What are sunbeams. Sunlight: benefits and harms

The sun radiates its energy in all wavelengths, but in different ways. Approximately 44% of the radiation energy is in the visible part of the spectrum, and the maximum corresponds to the yellow-green color. About 48% of the energy lost by the Sun is carried away by infrared rays of the near and far range. Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet and radio radiation account for only about 8%.

The visible part of solar radiation, when studied with the help of spectrum-analyzing instruments, turns out to be inhomogeneous - absorption lines are observed in the spectrum, first described by J. Fraunhofer in 1814. These lines arise when photons of certain wavelengths are absorbed by atoms of various chemical elements in the upper, relatively cold, layers of the Sun's atmosphere. Spectral analysis makes it possible to obtain information about the composition of the Sun, since a certain set of spectral lines characterizes a chemical element extremely accurately. So, for example, with the help of observations of the spectrum of the Sun, the discovery of helium was predicted, which was isolated on Earth later.

In the course of observations, scientists found that the Sun is a powerful source of radio emission. Radio waves penetrate into interplanetary space, which are emitted by the chromosphere (centimeter waves) and the corona (decimeter and meter waves). The radio emission of the Sun has two components - constant and variable (bursts, "noise storms"). During strong solar flares, the radio emission from the Sun increases thousands and even millions of times compared to the radio emission from the quiet Sun. This radio emission has a non-thermal nature.

X-rays come mainly from the upper layers of the chromosphere and the corona. The radiation is especially strong during the years of maximum solar activity.

The sun emits not only light, heat and all other types of electromagnetic radiation. It is also a source of a constant flow of particles - corpuscles. Neutrinos, electrons, protons, alpha particles, and heavier atomic nuclei all together make up the corpuscular radiation of the Sun. A significant part of this radiation is a more or less continuous outflow of plasma - the solar wind, which is a continuation of the outer layers of the solar atmosphere - the solar corona. Against the background of this constantly blowing plasma wind, individual regions on the Sun are sources of more directed, enhanced, so-called corpuscular flows. Most likely, they are associated with special regions of the solar corona - coronary holes, and also, possibly, with long-lived active regions on the Sun. Finally, the most powerful short-term particle fluxes, mainly electrons and protons, are associated with solar flares. As a result of the most powerful flashes, particles can acquire velocities that make up a significant fraction of the speed of light. Particles with such high energies are called solar cosmic rays.

Solar corpuscular radiation has a strong influence on the Earth, and above all on the upper layers of its atmosphere and magnetic field, causing many geophysical phenomena. The magnetosphere and the Earth's atmosphere protect us from the harmful effects of solar radiation.

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Pregnant women and children under two years of age should not be exposed to the sun for more than 10-15 minutes a day.

In recent “hot years” we are constantly being scared by the sun: that ultraviolet is dangerous, that the skin ages faster under the influence of sunlight, that for this reason even skin cancer is possible ... But we are not afraid. During the winter, autumn and spring, the gloomy gray sky and the boring gray faces of the townspeople are so annoying that with the onset of summer, many, especially young people, use every opportunity to tan and “be like a chocolate bar”. Although if you listen to the doctors, there is harm from the sun, and considerable. But there are also benefits. Dermatologist Yuri SMIRNOV will help us choose the golden mean.

Sunburn is a darkening of the skin that occurs as a result of excessive formation of melanin pigment in its outer layer (epidermis) under the influence of ultraviolet rays of the sun or artificial light sources (mercury-quartz lamps, etc.), - explains Yuri Viktorovich. - And, by the way, as a rule, this indicates good tolerance and beneficial effects on the body of ultraviolet rays. And under their influence, biologically active substances are formed in the body, stimulating the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems, improving metabolism, resistance to infectious and other diseases. In addition, under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, as is known, vitamin D is formed, which promotes the absorption of calcium from the intestines, which is necessary for the skeletal system (and rickets develops with a lack of vitamin D). This vitamin ensures the normal activity of many enzymes.

But ultraviolet rays are harmful to our skin - everyone, including dermatologists, says so now. It is even known that only in people with very dark or black skin, a sufficient amount of melanin is secreted in the body, which allows them to protect themselves from the evil southern rays. Is not it?

The damage that can be done to our skin is directly proportional to the amount of time we spend in the sun. In small doses (up to 10 minutes), the sun only slightly irritates the skin, causing slight redness. At high doses, it becomes inflamed, swells. If radiation is continued, the skin may burn, causing it to blister and peel off. Excessive exposure to the sun damages the skin so much that it is no longer able to perform its protective functions. With severe burns, thermoregulation stops, which, in turn, leads to sunstroke. But 10-15 minutes in the sun a day will not hurt the skin at all. It is important to know the measure.

The danger of prolonged exposure to the sun lies also in the fact that under the influence of sunlight the skin loses its elasticity, smoothness and becomes covered with wrinkles. Unfortunately, nothing can slow down or stop this process. The biggest reason to avoid sun exposure is that the sun's rays cause severe changes in the skin that can lead to skin cancer. But you need to be under direct (precisely under direct when the sun is at its zenith!) rays of the sun for a very long time in order for such changes to occur.

- To whom the sun is generally contraindicated?

People with vitiligo (skin lacking pigmentation) or chloasma (skin areas with excessive pigmentation) should avoid sun exposure. In the first case, the skin burns quickly, in the second - the spots darken, become even more noticeable. With dermatitis, one should also not be in the sun: already dehydrated skin areas are even more dried out, which worsens its condition.

