What is an adjective part of a sentence. Algorithm for determining the type of subordinate clause

Which deals with the study of two units: sentences and phrases.

This article will focus on the syntax of the sentence. First, we will find out what the concept of a sentence as a whole implies, and then we will tell in more detail about the types of subordinate clauses in Russian.

1. The concept of a sentence

Being one of the main ones, it is a set of one or more words, which, as a rule, consists of a question (then they are called interrogative), an incentive to action (incentives) and the transfer of certain information (narrative).

Everything is usually divided into compound (equal) and complex (these types of subordinate clauses are considered dependent. They are connected using special unions or allied words).

2. How to correctly identify offers?

By their nature, these units of syntax are very, very diverse. In order to determine, you just need to remember four main signs:

About grammatical meaning;

About the question this sentence answers;

About the part of the proposal to which it can be attributed;

About means of communication.

It is on the basis of these features that syntactic units are divided into circumstantial, attributive, conjunctive and circumstantial.

3. in Russian

1. Determinants. Role performed: characterize the attribute of the object.

The question the sentence answers is: what?

What they refer to in the sentence: to a noun.

Conjunctions and allied words: when, where, where, which, which, whose, what, which.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words are used - any, each, anyone, such, that.

For example: The camera I bought in Chicago last year takes excellent pictures.

2. Explanatory. Role performed: consider in more detail and complement the meaning of the main sentence.

The question the sentence answers is: what?

What they refer to: a verb, an adjective, an adverb, a single phrase.

Unions and as if, so that, what, why, where, what for, when, where.

Other characteristic features: use of the demonstrative word "that".

For example: I know that I can do it.

3. Connecting. Role performed: contains an additional clarification message.

What they refer to: the entire main sentence.

Conjunctions and allied words: “why”, “what”, “why”.

4. Detailed types of subordinate clauses. The relative clauses of this type are quite diverse and therefore also have their own classification:

• mode of action and degree

Role performed: indicate the measure, degree and manner of action.

The question the proposal answers is: how? how much? in what degree? as?

What does it refer to: a verb or an adjective.

Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “to”, “what”, “as much”, “how much”, “how”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - "such", "to such an extent", "as much", "as much", "so".

For example: He screamed so that he almost deafened those present.

• places

Role performed: designate the place of action.

The question these sentences answer is: where from? where? where?

What do they refer to: to the whole sentence or to the predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “from where”, “where”, “where”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - "everywhere", "everywhere", "there", "there".

For example: Where the road ended, the field began.

• time

Role performed: indicates the duration of the action.

The question the proposal answers is: until when? when? since when? how long?

Conjunctions and allied words: “until”, “since”, “until”.

Other characteristic features: demonstrative words - "sometimes", "once", "always", "now", "then".

For example: While you were watching TV, I finished reading the newspaper.

• conditions

Role performed: indicate the condition under which the action is performed.

The question the sentence answers is: in what case? under what condition?

Conjunctions and allied words: “if”, “if”, “time”, “if”, “how”.

For example: If you remind me, I will bring you a book.

• causes

Role Performed: Indicates the cause.

The question the sentence answers is: for what reason? from what? why? because of which?

What they refer to: to everything Ch. sentence or predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: "because", "because", "because".

For example: He went on foot, because. I did not want to ride in stuffy transport.

• comparisons

Role performed: provide an explanation by comparison.

The question the sentence answers is: like what?

What do they refer to in the sentence: to everything Ch. sentence or predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “as if”, “like”, “than”, “as if”.

For example: He preferred to be silent, like a fish.

Role performed: indicates the purpose of the action.

The question the proposal answers is: why? for what purpose? for what? why?

What they refer to: to everything Ch. sentence or predicate.

Conjunctions and allied words: “in order to”, “then”, “then to”.

For example: I want to learn in order to know.

• concessions

Role Performed: The circumstance for performing the action.

The question the sentence answers is: in spite of what? contrary to what?

What do they refer to: to the entire main sentence or to the predicate.

