What is speech in psychology. Speech in psychology

pithiness speech is determined by the number of thoughts, feelings and aspirations expressed in it, their significance and correspondence to reality. Speech can be more or less meaningful due to the abundance and nature of the thoughts, feelings and desires that are expressed in it. A speech can be called meaningful if it sets out this or that issue in detail, if the thoughts and feelings expressed in it are serious and deep. On the contrary, superficial, empty, limited thoughts and feelings make speech empty.

Speech always has a certain content, since it reveals the essence of what we want to convey to other people or (as happens in cases of inner speech) to clarify for ourselves.

The content of speech depends on the correct selection and use of words to express thoughts, feelings and volitional aspirations. A large and varied vocabulary of a given person, allowing him to adequately express his most diverse thoughts and shades of thoughts, is a necessary condition for the content of his speech. But one stock of words is not enough for this; it is necessary to choose and apply these words correctly in speech.

A person’s speech will be meaningful to one degree or another, depending on how much he knows the special terminology in this particular area. In our speech, we often describe or explain certain phenomena. For example, a physical education teacher often resorts to describing physical exercises; a coach in a particular sport is often forced to explain some of the difficult points of these exercises. At the same time, their speech will be more complete and it will be more correct to express their thoughts if they master their subject, have a large supply of special terms that express a detailed knowledge of the methodology of this sport, and also know how to correctly express their thoughts in sentences.

Clarity speech is mainly due to the totality of the listener's knowledge in the area to which the interlocutor's speech belongs in its content. It also requires the listener to know the terminology and special turns of speech in this area. For example, a person with great difficulty will understand speech on mathematical topics if he does not have knowledge of mathematical terms and special expressions and turns of speech used in this area.

The difficulty in understanding speech in many cases is due to the fact that words do not always and not for all people have the same meaning. Often they are ambiguous, due to which it is possible to correctly grasp their meaning, which is meant in this case, only from the context of speech, i.e. from its general content and from the meaning of whole sentences, not individual words. For example, the word "root" for an ordinary person expresses the concept of a part of a tree, but for a mathematician it is a special numerical value.

Speech becomes more understandable when it is built as far as possible from short sentences, when too special terms are not abused in it, when its grammatical structure highlights the essence of the thought being expressed, which is achieved by syntactically correct construction of sentences, as well as the use of pauses in appropriate places or highlighting words with using logical stress.

For example, the sentence “students of the Institute of Physical Culture won the skiing competition” can express different content and be understood differently, depending on which word will be logically stressed: in one case, it will be about the fact that it is the students who and no one else, they won, in another - that they won the skiing, and not the gymnastic competitions, etc.

expressiveness speech is related to its emotional richness. By its expressiveness, speech can be bright, energetic or, conversely, sluggish, pale.

The expressiveness of speech is provided primarily by its phonetic means: clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, correct accentuation and appropriate intonation, with the help of which various emotional shades of speech can be expressed.

The same sentence - "the Spartak team won the football championship" - while fully preserving its objective content, that is, the fact that it conveys, can express completely different emotional attitudes of the speaker to this fact: in one case it can be pleasure and even delight, in another - regret and even despondency. All this finds its expression primarily in the intonation of the speaker.

Often the expressiveness of speech is provided by its grammatical means, for example, the use of words in an affectionate and diminutive form, the use of the pronouns “you” or “you” in address, the use of words of figurative and figurative meaning, metaphors, comparisons, epithets, etc.

Influenced side of speech consists in its influence on the thoughts, feelings and will of other people, on their beliefs and behavior. Very often, speech has as its task not so much to convey certain thoughts and information to another person, but to provoke him to certain actions, to influence his views and beliefs, to create in him a certain attitude to certain facts and events.

The influence side of speech is of the greatest importance in teaching and educational work, in agitation and propaganda work, and also in command. The impact of propaganda speech primarily lies in its ideological content. If the content of a speech reflects the interests and needs of a given group of people, if it helps them to correctly understand the essence of events and their class significance, then such speech can strengthen a person’s beliefs, make them more stable, purposeful, move a person to conscious decisions and actions.

In this case, the sincerity and conviction of the speaker himself, which is expressed in the speech, is also of great importance, forcing the listeners to believe his words.

Often the impact of speech is determined by its simplicity, clarity, internal logic.

The impact of speech is very different. Through speech we can instruct and instruct people, give them advice, warn of the consequences of their behavior, warn against certain actions and invite them to follow other examples; give instructions; a request, an order, a prohibition can be expressed in a speech. All this is carried out with the help of certain lexical, grammatical and phonetic language means.

