What is a dictionary entry in the dictionary of antonyms. Book: M

Antonyms

general characteristics

Antonyms are words that are opposite in lexical meaning and must belong to the same part of speech. (semantic difference). ( concrete - abstract, abstract).

Separate meanings of polysemantic words can enter into antonymic relations. ( day"part of the day" - night, day "day, date" has no antonyms. Different meanings of the same word can have different antonyms. N-r, close with the meaning "located at a short distance" - distant, close, "blood related" - alien, close "similar" - different. Multivalued sl. may have one antonym, which appears in several meanings. N-r, upper with the meanings "located at the top", "close to the upper reaches of the river" - lower (upper step - lower, upper course - lower).

In speech, any words can be opposed:

- close in meaning (scientists lot , smart few…)

Words associated in the minds of speakers association by adjacency of concepts: brother and sister, sun and moon.

Stylistic potential of antonyms

The main function of Anton. is an expression of the opposite. This function can be used for various stylistic purposes:

to indicate the limit of the manifestation of quality, properties, relationships, actions: “a person needs little to searched and found to have to start friend one and enemy one"

to update the statement or enhance the image, impression, etc.: “it looked like a clear evening: neither day nor night, neither light nor darkness»

to express an assessment of the opposite properties of objects, actions, etc.: “.. one old man, completely minor, was worthy of my novel than all these great people..»

On a sharp opposition of antonyms is built antithesis. It is simple (single-term): the strong always blame the powerless and complex : and we hate, and we do not love. Sacrificing nothing neither malice nor love. The antithesis can be traced in the titles of artistic works, the headlines of newspaper articles.

Antonymy underlies oxymoron - a stylistic device that consists in creating a new concept by combining words that are contrasting in meaning: expensive cheapness and at the core pun:where is the beginning of the end.

The use of one of the antonyms while it was necessary to use the other: how smart you wander head. Using the word in its opposite meaning antiphrasis.

Antonyms can be expressed when any member a is missing in the text. couples : the face is swarthy, but clean; his height is average or less ...

Mistakes when using antonyms

Using Anton. speech should be motivated. A combination of mutually exclusive features of the subject should be avoided: the road is straight, though winding. Antonymic pairs should be made logically. It is impossible to compare non-comparable concepts.

Mistakes in building an antithesis: this book is about love and joy, hate, suffering and sorrow(violation of the enumeration sequence).

The use of Anton. justified if it really reflects the dialectical unity of the surrounding life. Sometimes Anton. do not reflect a real opposition and are perceived as a stencil: big troubles for small businesses.

The use of an unsuccessful oxymoron: "hot permafrost" - the title of an article about coal mining in the Arctic. An unmotivated oxymoron manifests itself as a result of combinations of incompatible concepts : when missing materials.

Sometimes involuntary pun- the reason for the inappropriate comedy of the statement, the cat. arises as a result of the antonymy of polysemantic words unnoticed by the author: the old portfolio of the father was still new.

Misplaced antiphrasis, those. the use of its antonym instead of the desired word can distort the meaning of the statement: the difficulty was in knowing the language(it is necessary in ignorance).

Mistakes in building an antonymic pair : they live actively, they are not spies of life(spies - people secretly watching someone, it is necessary - contemplators, idle observers).

The regularity of Anton. relations of words does not allow their use outside of opposition. The collision of antonyms in speech is the cause of the pun: A gap is a bottleneck commonly found in construction.

Typology of antonyms

By their structure, antonyms are heterogeneous. Some are heterogeneous (actually lexical) : black - white, life - death.

Other single root (lexicogrammatic) : calm - restless. In single root anton. the opposite meaning is due to the addition of semantically different prefixes, cat. can enter into an antonymic relationship with each other. In this case, lexical antonymy is a consequence word-formation processes. single-root antonyms are found among all lexico-grammatical categories of words. Verbs-antonyms are especially active, because. they are distinguished by the richness of prefix formations in-, behind-, from-, under-, etc. single-root antonyms-adjectives and antonyms-nouns are often imaged with the help of foreign word-building elements: a-, de-, anti, micro-, dis-, etc. Single root a.:

antonyms-enantiosemes(the meaning of the opposite is expressed by the same word). Such antonymy intra-word. The semantic possibilities of such an antonym are implemented using the context (lexically) or special constructions (syntactically): make a reservation ( by chance ) "to make a mistake" make a reservation(intentionally) "make a reservation".

antonyms-euphemisms- words expressing the semantics of the opposite in a restrained, soft way. Formed with the prefix non-.