Sunbathing, however, can help those who suffer from acne. One way to clean the mouth of the sebaceous gland is to cause slight peeling of the skin. This method underlies the treatment with ultraviolet rays. Exposure to natural sunlight produces the same effect. When peeling, along with dead cells, scales that clog the mouth of the sebaceous gland come off the surface of the skin, and its functions are restored. Psoriasis is another skin condition that can benefit from sunbathing.

I heard that pregnant women generally better not stick out in the sun. And where then will her future baby get vitamin D, which is so necessary for bone formation?

Pregnant women, as well as the elderly, babies under two years old and people suffering from chronic lung diseases (especially tuberculosis), cardiovascular diseases, neurasthenia, lupus erythematosus, it is contraindicated to stay in the sun for a long time. In a good way, they should agree on the mode of exposure to the sun with a doctor.

Increased sensitivity to sunlight can also develop in people with impaired liver function as a result of diseases, alcohol abuse. In general, people with increased sensitivity to the sun's rays on the street should keep to the shady side, wear clothes made of light, light-colored fabrics with sleeves, lubricate exposed skin with sunscreen, and use a light-colored umbrella and goggles.

Unfortunately, even knowing that the sun is bad for the skin, many actively tan, believing that tanning will make them more attractive.

You need to sunbathe gradually. The first day in direct sunlight should be no more than 10-15 minutes, and residents of areas with a temperate climate, and even more so northerners vacationing in the south or in the mountains, the first days it is better not to sunbathe at all, but to be under an umbrella. With good tolerance, every day you can slightly increase your exposure to the sun by 5-10 minutes. The maximum period for an already tanned person should not exceed 1-2 hours. A beautiful even tan is obtained by lubricating the skin with clove, nut, peach or other vegetable oil before a sunbath.

The most favorable time for sunbathing in the southern strip- until 11-12 o'clock (morning hours), in the middle and northern - from 11 to 13 o'clock. When sunbathing, the head must be covered with a scarf, panama or hat. It is better to wear dark glasses: under the influence of direct sunlight in the mucous membrane of the eyes, which does not have a protective stratum corneum, inflammation may occur - conjunctivitis.

You can not sunbathe immediately after eating and on an empty stomach.

It is extremely harmful to sleep in the sun. Excessive exposure, the desire to tan as quickly as possible, in addition to general painful phenomena (malaise, irritability, headache, insomnia, chills, fever), can cause skin burns and sunstroke.

Folk remedies for sunburn

water procedure. If the skin is burnt, frequent soaking of the tanned places with soft water or raw potato juice helps. With these remedies, heat and tanned skin color are easily destroyed and the upper skin is strengthened, which often remains uneven and rough.

Cucumber Manipulations:

1. Seed tincture for freckles. Prepared with vodka in a ratio of 1:10. Infuse for two weeks, strain. Before use, dilute the tincture with water also in a ratio of 1:10 and wipe the face daily until the desired result is obtained. It is used as a remedy that protects the skin from sunburn and the appearance of freckles. You can also make a mask from this composition for 5-10 minutes.

2. Vodka tincture of the upper skin of cucumbers for sunburn. Wipe face and hands.

Yogurt. To some extent, it will protect the skin from sun exposure.

Cologne, vodka. With persistent redness of skin areas, they can be smeared with cologne or vodka and refrain from further sun exposure until the redness disappears.

Sour milk or lemon juice suitable for reducing uneven pigmentation caused by sunburn - wipe exposed skin.

Folk remedies for sunburn

1. Take a little raw egg yolk in the palm of your hand and generously grease your face. When the yolk dries, wash off with soap and water. You will notice the result immediately.

2. Peel the potato tubers, grate on a fine grater and squeeze the juice through cheesecloth. Lubricate their face with it or moisten a gauze napkin in it and apply on the affected areas of the skin. Potato juice has an anti-inflammatory effect, so it is used in the treatment of sunburn. Juice can be mixed with wheat flour and apply a mask on the face for 15-20 minutes.

3. Boil a few potato tubers in their skins, peel, mash in a puree and mix with fresh sour cream or cream until the consistency of sour cream. Apply the mixture in a warm form on the face for 10-15 minutes, then wipe the skin with a cotton swab.

Tea. For sunburn, apply a compress of strong brewed tea (a teaspoon of tea - 1/4 cup boiling water, leave for 30-40 minutes, strain). Procedures are carried out 2-3 times a day for 20-30 minutes. Compresses relieve pain and burning sensation. If you pre-lubricate the skin of the face or other parts of the body with strong brewed tea, this prevents the occurrence of sunburn.

Pharmaceutical camomile. Chamomile infusion (1 tbsp per glass of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes) is used for lotions and compresses for sunburn. Or add an alcohol tincture of chamomile to any oily or fortified cream. A cream with this additive helps with skin irritation and sunburn.

Aloe. Burnt areas of the skin can be lubricated with juice from fresh aloe leaves. Aloe juice diluted with boiled water (1: 1) is also used. Apply impregnated wipes on the burnt surface 1-2 times a day every 5-10 minutes for an hour.

Watermelon. With burns, a lotion prepared from equal parts of watermelon and cucumber juice helps well.

Cabbage. Apply fresh cabbage leaves to the burned area.