Teaching and instruction give speech its own characteristics: it acquires the character of an explanation, disclosure of the positive and negative sides of a given act, an indication of its consequences. Teachings and instructions are always built on concrete, living examples, and correct, from the point of view of the speaker, actions are approved, and false ones are condemned. In teachings and instructions, they seek, first of all, to arouse in the mentee an understanding of the act, as well as an appropriate emotional attitude towards it. The intonation of the teachings has a calm tone of authoritative and unquestioning reasoning. In the words of instruction in this regard, there is a complete conviction in the correctness and necessity of this act.

Adviсe are given in cases where a person experiences hesitation and indecision or does not know what to do. The content of the speech in these cases consists in a concrete presentation of the action itself, in emphasizing its importance and the expected positive results. The intonation of advice is the intonation of confidence in the possibility, accessibility, expediency or necessity of precisely this, and not the opposite, act.

Instructions have an impact when they are expressed in brief, specific provisions that do not allow for different interpretations, when at the same time they are justified and do not raise doubts about the appropriateness of the measures indicated in them.

The impact value of the instruction lies mainly in the precise indication of the content, sequence and methods of action in relation to certain types of practical activities, for example, when caring for projectiles and sports facilities, when performing a certain difficult or dangerous exercise in order to combat injuries, when establishing a training regimen, etc. d.

Request according to its purpose, it aims to achieve from the interlocutor the satisfaction of certain interests of the requester himself. Both in content and in its phonetic means, this speech is extremely diverse. It reflects both the essence of the request and (especially) the desire for the interlocutor to satisfy this request. The request is characterized by the presence of additional words to its content, which express the motivation for action, for example: “I beg you”, “please”, “be kind”, etc. This speech is rich in various intonations, which also reflect relationships speakers: from a very pleading tone, the intonation of the request can reach almost to a direct demand.

order aims at direct and immediate influence on the will of another person. By its very nature, it consists of a requirement to perform a given action. The impact force of command is primarily due to the presence of appropriate relationships between people - the relationship of the boss and the subordinate. In its verbal form, the order is always brief, it expresses the very essence of the demand, without any explanations and justifications, for example: "Remove the shells!" Often, in this case, the imperative mood is replaced by an indefinite one, which gives the order a special power, for example: “Remove the shells!” The intonation of the order expresses the energy and will of the orderer; the very tone in which it is given does not allow objections, which sharply distinguishes the order from the request, which is given, for example, in this form and with the appropriate intonation: "Please remove the shells."

Team P about its character is close to the order. It is used in educational and training sessions, for example: “Attention!”, “March!”, “To the start!”, “Set aside!” etc. The speech of the team is always very concise and expresses only the most essential and necessary in action. Its impact value is due to the clarity of content and clarity of pronunciation. The intonation of the team expresses energy, confidence, cheerfulness; at the same time, the command is always given in a calm tone, without excessive affectation.

For the correct execution of the command, it is important that students are familiarized in advance with the commands of different content that are used in the educational process, as well as with the methods and nature of their execution. Each command, in fact, should be a precise signal to perform an equally precise action.

The main psychoacoustic characteristic of speech a person is its intelligibility, i.e., the degree of correct perception by the listener of sounds, words and the meaning of speech. Maximum intelligibility is characteristic for the perception of coherent speech in the form of sentences - phrasal intelligibility. If a person perceives isolated words, the percentage of intelligibility is less. It decreases even more when transmitting isolated phonetic elements of speech such as syllables - logotoms. This is due to the high information redundancy of coherent speech, which allows the listener to guess about indistinctly pronounced and even not pronounced sounds according to its meaning. This means that the perception of speech is not reduced to a consistent assessment of individual speech elements (sounds, syllables, words and sentences), but at any given moment is a probabilistic process.

The most important acoustic characteristic of speech, which determines the listener's perception of speech information, is the sound spectrum and its dynamics over time. The spectrum of sound is the representation of the signal in the coordinates "frequency - amplitude", i.e. the dependence of the amplitudes of the fundamental tone of the voice and its overtones on their frequency. The lowest frequency of sound oscillations when it passes through the closed edges of the vocal folds in the process of phonation (vocalization) is called the frequency of the fundamental tone of the voice, which is measured in hertz. The frequency of the fundamental tone is perceived by ear as the pitch of a person's voice. The frequency of the fundamental tone allows you to identify a person by voice. Changes in the frequency of the fundamental tone over time determine the intonation of the voice - stress, question, narration, exclamation, etc., as well as individual and emotional characteristics of speech.