Conversion antonyms - heterogeneous ant., words expressing the opposite both in the original and in the modified statement in the reverse order: Peter comes to Sergey - Sergey leaves from Peter.

Antonymic dictionaries

There were no special dictionaries of antonyms for a long time. In 1971 2 dictionaries were published a. In "Dictionary a. Russian Yaz." L. Vvedenskaya explained 862 antonymic pairs. All interpretations are provided with numerous examples from works (artistic, scientific, newspaper and journalistic). The dictionary includes a theoretical section, which highlights issues related to lexical antonymy.

More than 1300 antonyms and various oppositions are explained in N. Kolesnikov's dictionary. It does not fully cover single-root antonyms. His dictionary includes many terms that exist in pairs: vocalism-consonantism.

In "Dictionary a. Russian Yaz." M. Lvov, L. Novikov interpretation of the meanings of antonymic pairs is given through the reduction of phrases with these words and examples in the texts. In the special section of the dictionary, the main ways of forming single-rooted antons are indicated. , word-building elements of an antonymic nature are listed. In "School Dictionary a." M Lvova explained the most common antonyms. When determining the meanings, the ambiguity of words is taken into account, synonymous pairs are given, style marks are given.

Series: "Desk dictionaries of the Russian language" The dictionary contains about 2700 antonyms. It for the first time gives general concepts that unite antonymic pairs, and features of the lexical meaning of each antonym. The dictionary contains examples of the use of antonyms in speech: dictionary entries contain illustrations from fiction and journalistic literature of the 19th-20th centuries. The appendices provide non-standard ways of forming antonyms, as well as the antonymy of morphemes. The index helps to quickly find the desired antonymic pair. The dictionary is intended for the widest range of readers, including philologists, translators, media workers, methodologists, school teachers and university professors. Publisher: "AST-Press Book" (2012) Format: 70x100/16, 512 pages ISBN: 978-5-462-01207-5 On Ozone

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Wikipedia

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Dictionaries of antonyms.

For a long time there were no special dictionaries of antonyms of the Russian language. In explanatory dictionaries, when explaining the meaning of words, antonymic comparisons were sometimes given. So, in Ushakov's dictionary there are more than three hundred antonymic references, there are many of them in ALS [see: white - having the color of snow, milk, chalk (opposite to black)]. More consistently, such oppositions are given in the two-volume Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language. Antonyms in these dictionaries are given at the end of the dictionary entry.

In 1971, two dictionaries of antonyms were published. In the "Dictionary of Antonyms of the Russian Language" by L.A. Vvedensky, 862 antonymic pairs are explained. All interpretations are provided with numerous, very convincing examples from works that differ in style. In addition to the actual lexical and graphic materials, the dictionary includes a theoretical section, which covers issues related to lexical antonymy with sufficient completeness. In 1982, the second edition of this dictionary was published, significantly supplemented.

In the dictionary of N.P. Kolesnikov (edited by N.M. Shansky) more than 1300 words are explained - antonyms and various oppositions.

In 1978, M.R. Lvov's Dictionary of Antonyms of the Russian Language was published (edited by L.A. Novikov). The dictionary contains almost two thousand antonymic pairs of words. The interpretation of their meanings is given by giving phrases with these words and examples in the texts. The lexicographic part is preceded by a detailed theoretical chapter written by L.A. Novikov - "Antonymy and Dictionaries of Antonyms".

In 1980, M. Lvov's "School dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language" was published. When determining the meanings, the ambiguity of words is taken into account. At the end of the dictionary entries, the so-called synonymous pairs are given, style waterings are given. Each pair of antonyms is illustrated by an example from fiction.

