings, can at the same time differ in the place of stress.

Variability. In a number of cases, fluctuations are observed in the words of the Russian language that do not carry a distinctive or formative function. So, stress options in some words can be equal: for "cast - flooded"; and "nache - ina" che; kro "shits - crumbs" tsya; o "buh - obu" x; simultaneous "simultaneous - simultaneous" ny, your "horn - creative" g, etc.

Most often, the place of stress differs in stylistic variants of words:

1) common and professional

extraction "cha, and" skra, co "mpas, to" bull, spark "compa" s,

convict "ny, chassis", convict "denied, sha" ssi,

ve"vector vectors"

2) literary and dialect

vyu "ha, nettle" va, blizzard "nettle",

di "cue, ho" cold, ticklish "tnodiko" th, cold, ticklish "

3) literary and folk-poetic

girl "tsa, silver", girl "vice, se" rib,

honest, silk honest, silk

4) modern and obsolete

mu "thundering muses" ka combat

on the root "mpo to the roots of the elastic ax pounded

5) literary and colloquial

quart "l, kilome" tr, kva "rtal, kilo" meter,

store "n, paint" veemaga "zine, beautiful" e

6) neutral and conversational

sentence "r, call" sh, with "talk, call" niche,

repeat "sh, busy" repeat "rish, busy"

As a rule, these stylistic variants have the following marks in dictionaries: “add.”, “add. obsolete. ”,“ in poetic. speech is possible”, “in the profession. speeches" / "among chemists", "among physicians", etc.

A fairly significant number of stress options are outside the literary norm. In the dictionaries for these options, the so-called fixing marks are introduced: “not rec.”, “not rec. obsolete”, “wrong”, “grossly wrong”.

For example:

alcohol "l! nepr. a" alcohol

apostro "f! not rec. apo" stanza

airports "mouths! not rivers airports"

balova "th, baloo" yu, baloo "et! no rivers. ba" catch, ba "luyu, ba" luet

spoiled "bathroom! not rec. spoiled"

gross "th! nepr. va" catchy

entered!ex. introduced

veterinarian "riya! nepr. veterinarians" i

religion "given! non-profound religion"

ge "nesis! Nepr gene" sis

dispensary "r! nepr. dispa" nser

contract "r! rudely oblique to" dialect

engineers "ry! rudely non-pronounced engineer"

tool "nt! rough non-pr. tool" ment

not long

illegitimate! illegitimate

wrong "in, wrong" you! no rivers. wrong"

stupid "! no rivers. no" a lot

oil pipeline "d! nepr. oil pipeline" water

provision! not recommended. provision

call "th, -nu", -ne "t! not rec. call" nit

make it easier "t, -chu", -chi "t! non-problem. make it easier, -chu, -chit

shoe "th! nepr. o" booty

ove"n, ram"!nepr. o "vein, o" vna

wholesale

parali "h! nepr. couple" lich

sentence "r! nepr. at" conversation

dowry "noe! nepr. with" given

beets! beet"

funds

stolya "r! Nepr. one hundred" lyar

with "bent! unpredictable bend" ty

dance "vshchik! Nepr. dance"

legalization! non-legalization

move "secret! rudely obsc. petition" act

schave "l! nepr. scha" vel

wide "!nepr. shi" roko

exp "rt! nepr. e" expert

I "years, -its! not rivers. berries" tsy

Thus, stress is one of the means of distinguishing words, word forms and stylistic variants (coloring) of words.

Norms of stress in certain parts of speech

Noun stress

1. In most nouns of foreign origin, the stress will be the same as in the original language: marketing, pullo, ver, nouvori.

2. In words on -wire, the stress falls on the last syllable: water pipeline "d, gas pipeline" d, oil pipeline "d. Exception: electric water supply.

3. Some prepositions take on stress. In this case, the noun following them is unstressed. Most often, the stress goes to prepositions: on, for, under, by, from, without, from, to. For example: on the "water", on the "foot", on the "d hands, on the" forest, and "from the house, without" a year, hour about "t hour, before" the floor.

stress in adjectives

1. In short adjectives with suffixes -iv-, -liv-, -chiv-, -im-, -n-, aln-, -eln-, -ist-, the stress falls on the same syllable as in full form adjectives :

paint "vy - paint" in, paint "wa, paint" in, paint "you;

stable - stable, stable, stable, stable, stable;

dumb"slim - dumb"slim, dumb"slim, dumb"slim, dumb"slim;

nutritious - nutritious, nutritious, nutritious, nutritious, etc.

2. In adjectives with monosyllabic stems without suffixes (or with the simplest ancient suffixes -k-, -n-) in short feminine forms, the stress moves to the ending:

would be "strong - fast, fast", would be "strong, would" stry;

pale "bottom - pale" den, pale, pale "bottom, pale" bottoms;

harmful - harmful, harmful, harmful, bottom, harmful bottoms;

young "y - mo" lod, young, mo "lodo, mo" lody, etc. - in other short forms, the stress remains on the basis (coincides with the stress in the full form).

3. In most plural forms, the stress fluctuates (it happens on the ending and on the basis): low, drunk, empty, etc. The stress does not fluctuate in the following short plural forms:

ble "bottoms, close" zky, bo "yki, bu" rny, ve "rny, harm" bottoms, glut "py, bitter" rki, mud "heats, lengths" dreams, circles, los, lies, right, you, about hundred, red, sharp, su, chi, u, chi, sta, I, rky, I, dreams.

4. If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the ending, then in a comparative degree - on the suffix -ee-: long "- longer" e, visible "- visible" e, full "- full" e.

If in the short form of the feminine the stress falls on the stem, then in a comparative degree it will also be on the stem: lilo "wa - lilo" vee, beautiful "wa - beautiful" vee, laziness "wa - laziness" vee.

Stress in verbs

1. In verbs on -irovat - the stress on and, going back to the German -ieren, is more productive. However, in some verbs that entered the Russian language in the 19th century, the stress falls on the last vowel - a: bombard "to, armor" to, gofrirova "to, engrave" to, grimirova "to, group" to "to, mark" to, normalization "be, seal" be, reward "be, form" be.

2. In many verbs (about 280) of the past tense (as a rule, with monosyllabic stems) in feminine forms, the emphasis is usually on the ending: took, was, took, vila, lied, persecuted, rotten, gave, fought, waited, lived , called, cursed, lied, drank, tore, wove, etc.

3. In verbs derived from the above, with any prefixes, the stress in feminine forms is always at the end. The exception is the prefix you-, which pulls the stress on itself: drove "- drove out" - surpassed "but! you" drove.

4. In reflexive verbs, the stress moves to the ending in all forms, except for the masculine form: she took away - took away - took away - took away, but! climbed; poured "shed - poured" sh - poured "shed, but! poured" was, etc.

5. Especially it should be reminded of the placement of stress in the most frequent verbs at the present time to call and turn on. In these verbs, when conjugated in the indicative mood, the stress shifts from the suffix and always falls on the personal ending: I call, call "m, call" you, call "te, call" t, calling "t; turn on", turn on" m, turn on "sh, turn on" those, turn on "t, turn on" t. However, in the imperative mood, the stress remains on the suffix: call - call, call, those; turn on - turn on", turn on" those.

Emphasis in participles

1. In short passive participles in the forms of the past tense, the stress is distributed in the same way as in the forms of short adjectives: take "t - taken" - taking "that - taking" you. But when formed from participles, the -brown, -tattered, -called feminine form has an emphasis on the basis: assembled, out of the tear, torn.

However, for participles and verbal adjectives, there is a rule: if in the full form the stress falls on the suffix -onn- / -enn-, then the stress in the short form of the masculine is the same. In the feminine, neuter and plural, the stress moves to the ending: brought - brought, brought, brought, brought; pointed - pointed, pointed, pointed, pointed.

2. In passive participles with the suffix -t-, the stress will move one syllable forward if the suffixes -nu- and -o- of the infinitive are under stress: weed - prop - golden, bend - bent.

1. Read an excerpt from a poem by F.I. Tyutchev, write it down in transcription

An agile stream runs from the mountain,

In the forest, the din of birds does not stop,

And the noise of the forest and the noise of the mountains -

Everything echoes cheerfully to the thunders.