Unions and allied words: “no matter what”, “despite the fact that”, “what”, “although”, “let”, “no matter how”, “whenever”, “no matter how much”

For example: Although it was cold, he was sweating.

• consequences

Role performed: means the consequences, result or conclusion.

The question the sentence answers is: what of it?

What they refer to: to everything Ch. offer.

Conjunctions and allied words: “so”, “therefore”.

For example: Despite the hunger, I will not eat it.

Subordinate clauses in Russian are dependent parts of the main clause in a complex sentence. That is, they play the role of secondary members of the sentence. Therefore, the types of subordinate clauses are divided according to the role played in the sentence. One question can be asked to the entire secondary sentence, just as it is done with respect to the members of the sentence.

The main types of subordinate clauses

Four types of them are considered: attributive, adverbial, explanatory and connecting. Examples can be given that will represent all kinds of subordinate clauses:

1. The flower bed, which was laid out in the courtyard on the left side of the porch, resembled a small copy of the town - a sort of Flower Town from Nosov's fairy tale about Dunno. (Determinative).
2. And it seemed to me that restless and funny short men really live there. (explanatory).
3. And we do not see them because they are hiding from us underground. (Circumstantial).
4. But as soon as we leave somewhere, as shorties get out of their hiding places and begin to enjoy life violently. (Connective).

Determinative clauses

These subordinate clauses in Russian define the sign of one noun or sometimes a phrase consisting of a noun and a demonstrative word. They serve as answers to questions which? whose? which? These minor sentences are joined to the main part by allied words. whose, which, who, what, which, from where, where, when. Usually in the main part of a complex sentence there are demonstrative words such as such, each, any, any or that in various forms of childbirth. The following suggestions can be taken as examples:

• living beings, which?) who live on the planet next to people, feel a good human attitude towards them.
• Reach out your hand with food, open your palm, freeze, and some bird, ( which?) whose voice is heard in the morning in the bushes of your garden, with confidence will sit on your hand.
• Every person ( which?) who considers himself the pinnacle of the creation of the Almighty, should correspond to this rank.
• Whether a garden, a forest or an ordinary yard, (which?)where everything is familiar and familiar, can open the door to the wonderful world of nature for a person.

Adventitious connecting

Interesting types of subordinate clauses that do not refer to a single word or phrase, but to the entire main part. They are called connecting. Often these parts of a complex sentence contain the meaning of the consequence, supplementing or explaining the content of the main part. Secondary sentences of this type are attached using allied words where, how, when, why, where, what. Examples:

• And only next to the mother any baby feels protected, what is meant by nature.
• Caring for the cubs, tenderness for their offspring, self-sacrifice is laid in the creature at the level of instinct, how every creature needs to breathe, sleep, eat and drink.

Explanatory clauses

If the author of the text wants to clarify, specify any one word of the main part, which has the meaning of thought, perception, feeling or speech. Often these clauses refer to verbs such as say, answer, think, feel, be proud, hear. But they can also specify adjectives, for example, satisfied or glad. It is often observed when these types of subordinate clauses act as explanations of adverbs ( clearly, necessary, necessary, known, pity) or nouns ( message, thought, statement, rumor, thought, feeling). The subordinate explanatory clauses are added with the help of:

Unions (to, what, when, as if, like others);

Any allied words;

Particles (union) whether.

Examples are the following compound sentences:

• Have you ever observed what?) how amazingly sunlight plays, reflected in dew drops, insect wings, snowflake tiles?
• Once such beauty, a person will surely be incredibly happy, ( what?) who discovered the unique world of beauty.
• And it immediately becomes clear what?) that everything around was created not just so that everything is interconnected.
• Consciousness will be filled with indescribable feelings of joy, (what kind?) as if you yourself are a part of this amazing and unique world.

