What are incentive offers. Interrogative, imperative and declarative sentences

Offer types

Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences (by type of statement)

Depending on the purpose of the utterance The sentences are declarative, interrogative and imperative.

Narrative sentences are sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (approved or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences, they are very diverse in their content and structure and differ in the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by a specific narrative intonation: an increase in tone on a logically distinguished word (or two or more, but one of the increases will be the largest) and a calm decrease tones at the end of a sentence: The wagon drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and the crowd ran after him. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard (P.).

Interrogative sentences are called sentences that aim to induce the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, i.e. their purpose is educational.

The grammatical means of making interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation- an increase in tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is associated;

2) inflection(usually, the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence);

3) question words- interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example.

Interrogative sentences are divided into

actually interrogative,

interrogative-impellative

and interrogative-rhetorical.

Proper interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer.

A peculiar kind of interrogative sentences, close to the actual interrogative ones, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such proposals are called interrogative affirmative.

Interrogative sentences can contain the negation of what is being asked, it is interrogative-negative sentences.

Interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative, since they are of a transitional nature - from a question to a message.

Interrogative-impellative sentences contain a call to action, expressed through a question.

In interrogative-rhetorical sentences contain affirmation or negation. These proposals do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally colored speech.

In essence, interrogative-rhetorical questions also include counter questions (an answer in the form of a question).

Interrogative sentences can also take the form of insert constructions, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example.

A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc.

Additional shades can be emotional, for example,

connotation of negative expression: Are you deaf, or what?;

a hint of politeness (mitigation of the question is usually achieved using the particle not): Won't you come to me tomorrow? Wed: Will you come to me tomorrow?

Incentives are sentences that express the will of the speaker, their goal is to induce action.

They can express:

1) order, request, prayer, for example;

2.) advice, suggestion, warning, protest, threat,

3) consent, permission, for example;

4) call, invitation to joint action, for example;

5) desire.

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly distinguished (for example, a prayer and a request, an invitation and a command, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonation than structurally.

Grammar means of registration incentive offers are:

1) motivating intonation;

2) the predicate in the form of the imperative mood;

3) special particles that add a motivating tone to the sentence (come on, come on, come on, yes, let).

Incentive offers vary according to the way of expressing the predicate:

The most common expression of the predicate imperative verb.

An incentive connotation can be added to the meaning of the verb special particles.

As a predicate incentive sentence can be used verb in the indicative mood (past and future tense).

As a predicate - subjunctive verb. Among these proposals are proposals with the word to, and the verb can be omitted. Such sentences characterize colloquial speech.

The predicate in the imperative sentence can be infinitive.

Infinitive with particle would expresses a soft request, advice.

In colloquial speech incentives are often used without verbal expression of the predicate- a verb in the form of an imperative, clear from the context or situation. These are peculiar forms of living speech sentences with a leading word - a noun, an adverb or an infinitive. For example: Carriage for me, carriage! (Gr).

The structural center of incentive sentences (also in colloquial speech) can be the corresponding interjections: let's go, march, tsyts, etc.

exclamatory sentences

Exclamatory sentences are emotionally colored, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.

Emotional coloring can have various types of sentences: narrative, interrogative, and incentive.

For example,

narrative-exclamatory:He met death face to face, as a fighter should in battle! (L.);

interrogative-exclamatory:Who would have dared to ask Ishmael about that?! (L.);

incentive-exclamatory:- Oh, spare him! .. wait! - he exclaimed (L.).

Grammar design tools exclamatory sentences are as follows:

1) intonation, conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, chagrin, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, with emphasis on the word that directly expresses the emotion), for example.

2) interjections, for example: Oh, alas, Wow, Ahti, Ugh;

3) exclamation particles interjection, pronominal and adverbial origin, giving the expressed emotional coloring: well, oh, well, where, how, how, what, what, etc.

Common and non-common suggestions

Uncommon a sentence is called that has only the positions of the main members - the subject and the predicate.

Sentences that, along with the main ones, have positions of secondary members are called widespread.

