What are segments of the earth. Peasant plots and segments

lands cut off in Russia by landlords from peasants when drawing up charters according to the Regulations of 19 Feb. 1861. Reduction of the cross. allotments were made if the allotment exceeded the highest, or indicated norm. The allotment could also be reduced if the landowner had less than a third (in the steppe zone - half) of the convenient lands of the estate. O. were also produced when the peasants received the so-called. donation allotment, which was determined by the discrepancy between the quitrent and the price of land for the redemption transaction with the existing rental and sale prices for land. The cut off lands were, as a rule, vital for the peasants (arable land, meadows, forest mowing, etc.). This allowed the landowners to lease the O. to the peasants on extortionate terms. The peasants waged a stubborn struggle for the return of the O. and the abolition of landownership. The program of the RSDLP (minimum program), adopted at the Second Congress in 1903, contained a demand for the return of the peasantry to the peasantry; in 1905, at the Third Congress of the RSDLP, the Bolsheviks replaced it with a demand for the confiscation of all landowners' land. Lit. see at Art. Peasant reform 1861.

Segments

land that the peasants in Russia lost as a result of the peasant reform of 1861 (See Peasant reform of 1861). O. could be produced from allotment land (see Allotment Land Use), which was in the use of landlord peasants before February 19, 1861, if the peasant allotments exceeded the maximum size established for the given locality, or if the landowners, while maintaining the existing peasant allotment, had less than 1 / 3 (in the steppe regions - 1 / 2) of all the convenient land of the estate. Allotments could be reduced by special agreements between peasants and landlords. In a number of chernozem gubernias, there were significant grants when the peasants transferred to allotments (see Peasant Donators). O. usually included plots that were extremely necessary for the peasants (hayfields, pastures, etc.), which forced them to rent O. from landowners, often on extortionate terms (see Working off). When the government carried out the reform of appanage (1863) and state (1866) peasants, peasants were also made, but much smaller than those of the landlords. The peasantry fought for the return of the O., and this demand was included in the program of the RSDLP at its 2nd congress (1903); at the 3rd congress (1905) it was replaced by a demand for the confiscation of all landed estates.

Lit.: Zaionchkovsky P. A., Abolition of serfdom in Russia, 3rd ed., M., 1968.

L. V. Belovinsky.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what "Segments" are in other dictionaries:

Part of the lands that were in the use of the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landlords. The cuts were mainly made if the allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the Regulations on February 19, 1861, and amounted to approx. eighteen%… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Law Dictionary

CUT-OFFS, part of the lands that were in the use of the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landowners. They were produced if the allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the Regulations of February 19, 1861, and amounted to about 18% of the pre-reform ... ... Russian history

Part of the lands that were in the use of the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landowners. Segments were mainly made if the allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the Regulations on February 19, and amounted to about 18% ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Lands cut off in Russia by landlords from peasants when drawing up charters according to the Regulations of February 19. 1861. Reduction of the cross. allotments were made if the allotment exceeded the highest, or indicated norm. The allotment could be reduced in the event that ... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Mn. Plots of peasant lands seized by landowners during the abolition of serfdom. Explanatory Dictionary of Ephraim. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova

segments- part of the land used by the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landowners. O. were mainly produced if the allotment exceeded the highest norm and accounted for about 18% of the pre-reform land use of the peasants ... Big Law Dictionary

Proportional segments are segments whose lengths are proportional. The ratio of segments AB and CD is the ratio of their lengths, that is. They say that the segments AB and CD are proportional to the segments and, if. For example, segments AB and CD, lengths ... ... Wikipedia

segmentation- Appointment of torchbearers for certain segments of the relay race. [Department of Linguistic Services of the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee. Glossary of terms] EN slotting Process of assigning torchbearers to predetermined slots. [Department… … Technical Translator's Handbook

Formed by a single face on each of the crystallographic axes. Geological dictionary: in 2 volumes. M.: Nedra. Edited by K. N. Paffengolts et al. 1978 ... Geological Encyclopedia

Books

• Geometric assignments workbook Grade 1, Zhirenko O., Fursova E., Gorlova O.. The workbook includes geometric assignments that will allow first-graders to form spatial representations. By completing tasks, children will learn to recognize and portray ...
• Visual geometry Workbook 1 Segments and right angles Geometric places of points GEF, Smirnov V., Smirnova I., Yashchenko I.. Workbooks "Visual geometry" are intended for secondary school students. They allow you to start studying geometry in grades 5-6, to eliminate gaps in knowledge of geometry in grades 7-8 ...