St. John's wort. Take 1 tbsp. l. dry grass (leaves and flowers) of St. John's wort, pour a glass of boiling water, boil for 10-15 minutes and immediately strain. Use for lotions and wiping for burns. St. John's wort is also effective: take 3 tbsp. l. dried and chopped herbs or St. Strain the resulting extract through cheesecloth. Store the oil in the refrigerator. It is used for burns, wounds that do not heal for a long time, for lubricating very dry facial skin, for inflammatory processes and skin irritation.

insidious melanoma

A beautiful tan is a double-edged sword

“Severe sunburn in children doubles the risk of developing melanoma,” Anna Kubanova, chief specialist in dermatovenereology and cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health and Social Development, said at the meeting. - You can stay in the sun only under the protection of sunscreen, this is especially important for children. They need a filter that protects their skin as much as possible from the harmful effects of the sun.”

According to her, melanoma is the most malignant cancer, and its insidiousness is that sometimes it affects a small surface, and the patient may be unaware for a long time that he has a malignant neoplasm. Such a neoplasm, even if it looks harmless, can lead to a serious illness.

A beautiful tan is a double-edged sword. As already mentioned, it has its own negative effect - this is the development of photoaging, i.e., premature aging of the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, the risk of developing cancer and various skin diseases.

As Anna Kubanova explained, photoaging occurs not only in people with white skin, but can develop in dark-skinned and even dark-skinned people. Often it also manifests itself in those who, by the nature of their profession, are constantly exposed to ultraviolet radiation, as well as in those who abuse tanning in solariums or on the coast. Basically, everyone gets old. But in those who abuse the sun, signs of skin aging appear decades earlier. Therefore, any skin type needs protection from the sun. Sunscreens and other means of protection have been created for this.

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Objective

The purpose of the work: To establish the positive and negative effects of solar insolation on the human body, to identify the significance of the sun for the human body, to formulate the basic rules for sunbathing, and also to determine the tactics of the behavior of people with neoplasms on the skin.

2. Introduction

The topic of practical work in biology I chose "The influence of sunlight on the human body." This topic is of great interest to me due to the fact that recently people have begun to spend more time in the sun. We began to visit solariums, we began to relax more often in southern countries. A tanned person looks more beautiful and successful, so we began to use more cosmetic products to attract a tan.

I analyzed the literature (including medical literature), used the resources of the Internet, conducted a sociological survey to study the level of awareness of my friends, acquaintances, and relatives about the effects of ultraviolet rays on the human body. Here's what I got out of it:

3. What is solar insolation?

Solar energy is the source of life on Earth. This is light and warmth, without which a person cannot live. At the same time, there is a minimum level of solar energy at which human life is comfortable. In this case, comfort means not only the presence of natural light, but also the state of health - lack of sunlight leads to various diseases. In addition, the energy of the sun can be used not only to provide a comfortable existence of living beings (humans, plants, animals) with light and heat, but also to obtain electrical and thermal energy. A quantitative indicator in assessing the flow of solar energy is a value that is called insolation.

Insolation - irradiation of surfaces with sunlight (solar radiation), the flow of solar radiation to the surface; irradiation of a surface or space by a parallel beam of rays coming from the direction in which the center of the solar disk is currently visible. Insolation is measured by the number of units of energy falling on a unit surface per unit of time.

The amount of insolation depends on:

From the height of the Sun above the horizon;

From the geographical latitude of the place;

From the angle of inclination of the earth's surface;

From the orientation of the earth's surface in relation to the sides of the horizon;

The indicator of insolation affects many areas of our life, ranging from the comfort of living and ending with energy.

3.1 Types of ultraviolet radiation.

The sun emits three types of ultraviolet rays. Each of these types affects the human body in different ways. Ultraviolet rays vary in wavelength.

Ultraviolet rays a.

These rays have a lower level of radiation. It used to be believed that they were harmless, however, it has now been proven that this is not the case. The level of these rays remains almost constant throughout the day and year. They even penetrate glass.

Ultra-violet rays BUT penetrate the skin, damage the structure of the skin, destroy collagen fibers and lead to the appearance of wrinkles. They also reduce skin elasticity, accelerate premature aging of the skin, weaken the skin's defense system, making it more susceptible to infections and, possibly, cancer.

Therefore, when buying photoprotective products, it is necessary to look at the presence in this cosmetic product of protective factors against type A rays.

UV rays B.

Rays of this type are emitted by the sun only at certain times of the year and hours of the day. Depending on the air temperature and geographic latitude, they penetrate the atmosphere from 10 am to 4 pm.

ultraviolet type AT cause more serious damage to the skin, as they interact with DNA molecules that are in skin cells. AT- rays damage the epidermis, which leads to sunburn. Ultraviolet rays cause sunburn, but lead to premature aging of the skin and the appearance of age spots on it, make the skin rough and rough, accelerate the appearance of wrinkles, and can provoke the development of precancerous diseases and skin cancer.

ultraviolet rays C.

C-rays have the greatest destructive power for the skin. However, the ozone layer of the Earth, located in the Earth's atmosphere, prevents the penetration of these rays to the Earth's surface. But if the ozone layer of the Earth's atmosphere is destroyed or there are holes in it, then we will fully feel the damage that these rays cause to the skin.

3.2 The Earth's ozone layer is the protective layer of the stratosphere.

The ozone layer is a part of the stratosphere at an altitude of 20 to 25 km, with the highest content of ozone, which is formed as a result of the action of ultraviolet radiation from the sun on molecular oxygen.

The more ozone in the atmosphere, the more ultraviolet radiation it can absorb. Without protection, the radiation will be too intense and can cause significant damage and thermal burns to all living things, and can lead to skin cancer in humans. If all the ozone in the atmosphere is evenly distributed over an area of ​​45 square kilometers, its thickness will be only 0.3 cm.

The harm of ozone on the surface of the planet.