2. There are five sounds in the word FROST. Determine how many times each of these sounds occurs in the proverb: "Try on seven times, cut one"

3. Phonetic task

“- Or maybe you would like to hear a phrase in which nine (!) vowels would stand side by side?

Please!

I know her and her July crush..."

Is this example correct?

4. The poet David Samoilov has an ironic poem "The House-Museum". The guide's story about the life of the venerable poet ends like this:

Here he died. On that canapé.

Before whispering a saying

Incomprehensible: “I want to ...”

Or songs? What about cookies?

Who knows what he wanted

This old poet before the coffin!

The death of a poet is the last section.

Don't crowd in front of the wardrobe...

There is a phonetic error here. Which?

5. In one cartoon-mystery there are such lines:

Far, far away in the meadow

They graze to...

Ko... No, not horses!

Ko... No, not goats!

Ko... That's right, cows!

Find the phonetic error.

6. What phonetic law formed the basis of the advertising slogan of Nikola kvass: “Kvass is not cola! Drink Nicola!

7. Fill in the table using the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" (under any edition, preferably not earlier than 1989)

language norm accent sentence word

Orthoepic rules cover only the area of ​​pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as the features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

The selection of styles in the field of vocabulary and grammar in the literary language is also manifested in the field of pronunciation. There are two types of pronunciation style: colloquial style and public (bookish) speech style. Conversational style is ordinary speech that dominates everyday communication, stylistically weakly colored, neutral. The absence in this style of setting for perfect pronunciation leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants, for example: [pr about s "ut] and [pr about s "ut", [high about ky] and [high about to "th]. Book style finds expression in various forms of public speech: in radio broadcasting and sound films, in reports and lectures, etc. This style requires impeccable language design, strict preservation of historically formed norms, elimination of pronunciation options. In cases when pronunciation differences are due solely to the area of ​​phonetics, two styles are distinguished: full and colloquial (incomplete).The full style is distinguished by a clear pronunciation of sounds, which is achieved by a slow rate of speech.Conversational (incomplete) style is characterized by a faster pace and, of course, less careful articulation of sounds .

In the Russian literary language, due to certain sound laws (assimilations, dissimilations, reductions) in words, the pronunciation of individual sounds, their combinations, was established, which did not correspond to the spelling. We write what, whom, went, to study, but it is necessary to pronounce [ what ], [cavo ], [hadil ], [learnt ] etc. This is considered to be the pronunciation norm of the literary language, which was established long before the advent of orthoepy rules. Over time, pronunciation rules have been developed that have become mandatory for literary speech.

The most important of these rules are:

1. Vowels are pronounced distinctly (according to their spelling) only under stress ( sayingAnd whether, xO dim, seeE ly, bE ly, nO Sim). In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced differently.

2. The vowel o in an unstressed position should be pronounced as a sound close to a [ inBUT Yes], [XBUT RBUT sho], [toBUT forces], [mountainsAT ], and write - water, well, mowed, city .

3. Unstressed e, i should be pronounced as a sound close to and [ inAnd sleep], [passAnd obvious], [plAnd sat], [PAnd RAnd watched], and write - spring, sowing, dance, revised .

4. Voiced consonants (paired) at the end of words and before deaf consonants in the middle of a word should be pronounced as their corresponding paired deaf [ duP ], [mountainT ], [loafP ], [maroWith ], [daroW ka], [grisP ki], [aboutW bba], [smallD bba], [reWith cue], but it is written - oak, city, bread, frost, path, fungi, please .

5. The sound g must be pronounced as an explosive, except for the word God, which is pronounced aspirated. At the end of words, instead of r, it sounds paired with a deaf k [ otherTo ], [bookTo ], [bootsTo ], [moTo ], but it is written - friend, books, boots, could etc.

6. Consonants s, z before hissing w, w, h should be pronounced as long hissing [ F burn], [F heat], [beLearn worn out], but it is written burn, hot, lifeless . At the beginning of some words mid sounds like sch [SCH astier], [SCH no], [SCH italy], but it is written - happiness, counting, counting .

7. In some words, the combination ch pronounced like [ caneSHN a], [skuSHN a], [Me andSHN itza], [squareSHN ik], [NikitiSHN a], [SavvyW on the], [laundrySHN and I], but it is written of course, boring, scrambled eggs, birdhouse, Nikitichna, Savvichna, laundry . In some words, a double pronunciation is allowed - bakery -[buloSHN and I], lactic - [moloSHN th], but only bakery, dairy is written. In most words, the combination of ch is pronounced in accordance with the spelling (eternal, country, durable, night, stove).

8. Words what to pronounce should be like [ what], [shtoby].

9. When a series of consonants converge - rdts, stn, stl, etc., usually one of these sounds is not pronounced. We write: heart, honest, stairs, happy , and pronounce [ seRC e], [CheCH th], [leCH itza], [shchaSL willow].

10. The endings of -th, -it must be pronounced as ava, iva [ redAVA ],[synWILLOW ], [KAVO], [CHIVO], and write red, blue, whom, what.

11. Endings - be,-tsya(study, study) are pronounced like - tsa [teachCC BUT], [daringCC BUT], [vstrychaCC BUT].

12. Letters at the beginning of words uh - e are written in accordance with the pronunciation (this, echo, standard, experiment; go, eat, huntsman).

In a number of foreign words after consonants and and spelled e, although pronounced uh(diet, hygiene, atheist, atelier, muffler, coffee, pince-nez, parterre), exceptions: sir, mayor, peer. After the remaining vowels, e is more often written and pronounced (poetry, poet, silhouette, maestro, but: project, registry).

In a number of foreign words, after consonants that are pronounced softly, it is written and pronounced e(museum, college, academy, dean, decade, cologne, plywood, pace).

In Russian words after w, w, c pronounced uh, but it is always written e(iron, even, six, quieter, whole, at the end).

13. Double consonants, both in native Russian words and in words of foreign origin, in most cases are pronounced as single ones (i.e., without their length).

We write : Russia, Russian, eleven, public, made, chord, cancel, accompaniment, assistant, neatly, balloon, Saturday, gram, flu, class, correspondent, tennis, etc., and we pronounce these words without doubling these consonants, for with the exception of a few words in which double consonants are both written and pronounced (bath, manna, gamma, etc.).

In orthoepy, there is a law of reduction (weakening of articulation) of vowels, according to which vowel sounds are pronounced unchanged only under stress, and in an unstressed position they are reduced, that is, they are subject to weakened articulation.

In orthoepy, there is a rule according to which the voiced consonants B, C, G, D, F, 3 at the end of the word sound like their paired deaf P, F, K, T, W, S. For example: forehead - lo [n], blood - kro [f "], eye - eye [s], ice - lo [t], fear - fright [k]. (The sign " denotes the softness of the consonant).

In orthoepy, the combinations of ZZh and ZhZh, which are inside the root of the word, are pronounced as a long (double) soft sound [Ж]. For example: I’m leaving - I’m leaving, I’m coming - I’m coming, later - I’ll be alive, reins - reins, rattles - rattles. The word “rain” is pronounced with a long soft [Sh] (SHSH) or with a long soft [F] (ZHZH) before the combination JD: doshsh, rain, dozhzhichek, dozhzhit, dozhzhe, dozhzhevik.

Combinations of MF and AF are pronounced as a long soft sound [SCH"]: happiness - good luck, bill - brush, customer - zakaschik.

In some combinations of several consonants, one of them drops out: hello - hello, heart - heart, sun - sun.

Sounds [T] and [D] soften before soft [B] only in some words. For example: door - door, two - two, twelve - twelve, movement - movement, Thursday - Thursday, solid - solid, branches - branches, but two, courtyard, supply.

In the words “if”, “near”, “after”, “unless” the sounds [C] and [З] are softened and pronounced: “if”, “take”, “after”, “razve”.

In the words ordinary, majestic, special N-Nyn and others, two "H"s are pronounced.

The reflexive particle SJ in verbs is pronounced firmly - SA: washed, boyalsa, dressed. The combination of ST sounds before the soft sound [B] is pronounced softly: natural - natural, majestic - majestic.