Segments in history are that part of the land, which, according to our country, went into the possession of the landowners. Based on the regulation on for rural and rural land users, a certain norm of the plot was established. But if it exceeded the specified size, then the excess went to the nobles.

General characteristics of the reform

In 1861, it was abolished in Russia. However, despite the fact that the peasants received personal freedom, in many regions they found themselves in an extremely difficult situation in connection with the land issue. Segments in history are part of the new government policy to maintain the financial position of the noble landowners. After all, from now on they were deprived of their main source of livelihood - income and duties from the peasant economy.

Therefore, the authorities took such a measure in order to retain at least some privileges and economic advantages for them. And this, of course, had a very bad effect on the position of direct agricultural producers, who often lost the main part of their possessions. Segments in history are, perhaps, one of the most controversial conditions for the peasant reform. Evidence has been preserved that the people themselves were often not happy with such a measure, since for them it was not so much personal freedom that was important as land.

contradictions

So, the reform of 1861, for all its positive significance, nevertheless contained one very important drawback: the peasants were deprived of allotments. Since agricultural labor was the basis of their existence, they found themselves in an extremely disadvantageous position after the release of the provision on their freedom. And many are even worse off than before. Segments in history are probably the most controversial and at the same time sore point in this reform. However, at that time the positions of the ruling class of noble landowners were quite strong, so they involuntarily had to be reckoned with.

But, despite the concession, this estate became very impoverished. The measure taken by the government was not enough to maintain their socio-economic status. So from that time the process of mass impoverishment of the former large landowners began. Moreover, many did not even immediately understand the very essence of the provision on segments. This was sometimes used by the most practical peasants, who managed to get these lands or, at least, to lighten the amount of duties provided for their development.

Effects

It has already been said above that the distribution of land was not in favor of the peasants. However, landownership also fell into decline, although formally and legally the nobles still remained in a privileged position. Understanding what segments in history are is impossible without taking into account the fact in which natural-geographical and climatic zones the allotments were located.

For example, in the black earth regions, the landowners took away most of the land from the peasants, since in this region it was more fertile. Rich nobles could appropriate even one-fifth, which had an extremely deplorable effect on the situation of the village and its inhabitants. In general, the average size of the allotment was three and a half acres of land. It was less than in pre-reform times. Naturally, many peasants were unhappy. There is even evidence that they preferred to remain in serfdom than to be deprived of the means for a full-fledged existence.

Land tenure issues

So, we have already figured out what segments are. History, the definition of this concept, as we have already understood, is inextricably linked with the peasant reform. It was assumed that in the event of receiving an allotment several acres more than the established norm, the landlords had the right to take away the "extra" territory from the farmers. As a rule, this amounted to eighteen percent of all property, which was quite a lot for rural landowners.

In addition, there was also the problem of striping. The landlords' lands were often wedged into the peasants', creating for the latter the problem of grazing, the use of meadows, and so on. For all this, they were forced to either pay the owner, or rent plots from him, or work out certain duties for the right to use the allotments.

Question about land

A detailed analysis and interpretation of the question of what periods in the history of Russia are is extremely important for understanding the features of the post-reform development of agriculture in the country in general. Perhaps the new system at first dealt a blow to both landownership and peasant ownership. The latter, of course, was in a more difficult and difficult situation also due to the fact that the people lost the right to use the land: meadows, grazing areas, and so on. Now sections were wedged in here in whole strips, for the right to use which the peasants had to pay. Thus, direct producers lost not only their main holdings, but also additional land resources.

1) Segments- - part of the land used by the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 186) in favor of the landowner. O. were mainly produced if the allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the Regulations of February 19 and accounted for about 18 percent of the pre-reform land use of the peasants.

2) Segments- - "superfluous lands" cut off by the serfdom reform from the community. Pastures and meadows were cut off. The communities were left without land and were forced to rent it from the landowner.

3) Segments- - part of the lands used by the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landowner. Cuts were made if the peasant allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the "Regulations" on February 19, 1861. This norm fluctuated in various places of the Russian Empire from 3 to 12 acres. Thanks to the cuts, the landowners seized about 18% of the land belonging to the peasants throughout the country, and in some provinces even more (in Saratov and Samara - over 40%).

4) Segments- part of the lands that were in use by the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landowners. They were produced if the allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the Regulations of February 19, 1861, and accounted for about 18% of the pre-reform land use of the peasants (in some provinces up to 40%).

Segments

Part of the lands that were in the use of the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 186) in favor of the landowner. O. were mainly produced if the allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the Regulations of February 19 and accounted for about 18 percent of the pre-reform land use of the peasants.

- "superfluous lands" cut off by the reform of serfdom from the community. Pastures and meadows were cut off. The communities were left without land and were forced to rent it from the landowner.