1.6. Definition of the concept "antonym" by linguists.

1. L.A. Bugrovsky Introduction to linguistics.

"Association by contrast (suggesting at the same time the presence of similarity in some respect) underlies the difference between antonyms - words with opposite meanings. By antonymy we understand not a simple opposition that can be expressed by adding a negation (white: non-white), but an opposition that allows this meaning expressed by different roots (poor, beggar: rich).

Antonyms refer to the expression of qualities, but such are possible, for example, when naming actions and states of a negative or canceling nature.

2. Vvedenskaya L.A. etc. Modern Russian literary language.

"Antonyms are words with opposite meanings, referring to the same series of phenomena of objective reality."

3. Galkina E.M. Modern Russian language: Vocabulary.

Antonyms are words with opposite meanings.

4. Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of antonyms.

"In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, a significant place is occupied by such layers of words as synonyms and antonyms. The latter are dissonant words that combine into pairs, the members of which are opposed to each other in one respect: noise and silence.

... Not only words formed from different roots are recognized as antonymous: poor and rich, but also words with the same root: farsightedness and myopia.

5. A.A. Reformatsky. Introduction to linguistics.

"Antonyms are words of opposite meaning. Here the relation is purely semantic: it is based on the opposition of concepts: this relation is not nominative."

6. NM Shansky Lexicology of the modern Russian language.

"Antonyms are words of different sounding, which express opposite, but correlative concepts with each other."

7. D.N. Shmelev Modern Russian language. Vocabulary.

"The most complete opposition of words is regarded as antonymy. Antonyms can be recognized as words that are opposed according to the most general and essential semantic feature for their meaning, and are at the extreme points of the corresponding lexico-semantic paradigm."

> Dictionaries of antonyms

Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M .: Astrel Publishing House LLC: AST Publishing House LLC, 2004. - 445, p.

The dictionary contains more than 500 antonymic nests. The dictionary entry includes an antonymic pair, the interpretation of each of its members and illustrative material. Synonymous pairs of antonyms form a nest.

The dictionary contains the following applications: 1. Antonymy between a word and a free phrase; 2. On the interaction of antonymy and synonymy; 3. Synonymous pairs of antonyms; 4. Synonymous relations between pairs of antonyms; 5. The concept of a synonymic-antonymic paradigm; 6. Compatibility of antonyms in Russian; 7. Occasional antonyms; 8. Stylistic figures based on antonyms; 9. Antonyms as an artistic and visual means in L.N. Tolstoy; 10. Dictionary of antonyms A.P. Chekhov.

Sample dictionary entries

NATURAL 1 - ARTIFICIAL 2

And where life couldn't take root natural in order, there it gradually arose artificial way, forcibly, at the cost of large monetary costs and human effort. A.P. Chekhov.

NATURAL 2 - UNNATURAL

When a woman destroys like a man, they find it natural and everyone understands this, when she wants or tries to create, like a man, then they find it unnatural and they don't agree with it. A.P. Chekhov.

FEAR - COURAGE

They all teach, warn, frighten, and as if for bravery their words are hidden fear. M. Gorky.

Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language: Over 3000 antonyms / Ed. L.A. Novikov. - 8th ed., stereotype. - M: PRESS BOOK, 2006. - 592 p.

The dictionary includes more than 3000 antonyms of the Russian language. Synonyms (synonymous pairs of antonyms) are given for antonyms. Antonymic pairs are illustrated with quotations from fiction, scientific literature and journalism.

GREAT - SMALL

Greatness - insignificance (cm.)

greatness - insignificance (cm.)

A great goal is a small goal. O According to the strange arrangement of things, always insignificant causes gave birth to great events and, conversely, great enterprises ended in insignificant consequences. Gogol. old secular landlords.- It has long been known that high places make insignificant people even more insignificant, and great ones even more great. Stadnyuk. War.Ø In the meaning noun cf. R. Evil is rooted in evil secrets, The pain of a bitten cry lurks. Everything is different in them: great is small. Everything, everything is not so: insignificant is great. You. Fedorov. O evil secrets...