Overtones - a series of tones that occur when the sound of the main tone and give the sound a special shade or timbre. The voice source (larynx, vocal cords) forms a sound with a linearly decreasing overtone amplitude. The resonator system of the vocal tract (oral cavity, pharynx) has the property of amplifying individual frequency bands of sound generated by the vocal cords.

As a result of the passage of a sound wave from the vocal cords through the oropharyngeal resonator, its spectrum is transformed: the maxima of the acoustic energy are concentrated in the frequency bands corresponding to the resonant amplification of the vocal tract, the minima in the frequency bands where the acoustic energy is suppressed. The maxima of acoustic energy on the spectra of sounds are called formant maxima or speech formants. On the basis of speech formants, a person recognizes the sound of speech.

The average level of spoken speech when measured at a distance of 1 m ranges from 60 to 80 dB, relative to the standard zero level, which is taken as a sound pressure of 2 x 10-5 Pa. The difference between the weakest speech sounds, occurring in 1% of cases, and the strongest sounds, also occurring in 1% of cases, is 47 dB. This difference is called the dynamic range of speech.

The effectiveness of speech perception depends on its loudness. In order for the signal to be well intelligible, it must exceed the level of medium and loud noises by approximately 30 dB. In the case of weak noise (up to 40 dB), this excess of 20 dB is sufficient.

The speech signal provides the listener with two kinds of information. This is, firstly, the actual speech or linguistic (linguistic, semantic, verbal) information, the carrier of which is the word. Secondly, sound speech contains information about the gender, age of the speaker, his physical condition, health, emotional state, etc., and this information does not depend on what the person says. Such information is called extralinguistic (extralinguistic). It is contained in the characteristic features of the organization of speech and the acoustics of the speaker's voice - timbre, pitch, loudness, intonation, tempo-rhythmic characteristics, etc.

The sounds of speech, the replacement of which changes the meaning of the word, are called phonemes. For example, the words "call", "ditch", "seam" differ only in the first sounds, the words "tank", "beech", "side" - in the second, and the words "cart", "ox", "thief" - in the third sounds. (phonemes). Usually, phonemes are used by linguists as the minimum units for characterizing a language.

The interpretation of a word can be determined not by linguistic phonemes, but by the content of the sentence. So, words that are completely identical in composition and sound (for example, "braid" - "braid", "weasel" - "weasel"), have different semantic meanings depending on the context in which they are presented.

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Types and functions of speech.

Speech performs certain features:

Rice. 3. Functions of speech

Impact function It consists in the ability of a person through speech to induce people to certain actions or to refuse them.

Message function consists in the exchange of information (thoughts) between people through words, phrases.

expression function lies in the fact that, on the one hand, thanks to speech, a person can more fully convey his feelings, experiences, relationships, and, on the other hand, the expressiveness of speech, its emotionality significantly expands the possibilities of communication.

Designation function consists in the ability of a person through speech to give objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality their own names.

According to the set of its functions (see Fig. 3), speech is a polymorphic activity, i.e. in its various functional purposes, it is presented in different forms (Fig. 4) and types (Fig. 5): external, internal, monologue, dialogue, written, oral, etc.

In psychology, there are two forms of speech: external and internal.

Rice. 4. Forms of speech

External speech- a system of sound signals used by a person, written signs and symbols for transmitting information, the process of materialization of thought.

External speech may have jargon and intonation. Jargon- stylistic features (lexical, phraseological) of the language of a narrow social or professional group of people. Intonation - a set of speech elements (melody, rhythm, tempo, intensity, accent structure, timbre, etc.) that phonetically organize speech and are a means of expressing various meanings, their emotional coloring.

External speech includes the following types (see Fig. 5):

* oral (dialogical and monologue) and

* written.

Rice. 5. Types of speech

Oral speech- this is communication between people through pronouncing words aloud, on the one hand, and listening to them by people, on the other.

Dialog(from Greek. dialogos- conversation, conversation) - a type of speech, which consists in the alternate exchange of sign information (including pauses, silence, gestures) of two or more subjects. Dialogic speech is a conversation in which at least two interlocutors participate. Dialogic speech, psychologically the most simple and natural form of speech, occurs during direct communication between two or more interlocutors and consists mainly in the exchange of replicas.

Replica- answer, objection, remark on the words of the interlocutor - is characterized by brevity, the presence of interrogative and motivating sentences, syntactically undeveloped structures.