In the usual colloquial pronunciation, there are a number of deviations from orthoepic norms. The sources of such digressions are often native dialect (pronunciation in one or another dialect of the speaker) and writing (incorrect, literal pronunciation corresponding to spelling). So, for example, for natives of the north, a stable dialect feature is okane, and for southerners, the pronunciation of [g] fricative. Pronunciation in place of a letter G at the end of the genus. pad. adjectives sound [r], but in place h(in words of course that) the sound [h] is explained by the “letter” pronunciation, which in this case does not coincide with the sound composition of the word. The task of orthoepy is to eliminate deviations from literary pronunciation.

There are a lot of rules in orthoepy and for their assimilation one should refer to the relevant literature.

word stress

Russian stress is the most difficult area of ​​the Russian language to master. It is distinguished by the presence of a large number of pronunciation options: loop and loop, cottage cheese and cottage cheese, calls and calls, beginnings and beginnings, means and means. Russian stress is characterized by diversity and mobility. Diversity is the ability of stress to fall on any syllable of Russian words: on the first - iconography, on the second - expert, on the third - blinds, on the fourth - apartments. In many languages ​​of the world, stress is attached to a specific syllable. Mobility is the property of stress to move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the same word: water - water, walk - walk. Most of the words of the Russian language (about 96%) have a mobile stress. Diversity and mobility, historical variability of pronunciation norms lead to the appearance of accent variants in one word. Sometimes one of the options is sanctioned by dictionaries as corresponding to the norm, and the other as incorrect. Wed: store, - wrong; store is correct.

In other cases, the variants are given in dictionaries as equals: sparkling and sparkling. Reasons for the appearance of accent variants: The law of analogy - a large group of words with a certain type of stress affects a smaller one, similar in structure. In the word thinking, the stress shifted from the root thinking to the suffix -eni- by analogy with the words beating, driving, etc. False analogy. The words gas pipeline, garbage chute are mispronounced by a false analogy with the word wire with an emphasis on the penultimate syllable: gas pipeline, garbage chute. Development of the ability of stress to differentiate the forms of words. For example, with the help of stress, the forms of the indicative and imperative mood are distinguished: restrain, force, sip and restrain, force, sip. Mixing patterns of stress. This reason operates more often in borrowed words, but it can also appear in Russian. For example, nouns with -iya have two patterns of stress: dramaturgy (Greek) and astronomy (Latin). In accordance with these models, one should pronounce: asymmetry, industry, metallurgy, therapy and veterinary medicine, gastronomy, cooking, speech therapy, drug addiction. However, in live speech there is a mixture of models, as a result of which options appear: cooking and cooking, speech therapy and speech therapy, drug addiction and drug addiction. Action of a tendency to rhythmic balance. This tendency is manifested only in four-five-syllable words.

If the inter-stress interval (the distance between stresses in adjacent words) is greater than the critical interval (the critical interval is equal to four unstressed syllables in a row), then the stress moves to the previous syllable. Accent interaction of word-formation types. Options in the cases of spare - spare, transfer - transfer, platoon - platoon, pressure - pressure, tidal - tidal, branch - branch are explained by the accent interaction of denominative and verbal formations: transfer - from translation, transfer - from translate, etc. Professional pronunciation: spark (for electricians), mining (for miners), compass, cruisers (for sailors), boyish (for sellers), agony, bite, alcohol, syringes (for doctors), armhole, leaflets (for tailors), characteristic (for actors), etc. Trends in the development of stress. Two-syllable and three-syllable masculine nouns tend to shift the stress from the last syllable to the previous one (regressive stress). For some nouns, this process has ended. Once they said: turner, competition, runny nose, ghost, despot, symbol, air, pearls, epigraph. In other words, the process of stress transition continues to this day and manifests itself in the presence of options: quarter (wrong quarter), cottage cheese and additional. cottage cheese, contract, etc. contract, dispensary (incorrect dispensary), catalog (not recommended catalog), obituary not recommended (obituary). In feminine nouns, also two- and three-syllable, there is a shift in stress from the first word to the next (progressive stress): kirza - kirza, keta - keta, foil - foil, cutter - cutter. The source of the appearance of variants can be stresses in words with different meanings: linguistic - linguistic, developed - developed, chaos - chaos, patch - flap. Insufficient mastery of exotic vocabulary: pima or pima (shoes), high fur boots or high fur boots (shoes), shanga or shanga (in Siberia, this is what a cheesecake is called). Thus, the norms of modern Russian literary pronunciation are a complex phenomenon.

Target lectures - to give a description of the basic norms of literary pronunciation in Russian.

1. The concept of orthoepy. The subject of orthoepy. The meaning of literary pronunciation.

2. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation.

3. Styles of pronunciation. Variants of literary pronunciation norms.

4. Modern orthoepic norms:

a) in the field of pronunciation of vowels;

b) norms of pronunciation of consonants and their combinations;

c) pronunciation norms of individual grammatical forms;

d) features of pronunciation of borrowed words.

1. The subject of orthoepy. The meaning of literary pronunciation

Orthoepy (Greek orthos "correct" and epos "speech") - a set of norms of the literary language related to the pronunciation of sounds and their combinations; orthoepy is also called a branch of the science of language that studies the functioning of pronunciation norms and establishes the rules for their use.

Traditionally, orthoepy includes all pronunciation norms (such as the composition of phonemes, their implementation in various positions, the phonemic composition of individual morphemes) and stress norms. With a broader understanding of orthoepy, it also includes the norms for the formation of individual grammatical forms. M.V. Panov believes that it is more expedient to consider in orthoepy only those cases when there are variants of the sound realization of the phoneme. For example, some say two[ch’n’]ik, others say two[shn’]ik, and orthoepy should give recommendations for correct use. In this, the researcher believes, orthoepy differs from phonetics, which considers regular phonetic changes in sounds in the flow of speech. So, for example, phonetics, and not orthoepy, should be treated, from the point of view of M.V. Panov, norms of pronunciation of deaf consonants at the end of a word, labialization of consonants before [o], [y], since, for example, the pronunciation of the sound [s] in the words frost, thunderstorms knows no exceptions.

In ordinary communication, they often deviate from the literary pronunciation. The source of this often becomes the native dialect (dialect pronunciation, for example: [g]orod). The reason for the deviation from the norm may also be a letter-by-letter reading: obviously [h] but, [h] something that is especially common in the speech of younger students.

Correct, in accordance with the norm, literary pronunciation is one of the components of the literary language and an important indicator of human culture.

2. The historical basis of Russian literary pronunciation and modern trends in the development of pronunciation norms

The norms of exemplary pronunciation evolved gradually, along with the formation and development of the national language. The foundations of the literary language (and in particular Russian literary pronunciation) were created mainly on the basis of the Moscow dialect. It is known that the Russian nationality developed in the northeastern part of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, the center of which by the 15th century was Moscow. The norms established in Moscow began to be transferred to other cultural centers, assimilated there, layering on local linguistic features and displacing them. With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation, with its characteristic akanye and ekanye (and the hiccup that replaced it by the beginning of the 20th century), acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. It became widespread in public speech, entrenched on the theater stage. Therefore, the transfer of the capital at the beginning of the 18th century to St. Petersburg, where by that time somewhat different pronunciation rules had developed, did not significantly affect the formation of its norms. In St. Petersburg, Moscow pronunciation underwent only minor changes: elements of bookish, letter-by-letter reading intensified under the influence of spelling, some northern Russian pronunciation features penetrated.

In the development of modern Russian literary pronunciation, the following leading trends are currently distinguished:

1) strengthening the letter-by-letter "graphic" pronunciation, orienting to written speech;

2) phonetic adaptation of foreign words, Russification of pronunciation in the area of ​​unstressed vowels, hard and soft consonants before e;

3) leveling of pronunciation in social terms, erasing the features of territorial pronunciation.

3. Styles of pronunciation

The literary language functions in many of its varieties, which are called styles, or types. The concept of pronunciation types was introduced by the followers of L.V. Shcherby. L.V. Shcherba allowed the existence of many varieties in the field of pronunciation, which depend on the situation of communication, the content of the statement, the genre of speech. The same word in different stylistic contexts can change its pronounced appearance. But for reasons of simplicity of description, researchers consider it possible to confine themselves to distinguishing two - full and incomplete style.