GREAT - Pitiful

Napoleon Bonaparte was despised by everyone as long as he was great, and since he became a miserable comedian, Emperor Franz sought to offer him his daughter as an illegitimate wife. L. Tolstoy. War and Peace.

GREAT - FUNNY

It's better to be funny than pretend to be great. G. Gor. Geometric forest.Ø In the meaning noun cf. R. From the great to the ridiculous - one step. Proverb. Yes, he was young, the great and the funny coexisted side by side in his head. M. Kolesnikov. Industrial ballad.

TO PLEASE - TO GRIVE

owls.rejoice - upset

I am just as little happy about your winning as it is about losing. L. Tolstoy. Childhood. He was ashamed of the fifteen minutes he had slumbered without waiting for her, but he didn't want to say that he hadn't slept all night - that would probably have upset her more than gladdened her. K. Simonov. Days and nights. The passenger train made a small stop there. This both pleased and upset Klimov. Nagibin. Smoke break. Galya, dove! Thank you for your letter, it made me very happy. I was a little upset by the fact that you reported about Borovsky. Yesenin. Letter from G. Benislavskaya, 20 December. 1924.

A distinctive feature of these dictionaries is that they reflect the semantic relationships between the words of the modern Russian language.

Synonym dictionaries are designed to give a systematic description of synonymic groups and series that are characteristic of the vocabulary of a given language.

These dictionaries indicate the semantic and stylistic differences between synonyms, the conditions for their interchange in various contexts. One dictionary entry of a synonymous dictionary contains a description of a number of words that are close in meaning; usually, their general interpretation is first given, and then each word of the synonymous series is described in terms of those semantic and style
the physical features that are inherent in it. For example, in the two-volume Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language, ed. A.P. Evgenyeva (M.; L., 1970. - T. 1.) in an article about the word warrior we read:

Warrior, fighter, warrior (colloquial). Participant in battles, battles, military man. Warrior used advantage in elevated speech; the word fighter emphasizes direct participation in battles, in battles; warrior - an experienced ... dashing warrior, the word is used. playfully ironic...

The dictionary entry contains a synonymic series, the general meaning of all synonyms is formulated, and then - the difference from each other in meaning and use.

The first Russian dictionary of synonyms was compiled by D. I. Fonvizin (“The Experience of the Russian Soslovnik”, 1783, in which 32 synonymic groups of words are considered). In the XIX - early XX century. dictionaries of synonyms by P. Kalaidovich, N.A. Abramova and others.

Modern lexicography has several synonymous dictionaries. The most complete of them is the Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language in 2 volumes (editor-in-chief A.P. Evgeniev. - L., 1970-1971). The dictionary explains the semantic and stylistic differences of 4148 synonymic rows. On its basis, a one-volume Dictionary of Synonyms was created (L., 1975).

For teachers, V. N. Klyueva’s “A Concise Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language” was published (Moscow, 1956; 2nd ed. - 1961). Its volume is about 3000 words.

"The Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language" by 3.E. Alexandrova (M., 1969; 2nd ed., revised and added - M., 1998) is an index dictionary: it only contains lists of lexical units included in that or another synonymic row (there are 9 thousand synonymous rows in the dictionary), without a detailed description of their differences in meaning, stylistic coloring and use. Here is an example of a synonymic series from the dictionary 3. E. Alexandrova:

to shut up, to be silent, to be silent, to calm down, to calm down, to subside, to be quiet; shut up, shut up (colloquial) / about a person: shut up, shut up (rude, simple) / about sound, noise: freeze, stall ♦ [this sign is followed by phraseological phrases with the same or similar meaning. - Auth.] hold (or bite) the tongue; fasten the mouth with all the buttons (simple).