A distinctive feature of the dialogue is the emotional contact of the speakers, their influence on each other by facial expressions, gestures, intonation and timbre of the voice.

The dialogue is supported by the interlocutors with the help of clarifying questions, changes in the situation and intentions of the speakers. A focused dialogue related to one topic is called a conversation. Participants in the conversation discuss or clarify a specific problem with the help of specially selected questions.

Monologue- a type of speech that has one subject and is a complex syntactic whole, structurally completely unrelated to the speech of the interlocutor. monologue speech - this is the speech of one person, for a relatively long time expressing his thoughts, or a consistent coherent presentation of a system of knowledge by one person.

Monologue speech is characterized by:

Consistency and evidence, which provide coherence of thought;

Grammatically correct formatting;

Monologue speech is more complicated than dialogue in terms of content and language design and always implies a fairly high level of speech development of the speaker.

stand out three main types of monologue speech: narration (story, message), description and reasoning, which, in turn, are divided into subspecies that have their own linguistic, compositional and intonation-expressive features. With speech defects, monologue speech is disturbed to a greater extent than dialogic speech.

Written speech- This is a graphically designed speech, organized on the basis of letter images. It is addressed to a wide range of readers, is devoid of situationality and involves in-depth skills in sound-letter analysis, the ability to logically and grammatically correctly convey one's thoughts, analyze what is written and improve the form of expression.

Full assimilation of writing and written speech is closely related to the level of development of oral speech. During the period of mastering oral speech, a preschool child undergoes unconscious processing of language material, the accumulation of sound and morphological generalizations, which create a readiness to master writing at school age. With underdevelopment of speech, as a rule, there are violations of writing of varying severity.

inner speech(speech “to oneself”) is a speech devoid of sound design and proceeding using linguistic meanings, but outside the communicative function; internal speaking. Inner speech is speech that does not perform the function of communication, but only serves the process of thinking of a particular person. It differs in its structure by curtailment, the absence of secondary members of the sentence.

Inner speech is formed in a child on the basis of external speech and is one of the main mechanisms of thinking. The translation of external speech into internal is observed in a child at the age of about 3 years, when he begins to reason aloud and plan his actions in speech. Gradually, such pronunciation is reduced and begins to flow in inner speech.

With the help of inner speech, the process of turning thoughts into speech and preparing a speech statement is carried out. Preparation goes through several stages. The starting point for the preparation of each speech utterance is a motive or intention, which is known to the speaker only in the most general terms. Then, in the process of transforming a thought into a statement, the stage of inner speech begins, which is characterized by the presence of semantic representations that reflect its most essential content. Further, the most necessary ones are singled out from a larger number of potential semantic connections, and the corresponding syntactic structures are selected.

Inner speech can be characterized by predicativity. Predicativity- a characteristic of inner speech, expressed in the absence in it of words representing the subject (subject), and the presence of only words related to the predicate (predicate).

Although all these forms and types of speech are interconnected, their vital purpose is not the same. External speech, for example, plays the main role of a means of communication, internal - a means of thinking. Written speech most often acts as a way of memorizing and storing information, oral speech - as a means of transmitting information. The monologue serves the process of one-way, and the dialogue serves the two-way exchange of information.

Speech has its properties:

Speech intelligibility- this is a syntactically correct construction of sentences, as well as the use of pauses in appropriate places or highlighting words with the help of logical stress.

Expressiveness of speech- this is its emotional richness, the richness of linguistic means, their diversity. In its expressiveness, it can be bright, energetic and, conversely, sluggish, poor.

The effectiveness of speech- this is a property of speech, which consists in its influence on the thoughts, feelings and will of other people, on their beliefs and behavior.

Rice. 6. Properties of speech

A person's speech can be abbreviated and expanded, both from a conceptual and linguistic point of view. AT expanded type of speech the speaker uses all the possibilities of symbolic expression of meanings, meanings and their shades provided by the language. This type of speech is characterized by a large vocabulary and richness of grammatical forms, the frequent use of prepositions to express logical, temporal and spatial relationships, the use of impersonal and indefinite personal pronouns, the use of suitable concepts, clarifying adjectives and adverbs to indicate one or another specific state of affairs, more pronounced syntactic and grammatical structuring of statements, numerous subordination of sentence components, indicating anticipatory planning of speech.

abbreviated speech the statement is sufficient for understanding among well-known people and in familiar surroundings. However, it makes it difficult to express and perceive more complex, abstract thoughts associated with subtle distinctions and differential analysis of hidden relationships. In the case of theoretical thinking, a person more often uses expanded speech.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	speech properties
Rubric (thematic category)	Psychology

2. Clarity- is mainly due to the volume of knowledge of the listeners, is provided by the selective selection of material available to the listeners.