When exhaust gases and industrial emissions react with the sun's rays, ground-level ozone is formed as a result of photochemical reactions. This phenomenon usually occurs in metropolitan areas and large cities. Inhalation of such ozone is dangerous. Since this gas is a strong oxidizing agent, it can easily destroy living tissues. Not only people suffer, but also plants.

Destruction of the ozone layer.

In the 70s, during research, it was noticed that freon gas, which is used in air conditioners, refrigerators and spray cans, destroys ozone with great speed. Having risen in the upper layer of the atmosphere, freons emit chlorine, which decomposes ozone into ordinary and atomic oxygen. In the place of such interactions, an ozone hole is formed.

The first large ozone hole was discovered over Antarctica in 1985. Its diameter was about 1000 km. Subsequently, another large hole (smaller) was discovered over the Arctic, and now scientists know hundreds of such phenomena, although the largest one is still the one that occurs over Antarctica.

There are many reasons for the appearance of ozone holes, but the most important of them is human pollution. Nuclear tests have no less effect on the ozone layer. It is estimated that from 1952 to 1971 alone, about 3 million tons of harmful substances entered the atmosphere during nuclear explosions.

Jet planes also contribute to the emergence of ozone holes.

Another reason for the destruction of the ozone layer is mineral fertilizers, which, when applied to the ground, react with soil bacteria. In this case, nitrous oxide enters the atmosphere, from which oxides are formed.

That is why environmentalists are now sounding the alarm and trying to take all necessary measures to protect the ozone layer, and designers are developing environmentally friendly mechanisms (airplanes, rocket systems, ground vehicles) that emit less nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere.

What does the ozone layer protect against?

Ozone holes are ubiquitous, but as many factors change, they are covered by ozone from neighboring layers of the atmosphere. Those, in turn, become even thinner. The ozone layer acts as the only barrier to the destructive ultraviolet and radiation radiation of the sun. Without the ozone layer, the human immune system would be destroyed. According to scientists, a decrease in the ozone layer by only 1% increases the likelihood of cancer by 3-6%. A decrease in the amount of ozone in the atmosphere will unpredictably change the climate on the planet. Since the ozone layer traps heat that is dissipated from the Earth's surface, as the ozone layer is depleted, the climate will become colder, which will lead to natural disasters.

4. Pigment-forming function of the skin.

Being the outer cover of the body, the skin has specific properties aimed at protecting the body from various external influences. Light is an indispensable and obligatory part of the world around us, a source of heat and energy. Intense ultraviolet irradiation of the skin is accompanied by a response in the form of reddening of the skin with further formation of pigmentation in the skin. The pigment-forming function is to produce melanin pigment. In addition to melanin, the iron-containing blood pigment hemosiderin can be deposited in the skin, as well as trichosiderin - in red hair, carotene.

Protective function of the skin.

The skin largely protects the body from radiation exposure. Infrared rays are almost completely blocked by the stratum corneum, ultraviolet - partially. Penetrating into the skin, ultraviolet rays stimulate the production of a protective pigment - melanin, which absorbs these rays. In people of the Negroid race, almost all ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by a large amount of melanin in the skin, which provides protection from the high doses of radiant energy characteristic of those areas of the globe where these races live. Therefore, people living in hot countries have darker skin than people living in countries with a temperate climate.

4.1 Formation of moles on the human body.

Many are interested in the nature of the origin of moles on the human body. And this is not surprising, because at birth the baby's skin is clean and does not have such features. No one can say for sure where the next mole will appear, and also explain why they can appear and disappear.

The reasons for their appearance are different, but basically they are formed under the influence of a special hormone - melanotropin. In different people, it is contained in different anatomical zones and in different amounts. Experts have found that the level of melanotropin in the body determines the number of moles in specific areas.

Specialists in the field of medicine managed to make some discoveries and shed light on the mystery of the appearance of moles.

One of the common causes of moles on human skin is the harmful effects of the direct rays of the sun, namely, the ultraviolet that it contains. The bottom line is that under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, the skin begins to produce a pigment - melanin, which is the basis of all moles. Therefore, it is not surprising that people who are exposed to the sun for a long time of their lives may notice an increase in moles in size over time. Thus, most new moles appear during the hot summer period, when a person sunbathe in the sun and spends his holidays by the sea. There is an opinion among medical professionals that an excessive number of moles on the human body can cause skin cancer - melanoma. Under the influence of the sun, some groups of moles can develop into a malignant tumor.

As other reasons for popping moles on the body, dermatologists distinguish:

Damage to the body by a viral infection, X-ray and radiation exposure, skin microtraumas, as well as long-term non-healing foci of diseases on the integument trigger the processes of grouping and moving pigmented cells to the outer layer of the epidermis.

Pathology of the liver.

Belonging to the skin to a light type.

Irrational distribution of energy in the body.

Hormonal changes in human life.

4.2 When should I see a doctor about moles?

When many moles appeared on the body, it is necessary to learn how to distinguish them according to the criterion of the danger of degeneration into a malignant tumor. All pigmented foci dermatologists are divided into groups such as:

Melanoma dangerous, posing a threat in terms of transformation into melanoma.

Melanogenic elements - harmless to the body, but causing discomfort in everyday life due to frequent trauma (during daily shaving or with constant friction on clothes).

How to understand that a mole is dangerous?