The sentence can be distributed by agreed, controlled and adjacent word forms (according to the rules of conditional relations), which are included in the sentence through phrases, or by word forms related to the entire sentence as a whole. The distributors of the offer as a whole are called determinants. As a rule, various circumstances and additions expressing a semantic subject or object are determinant.

Thus, the distributors of the sentence can be included in the predicative stem of the sentence, extending either the composition of the subject or the composition of the predicate, or they can be distributors of the stem as a whole. The term "determinant" was introduced by N.Yu. Shvedova.

Simple and complex sentences

A simple sentence has one predicative center organizing it and thus contains one predicative unit.

A complex sentence consists of two or more predicative units combined in meaning and grammatically. Each part of a complex sentence has its own grammatical compositions.

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational unity. This idea about the integrity of a complex sentence was substantiated in the works of N.S. Pospelov.

Although parts of a complex sentence structurally resemble simple sentences (conditionally they are sometimes called so), they cannot exist outside of a compound sentence, i.e. outside this grammatical association, as independent communicative units. This is especially clear in a complex sentence with dependent parts. For example, in a sentence I don't know how it happened that we still don't know you (L.) none of the existing three parts can exist as a separate independent proposal, each of them requires an explanation. As analogues of simple sentences, parts of a complex one, when combined, can undergo structural changes, i.e. they can take on a form that is not characteristic of a simple sentence, although at the same time these parts have their own predicativeness.

Parts of a complex sentence can be combined

as equal,grammatically independent, For example: Branches of flowering cherries look out the window to me, and the wind sometimes strews my desk with their white petals (L.);

and as addicts, For example: On three sides blackened the ridges of the cliffs and branches of Mashuk, on top of which lay an ominous cloud (L.).

The main difference between simple and complex sentences is that a simple sentence is a monopredicative unit, a complex one is polypredicative.

So, if someone addressed you with an incentive (“Vasya, quickly go home!”), You will never confuse it by intonation with a narrative (“Vasya is already at home”) or with an interrogative (“Is Vasya at home?”). But attention! If it is worded like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” - then this example belongs to the category of "interrogative-incentive sentence". Such suggestions contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it will most likely be in: “Get out of here, Petya!” (Well, how much you can persuade poor Vasya already!) There are also predicates in the form: “But you wouldn’t go away from here!” And even in the form: "Get out of here!" The latter does not sound very polite, but etiquette is not covered in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: for example, the strict “Do not smoke!” - something like that suggestions are called "negatively motivating." Faithful helpers of the motivating suggestions are special particles. They are also called modal-volitional. All of them are great for us: “Let!”, “Let!”, “Give!”, “Let's!”, “Come on!”. And just an irreplaceable particle “would”. But sometimes just one in the nominative is enough for the sentence to become motivating. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" - instantly guess what the speaker is prompting you to. "Run! Save yourself! Call "01"! So let the problems with the definition of incentives be unknown to you from now on! And let these suggestions do not sound to you in the form of orders and prohibitions, but only in the form of polite and delicate requests. For example: “Should we have a cup of tea?”. Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya ... "

Sources:

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. — M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976

"Infinitivus" - translated from Latin "indefinite". In dictionaries published before the 70s of the 20th century, "" was defined as "the indefinite mood of the verb." What does the inclination have to do with it, and what is the correct definition for infinitive a? And does it exist at all?