Adventitious mode of action and degree

Adverbial clauses are divided into several subspecies. A group of dependent parts of compound sentences that refer to a sign or action, called in its main part, and denote its degree or measure, as well as the image, are referred to as subordinate modes of action and degree. They usually answer the following questions: how? how much? as? in what degree? The design of the connection of the subordinate with the main part looks something like this: full adjective + noun + such; full adjective + such; verb + so. The attachment of these subordinate clauses is provided by unions to, what, as if or allied words how much, how much and some others. Examples:

• The little girl laughed so infectiously, so spontaneously, that it was hard for everyone else to stop smiling.
• The sonorous play of her laughter broke the tense silence of the room, as if unexpectedly scattered colorful peas from the package.
• And the little face itself has changed so much, as far as it was possible in this case: the girl, exhausted by the disease, could already easily be called a lovely and absolutely healthy child.

Adverbial clauses

These dependent clauses indicate the place of origin of the action, which is called in the main part of the compound sentence. Referring to the whole main sentence, they answer the following questions: where? where? where? and join with allied words where, from where, where. Often in the main sentence there are demonstrative words there, everywhere, there, everywhere, everywhere and some others. The following examples of such proposals can be given:

1. It is quite easy to determine the cardinal directions in the forest more often, where there is moss on the trees.
2. Ants dragged on their backs building material for their anthills and food supplies from everywhere, where only these hardworking creatures could get.
3. I'm always drawn there, to magical lands, where we went with him last summer.

Adverbial clauses of time

Indicating the time of action, these subordinate clauses refer both to the entire main clause, and specifically to one predicate. For this type of adjective, you can ask the following questions: how long? How long? when? since when? Often there are demonstrative words in the main part of the sentence, for example: sometimes, once, always, now, then. For example: Animals will then be friendly with each other, (when?) when they grow up next to childhood.

Adverbial clauses, causes, purposes, consequences

1. If the dependent parts of complex sentences answer questions in what case? or under what condition? and refer either to the predicate of the main part, or to it all, joining with the help of conditional conjunctions once, when, when, if, when and as(in the meaning of "if"), then they can be attributed to subordinate conditions. Example: And even the most inveterate prankster turns into a serious and well-mannered gentleman, ( in which case?)when he becomes a parent, be it a man, a monkey or a penguin.
2. Questions because of which? why? for what reason? from what? subordinate causes are responsible. Their attachment occurs with the help of causal unions because, because, since. Example: For a baby in early childhood, the authority of the parent is adamant, ( why?) because his well-being depends on this being.
3. Dependent sentences denoting the purpose of the action named in the main part and answering questions for what? for what purpose? why?, are called subordinate targets. Their attachment to the main part is provided by target unions in order to, then in order to (in order to). Example: But even then you should accompany your requirements with explanations ( for what purpose?) then, so that a thinking person grows out of a baby, and not a weak-willed robot performer.
4. Dependent parts of a sentence that indicate a conclusion or result, denote a consequence following from the above in the main part of the sentence, are called subordinate consequences and refer to the entire main sentence. They are usually joined by coercive unions. That's why or so, for example: Education is a complex and regular process, ( what follows from this?) therefore, parents should always be in shape and not relax for a minute.

Adverbial clauses

These types of dependent sentences in complex structures refer either to the predicate or to the entire main part and answer the question like?, joining with comparative conjunctions as if, as, as, as, exactly. Comparative clauses differ from comparative phrases in that they have a grammatical basis. For example: The polar bear cub so funny fell on its side and lifted its paws up, it's like a naughty boy playing happily in the sandbox with his friends.

Adverbial clauses

Dependent sentences in a compound construction, denoting circumstances in spite of which the action indicated in the main part has been committed or can be committed, are called subordinate concessions. You can ask them questions: despite what? in spite of what? and attach to the main one with the help of concessive unions at least (although), let (let) that, for nothing, despite and some others. Allied combinations are often used: no matter how much, no matter what, when no, no matter who, no matter how and the like. Example: Even though the panda cubs were having fun, their dark spots around the eyes gave the impression of sad thoughtfulness.

A literate person should always remember: when writing sentences that are part of a complex one, they are separated by commas.

), there are four main types of subordinate clauses:

• defining,
• explanatory,
• circumstantial (mode of action and degree, place, time, conditions, causes, goals, comparisons, concessions, consequences),
• connecting.