Doctors from the American Academy of Dermatologists have developed for non-specialists, that is, people without medical education, how to detect early signs of melanoma. They popularize a fairly effective method of self-diagnosis: the danger of a mole can be preliminarily assessed personally, and in case of suspicion, you can already contact a dermatologist directly. Use it to check how dangerous moles are on your body! The ABCDE test, developed by specialists from the United States, helps to identify signs of a mole's degeneration into any type of skin cancer, including melanoma. This method does not require any special tools and does not take much time. At the same time, not only moles or other neoplasms on the skin, but also the slightest spots that cause at least a shadow of suspicion are subject to verification using this simple test. It is also worth taking note of any new moles or growths. The ABCDE test is recommended to be performed every month, fully examining the entire body.

A symmetry (asymmetry): half or part of the mole is not like its other half. If the two halves are not identical, such a mole is considered asymmetrical, and this is already a warning sign!

Border: Birthmark borders are irregular, blurry, blurry, and poorly defined. A benign mole has smooth, even borders, unlike a malignant one.

C olor (color) The vast majority of benign moles on the entire surface are painted in one color and have a shade of brown. The presence of three colors on the surface of a mole is a prognostic unfavorable sign.

D iameter (diameter): Benign moles usually have a smaller diameter than malignant ones.

E volving (development): Ordinary benign moles look the same for a long time. Be on the lookout when a mole begins to develop or changes any of its characteristics, from those described above, in a short time!

Oncologists recommend seeking medical help if they detect the slightest changes in the shape, size and structure of a mole. Delay in visiting a medical institution or ignoring the signs of malignant transformation is fraught with neglect of the stage and death.

In Izhevsk, over the past 5 years, the specialists of the Republican Dermatovenerological Dispensary, together with oncologists, have been holding the Melanoma Day in May. On this day, any resident of Udmurtia can get an appointment with qualified specialists and show all their moles, as well as ask all their questions. During the consultation, patients are given competent recommendations on existing moles or patients are sent for further removal of moles using modern methods of treatment.

4.3 Methods for the study and removal of moles in modern conditions.

With the modern development of technology, the examination and removal of moles has become a quick and practically safe procedure. One of the main methods for the study of moles, in addition to visual examination, is the method of dermatoscopy. Dermoscopy is an examination of skin neoplasms for malignancy using a special device. This study is very simple. It takes only a few minutes - and the doctor will be able to examine in detail the structure and other characteristics of a dubious formation. This method is used by specialists of the Republican Dermatovenerologic Dispensary when examining patients with moles.

The desire to part with moles in a person arises only for very good reasons for him. Firstly, for aesthetic reasons, when due to the presence of moles in certain places, the patient begins to experience self-doubt.

Very often, moles that rub and cling to clothes, are damaged during shaving and interfere with walking are also removed: along the gate line, under the hair, etc. This is especially true for large convex moles, damage to which is highly undesirable.

If good quality is not in doubt, the removal of moles on the face and body can be done by any of the methods available today. It is possible to verify the absence of abnormal cells only on the basis of a dermoscopic examination. Therefore, before removal, it is necessary to consult a dermatologist or oncodermatologist. Based on the study, the method and depth of influence on the neoplasm are also determined. After removal of the mole, a histological analysis of the excised tissues is performed. To date, there are the following ways to remove moles: surgical, cryodestruction (removal of moles with nitrogen), electrocoagulation, as well as using a CO2 laser. The right method of treatment guarantees the best result, so the removal of moles on the face and body should be trusted to professionals.

Removal of moles with a laser.

Despite the variety of different methods of treatment, laser removal of moles is recognized as the most effective of modern methods. Due to the adjustable depth of exposure and the small diameter of the laser beam, it works very precisely, with minimal damage to surrounding tissues. This is important when removing moles, for example, on the face and other visible areas.

Laser removal of moles is performed under local anesthesia, with the help of modern lasers, the surface of the mole is gradually treated, evaporating one layer after another. High accuracy is provided by the ability to control the diameter of the beam and the depth of exposure.

Laser mole removal has a number of advantages:

100% removal after the first procedure.

Rapid healing (5-7 days).

No bleeding.

Low percentage of possible complications (pigmentation, scars and scars after removal of moles).

Laser removal of moles is an absolutely painless method that takes a few minutes, provided that it is performed by a qualified specialist. Removal of moles is a responsible step, so they need to be removed in specialized clinics by competent specialists.

4.4 How to sunbathe properly so as not to harm the skin.

Summer is the time to relax and have a pleasant time on the beach near various types of reservoirs. Under the influence of direct sunlight, our skin receives a lot of not only beneficial enzymes, but also negative ones. How to avoid a large number of ultraviolet and infrared rays that dry out the skin, provoke premature aging of cells, and contribute to burns? To do this, you need to sunbathe correctly.

It is known that the most dangerous sun in the period from 12 to 14 hours, when its rays are directed almost perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. At this time, it is better to stay indoors or lace shade (shadow cast by trees, bushes, umbrellas). It is recommended to be in the sun until 11 am or after 3 days, and be sure to apply sunscreen to the body.

You can not sunbathe on the first day for a long time. It is best to gradually increase the amount of time you spend in the sun. 2 hours per day is the maximum allowable time.

Sunscreen should not be neglected.

The effectiveness of a sunscreen is primarily determined by the level of sun protection it provides. This is reported by the abbreviation SPF (sun protection factor - sun protection factor), which is necessarily indicated on the packaging. The degree of protection varies from 2 to 100 units. This index indicates how long a safe exposure to the sun will last. That is, by treating the skin with a cream with a sun protection factor of 15, you can be sure that within 75 minutes you will not be in danger of sunburn. If the SPF index is 30 units, then the estimated time increases to 125 minutes. If the product is not resistant to water, then after each entry into the water it will need to be applied again.