The full style is characterized by careful articulation, distinct pronunciation of sounds and their combinations. Full pronunciation is used when reading poetic works, when transmitting important messages on radio and television, in lectures, and teachers' speeches. Full style, otherwise, is also called book style. The full style was fixed in stage speech. In the full style, for example, the unstressed vowel [o] in the words poet, sonnet, nocturne will be pronounced without reduction; and adjectives in -ky, -hy - with reduced [ъ].

Incomplete (neutral) style is found in colloquial speech, in semi-formal communication, in a relaxed, friendly conversation and is a more natural speech form for native speakers.

Sloppy, poorly designed speech, speech with sliding articulation is typical for vernacular.

Pronunciation styles are interrelated and can influence each other. The dominance of the incomplete style leads to the fact that the norms of the complete style begin to be influenced by it, to adapt to it. The literary pronunciation norm thus tends to decrease.

The presence of several pronunciation styles in orthoepy leads to the appearance of pronunciation options: for example, in full style - hello [vsv] uyt, incomplete - hello [st] uyte, in common parlance - hello [s't']e; and accordingly [s'eych'as], [s'ich'as], [sh': as].

Pronunciation options can characterize the “older” (old) and “younger” (new) norm: bulo [shn] aya - bulo [ch] aya, four [r ’] g - four [r] g.

4. Modern orthoepic norms

Vowel pronunciation

The pronunciation of stressed vowels does not require special comments, since there is no variant pronunciation in a strong position. Sometimes in colloquial speech, the incorrect pronunciation of the sound [o] instead of [e] is found in the words scam, icy, modern, ridge, guardianship, and, conversely, they mistakenly pronounce [e] instead of [o] in the words hopeless, whitish, faded, maneuvers. If the use of the letter ё were more consistent, then such errors would have become obsolete.

In the unstressed position in the Russian literary language, vowels are pronounced less distinctly, therefore, they require certain rules of use.

1. In place of the letters O and A in the first pre-stressed syllable after solid consonants and at the absolute beginning of a word, the literary norm is characterized by akanye: zbor, mshina, kra, ptok, bman, rbuz.

After solid hissing and c in the first pre-stressed syllable, it is pronounced: zhra, send. The old Moscow pronunciation of the sound [ыE] has already fallen into disuse and has been preserved only in separate words and forms: losh [yE] dey, zh[yE] let, twenty [yE] ti, unfortunately [yE] leniya, etc. In other syllables on place O and A after solid consonants to be pronounced [b]: ug [b] cook, k [b] ravai, paw [b].

2. In place of the letters I, E, the first pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants is characterized by hiccups: b [iE] cut, h [iE] sy, m [iE] sleepy, r [iE] child. In other unstressed syllables, [b] should be pronounced.

3. The vowels I, S, Y in unstressed syllables are pronounced weakly, but the qualities do not change. In place and at the beginning of a word (if it merges with the previous word into a solid consonant in the flow of speech) and in compound words (the first part of which ends in a solid consonant) [s] is pronounced: in [s] waist, house [s] garden, honey [s]nstitute, state[s]zdat.

4. Pronunciation at the place of combinations of ao and oo of the 1st and 2nd pre-stressed syllables is usually pronounced: nodny, nbum, vbshe, zknom .. At the junction of the preposition and the next word, at the place of these combinations, it sounds: no, writing. In such cases, pre-stressed vowels are not contracted into one sound.

In combinations of eo and ea of ​​the 2nd and 3rd pre-stressed syllables, in place of o or a, as at the beginning of a word, it is pronounced, and in place of e, according to the general rule, a reduced sound of the front row after a soft consonant, i.e. [b]: [n "b / \] is necessary, [n "b / \] once, [n "b / \] grounded.

The combination of ee in pre-stressed syllables is pronounced with a reduced front vowel [b] in place of e: [n, u] escaped, [n "i] known, [n, u] streatable. Close to the combination ei, the more rarely occurring combination ee is pronounced. In the literary language, it is recommended to pronounce this combination of sounds [bjb] in place: [n "bjb] natural, [n, bjb] unanimously.

In combinations ao, oy in the 2nd and 3rd pre-stressed syllables, a reduced vowel [b] is pronounced in place of o or a: n[yu]gad, n[u]chit, n[yu]glu. In combinations uo, ua in the 3rd and 2nd pre-stressed syllables, a vowel is pronounced in place of o or a: [u / \] of the bottom, [y / \] of the city, [y / \] of the bezyany.

Pronunciation of consonants

The pronunciation of the letter g in place requires special attention.

1. The consonant [g] in the modern Russian literary language is explosive, formed in the same way as the sound [k], but with the participation of the voice: goes out, riddle, thresholds. Sometimes in oral speech there is a pronunciation of the fricative [g] instead of [g]. In Russian, this is contrary to the norm. This pronunciation is preserved only in interjections [aha], [g op], [e g e], as well as in onomatopoeia [gaf], in some borrowed words, for example, in the word habitus [gab'itus], and in the word accountant instead of a combination hg is pronounced [g]: [bugalt'r].

In some words, [g] as a result of stunning and subsequent dissimilation before deaf consonants is pronounced like [x]. This includes all case forms of the words light, soft, as well as derivatives from them - soft-bodied, lightweight, light, softer, soften, lighten, softest, lightest, etc.

In the endings of the genitive case of adjectives and pronouns in -th, -his, as well as in the words today, today, the total is pronounced [at].

2. At the end of a word, in place of voiced paired consonants, the corresponding voiceless consonant is pronounced. Stunning of voiced consonants also occurs before deaf ones in the middle of a word.

3. In modern Russian, some hard consonants can soften in position before soft consonants. The softening of consonants inside the root, as well as at the junction of the root and the suffix, is especially noticeable; it is less developed at the junction of the prefix and the root, and at the junction of the preposition and the next word it is sometimes absent altogether. Dental consonants [s], [s], [n] are usually softened before soft dental ones: [s't'] eklo, pu [s't']it, [z'd'] current, rece[n'z' ]ia, pe[n's']ia. The consonant [n], in addition, softens before [h '] and [w ':]: wagon [n '] chik, woman [n '] china, go [n '] schik.

Fluctuations in pronunciation are observed when [s] and [s] act as the final sounds of a prefix or a previous preposition: ra [s] to pour and ra [s ’] to pour, [s] to pour and [s ’] to pour.

The pronunciation of hard [d] and [t] before the subsequent soft [n] at the junction of the root and the suffix (sputnik [t] nik, le [d] nik) displaces the currently recommended pronunciation of soft [d] and [t]: for [ d '] ny, satellite [t '] nick, le [d '] nick.

Dental consonants [t], [d], [s], [h] before soft labials [p '], [b'], [c'], [F '], [m '] can also appear in solid and soft version. They say: che [t '] verg and th [t] verg, ve [t '] ve and ve [t] ve, [h '] believe and [h] believe, [s '] small and [s] small. True, the pronunciation of soft consonants is already becoming obsolete. In words on -ism, the consonant [s] is pronounced firmly: social [s] m, capital [s] m.

Labial [b], [p], [m], [c], [f] before soft labials are pronounced without softening (unlike the old Moscow norms): lu [b] vi, [c] bit. The labial consonants do not soften now before the soft [k]: shaking [p] ki, de [f] ki ..

The hard consonants of the preceding word should not soften before the vowel [e] of the next word, if in pronunciation they merge into one phonetic word: in these, with enthusiasm.

Before [j], all consonants, except [w] and [g], are pronounced softly: sons [son / \ in'ja], drink, beat, junk. Before [j], consonants at the end of prefixes are usually pronounced firmly: about [b] appearance, on [d] on, on [b] on.

However, in prefixes on s and z, these consonants can be softened: ra[z] explain and ra[z ’] explain, ra[z] move and ra[z’] move.

Pronunciation in separate grammatical forms

In the nominative case of plural nouns, the unstressed ending -a is pronounced as [b]: [window], [p’atn] and under. The pronunciation in this case [s] - [windows], [p'atny] - is unacceptable.