Clauses

Refers to a noun or pronoun. Answer questions about definitions which? which? which?).
Join with allied words: which, which, whose, what, where, when, from where, etc.
As well as unions: so that, as, as, exactly, as if, etc.

Examples

• [Alarm clock rang]. Alarm which?(which was given to me by my grandmother). [Alarm clock rang( that my grandmother gave me)].
• [The house burned to the ground]. House which?(Where I was born). [House( where I was born) burned to the ground].
• [A.S. Pushkin erected more than one monument]. A.S. Pushkin what?(Whose contribution to the development of Russian literature can hardly be overestimated). [A.S. Pushkin( , whose contribution to the development of Russian literature is difficult to overestimate,) erected more than one monument].
• [That day my life changed]. In a day which?(When I understood everything). [In that day( when I understood everything) my life has changed].

Clauses of explanatory

Relate to the verb. Answering case questions who? what? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? etc.).
Join with allied words: who, what, which, whose, where, where, from where, how, why, why, how much
As well as unions: what, to, as if, as, as if, as if, etc.

Examples

Here the main clause is in square brackets, and the subordinate clause is in round brackets.

• [I'm sure]. Sure in what?(Because the Earth is spherical). [I'm pretty sure that the earth is spherical)].
• [He found out]. found out what?(How many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite). [He found out( how many days have passed since the launch of the first satellite)].
• [They understood]. Understood what?(Why did I do it). [They understood( why did i do it)].

Adverbial clauses

Play the role of common circumstances. Answer detailed questions. Like ordinary circumstances, they are divided into several types:

Type of subordinate clause	Questions it answers	Linking with unions	Linking with allied words	Examples
mode of action	as? how?	like, what, to, as if, exactly		[I was walking on freshly fallen snow]. Shel as?(So ​​that the snowflakes crunched under my feet). [I was walking on freshly fallen snow( so that the snowflakes crunched under my feet)].
Measures and degrees	how much? in what degree?	what how	how much, how much	[He ate a lot of apples]. ate how much?(So ​​that the stomach ached later) [He ate So many apples( that the stomach then ached)].
Places	where? where? where?		where, where, from where	[I got tired of everything and went]. gone where?(Where I could finally rest.) [I got tired of everything and went there(where I could finally rest)].
time	when? how long? since when? How long?	when, while, as long as, as soon as, since, as long as		[Moon is rising]. ascends when?(When the night falls) [The moon is rising ( when the night comes)].
Goals	why? for what purpose?	to (to)		[I drank the medicine]. drank why?(To cure a cold). [I drank the medicine ( to cure a cold)].
Causes	why? from what?	because, because, since, for		[He has changed]. Has changed why?(Because there was no reason to stay the same). [He has changed because(that there was no reason to stay the same)].
Conditions	under what condition?	if, when, time		[I will eat this apple]. Eat under what condition?(Unless it's poisoned). [I'll eat this apple( if it is not poisoned)].
concessions	in spite of what?	although, despite the fact that, let, let	no matter how much, no matter how	[He reached the goal]. Has reached in spite of what?(Although I've been bothering him all this time). [He reached the goal ( , even though I interfered with him all this time)].
Consequences	and..? hence..?	so		[I was on top of the world]. and?(So ​​I had no reason to worry). [I was on top of the world( so i had no reason to worry)].
Comparative	as?	as, as if, as if		[She fluttered around the apartment]. fluttered as?(How a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly). [She fluttered around the apartment ( how a young butterfly flutters, having just learned to fly)].

Adventitious connecting

Relate to the entire main body.
Join with allied words: what, where, where, where, when, how, why
Supplement and explain the content of the main part. Often they have the meaning of a consequence.

Examples

• He was worried and therefore failed to pass the exam.).
• My brother never opened the book all this time that haunted me).

see also

Notes

Links

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Main sentence - Dictionary of literary terms

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See what a "subordinate clause" is in other dictionaries:

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