Modern sunscreens must be labeled UVA/UVB, which indicates protection against both types of rays (ultraviolet A rays and B rays).

If there are many moles on the body, sunbathing is not recommended at all.

Vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body.

Sunlight is a powerful therapeutic and prophylactic agent, extremely important for maintaining health. No wonder the old proverb says: "Where the sun rarely looks, there the doctor often comes." The effect of magical ultraviolet rays on the body varies and depends on the wavelength. Some of them have a vitamin-forming effect - they contribute to the formation of vitamin D in the skin. The vitamin-forming effect of ultraviolet radiation is primarily associated with its effect on the synthesis of vitamin D (calciferol). The presence of this vitamin is necessary to maintain a constant level of calcium in the blood. With a lack of calcium in the blood, it is “sucked out” from the bone tissue, leading to its deformation, osteoporosis. Children may develop a well-known disease - rickets, which later leads to severe skeletal deformities and other adverse consequences. To prevent such consequences, it is necessary to satisfy the physiological need of the body for vitamin D. It is 20-30 micrograms per day. However, it is difficult to provide it only through food, since even in the main dietary sources of vitamin D it is relatively small. The Sun, its Ultraviolet component, can help in this situation. It turns out that the sebum secreted by the surface layer of the skin contains a chemical precursor of vitamin D. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, it is converted into vitamin D, compensating for its “undersupply” from food.

Lack of sunlight shortens life, scientists from the Medical College (USA) are sure. They conducted a major review of the latest research, thanks to which it became clear that people with the lowest concentration of vitamin D in their blood are at risk of dying earlier than others. The risk of early death for them is higher by 26%. According to scientists, a lack of vitamin D contributes to a rise in blood pressure, disrupts sugar metabolism, and causes a tendency to obesity.

Also, residents of large cities need to remember that polluted air and smog reduce the amount of sunlight that is necessary for the formation of the "Vitamin of the Sun", that is, vitamin D. Therefore, city children in the summer should be more outside the city, where there is clean fresh air and more sun.

6. Disinfectant (bactericidal) action of the sun.

Many microorganisms surround man. There are useful ones that live on the skin, mucous membranes and in the intestines. They help digest food, participate in the synthesis of vitamins and protect the body from pathogenic microorganisms. And there are a lot of them too. Many diseases are caused by the activity of bacteria in the human body. Bactericidal action is the ability to destroy the cell wall of bacteria and thereby cause their death.

Have a bactericidal effect:

ultraviolet rays, radioactive radiation.

antiseptic and disinfectant chemicals, for example: chlorine, iodine, acids, alcohols, phenols and others.

chemotherapeutic drugs of antibacterial action for oral administration.

UV rays increase the body's resistance to infectious and viral diseases. The percentage of antibodies in the blood increases. The formation of antibodies gives the body additional strength to resist viral diseases such as chickenpox, rubella and smallpox. Experiments carried out on a large scale in factories and schools have shown that UV rays can reduce by one third the possibility of getting sick with influenza, colds and rheumatism.

This irradiation has a detrimental effect on most types of pathogenic bacteria, on many viruses and fungi, and therefore is widely used for air disinfection in operating rooms and other hospital premises, as well as in medical practice.

7. The sun is the main source of human joy.

Since the origins of human civilization, the role and significance of the Sun has attracted special attention of people. The population of all ancient communities deified the Sun, gave it miraculous properties.

A study conducted by scientists from the Medical School showed that sunbathing is not only not harmful, but also beneficial, as this activity prolongs our life. By reducing the risk of acquiring heart disease and diabetes, the sun's rays allow you to live longer and stay healthy, scientists say. But the same scientists warn that the sun should be dosed and should not be abused.

In addition to the above, the sun's rays stimulate the production of special substances - endorphins, which raise the level of mood and generally have a positive effect on the emotional state. Deficiency of natural solar radiation (due to climatic conditions, age, various diseases, forced long stay in enclosed spaces) is associated with adverse consequences. It adversely affects the general well-being of a person, his neuropsychic tone, reduces mental and physical performance, resistance to infectious and other diseases, increases the risk of fractures and other lesions of the musculoskeletal system, slows down recovery and recovery processes.

8. Practical part. Conducting a survey among the population on the subject of their attitude to the sun, knowledge of means of protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation and

After analyzing the literature, having studied the materials on the computer, I decided to find out what information our population has regarding solar effects on the human body. To do this, I compiled a small questionnaire, and offered to answer my questions to others. The survey involved 30 people aged 12 to 76 years. And here's what came out of it:

The diagram shows that 90% of respondents believe that the sun's rays are good for the body, and only 10% percent (3 people) believe that the sun is harmful to the body.

The diagram shows that 20% of respondents have heard about such tools and use them. And 80% have heard, but do not use.

The survey revealed that the majority of respondents do not know what sun protection factor (SPF) is and what function it performs.

It can be seen from the diagram that most of the respondents are aware of the harmful effects of the sun and the possibility of the formation of malignant diseases on the skin.

It can be seen from the diagram that only one respondent visits the doctor regularly (once a year) and shows him his moles.

Despite the fact that everyone tans and has a positive attitude towards tanning, not all respondents understand that tanning, as a skin reaction to ultraviolet radiation, is useful in a limited amount, and an excess of solar ultraviolet radiation is just as dangerous as solarium radiation.

Contradictions in understanding the benefits and harms of solar insolation on the human body were also revealed. On the one hand, the respondents believe that ultraviolet radiation is harmful to the human body, and on the other hand, that it is not harmful, but even beneficial. But the majority of respondents could not say what is the benefit or harm of the sun.