3. expressiveness- associated with emotional richness, provided by intonation, accent, pauses.

4. Effectiveness- is determined by the influence on thoughts, feelings, behavior, is provided by taking into account the individual characteristics of the listeners.

In the perception of speech, 2 levels, or two sides, of this two-pronged process can be distinguished:

1. analysis and synthesis of sounds;

2. understanding of speech or analysis and synthesis of signal, semantic characteristics of speech.

Speech can be external, internal, oral, written, affective, dialogic and monologue. It is one of the most important forms of interaction and communication.

Communication It is a connection between people, as a result of which there is an influence of one person on another. In communication, the need for another person is realized. Through communication, people organize various types of practical and theoretical activities, exchange information, achieve mutual understanding, develop an expedient program of Actions. In the process of communication, interpersonal relationships are formed, manifested and implemented.

Communication plays an important role in the development of personality. Without communication, the formation of personality is impossible. It is in the process of communication that experience is assimilated, knowledge is accumulated, practical skills and abilities are formed, views and beliefs are developed.

The structure of communication (according to Andreeva):

1. Communicative(consists in the exchange of information between communicating individuals).

2. Interactive(consists in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions).

3. Perceptual(means the process of perception of each other by partners in communication and the establishment of mutual understanding on this basis).

Communication process model (according to Lasswell):

1. Who (transmits the message) is the communicator.

2. What (transmitted) - a message.

3. How (transmission is carried out) - channel.

4. To whom (message sent) - audience.

5. With what result the message is transmitted - efficiency.

6. Communication functions (according to Lanov):

1. Information and communication.

2. Regulatory-communicative.

3. Affective-communicative.

Communication can be formal or informal. It is customary to call formal communication due to social functions, regulated both in content and in form.

Informal communication is filled with subjective, personal meaning, due to those personal relationships that have been established between partners. The highest forms of informal communication are love and friendship.

Speech is the main means of communication. At the same time, along with speech, non-speech means (facial expressions, gestures, pantomime, etc.) are also widely used.

Properties of speech - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Properties of speech" 2017, 2018.

Development, interaction of the individual with the social and natural environment, the very existence of a person is impossible without communication, information exchange. The transfer of information, the processes of socialization, adaptation of the individual to society are carried out through various sign systems. In the most general form, sign systems are divided into verbal and non-verbal. Verbal communication is carried out through speech.

Definition 1

In modern psychology, speech is understood as a historically established form of interaction, communication between people using language structures created on the basis of a set of norms and rules; norms and rules for the construction of verbal messages have ethno-specific features that are reflected on the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, stylistic levels of the language system.

The problem of speech in psychological science, as a rule, is considered in the context of interaction, mutual influence, interdependence of speech and thinking. Genetically, speech arose along with thinking, develops in unity with it in the process of socio-historical formation of personality.

Language and speech

It is necessary to distinguish between the categories of speech and language. Language is understood as a strictly normalized, formalized system of communication tools, a system of conditional symbols, with the help of which sound combinations are transmitted and perceived, which have a certain meaning and meaning for the addressee and addressee. The basic logic of human activity is fixed in the structure of the language. Language acts as a tool for communication, thinking, introspection.

Speech is understood as a system of sound signals, written symbols, the process of materialization of thought.

Definition 2

If language is a historically developed, objective system of codes, speech is a psychological process of formation and presentation of thought by means of language; the language is the same for all representatives of the ethnic community, reflects the psychology of the whole people; speech is individual, reflects the individual characteristics of the individual

Speech functions

Speech is a multidimensional phenomenon, has a multifunctional character. It acts as a means of communication, an instrument of thinking, a carrier of information, consciousness, memory, a means of regulating behavior.

The main functions of speech are communicative and semantic. Communicative includes means of communication and means of communication.

Semantic or denoting function: each word of the language acts as a kind of symbol, a sign of a certain object, phenomenon, process of an objective or subjective nature. Accordingly, speech allows a person to arbitrarily evoke images of relevant objects in his mind, to deal with certain objects even in a situation of their absence.

Speech is closely integrated with psychological processes.

Types of speech

In modern psychological science, speech is divided into external and internal. The external form of speech, in turn, is divided into written and oral. Oral is represented by two forms: monologue and dialogic.