Part of the lands that were in the use of the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landowner. Cuts were made if the peasant allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the "Regulations" on February 19, 1861. This norm fluctuated in various places of the Russian Empire from 3 to 12 acres. Thanks to the cuts, the landowners seized about 18% of the land belonging to the peasants throughout the country, and in some provinces even more (in Saratov and Samara - over 40%).

part of the lands that were in the use of the peasants, cut off after the peasant reform of 1861 in favor of the landowners. They were produced if the allotment exceeded the highest norm established by the Regulations of February 19, 1861, and accounted for about 18% of the pre-reform land use of the peasants (in some provinces up to 40%).

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Sequences

Place the most important events of the reign of Alexander I in the correct order.

During the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov

Zemsky Sobor is

a) a meeting of representatives of the estates

b) a church cathedral in Russia

c) evening gathering

d) a meeting of the boyars and the clergy

a) there was a schism in the church

b) the patriarchate was established

c) Russia converted to Orthodoxy

d) the Synod was established

50. Set the chronological sequence of events:

a) Grand Embassy

b) Crimean campaigns

c) the capture of Azov by Peter I

d) the overthrow of Princess Sophia

51. The last palace coup in Russia was committed in:

52. In what century was Crimea annexed to Russia:

53. The Council of State was established in:

a) in 1810 ᴦ.

b) in 1801 ᴦ.

c) in 1815 ᴦ.

d) in 1820 ᴦ.

54. The industrial revolution in Russia began in:

a) 1760-1770.

b) 1790-1800.

c) 1830-1840.

d) 1870-1880 gᴦ.

55. Two events that testified to the strengthening of feudal oppression during the reign

Peter I came ...

a) liquidation of ʼʼwhiteʼʼ settlements

b) the introduction of a poll tax

c) the introduction of recruitment duty

d) setting fees for ʼʼelderlyʼʼ

56. As a result of palace coups in the middle of the XVIII century. It was:

a) limiting the power of the emperor (empresses)

b) approval of a new order of succession to the throne

c) strengthening the role of the guard in public affairs

d) the creation of the highest advisory body under the emperors - the Senate

57. Domestic policy of Russia in the second half of the XVIII century. characterized by:

a) the expansion of the privileges of the nobility

b) mitigation of class differences

c) the weakening of serfdom

d) the creation of central representative bodies of power

58. Petrine reforms of the first quarter of the 18th century. contributed:

a) democratization of political life

b) the weakening of feudal oppression

c) weakening the country's defense capability

d) strengthening autocratic power

59. ʼʼEnlightened absolutismʼʼ of Catherine II manifested itself in:

a) in the dissolution of the colleges and the creation of ministries

b) in the creation of the Supreme Privy Council

c) convening the Legislative Commission

d) a decree on a three-day corvee

60. Serfs attached to the manufactory were called:

a) yasak

b) ascribed

c) post-session

d) chernososnye

61. The secret committee during the reign of Alexander I was called:

a) body of political investigation

b) the first secret society of the Decembrists

c) the main censorship committee

d) a circle of people close to the tsar who prepared draft reforms

a) accession to the throne of Alexander I

b) Battle of Borodino

c) establishment of ministries

63. Match the concepts and terms:

1) small-scale production a) economic ties between individual regions

countries based on the social division of labor

2) manufactory b) making products for sale in a small

quantity

3) tax c) industrial enterprise based on manual

labor and division of labor

4) All-Russian market d) monetary and in-kind duties of peasants and

townspeople in favor of the state

a) establishment of ministries

b) strengthening the role of the boyars

c) the abolition of the patriarchy

d) termination of the convocation of Zemsky Sobors

65. The three measures of Peter I aimed at ʼʼEuropeanizationʼʼ of the country are:

a) establishment of ministries instead of colleges

c) the introduction of an all-Russian code of laws - Sudebnik

d) the introduction of a yard tax instead of a poll tax

e) establishment of the Senate

f) the abolition of the patriarchate and the creation of the Synod

66. Set the chronological sequence of events:

a) Decembrist organization ʼʼSociety of United Slavsʼʼ

b) the establishment of military settlements in Russia:

c) the uprising of the Decembrists in St. Petersburg

d) circle of M.V. Butashevich - Petrashevsky

67. Set the chronological sequence of events:

a) the accession of Elizabeth Petrovna

b) convening the Legislative Commission

c) a charter to the nobility

d) manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

68. Set the chronological sequence of events:

a) annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire

b) convening the Legislative Commission

c) the first partition of Poland

d) Letter of commendation to cities

69. Set the chronological sequence of events:

a) adoption of the ʼʼTable of Ranksʼʼ

b) Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War

c) provincial reform of Catherine II

d) secularization of church lands

70. Set the chronological sequence of events:

a) opening of Moscow University

b) the opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy

c) foundation of the Russian Academy of Sciences

d) publication of the first Russian newspaper ʼʼVedomostiʼʼ

71. When the first national population census was conducted in Russia:

a) in 1861 ᴦ.

b) in 1897 ᴦ.

c) in 1720 ᴦ.

d) in 1815 ᴦ.