Also, not everyone understands the need to use sunscreen in the summer and have absolutely no idea what a sun factor is and why it is needed.

And the majority of the population rarely seek medical advice before sunbathing.

9. Conclusion:

In the course of my practical work, I learned about the positive and negative effects of ultraviolet rays on the human body. I developed a questionnaire and conducted a survey, and after analyzing it, I concluded that the population is not sufficiently informed about the dangers and benefits of ultraviolet rays.

Although ultraviolet rays in a reasonable amount have a beneficial effect on the human body (promote the formation of vitamin D in the skin, affect calciphosphorus metabolism, as well as the nervous processes in the human body). At the same time, if you neglect the rules of sunbathing, the harmful effect of ultraviolet rays on the human body increases.

The paper considers preventive measures to protect the skin from the adverse effects of the sun, as well as ways to eliminate this effect. I also found out that if you deprive yourself of ultraviolet radiation, this also leads to various diseases - from a general decrease in immunity (in adults) to rickets (in children).

Given the low level of education of our population, I believe that my work will be of interest to others. We need to tell people more about this and it is better to start from an early age. The sooner the child learns this, the less harm the sun will do to him, and he will receive only health from solar radiation.

10. List of references.

"Internal Diseases" F.V. Kurdybailo; B.I. Shulutko; N.N. Shastin; V.N. Shestakov; A.N. Shishkin; S.A. Boldueva; THEM. Skipsky.

"Guide to skin diseases" edited by Yu.K. Skripkin.

"Great Soviet Encyclopedia".

Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Space and health. - M Knowledge, 1984;

Mizun Yu.G., Mizun P.G. Magnetic storms and health. - M., 1990;

Mizun Yu.G. Processes in the biosphere. - M.: Knowledge, 1988

Medical geography and health: Sat. scientific tr. L.: Nauka, 1989;

Moiseeva N.I., Lyubetsky R.E. Influence of helio-geophysical factors on the human body. - L .: Nauka, 1986.

Pleshakova, Kryuchkov "The world around 4th grade".

The sun's rays: we know about the benefits, but about the harm?

Even in ancient times, scientists knew about the benefits of sunlight and sunbathing. In ancient Rome and Hellas, it was believed that being in the sun strengthens the spirit and tempers health. However, then this was forgotten for a long time, and was remembered only at the beginning of the 20th century.

A hundred years ago, sunbathing and long walks again began to be prescribed by doctors to sick and recovering people. And this is not surprising, since people, especially those living in a temperate climate, noted that mood and well-being improves on sunny days and worsens in cloudy autumn.

In the middle of the last century, it even became fashionable to sunbathe - that's when bikinis appeared. However, the last decades have only been talking about the dangers of sunlight - they allegedly cause skin cancer.

How is it really? Is sunlight good or bad for our health?

The influence of sunlight on all living things is difficult to overestimate. And the fact is that the sun emits a whole spectrum of waves, from color to invisible. Invisible rays include ultraviolet and infrared rays. We cannot see them, but we feel them in the form of heat. Invisible rays have a great influence on the living.

It is infrared rays that improve blood circulation in the body. And consequently. and contribute to the activation of all life processes, improve mood, a surge of vigor and the appearance of energy. They help to get rid of apathy, depression, decline in vitality. In addition, the infrared spectrum has a slight analgesic effect.

But not all ultraviolet rays, and the sun produces several types of them, are beneficial for the body. The most deadly of them are C (UFS) rays, but they are delayed by the ozone layer. Rays A and B are very useful for humans. They are responsible for the production of vitamin D. Rays A can theoretically cause burns and skin lesions. Rays B stimulate the production of melanin, which causes a tanned skin color, which is designed to protect against overheating of the skin and its damage. They also thicken the skin layer, making it less susceptible to burns. That is, the sun itself protects from itself - this mechanism has developed in humans in the process of evolution for a safe life under the rays of the star.

What are the benefits of the sun?

The sun strengthens bones and is involved in calcium metabolism. Without sunlight, the production of vitamin D (calciferol) is impossible.

The sun prolongs life: Scientists from the Einstein College of Medicine (USA) have recently discovered another unique property of vitamin D. It prolongs life. It turned out that people with a low content of this vitamin have a greater chance of dying prematurely - 26% higher, according to scientists.

The sun improves mood and improves tone: The sun's rays stimulate the production of serotonin and endorphins in the body. Endorphins are called the hormone of joy and happiness - they improve mood and increase tone. Studies have shown that residents of northern countries are more likely to suffer from depression than southerners. This is due to the lack of sunlight.

The sun reduces pressure: everyone knows the recommendations for hypertensive patients not to be in the heat in the sun due to the fact that pressure can jump sharply. But scientists from Edinburgh argue the opposite - in their opinion, the sun, on the contrary, reduces pressure and reduces the risk of blood clots. And all because under the influence of sunlight in the human body begins the release of nitric oxide and its transformation into nitric oxide and nitrate. And these substances reduce blood pressure and prevent thrombosis.

The sun will save from sclerosis: Scientists have proven the beneficial effects of sunlight, and especially ultraviolet radiation, in this area. It has been found that if a person in childhood was not deprived of sunbathing, then in adulthood he has a lower risk of developing scattered than in children who grew up in conditions of sun deficiency.

The sun is guarding men's health: Frequent sun exposure reduces the risk of prostate cancer. And again, this effect is achieved due to the production of vitamin D under the action of the sun's rays. It blocks the spread of cancer cells and helps the growth of healthy cells.