Nouns that have an unstressed ending -ya in the accusative plural are pronounced with the final: fox [t'jъ], kolo [s'jъ], clo[h'jъ]. Masculine adjectives in -ky, -gy, -hy, in accordance with the old Moscow norms, were pronounced with solid [k], [g], [x] and with a reduced vowel after them: wide [ky], strict [gy], ti [huh]. In the same way (in accordance with the old norms), surnames were pronounced in -sky: Zhukov [sky], Belin [sky]. Now this pronunciation has been preserved only among the representatives of the older generation and on stage. In modern speech, under the influence of writing, pronunciation with soft [g], [k], [x] has become widespread: tone [k’i] th, stro [g’i] th, muy.

In the verbs on -nod, -give, -hivat according to the old Moscow norm, as well as in adjectives on [k], [g], [x], a solid pronunciation of back-lingual consonants was adopted. So, the words to pull out, stretch, swing were pronounced as pull out [k] wat, swing [x] wat, stretch [g] wat. In the modern literary language, the pronunciation of these verb endings with soft [k '], [g '], [x '] has become widespread: pull out [k'i] wat, stretch [g'i] wat, spread [x'i] wat .

The unstressed ending of the 3rd person plural of verbs of the 2nd conjugation -am, -yat according to the old Moscow norm was pronounced as -ut, -yut: [breathe], [mean'ut], [tash':ut], [praise'ut ], [carry]. According to the modern orthoepic norm, the unstressed endings of these verbs are pronounced with a reduced sound [b]: [breathe], [mean't], [tash': yt], [voz'ut].

In the reflexive form of verbs and gerunds in the old Moscow pronunciation, [s] sounded: fight [s], mine [s], left [s], threw [s]. This norm has now been preserved only in stage pronunciation. In live speech, the pronunciation of the soft [s '] is becoming more common: mine [s '], they collected [s '].

Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words

Most of the foreign words included in the national language have already been mastered phonetically by the Russian language, and their pronunciation is no different from the words of native Russians. However, some of them - technical terms, words of science, culture, politics, proper names - still stand out with their pronunciation.

In a number of words of foreign origin, a clear unreduced sound [o] is preserved in the first and second pre-stressed syllables: b[o]a, b[o]mond, b[o]rdo, k[o]kteil, [o]asis, [o ] tel, d[o] sieur, b[o] lero. The vowel [o] is pronounced in some words and in a stressed position: vet [o], cred [o], aviz [o], radio [o], kaka [o], ha [o] s.

The unreduced sound [o] is preserved in an unstressed position in many foreign proper names: B[o]dler, V[o]lter, 3[o]la, Sh[o]pen, M[o]passan, etc. However, such cases comparatively few. In most words of foreign origin, o and a in an unstressed position are pronounced in accordance with general norms, i.e. somewhat weakened, with reduction: [b/\]cal, [b/\]groan, [k/\]ncert, [b/\]tanika, [k/\]styum, [pr/\]gress, yal.

In words that have become firmly established in the Russian language, the consonants before the letter E are pronounced softly. It is incorrect to pronounce hard consonants before E in such words as affect, pool, takes, specific, correct, coffee, museum, Odessa, pioneer, professor, theme, plywood, effect. However, in some cases, before E, the pronunciation of solid consonants is still noted. This norm applies primarily to the dental consonants [t], [d], [n], [s], [h], [p].

Solid [t] is pronounced in words such as adapt [te] r, an [te] nna, anti [te] for, a [te] ism, a [te] lie, beefsh [te] ks, o [te] l, s [te] nd, es [te] tika, etc.

In a number of geographical names and proper names, one should also pronounce a solid [t]: Ams [te] rdam, Gva [te] mala, Vol [te] r. The pronunciation of the hard [t] is preserved in the foreign prefix - inter: in [te] internationalism, in [te] review, in [te] rpretation. Solid [d] is pronounced in the words: vun [de] rkind, [de] colte, [de] lta, [de] ndi, ko [de] ks, kor [de] ballet, mo [de] rn, [de] -jure, [de] -facto, mo[de]l, etc.

In difficult cases, you should refer to spelling dictionaries.

Literature

1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation: Proc. allowance. –M., 1984.

2. Bogomazov G. M. Modern Russian literary language. Phonetics. - M., 2001.

3. Valgina N.S. Active processes in modern Russian. - M., 2001.

4. Verbitskaya L.A. Let's Speak Correctly: A Study Guide. - M., 2003.

5. Grigorieva T.M. Russian language: Orthoepy. Graphic arts. Spelling. History and Modernity: Proc. allowance. - M., 2004.

6. Orthoepic Dictionary: Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / Ed. R.I. Avanesov. - M., 1983.

7. Modern Russian literary language. Theory. Analysis of language units / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. - M., 2001.

8. Shcherba L.V. About different styles in pronunciation and about the ideal phonetic composition of words // Selected Works on the Russian Language. - M., 1957.

test questions

1. What does orthoepy study?

2. When and on what basis did the pronunciation norms of the Russian literary language develop?

3. What styles (types) of pronunciation differ in Russian?

4. What determines the presence of pronunciation options in the language?

Orthoepy(from other Greek oρθоς - “correct” and Greek opος - “speech”) - a science (section of phonetics) that deals with pronunciation norms, their justification and establishment. Orthoepy is one of the manifestations of the unification of the literary language in terms of pronunciation.

It is customary to distinguish between different orthoepic norms: “older” and “younger”, as well as norms of high and neutral pronunciation styles.

The older norm, which primarily distinguishes the speech of educated older people, is characterized by the pronunciation bulo [shn] aya, soft [ky], [z`v`] er. The younger pronunciation norm, observed in the speech of young people who speak a literary language, allows the pronunciation of bulo [ch] aya, soft [k`y], [sv`] vr.

Literary pronunciation is characterized by a certain unity, a norm that is in principle mandatory for all speakers of a given language.

Orthoepic norm

Orthoepic norms are historically established and accepted in society rules for the pronunciation of words and grammatical forms of words. Orthoepic norms are no less important for the literary language than the norms for the formation of grammatical forms of words and sentences or spelling norms.

The specific rules of orthoepy are numerous, but they can be summarized in a small number of groups:

• a) in the field of pronunciation of vowels;
• b) norms of pronunciation of consonants and their combinations;
• c) pronunciation norms of individual grammatical forms;
• d) features of pronunciation of borrowed words.

In the field of vowel pronunciation:

When formulating the basic norms in the field of vowels and consonants, the neutral style of speech is taken as the base.
I. Vowel sounds under stress.

1. In place of the letters a and i, the vowel [a] is pronounced under stress: a clearing - on [l'a'] on, a shovel - lo [pa'] that. In this case, it is necessary to highlight the verb to harness (rehash, unhook, unhook). It is pronounced in exemplary speech: forbid - zap [re] ch, and in the past tense: zapreg - zap [ro] g.
2. The vowel [e] sounds under stress in place of the letters e and e: era - [e] ra, woman - [zhe] nshina.
3. Under stress in place of the letters o and e, the vowel [o] is pronounced: roar - [ro] in; thief - in [o] r.?
4. In live colloquial speech, there are often substitutions of the shock [e] with the sound [o], which is unacceptable. This kind of error is common in the following words: athlete t, scam, bluff, being (but living-being), splash, icy (but icy), grenadier, two-three-five-day clear (but day), zev, foreigner (and foreigner, but heterogeneous), fishing line, guardianship (and ward), settlement (and settled), overexposure, successor, crypt, surveillance, contemporary (and modern, modernity), ridge, masterpiece; plow, pronominal, bewildered (and bewildered), open, transverse, isosceles, confused, barley; escaped (past tense of the verb to avoid), to dream (but dreams), se to (past tense of the verb to cut; the same in the past tense of the verbs, father, cut, cut, cut, cut, you flog).
5. Difficulties arise when choosing stressed [e], [o] in compound words. Most compound words are pronounced with a single stress, usually towards the end of the word. Therefore, the first word, which is part of the complex, loses its independent stress, the articulation of the stressed vowel in it is weakened, and the quality of the vowel changes - instead of [o], it sounds reduced. For example: comprehensive (compare: a person of comprehensive knowledge - a person who embraces everything with his eyes); leguminous (compare: grains - beans); if this word is polysyllabic and has a secondary stress, then [o] is preserved as part of a compound word: blackcurrant (jam), although in shorter words the first part of black is pronounced with a reduced [e]: chernozem, prunes v. [o] is also preserved as part of the numerals three-, four-, included in compound words: three-step, four-story.
6. In some words, the shock [o] is replaced by [e]: hopeless, faded, mockery, mercenary, nonsense, sturgeon, belt, lattice, sweep, snare, etc.
7. It is necessary to pay attention to some participial forms that differ in stressed vowel and have different meanings: expired (year) - expired (in blood), announced (shouts like an announced) - announced (order).
8. The vowel [s] sounds after [w, w, c] in place of the letter and: [zh] vnost, [shy] shka, [tsy] fra.