Modern dictionaries interpret infinitive simply - “an indefinite form of the verb” (such as “run-t”, “fly-t” with inflection “-t”). The fact that form is understandable, but since language is a material concept, does infinitive what about the content? This question still causes heated debate: someone calls infinitive zero form (and with no content), someone insists on the return of the previous wording - "indefinite mood". There are also supporters of the "zero voice" (that is, not active and not passive; not active and not passive - again in the old tradition or in other languages, for example, English). The most version infinitive has nothing to do with verbs at all, but rather with particles (expressing modality, phase, etc.). It is difficult to say whether the inclination is zero or the voice is zero. infinitive a, but the fact that the particles could not be part of the predicate is for sure. The infinitive, on the contrary, can be part of (verb). For example, expressing the same modality (desirability): “he stopped wanting to learn”, where there is both a proper modal (“want”) and a reflexive verb “to learn”. By the way, returnable by some researchers are also considered to be infinitive am, although this opinion seems to be erroneous, since the postfix -sya (himself) already carries a certain semantic content, and infinitive- an indefinite form - after all, it cannot have such a detailed meaning (teach yourself). The question with “-t” still remains unresolved. Some scientists still believe that this is an inflection (that is, a morpheme that connects a word with other members of a sentence), others that it is a formative suffix infinitive but, not responsible for the connections in the sentence. Speaking of the predicate, it should be noted that in colloquial speech infinitive can, with the meaning of a message, movement, speech, direction, beginning or continuation, perform the function of a zero predicate. For example, “We are having dinner”, “It's time” “Children -!”.

See what "incentive sentence" is in other dictionaries:

incentive offer- A sentence with the meaning of will, motivation to action; the predicate of the imperative sentence is usually expressed by the verb in the imperative mood. P.p. can be used in different styles. In a journalistic speech, motivating ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

incentive offer- a functional type of sentence expressing an urge addressed to the interlocutor to perform the named action. The form that specifically serves to express motivation is the imperative mood (imperative); cf.: Come quickly! Don't do... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

See interrogative sentence ...

This term has other meanings, see Proposal. A sentence (in a language) is the smallest unit of a language, which is a grammatically organized compound of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational ... ... Wikipedia

A sentence expressing a question (cf. other types of sentences for the purpose of the statement: declarative sentence, imperative sentence). They differ: a) the actual interrogative sentence, to which the answer is really expected. Far away are you... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence (in a language) is the minimum unit of human speech, which is a grammatically organized combination of words (or a word) that has semantic and intonational completeness. ("Modern Russian language" Valgina N. S.) ... Wikipedia

Those that are an incentive offer ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence in which the expression of the content of a thought is accompanied by an expression of the speaker's feelings. The constructive elements of exclamatory sentences are interjections, emotional particles, exclamatory intonation. An exclamation mark can ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

L. F. Berdnik

Interrogative sentences in modern Russian

In studies on the syntax of the Russian language, interrogative sentences are qualified as a special semantic variety of interrogative statements. The similarity of interrogative and incentive sentences has been noted in the science of language for a long time; so, still F.F. Fortunatov, and after him A.M. Peshkovsky considered interrogative sentences as one of the varieties of incentive speech. In the book "Essays on the Theory of Syntax" (Voronezh, 1973) I.P. Raspopov speaks of a certain similarity between interrogative and incentive sentences: interrogative sentences also contain an expression of will, prompting an answer. However, these and similar disparate remarks do not give a holistic view of the structural-semantic and stylistic features of interrogative-incentive constructions. In this article, we will turn to the specifics of expressing motivation in the form of a question.

An interrogative sentence is by its nature close to an incentive one, since it contains an expression of will, prompting an answer, but this is an incentive to a special action - speech. Wed:

Where are you going? - Tell me where you're going.

What are you doing? - Say what you're doing.

The meaning of these sentences is interrogative. But in one case, this meaning receives a grammaticalized expression using an interrogative structure with an interrogative word, and in the other, the question is expressed lexically - by a verb with the meaning of speech in the imperative mood. A motivating phrase like Tell me... can be substituted for almost almost any question. But the use of the motivating part is redundant, since the question itself induces the interlocutor to answer by its form, although such “excessive” motivating-interrogative constructions are quite common. They reinforce the question, emphasize it, require a mandatory answer, for example:

- Tell me, Yakov, why are you knocking? - I asked. (Korolenko); - But like this,- says Mitriy Vasily, - answer truthfully: for how many souls do you bear tribute?(he); - Well, tell me, folks, how did you get the idea to repair the temple?- But how? No way. (V. Shukshin).