The sun helps to lose weight: if you are in the sun in the morning, it is easier to fight excess weight and it is easier to maintain normal weight constantly without much effort.

Sun for diabetes The British found that sunlight lowers blood sugar, thereby protecting against the risk of diabetes.

However, lovers of sunbathing should be aware of the other side of the sun's rays. Yes, they can be really harmful in large doses. For example, staying in the sun for a long time you can get sunburn. And people with fair skin can suffer the most from this. And they are also at risk of developing skin cancer under the influence of sunlight. And all because people with fair skin are less likely to produce melanin.

Too much sun exposure dries out the skin, and this leads to premature wrinkles and disruption of collagen production in skin cells. That is why northerners look younger than southerners at the same age and have fewer wrinkles, especially fine ones.

The infrared rays of the sun cause a large amount of overheating of the body and in combination with ultraviolet well-known sunstroke. Its manifestations are varied - from lightheadedness, dizziness and fever to loss of consciousness. Prolonged overheating can cause death.

What if we collect all the visible radiation of the Sun into a beam like a laser with a diameter of a meter and send it to the Earth?

Max Schaefer

This is what Max described:

Once in the path of the beam, you will, of course, die quickly. And not even "from something", as is usually the case - you will simply turn from a biological phenomenon into a physical one.

When a beam of light reaches the atmosphere, it will heat the air at the point of impact to millions of degrees in a fraction of a second. [ one ] . ↲Fahrenheit, Celsius, Rankine or Kelvin - it doesn't matter at all.↳ This air will turn into plasma and will begin to dissipate heat in all directions in the form of x-rays. They will heat the surrounding air, turning it into a plasma that will emit infrared light. It's like an explosion of a hydrogen bomb, but much more intense.

This radiation will evaporate everything around, turn the nearest area of ​​the atmosphere into plasma and begin to devour the surface of the Earth.

What if you find yourself on the other side of the planet? You still can not survive - in this scenario, the Earth is doomed. But from what exactly you will die?

The size of the Earth is enough to protect the people on the far side from Max's beam, albeit not for long. Seismic waves from destruction also will not immediately pass through the planet. But they won't kill you anyway. The earth is not a perfect shield.

Twilight will kill you.

It's dark at night [ ] , because the Sun shines on the other side of the planet [ ] . But the darkness of the night sky is not always absolute. Before dawn and after sunset, a glow is visible, because the atmosphere bends the light of the hidden Sun.

If our beam hits the Earth, a spectrum of radiation from x-rays to heat will escape into the atmosphere, so it's worth understanding how different types of light interact with air.

Speaking of ordinary light, you may have heard of Rayleigh scattering as an answer to the question “why is the sky blue?”. The explanation is generally correct, but the answer “because the air is blue” is perhaps even better. Sure, it's blue for a variety of physical reasons, but all has color for many physical reasons [ 2 ] . ↲To the question "why is the Statue of Liberty green?" we will answer something like "the statue is covered with copper and was once copper in color, but over time, due to oxidation, a layer of copper carbonate formed, and it is green." We will not say "a statue is made green by the scattering and absorption of light of certain frequencies by surface molecules."

When the air heats up, the electrons lose their connection with the nuclei of atoms - a plasma is obtained. A stream of radiation from the beam passes through it, so we need to find out how transparent this plasma is to various types of radiation. Here I want to recall an article by Harris L. Meyer from 1964 transparency calculations. Past and future, her introductory paragraph is the best of any physics paper I've seen:

The prerequisites for this work appeared several billion years ago. As soon as stars began to form, transparency became one of the basic parameters that determined the structure of the physical world in which we live. And more recently, with the development of nuclear weapons operating at intrastellar temperatures, transparency is also becoming one of the basic parameters that determine the processes from which we can all die.

Plasma transmits X-rays better than air. They will pass through it and heat it up due to the Compton effect and the birth of pairs. But the beams will quickly stop as soon as they come into contact with the non-plasma air outside. But the plasma sphere will constantly expand due to X-rays from the superheated air around the beam. The new plasma along the edges will add infrared radiation to the stream that heats everything in its path.

The ring of heat and light will spread across the planet, heating the air and the earth. As the air heats up, the plasma and radiation will propagate farther beyond the horizon. In addition, part of the atmosphere will be knocked out by the beam into space and from there it will reflect light back to the planet.

Accurate the speed at which radiation circles the earth depends on various characteristics of atmospheric scattering, but it does not matter if the moon is at a quarter all this time.

When Max's device turns on, the moon will not be visible - the sunlight illuminating it will be collected in a beam. After it touches the atmosphere, a quarter of the moon will peek out.

When the beam from Max's device touches the Earth's atmosphere, the light from the point of contact will illuminate the Moon. Depending on the position of the satellite and your position on the surface of the planet, reflected moonlight alone can easily incinerate you...

... and twilight, enveloping the planet, will bring with it the last sunset [ 3 ] . ↲This picture is convenient to annoy certain groups of people:

One subtlety could save the Earth from complete destruction. Is Max's mechanism capable of keeping a fly moving goal? If not, the planet will be out of the way in just three minutes. True, people will still fry, the atmosphere and surface will become noticeably smaller, but the main mass of the Earth as a charred lump will continue its path in orbit.

Our solar death ray will open deep space. If, years later, it reaches another planetary system, it will already be too scattered and will not be able to incinerate anything, but its brightness will certainly be enough to warm up the surfaces of local planets.

Max's scenario may have doomed the Earth to destruction, but - if it's any consolation - we won't necessarily die alone.