In the context of research on the development of thinking, autonomous, egocentric, internal forms of speech are singled out.

Autonomous is one of the early stages in the development of speech in a child. It is characterized by the fact that the syllables and words that the child reproduces by analogy with the speech of an adult are significantly distorted. Speech is situational, indefinite, ambiguous. The content of the words is not recognized; according to formal features, autonomous speech has no signs of syntactic relationships.

Egocentric speech - speaking without trying to hear the point of view of the interlocutor, which is typical for a child.

Inner speech is a hidden verbalization that accompanies mental activity.

Thus, speech is an important psychological phenomenon, without which personal development, the establishment of interaction with the social environment, and the adaptation of the individual to society seem impossible.

The most important achievement of man, which allowed him to use universal human experience, both past and present, was speech communication, which developed on the basis of labor activity. Speech is language in action. Language, on the other hand, is a system of signs that includes words with their meanings, plus syntax, a set of rules by which sentences are built. The word is a kind of sign, since the latter are present in various kinds of formalized languages. The objective property of a verbal sign, which determines theoretical activity, is the meaning of the word, which is the relation of the sign (the word in this case) to the object designated in reality, regardless (abstractly) of how it is represented in individual consciousness.

Unlike the meaning of a word, personal meaning is a reflection in the individual consciousness of the place that a given object (phenomenon) occupies in the system of activity of a particular person. If the meaning unites the socially significant features of the word, then the personal meaning is the subjective experience of its content.

The following main functions of the language are distinguished:

a means of existence, transmission and assimilation of socio-historical experience

means of communication (communication)

an instrument of intellectual activity (perception, memory, thinking, imagination)

Performing the first function, the language serves as a means of encoding information about the studied properties of objects and phenomena. Through language, information about the surrounding world and the person himself, received by previous generations, becomes the property of subsequent generations. Performing the function of a means of communication, the language allows you to influence the interlocutor directly (if we directly indicate what needs to be done) or indirectly (if we tell him information that is important for his activities, which he will be guided by immediately or at another time in the appropriate situations).

Development, change in the lexical composition of the language, its grammatical and sound (see also speech sound, phoneme) system is possible only with the continuous reproduction of linguistic structures in living speech. The absence of verbal communication leads to the death of the language or, in the presence of a sufficient number of written documents, to its conservation at a certain level of development, as is the case with Latin and ancient Greek. At the same time, the grammatical structure of the language remains unchanged, the vocabulary does not reflect the changes taking place in the surrounding world and human activity, and the phonetic structure can only be theoretically reconstructed on the basis of “descendent” languages.

Speech is an essential element of human activity, allowing a person to learn about the world around him, to transfer his knowledge and experience to other people, to accumulate them for transmission to subsequent generations.

Being a means of expressing thoughts, speech, in the course of its development in ontogenesis, becomes the main (but not the only) mechanism of human thinking. Higher, abstract thinking is impossible without speech activity.

IP Pavlov noted that only speech activity gives a person the opportunity to abstract from reality and generalize, which is a distinctive feature of human thinking.

Depending on the form of communication, speech activity is divided into oral (implying speaking and listening) and written (writing and reading).

In the course of "productive" types of speech activity - speaking and writing - the following main groups of mental and physiological mechanisms are involved:

a mechanism for programming a speech statement (transmitted meaning);

a group of mechanisms associated with the construction of the grammatical structure of an utterance, the search for the right words by semantic features, the choice of a specific sound (in oral speech, see speech sound, phoneme) or graphic system (in written speech, see grapheme, letter); According to modern studies, the performance of these functions is localized in the CNS mainly in the area of ​​the temporal cortex, called Broca's Area (Brodmann's Area 45) and which was one of the last stages of human evolution.

physiological mechanisms that ensure the real implementation of speech utterance (the physical process of "speaking" or "writing").

The rules of language construction have ethno-specific features, which are expressed in the system of phonetic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic means and communication rules in a given language. Speech is closely integrated with all human mental processes. The linguistic side of human speech behavior is studied by psycholinguistics.

Speech properties:

The intelligibility of speech is the syntactically correct construction of sentences, as well as the use of pauses in appropriate places or highlighting words with the help of logical stress;

The expressiveness of speech is its emotional saturation, the richness of language means, their diversity. In its expressiveness, it can be bright, energetic and, conversely, lethargic, poor;

The effectiveness of speech is a property of speech, which consists in its influence on the thoughts, feelings and will of other people, on their beliefs and behavior.