II.Vowel sounds without stress.

1. As mentioned earlier, the Russian literary pronunciation was based on the aka Moscow dialect. Even M. V. Lomonosov considered akanye one of the attractive features of live pronunciation and said: “Pronunciation of the letter o without stress, like a, is much more pleasant.”
   According to the norms of modern literary pronunciation, the sound [a] is pronounced in place of letters a and about in the first pre-stressed syllable after solid consonants: dew '- [ra] sa, ballet - b [a] le t. Unlike [a] stressed, this sound is shorter, less articulated in duration.
2. In other unstressed syllables, [a] and [o] are reduced, that is, they are pronounced with less distinctness than under stress, and with less fullness of voice. In these cases, in place of a and o, an obscure sound is heard, intermediate between [s] and [a]. It is indicated by the sign [b]: la’pa - la [p], head [gla] va, joy - [joy] st.
3. At the beginning of the word, unstressed [a] and [o] are pronounced like [a]: alphabet t - [a] alphabet t; oops - [a] ne ka. Although in the flow of speech, when there are practically no pauses before words starting with [a] and [o], instead of these vowels, a reduced sound [b] appears: in areas - [in-b] areas; in watermelons - [in-b] rbu zakh.
4. In pre-stressed syllables, at the place of combinations aa, ao, oa, oo, a long vowel [a] is pronounced: sharpen, for the pharmacy, about intermission, at the window, in general - [a].
5. In the first pre-stressed syllable, after the hard hissing [zh] and [w], the vowel [a] is pronounced in accordance with the spelling, i.e. like [a]: heat - [heat] ra; naughty - [sha] lu n. There are cases (before a soft consonant) when in the first pre-stressed syllable after [zh, sh, q] instead of [a], it is recommended to pronounce a sound between [s] and [e] (indicated by [ye]). For example: to regret - [zhye] to fly, unfortunately - to so [zhye] le'nia, the forms of indirect cases of the word horse - lo [shye] dey, as well as the forms of indirect cases of numerals with the element - twenty - twenty [tsye] ti, trid[tsye]ti, etc. In other unstressed syllables, after hissing and [ts] is pronounced instead of [a] reduced [b]: blinds - [zh] louzi, roof - roofs [sh], Constantinople - [ts] regrad.
6. In the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letter a, after soft hissing [h] and [u], a sound close to [i] ([ie]) is pronounced: hours - [ch'ie] sy, sorrel - [sch'ie] ve l . The pronunciation in these cases of distinct [and] is outdated; the pronunciation [w'a] ve l, [h'a] sy is dialectal and in the literary language is unacceptable. In other cases, in unstressed syllables in place a, a reduced sound is pronounced, resembling a short [and] (denoted by [b]): watchmaker - [h's] owl to, sorrel - [w's] vel n.
7. In place of the letter e after [w, w, c] in the first pre-stressed syllable, a sound is pronounced, the middle between [s] and [e] ([ye]): wife - [zhye] on, whisper - [shye] ptat, price - [tsye] on. It must be remembered that in these cases it is impossible to pronounce [s]: [zhy] on, [shy] ptat, [tsy] on. In other unstressed syllables, a reduced sound ([b]) is pronounced in place of e: tin - [zh] linen, woolen - [sh] wool, above - you [sh], entirely - [q] face m.
8. In the first pre-stressed syllable, after soft consonants in place of the letters e and i, [ie] is pronounced: bucket - [v'ie] dro, five - [p'ie] ti. In this case, the distinct pronunciation [and] will be considered dialectal.
   In the rest of the pre-stressed syllables and in the stressed syllables, a reduced sound [b] is pronounced: piglet - [n'b] tacho k. But in unstressed endings, the sound [b] is pronounced in place: seas - mo [r'b], burden - bre [m'b], songs - ne s [n'm'i], foxes - whether [s'b]. Particular attention should be paid to the pronunciation of the prefix re- in the case when the second e prefix is ​​in the second prestressed syllable. Then the second vowel of the prefix, as a result of a strong reduction, is sometimes unlawfully lost, as a result of which a colloquial word arises when pronouncing: change - change [rm] enit, transplant - re[rs] adit. In its place, a reduced one ([b]) should sound: [n’r’b] change, [p’r’b] sit down.
9. The difference between the pronunciation of vowels [i, y, s] in unstressed syllables from the pronunciation in stressed ones is insignificant. These vowels in unstressed syllables are pronounced somewhat more weakly, but do not change qualitatively: fox - [l'i] sa, kyzyl - [ky] zy l, chipmunk - [buru] ndu k.
   If in the flow of speech the letter and merges with the previous word into a solid consonant, then the vowel [s] is pronounced: life in exile - life in [s] exile.
   If in a compound word the first part ends with a solid consonant, and the second one begins with [and], it also sounds [s]: pedagogical institute - pedagogical [s] institute. And after [w, w, c] on the spot and in all positions, [s] is pronounced: giraffe - [zhy] raf, car - ma [shy] on, acacia - aka [ts] me. If in the words life, punishment, a vowel [and] appears between two consonants (zhi [z'i] n), then the words acquire the character of colloquial speech.

Norms of pronunciation of consonants and their combinations:

The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are stunning and assimilation.

In Russian speech, voiced consonants are obligatory stunned at the end of a word. We pronounce loaf[P] -bread, sa[t] - garden, any[f'] - love. This stunning is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It should be noted that the consonant [ G ] at the end of a word always turns into a voiceless sound paired with it [ to ]: le[to] - lay down. The exception is the word the God - bo[X].

Living pronunciation in its past and present state is reflected in poetic speech, in verses, where this or that rhyme speaks of the pronunciation of the corresponding sounds. So, for example, in the poems of A.S. Pushkin, the stunning of voiced consonants is evidenced by the presence of such rhymes as treasure - brother, once - hour.

In position before vowels, sonorant consonants and [ in ] sound [ G ] is pronounced like a plosive consonant. In some words, the back fricative consonant [ γ ]. It is required only in the word accountant [buγa?lt’r], interjections yeah, wow. Allowed pronunciation [ γ ] in interjections God, her-god. Pronunciation [ γ ] in a strong position is typical for South Russian dialects. Besides, [ γ ] is characteristic of the Church Slavonic language.

On site G before a voiceless consonant is pronounced [ to ]: tar, nails, marriage registry, aggravate. But in the roots light-/light-, soft-/soft- pronounced [ X ] before [ to ]: le[X]something, me[X]kaya, me[X]Che and [ X' ] before [ to' ]: le[X']cue, me[X']cue, also: ease, light; softness, softish other. In combinations of voiced and deaf consonants (as well as deaf and voiced), the first of them is likened to the second. If the first of them is voiced, and the second is deaf, the first sound is stunned: lo[sh]ka - the spoon, about[P]ka - cork. If the first is deaf and the second is voiced, the first sound is voiced: [ h]doba - muffin, [h]destroy - ruin. Before consonants [ l ], [m ], [n ], [R ], which do not have paired deaf people, and before [ in ] assimilation does not occur. Words are pronounced as they are written: sve[tl]about. Similarity also occurs with a combination of consonants. For example, combinations ssh and zsh pronounced like a long hard consonant [ sh ]: neither[sh]uy - lower.