So, the meanings of the question and the motivation for action are very close, both of them belong to the emotional-volitional language, therefore, under certain conditions, an interrogative sentence can induce not to verbal, but to ordinary action (which, in fact, is what incentive statements are directed to). The general condition for the appearance of an incentive meaning in an interrogative form is the breadth of the grammatical semantics of the interrogative sentence, its ambiguity: the ability to have different meanings in different conditions. The potential polysemy of interrogative sentences was pointed out in the works of A.M. Peshkovsky,

O. Jespersen, A.I. Smirnitsky, N.I. Zhinkina, E.I. Shendels and others. In the meaning of an interrogative sentence, three semes are distinguished: the seme of the question, the seme of the message and the seme of motivation (the seme is understood as the minimum element of grammatical meaning).

Particular conditions favoring the appearance of the seme of motivation in the form of a question are lexical content, context, situation and intonation. Therefore, the meaning of motivation is realized not by all structural elements in the sentence, but only by some with a certain lexical content, in a certain situation and with a special intonation. While retaining the general meaning of the question, these constructions can also express a call to action. Consider the features of such proposals.

Both pronominal and non-pronominal interrogative sentences can act with the meaning of an incentive to action.

In non-pronominal interrogative sentences, the meaning of motivation often occurs in interrogative structures with the particle don't... is it, which, as it were, frames the predicate expressed by modal verbs want, wish, be able, sometimes combined with a polite address to the listener on You, explicitly or implicitly expressed, for example:

Here are the juicy slices! Would you like?(Mayakovsky); - Would you like, he suddenly whispered to me, I'll introduce you to the first wit here?(Turgenev).

In addition to modal verbs, these constructions also use full-significant verbs, for example:

Will you drink milk on the road?- said Jacob. (M. Gorky); Will you buy another piece of forest from me?(A.N. Ostrovsky).

The meaning of the impulse can be expressed by infinitive interrogative sentences with the particle not ... whether. At the same time, the incentive meaning is enhanced due to the interaction of the infinitive with the particle a at the beginning of the sentence and indicating the addressee in the form of the dative case of the pronoun of the 2nd person, singular or plural:

Why don't we go warm up?(A.N. Tolstoy); Why don't we go to dinner?(M. Gorky); Look, why don't you have another operation?(P. Nilin).

The imperative meaning is often found in non-pronominal interrogative sentences with modal words. may be (maybe) in combination with perfective verbs and an indication of the addressee. The addressee of a speech is always recognizable from the context, even if it is not formally expressed. Usually such statements express a soft request, advice, for example:

Maybe beat, are you washing from the road, dad?(G. Nikolaeva); Mmaybe we can discuss this issue?(V. Tendryakov); Can you get up and walk around a little? Let me take you around the hut.(V. Shukshin).

Pronominal interrogative sentences can also have an incentive value. So, the incentive value of advice is contained in infinitive sentences with interrogative words why why with particle would, negation not and the dative case of the addressee, for example:

Listen, my dear, why don't you try to perform on the stage?(Kuprin); Then why don't we try to look at everything that surrounds us, as they say, with a fresh look?(Com. truth. - 1977.

Usually in such sentences the perfect form of the verb predominates, which contributes to a softer expression of motivation.

Interrogative sentences with a pronoun what, which, as a rule, have a negative particle in their composition not, can express the meaning of an invitation, a sentence, for example:

Why don't you sit? I'll heat up the samovar.(K. Fedin); Why don't you have fun ... well?(L. Leonov).

In colloquial speech, questions such as invitations are often found: Why don't you visit us? Why don't you come?

In interrogative sentences, a negative particle is often found not, which does not have a negative meaning, but, as it were, introduces new expressive shades into the semantics of motivation and actualizes the incentive value of the interrogative form.

The incentive value is manifested in infinitive interrogative sentences with a pronominal phraseological unit What if, For example:

What if you try?(D. Granin); What if you call Krylov now?(he); And what if you go to the Kuban, away from here ... far ... far.(M. Sholokhov).

In these constructions, the addressee is not formally expressed, but it is clear from the context that the impulse is addressed to the first person.