72. The leaders of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadet Party) were:

a) V. Chernov, B. Savenkov

b) V. Lenin, Yu. Maratov

c) P. Milyukov, V. Nabokov

d) M. Purishkevich, A. Dubrovin

73. With the concept of ʼʼcommunityʼʼ in Russia in the XIX century. was related:

a) mutual responsibility

b) redistribution of land

c) a farm

d) agricultural workers

e) month

e) rural gatherings

74. Two provisions of judicial reform 1864ᴦ. were:

a) obtaining by landowners the right to judge peasants

b) competitiveness of the trial

c) the abolition of the supreme judicial power of the Senate

d) participation in the trial of jurors

75. To the Peasant Reform of 1861 ᴦ. relate:

a) liberation of peasants from personal dependence

b) the unification of peasant plots into a single cut

76. The agrarian program of the Socialist-Revolutionaries included the requirement:

a) land socialization

b) municipalization of land

c) preservation of landownership

d) creation of collective farms

77. Which of the named events refers to the revolution of 1905-1907 ᴦ.:

a) the formation of the Socialist Revolutionary Party

b) the creation of the ʼʼUnion of Liberationʼʼ

d) creation of a progressive bloc

78. The policy of forced destruction of the community is associated primarily with:

a) agrarian overpopulation in the European part of the country

b) the acuteness of the agrarian question of the revolution of 1905 ᴦ.

c) an attempt to create a class of small and medium owners

a) dissatisfaction of the majority of representatives of the nobility with the labor of serfs

b) the demand of the bourgeoisie to the government to increase the class of wage workers

c) condemnation by the church of forced labor of people

d) the government's awareness of the inhibitory effect of serfdom on the country's economy

80. One of the results of the military reform D.A. Milyutin:

a) created a regular army

b) regiments of the ʼʼnew systemʼʼ were formed

c) recruitment duty is canceled

d) created a navy

81. ʼʼGoing to the peopleʼʼ was organized by:

a) the Decembrists in the 1820s. to promote the ideas of the liberation of the peasants

b) Slavophiles in the 1840s. to the people's communities

c) commoners in the 1870s. to spread revolutionary ideas in the countryside

d) participants in working circles of the 1890s. to propagate Marxism

82. The progressive bloc was created in:

83. The Stolypin agrarian reform provided for:

a) transfer of arable land to the state fund

b) the abolition of landownership

c) strengthening communal land tenure

d) preservation of landownership

a) adopt the Russian Constitution

b) convene a legislative State Duma

c) introduce an 8-hour work day

d) give the peasants land

85. Compare the social theory of the XIX century. and its main points:

a) land rented by a peasant from a landowner in pre-reform Russia

b) part of the communal land owned by the peasant

c) part of the land of the peasants, which passed to the landowners during the Peasant Reform of 1861 ᴦ.

d) part of the communal land that became the property of the peasant during the Stolypin reform

87. Compare the social theory of the XIX century. and its main points:

1) ʼʼTheory of official nationalityʼʼ a) capitalism in Russia is an alien phenomenon imposed from above

2) Populism b) the ideal form of government for Russia is an absolute monarchy

3) Marxism c) Russia must consistently go through the stage of capitalist development, and then move on to socialism

88. Three political transformations of 1860-1870s. are:

a) the formation of zemstvo local governments from representatives of all classes

b) the introduction of the institution of advocacy

c) the abolition of universal military duty

d) the creation of a classless and public court

e) creation of the All-Russian Zemstvo body

89. The reason for the ʼʼJune 3rdʼʼ coup d'état was the king's dissatisfaction with the position

II State Duma on the issue:

a) national

b) agricultural

c) worker

d) about the military budget

90. The monarchist party that arose during the revolution of 1905-1907:

a) ʼʼUnion of the Russian peopleʼʼ

b) Constitutional-Democratic (Kadets)

d) social revolutionaries (SRs)

91. When Russia was proclaimed a republic:

92. Which of the following events happened later than the others:

a) adoption of the decree on peace and land

b) combos are abolished

c) universal labor service was introduced

d) a decision was made to replace the surplus with a tax in kind