A qualitatively different stage in the development of synonymic dictionaries marks the "New Explanatory Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language" ed. Yu.D. Apresyan (Issue 1. - M., 1997; Issue 2. - M., 2000; Issue 3. - M., 2003), which is more of a research dictionary than a practical reference dictionary . Here, not only are synonymous rows of words and the interpretation of each word - a member of the row, but also the semantic and compatibility differences between synonyms are analyzed in the most detailed way, their antonyms, conversives, analogues are given. Each dictionary entry is divided into zones - in accordance with the type of lexicographic information placed in this zone, for example: the zone of meaning, which describes all the meaningful differences between synonyms, the zone of grammatical forms, the zone of syntactic constructions characteristic of the words of the synonymic series, etc. Vocabulary the articles contain rich illustrative material drawn from modern fiction and journalistic literature.

Dictionaries of synonyms are an important tool in the study of the vocabulary of a language, in the practical mastery of lexical means and their use in speech.

Antonym dictionaries explain the relationship of words with opposite meanings. Modern lexicography has several dictionaries of antonyms: Vvedenskaya L.A. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - Rostov n / a, 1971; Kolesnikov N.P. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - Tbilisi, 1972; Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1978; Lvov M.R. School dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1980.

The purpose of antonym dictionaries is to show the opposition links that exist between the meanings of words. These connections can indicate differences of several types: sign / absence of a sign (wet - dry), greater / less intensity of a sign (hot - cold), opposite direction of action (exit - enter), etc.

In the dictionary entry of the antonymic dictionary, the meanings of words opposed on some basis receive interpretations that clearly show what the semantic difference between these antonyms is. For example:

Everyone is nobody

About people: each in conjunction with others, without exception. - Not a single person, without exception.

Where everyone is to blame, no one is to blame (proverb). To explore means to see what everyone has seen, and to think in a way that no one thought (G. Gore).

Hot Cold

1. Having a high temperature, very hot. - Having a low temperature, chilled. [Examples.]

2. Ardent, passionate, distinguished by the depth of feelings, expressing deep feelings. - Cold-blooded, devoid of ardor, restrained in the manifestation of feelings. [Examples.]

Antonym's nest: hot - cold (adverbs). Hotness - composure, warm up - cool.

Synonymous pairs (according to the first meaning): hot - cold, hot - icy (colloquial); (according to the second meaning): quick-tempered - cold-blooded, quick-tempered - cold; hot - cold-blooded, hot - restrained, hot - balanced, quick-tempered - restrained (M. R. Lvov "School dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language").

Homonym dictionaries contain words that have lexical or grammatical homonyms. The purpose of such a dictionary is to indicate and characterize, from a semantic and grammatical point of view, words that coincide in form, but have nothing in common in meaning.

The most famous is the “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language”, compiled by O. S. Akhmanova (M., 1974; 3rd ed. - 1986). The dictionary contains over 2000 entries.

The dictionary entry indicates the correspondence of this homonym in other languages, word-formative derivatives of the homonym and its compatibility with other words; the totality of this information gives a visual representation of the difference between homonyms. The disadvantage of O. S. Akhmanova's dictionary is the lack of interpretations of the described homonymous words. Here are examples from this dictionary:

Bor I. English, pine forest, fr. foret (de pins), German. Nadelwald. Borovik, boletus.

Pine, dense, age-old - [the sign - (tilde) is placed instead of the title word, i.e. in this case, instead of the word Bor I. - Auth.].

Bor II. [From him. Bohrer - drill.] A steel drill used in dentistry. English, steel drill, fr. fraise (d'un dentiste), German. Bohrer. Drill.

Bor III. [From lat. borax - borax.] A chemical element that is part of a number of minerals. English, boron, fr. bore, germ. God. Boric.

Drown I. English, heat, fire; fr. chauffer (un four), German. heizen. Furnace, fuel.

Furnace, fireplace", ~ house.

Stoke II. English, melt, fr. faire fondre, German. Schmelzen, dampfen. Melted.

Lard, oil, fat, wax; - milk.

Stoke III. English, drown, sink, fr. noyer, couler, germ. ertranken, versenken. Swamp, swamp, drowned man.

Man, vessel, net, sinker.

Also known is the Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language compiled by N. P. Kolesnikov (Tbilisi, 1976; 2nd ed. - Tbilisi, 1978).