The main sign of motivation is the appeal to the addressee. The addressing of the impulse can be directed to the interlocutor (2nd person), to oneself (1st person), to the 3rd person, as well as to the motivation for joint action of the speaker and the interlocutor. Addressing is expressed in personal forms of pronouns and verbs.

In infinitive interrogative sentences, when the impulse is addressed to the 2nd person, an obligatory component of the structural scheme is an indication of the addressee in the form of the dative case of the pronoun of the 2nd person, singular or plural.

When the impulse is addressed to itself, the dative case of the addressee is absent.

What incentive meanings can interrogative-incentive sentences express and how do they differ from actual incentive statements?

There are three main types of meaning of the imperative: a) categorical motivation with particular meanings of demand, order, command, order, prohibition; b) softened motivation with private meanings of requests, begging, persuasion, prayers; c) the so-called "neutral" impulse, which is a transitional stage between a softened categorical impulse: advice, invitation, permission, warning. These shades of meaning cannot always be clearly distinguished, because intonation, context, situation, lexical content play an important role in this. The same can be said about interrogative sentences. Moreover, in them the meaning of the question does not completely disappear, it seems to be relegated to the background, and its presence is manifested in shades of the transmitted impulse: the impulse can be softer, informal, since the speaker does not know how his advice will be perceived, therefore this advice takes the form of an interrogation: it is both advice and a question ( Why don't you go to the doctor?), invitation and question ( Maybe we can go to the cinema?). Sometimes the speaker of the situation is unable to give advice or express another kind of urge; in this case, the impulse also takes the form of a question ( Your Excellency, would you mind driving you?- Kuprin). Thus, soft prompting in the form of a question is used where relations between interlocutors are unequal, where one interlocutor, for various reasons, cannot afford to express the prompting more categorically. This is one of the reasons for the use of interrogative-incentive sentences instead of proper incentive ones.

On the other hand, some types of motivation in the interrogative form are more categorical than in the incentive sentence. This refers to the prohibition of an action, which, in an interrogative form, comes close to a threat:

My aunt is tired of my walking. - Will you give peace to the doors today? Well, sit down, grab the yarn.(Ch. Aitmatov).

In interrogative sentences expressing the prohibition of an action, there is a rethinking of the meanings of interrogative pronouns ( what in the meaning of "why"), violation of direct relationships and connections between words ( Will you give peace to the doors today?). This leads to the fact that the action, which is directly indicated by the verb, is thought of as undesirable and even forbidden by the speakers. Such a rethinking of the content of an utterance is closely related to a certain intonation, close to an exclamatory one, and to the peculiarities of lexical content. In these sentences, the particle not is absent, whereas in the imperative sentence the prohibition is usually expressed in the negative form of the imperfective verb not:

Do not sing, beauty, with me you are the songs of sad Georgia ...(Pushkin).

So, interrogative sentences can have the meanings of a simple motivation (offer), request, advice, invitation to action, prohibition of action and cannot express the meaning of an appeal, order, order. Interrogative-incentive sentences are able to express many private meanings of all three types of motivation: categorical, neutral and softened, while the quality of the motivation changes: it either intensifies, becomes more rigid, categorical, or, conversely, softens.

Most often, an interrogative sentence appears with the meaning of a simple motivation for a specific action that is useful for the addressee. The meaning of the invitation approaches this value, for example:

Kwaska, gentlemen, would you?(Korolenko); Would you like to have breakfast with us?(Yu. Bondarev); - Will you come with me? he suggested. - My brother lives here.(V. Shukshin).

Interrogative sentences with the meaning of a request are distinguished by the special delicacy of expressing a request close to begging:

- Uncle, uncle... Andrey Ivanovich said to the rear peasant, won't you pick us up?(Korolenko).

An irresolute request is expressed by non-pronominal structures with a modal word may be (maybe):

I'm leaving. Maybe you'll take me?(M. Gorky).