Previously, in Russian, for the majority of consonants, there was a pattern: a consonant before a soft consonant should also be soft ( S'S'). Then there was a tendency to harden the first consonant ( S'S' > SS'). This pattern in our time covers all new groups of consonants. So, [ n' ] before [ h' ], [sh' ] is usually pronounced according to the old norms: boobe?[LF']iki, to[LF']and? on, see?[n'sh']ik, same?[n'sh']ina. Others (for example, labials before soft back linguals) are usually pronounced according to the new norms: la?[mk']and, la?[fk']and, trya[PC']and, sho[mg']e. In still others (for example, in labial and dental before soft labials), both options are equal: [ v'b']it and [ wb']it, [d'v']er and [ two']er. The new pattern also penetrates into combinations of dental consonants. So, usually a tooth before a soft tooth is soft: mo?[s't']ik,le[s'n']and? to, at[h'd']e?chka, ba?[n't']ik, about[d'n']and?, about[t't']janu?t, on[d'd']e?t. But according to the "younger" norm, in such combinations, incomplete softness and even hardness of the first consonant are acceptable: st’]ena?, [zd’]e?shny, about[tn’]have?, o?gender[zn']and. Pronunciation of hard [ n ] in this position is often observed in words plunge, canned food, council and others. Both options are equal before [ l' ]: [d'l']and? and [ dl’]and?, who?[s'l']ik and to?[zl']ik. The new regularity manifests itself earlier in the pronunciation of rare words, combinations at the junction of morphemes, the old one persists longer in the most frequent words, cf .: ra?[z'v']e - ra?[zv’]it, [v'm']e?ste - co[vm']e?stno -[in m']e?ste meeting.

Sound [sh'] in a literary language can be pronounced in accordance with the phoneme < sh'> and a combination of phonemes < sch'> , < zch'> , as well as < zhch'> , < shh'> , < stch '> , < zdch’> , <w'> , for example, in words pike, hairbrush, cab, defector, freckled, tougher, furrowed, rain. As well as [ sh' ] is pronounced and [ sh'h' ]. The ratio of these options is not the same in different positions and in different eras.

Pronunciation [ sh' ] gradually spreads due to [ sh'h' ]. In the 19th - early 20th centuries [ sh'h' ] within the morpheme dominated in St. Petersburg. At present, both in Moscow and St. Petersburg, it is almost exclusively pronounced [ sh' ] [sh']at?ka, [sh']astier.

Use [ sh'h' ] or [ sh' ] at the junction of morphemes depends on the rate of speech, the degree of use of the word, the strength of the linkage of morphemes. Where at the usual pace of speech is pronounced [ sh'h' ], at an accelerated pace - [ sh' ]. In rare words, it is usually used [ sh'h' ]. The more often a word or a prepositional-nominal combination occurs in speech, the more often it is pronounced [ sh' ]; compare: non-cranial, with Chartism- with [ sh'h' ], but comb, with what- with [ sh' ]. The adhesion strength of the root and suffix is ​​great ( carter,peddler), so here dominates [ sh' ]. At the junction of the prefix and the root ( countless) the adhesion force is weaker, it is even weaker at the junction of a preposition and a significant word ( from the teapot), so here it is more often pronounced [ sh'h' ].

Pronunciation norms of individual grammatical forms

1. Masculine adjectives of the nominative singular with an unstressed ending, according to the old Moscow norm, are pronounced with [i], [i]; according to Novomoskovsk - from [ыi], [иi]; the second pronunciation variant appeared due to the influence of spelling (literal pronunciation), but corresponds to the phonetic patterns of the language - the absence of a qualitative reduction of unstressed high vowels. In adjectives with a base on the back-lingual consonant [g], [k], [x], according to the old Moscow norm, [i] is pronounced with the firmness of the preceding consonant; according to Novomoskovsk - [ii] with the softness of the previous consonant. Surnames in -sky are pronounced the same way. [red], [s'i'n'i] - the old Moscow norm; [red], [s'i'n'i] - Novomoskovsk norm, literal pronunciation; [ubo'g'i], [to'nk'i], [t'i'kh'i] - the old Moscow norm; [Ubo'g'ii], [to'nk'ii], [t'i'x'ii] - the Novomoskovsk norm; [b'iel'i'nsk'i] and [b'iel'i'nsk'ii]
2. Adjectives of the masculine and neuter gender of the genitive singular in -th, -he are pronounced with the sound [at]. [but'vv], [s'i'n'v]
3. In the words today, total and derivatives of them, the sound is pronounced [in] [s’ievo’dn’], [itΛvo’]
4. Nominative plural adjectives into -s, -s. pronounced with [yi], [ii] or [u], [ii]; both options correspond to the pronunciation norm, but the second is typical for less distinct speech and a fast pace of speech. [red'red], [s'i'n'ii] and [red'red], [s'i'n'ii]
5. Unstressed endings of the 3rd person plural of verbs of II conjugation according to the Old Moscow orthoepic norm are pronounced as [ut], [‘ut], according to the Novomoskovsk norm - [ът], [ьт] in accordance with the norms of pronunciation of unstressed vowels, determined by qualitative reduction. The same pronunciation also characterizes the real participles of the present tense of the verbs of the II conjugation in -ashchiy, -yaschie. The old pronunciation has become dialectal or colloquial. [dy'shut], [ho'd'ut] - the old Moscow norm; [dy'shut], [ho'd't] - the Novomoskovsk norm; [dy'shush'i] and [dy'shush'i] - old Moscow and new Moscow norms
6. The postfix -sya (-s) is pronounced with a hard [s] according to the old Moscow norm, but with a soft [s’] in the new Moscow one. The second orthoepic variant arose under the influence of orthography. The displacement of a variant with a soft [s’] of a variant with a hard [s] is a living process. Separate manuals and textbooks contain an outdated recommendation for the predominant pronunciation of a hard consonant, especially after hard consonants. [bΛjy’s], [n’ch’ielsa’], [sb’ira’is] - the old Moscow norm; [bΛju’s’], [n’ch’iels’a’], [sb’ira’is’] - Novomoskovsk norm
7. In na-ivat verbs, after back-lingual consonants, in accordance with the old Moscow orthoepic norm, [гъ], [къ], [хъ] are pronounced, which is typical for stage speech; according to the Novomoskovsk orthoepic norm, which arose under the influence of spelling, it is pronounced [g'i], [k'i], [kh'i]. [zΛt’a’gvt’], [vyta’skvat’], [vytr’a’khvt’] - old Moscow norm, archaism; [zΛt’a’g’ivt’], [vyta’sk’ivt’], [vytr’a’h’ivt’] - Novomoskovsk norm

Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words

1. The pronunciation of borrowed words in most cases obeys the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian literary language, but a certain number of later borrowings, non-frequent, socially limited (primarily the term logical vocabulary, socio-political, scientific and technical, etc.), and proper names form a subsystem borrowed words, characterized by peculiarities of pronunciation.
2. Some borrowed words lack a qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel [o]: boa, dossier, poet, foyer, rococo, cocoa, radio, arpeggio, adagio, solfeggio, etc.; Voltaire, Flaubert, etc. This pronunciation is optional and characterizes the high style of speech. In parallel with this pronunciation, there is another, common for the phonetic system of vowels of the modern Russian language, with a qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel corresponding to the stressed [b]. This pronunciation is associated with a reduced style of speech or stylistically neutral. [boa’], [dos’je’], [ra’d’io], [vo’l’te’r] - high style, literal pronunciation; [bΛla’], [dΛs’je’], [ra’d’iΛ], [vΛl’te’r] - reduced style, stylistically neutral pronunciation
3. In some borrowed words, there is no qualitative reduction of the unstressed vowel [e]; this is typical for book vocabulary, non-frequent, not fully mastered by the Russian language: excavator, embryo, businessman, andante, asteroid, etc. In the majority of borrowed words, frequent, stylistically neutral, fully mastered by the Russian language, there is a qualitative reduction [e] in unstressed positions. This pronunciation is gradually established in all borrowed words. [exkΛva'tar], [b'iznesme'n], [Λnda'nte] - high style, literal pronunciation; [yeta’sh], [yekΛno’m’ik], [Λl’tarnΛt’i’v], [märn’iza’tsyi] - stylistically neutral pronunciation
4. In some borrowed words, non-frequency, stylistically limited, not fully mastered by the Russian language, there is no positional softening of consonants [d], [t], [h], [s], [m], [n], [r] before vowels front row [e '(ie, b)], the same applies to proper names: antithesis, stand, parterre, interview, delta, model, energy, requiem, mayor, sir, peer, highway, scarf, mash, dash, Baudouin- de Courtenay, Jack, Pasteur, etc. In some words, a double pronunciation is acceptable - with a hard and soft consonant: dean, terror, congress, etc. At the same time, there is a tendency to positional softening of the hard consonant before [e (ie, b)]. In most words, there is a positional softening of hard consonants [e (ie, b)], corresponding to the orthoepic norms of the modern Russian language: theme, term, museum, pioneer, pool, etc. The pronunciation of hard consonants in these words is erroneous, non-normative, mannered. [Λnt’ite’z], [ste’nt], [me’r], [t’ire’], [bodue’n de-curtene’] and [bΛdue’n d-courtene’]; [deka'n] and [dyeka'n], [tero'r] and [tyero'r]; [d'eka'n] and [d'ieka'n], [t'ero'r] and [t'iero'r]; [t'e'm], [t'e'rm'in], [muz'e'i] - normative pronunciation; [te'm], [te'rm'in], [muze'i] - profanity, mannered pronunciation
5. When identical consonants collide at the junction of morphemes, a long consonant is pronounced, and inside the morpheme - more often a short one: certificate, pool, grammar, illusion, calligraphy, collective, millimeter, territory, etc., less often long - gross, bonna, bath, manna, ghetto and etc. The tendency of Russian literary pronunciation is the reduction of the longitude of the consonant. [rΛso’r’it’], [v’e’rh], [vΛje’nyi]; [Λt’iesta’t], [bΛs’e’in], [kl’iekt’i’f]; [bru't], [va'n], [g'e't]

Dynamism and variability of the orthoepic norm

Dynamism of orthoepic norms:

The norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon, they are directed both to the past and to the future of the language. This means that at any given moment in these norms there is something that connects today's pronunciation with the pronunciation characteristic of past eras in the development of the literary language, and there is something that arises as a new pronunciation under the influence of live oral practice of native speakers, as a result of the action of internal laws of development of the language system. Modern Russian literary pronunciation began to take shape as early as the 18th century. on the basis of the oral speech of Moscow as the center of the Russian state, on the basis of the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the northern and southern Russian dialects (in the norms of Moscow vernacular, on the one hand, the northern pronunciation [r] of the explosive formation and the southern akanye, indistinguishability in unstressed vowel syllables [a] and [o]). By the 19th century Old Moscow pronunciation developed in all its main features and, as an exemplary one, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other major cultural centers. Modern lit. pronunciation, which in its defining features continues to preserve the old Moscow norms, has already departed from these norms in a number of points and continues to change.
Learning the uniform rules of orthoepy is facilitated by the unity of the pronunciation norms of native speakers.

Variability of the orthoepic norm

The main sources of deviations from literary pronunciation are writing and native dialect. Deviations from literary pronunciation under the influence of writing are explained by the fact that there is not always a correspondence between the letter and sound form of the word. For example, the genitive case of masculine and neuter adjectives has an ending with the letter g in writing, and the sound (v) is pronounced in this form: big (pronounce big [ov]); words like, of course, that are written with the letter h, and in pronunciation the sound [w] corresponds to it: of course, what. As a result of the influence of spelling on pronunciation, pronunciation variants appear that are allowed in the literary language. This is how pronunciation options arose, for example, the nominative case of masculine adjectives with a back-lingual basis: krepk \ ai \ and strong. The variability of the norm leads to the opposition of styles: high and neutral, full and colloquial. In relation to orthoepy, we can talk about mandatory pronunciation norms for vowels and consonants and their combinations, called imperative, and about variant, or dispositive, pronunciation norms.

Indicators of various normative dictionaries give grounds to talk about three degrees of normativity:

• norm of the 1st degree - strict, rigid, not allowing options;
• the norm of the 2nd degree is neutral, it allows equivalent options;
• the norm of the 3rd degree is more mobile, allows the use of colloquial, as well as obsolete forms.

Norms, including orthoepic ones, help the literary language to maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural. The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out, it limits the possibilities of use. Language means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be ridiculous in another (official business communication). The historical change in the norms of the literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. The development of society, changes in social conditions of life, the emergence of new traditions, the improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to constant rethinking and changing the norms of pronunciation. The orthoepic norm is one of the most changeable, mobile. Native speakers should be sensitive to its changes, correct speech in a timely manner so that it is actually good.

Orthoepic (pronunciation) norms in the Russian literary language regulate the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations, in different grammatical forms of the word. The main orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine vowel pronunciation rules and consonant pronunciation rules. In addition, the orthoepic norm determines and correct placement of stress in the word. It is believed that ignorance of orthoepic rules indicates a low cultural level of a person.

The pronunciation norms of the Russian language are historically changeable. At the beginning of the XX century. they said tse[r"]kov, ve[r"]x. And strict observance of the pronunciation difference between the vowels [e] and [e] was then considered a sign of special education, cultural gloss and good education. And even now, in the speech of older people, one can often find such a pronunciation: kr[e]m instead of cream, r[e]lsy instead of the correct rails. For example, once in the Russian language there was the word "welblyud", and the pronunciation (and spelling) of this word in its modern form "camel" was considered as incorrect and illiterate as the pronunciation of our contemporaries "slip", "kolidor" or "escalator". But an increasing number of native speakers pronounced "wrong" - a camel. As soon as this pronunciation became familiar to most people who speak Russian, it became "correct", normative.

The norms were formed gradually, and it was a rather long process. The first scientific works on the pronunciation norms of the Russian language were created by M. V. Lomonosov. Starting from the 19th century. orthoepic indications (for example, placement of stresses) are becoming an important part of the Russian language dictionaries. Stress in Russian has certain features. The first feature of Russian stress is that it

free, i.e. not attached to a particular syllable in a word. It can also fall on the first syllable (city), and on the second (freedom), and on the third (milk) etc. In other languages, stress is often attached to a particular syllable. For example, in French it always falls on the last syllable. The second feature of Russian stress is its mobility, i.e., the ability to change its place depending on the form of the word. For example: understand - understood - understood. The third feature of Russian stress is its variability, which is expressed in the fact that over time, the stress can change its place in the word and the word will have a new pronunciation. For example, in a poem by A. S. Pushkin, the word "music" was pronounced with an emphasis on the second syllable: "The Regimental Music Thunders."

R. I. Avanesov made a great contribution to the modern science of language: he wrote a guide to modern Russian orthoepy - the book “Russian Literary Pronunciation”. Modern literary pronunciation was formed on the basis of the so-called Moscow dialect, the oral speech of the inhabitants of Moscow. Maybe that's why there is a saying in Russian: "From Maskva, from the pasada, from the Kalashnava row." “Beard” is written, but you have to read and pronounce “barada”. We write the union "what", in oral speech, a literate person pronounces "what". Why do some people make spelling mistakes in speech? Imagine a person who has recently learned to read, does not know fiction well. And for the first time he met a word printed in a book. It is likely that this person will read this unfamiliar word incorrectly, voice it, since its pronunciation may be affected by the written form of the word. It was under the influence of the spelling of words that illiterate people, who nevertheless sought to emphasize their newly acquired "education", made gross errors in pronunciation. This is how, for example, an illiterate pronunciation of the word chu[f]stvo appeared instead of the correct chu[s]tvo, [h] then instead of [w] then, help [w] nik instead of help [w] nick. But orthoepic norms do not always approve only one of the pronunciation options. In some cases, orthoepy allows for various pronunciation options. Literary, acceptable and correct is considered both the pronunciation of e [zh'zh '] y with a soft long sound [zh "], and e [zhzh] y - with a hard long sound; it is correct to say both before [zh "zh"] and, and do[d]i, p[o]eziya and p[a]eziya, etc. Orthoepic norms are supported by spelling rules (spelling rules).