Interrogative sentences with the meaning of advice also express the thought more delicately, unobtrusively. Advice is always justified, supported by context, for example:

Why don't you take this position?- asked Krylov. “You understand so well the need for self-sacrifice.(D. Granin).

Interrogative-incentive sentences often express the motivation for action and the speaker himself:

- Or maybe still take a chance, try? Captain Yenakiev asked himself, twisting the eyepieces of the stereo tube over his eyes. (V. Kataev).

Interrogative-incentive sentences also express an incentive to joint action, which is also more relaxed, naturally, informally compared to the incentive expressed by an incentive sentence:

Let's go together? Shall we dance?(V. Shukshin)

Offer- this is the main syntactic unit containing a message about something, a question or an incentive. Unlike phrases the sentence has a grammatical basis consisting of the main members of the sentence (subject and predicate) or one of them .

Offer performs communicative function and characterized by intonation and semantic completeness . In a sentence, in addition to subordinating connections (agreement, control, adjacency), there can be a coordinating connection (between homogeneous members) and predicative (between subject and predicate).

By the number of grammatical bases suggestionsdivided into simple and complex . A simple sentence has one grammatical basis, a complex one consists of two or more simple sentences (predicative parts).

Simple sentence is a word or a combination of words characterized by semantic and intonational completeness and the presence of one grammatical basis.
The classification of simple sentences in modern Russian can be carried out for various reasons.

Depending on the purpose of the statement suggestions are divided into narrative , interrogative and incentive .

Declarative sentences contain a message about some asserted or denied fact, phenomenon, event, etc. or a description of them.

For example: And boring and sad, and there is no one to give a hand in a moment of spiritual adversity(Lermontov). I will come at five o'clock.

Interrogative sentences include a question. Among them are:

a) actually interrogative : What did you write here? What it is?(Ilf and Petrov);
b) rhetorical questions (i.e., not requiring a response): What are you, my old woman, silent at the window? (Pushkin).

Incentive Offers express various shades of will (incitement to action): an order, a request, an appeal, a plea, advice, a warning, a protest, a threat, consent, permission, etc.

for example :Well, sleep! This is adult talk, none of your business(Tendryakov); Quicker! Well!(Paustovsky); Russia! Rise and rise! Thunder, the general voice of enthusiasm! ..(Pushkin).

narrative, interrogative and incentive offer they differ both in form (they use various forms of the mood of the verb, there are special words - interrogative pronouns, motivating particles), and in intonation.

Compare:
He will come.
He will come? Will he come? When will he arrive?
Let him come.

Emotionally simple proposals are divided on the exclamatory and non-exclamatory .

exclamation mark called offer emotionally colored, pronounced with a special intonation.

For example: No, look what a moon!.. Oh, what a charm!(L. Tolstoy).
All functional types of sentences (narrative, interrogative, incentive) can be exclamatory.

By the nature of the grammatical basis, articulating offers are divided on the two-part when the grammatical basis includes both the subject and the predicate,

For example: A lonely sail turns white in the blue mist of the sea!(Lermontov), and one-component when the grammatical basis of sentences is formed by one main member,

For example: I'm sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon(Pushkin).

By the presence or absence of secondary members, simple suggestions can be widespread and uncommon .

Common is called a sentence that has, along with the main secondary members of the sentence. For example: How sweet is my sorrow in spring!(Bunin).

Uncommon a proposal consisting only of the main members is considered. For example: Life is empty, crazy and bottomless!(Block).

Depending on the completeness of the grammatical structure suggestions can be full and incomplete . AT complete sentences all the members of the sentence necessary for this structure are verbally presented: Labor awakens creative forces in a person(L. Tolstoy), and in incomplete there are no certain members of the sentence (main or secondary) necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence. The missing members of the sentence are restored from the context or from the situation. For example: Prepare a sleigh in summer and a cart in winter(proverb); Tea? - Half a cup for me.

Simple sentence may have syntactic elements that complicate its structure. These elements include isolated members of the sentence, homogeneous members, introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals. By the presence/absence of complicating syntactic elements simple sentences are divided into complicated and uncomplicated .