A verb is a word denoting an action and answering the question "What to do?" The last clarification is very important, because the word "walking", for example, also denotes an action, however, it cannot be classified as a verb.

The action is always directed towards some object. It may be the same object that does it, or some other. In the first case, we will talk about a reflexive verb, and in the second - about an irrevocable one.

Identification feature of reflexive verbs

The fact that the action performed by a certain subject is directed at himself can be evidenced by a reflexive pronoun. In Russian, there is only one such pronoun, which does not even have a nominative case - “self”.

The language always strives for brevity, so the reflexive pronoun in combination with verbs was reduced to “sya”, and then turned into a part of these verbs - the postfix, i.e. suffix that after the end. This is how reflexive verbs arose, the identifying feature of which is the postfix “-sya”: “dress yourself” - “”, “wash yourself” - “wash yourself”. Verbs that do not have such a postfix are called non-reflexive.

Types of reflexive verbs

Not always the semantic content of the reflexive verb is so simple. An action that someone directly performs on himself is only one reflexive verb - proper reflexive.

A verb of this kind can also imply some action that the object performs not on itself, but in its own interests. For example, if people are said to be “building”, this can mean not only “building themselves in a line” (proper reflexive verb), but also “building a house for themselves”. In the latter case, the verb will be called indirectly reflexive.

The joint actions of several objects are also indicated by reflexive verbs: “meet”, “talk” are mutually reflexive verbs.

However, not having the postfix "-sya" is reflexive. It is impossible to classify as such verbs that have a passive voice, i.e. implying that the action on the object is performed by someone else: “the house is being built”, “microbes are being destroyed”.

A verb cannot be reflexive if it is transitive, i.e. denotes an action directed at another object, although in the impersonal form such verbs may have the postfix "-sya": "I want to buy a car."

In our language, there are a huge number of words, which, in turn, consist of morphemes. Each of these bricks contains special information which sometimes we don't even think about. This article will allow you to decipher some linguistic codes by analyzing small parts of a word such as postfixes. The rule, the main elements of which will be these morphemes, will allow us to determine whether it is recurrent or irrevocable in front of us.

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What is a verb

The verb in is one of the significant parts of speech, denoting the action or state of the object. Verb can change in tenses, persons and numbers, that is, conjugate. Also, verbs can be defined recurrence, transitivity, pledge, gender (in the past tense). In a sentence, the verb is connected to the subject and acts as a predicate.

What are verbs made of?

Let's figure out what are the significant parts of verbs? It's simple, these are all its constituent morphemes. One of such important particles of any verb will be suffixes: XYA, XY, TH, CH, L; as well as the basics:, present tense. (Splashing - toiling, SITTING - CROWDING, DRINK - CRY, LIE - FLOW, Podudel - licked; speak - speak, spit - spit- - the basis of the infinitive; carry - carried, draw - drawing - the basis of the present tense).

Based on this, you should understand what reflexive verbs are. These are those that include the postfix SA. Absence of this morpheme speaks of irreversibility.

Important! It is easy to determine a reflexive or irrevocable verb, it is enough to disassemble it by composition and trace the presence of the above element. This rule allows you to distinguish this feature of this part of speech.

How to determine in practice recurrence and non-returnability

Two words are given: run and walk. We produce breakdown by composition. 1st chapter: beige - root; -at - ending, suffixes СЬ and СЯ out of stock. 2nd ch.: pro- - prefix; hum-root; -yat - ending; -sya - postfix (which speaks of recurrence). Also, all irrevocable are both transitive and intransitive, and their “brothers” are only intransitive.

Conclusion: 1st - irrevocable, 2nd - returnable.

All return suffixes have certain shades of meaning:

1. To wash, shave, dress, wipe, admire, be ashamed - the action is turned to oneself.
2. Fighting, calling names, hugging - several subjects perform relative to each other.
3. Get upset, rejoice, pout, laugh - a psycho-emotional state.
4. The nettle stings, the cat scratches, the flower blossoms - a constant action.
5. Tidy up, get hold of - actions taken in your favor.
6. The door swung open, water spilled - an event that happens by itself.

Often reflexive verb- derived from the irrevocable (wash - wash).

Important! It is necessary to distinguish from reflexive verbs verb forms with passive (Wallpaper is chosen by the buyer. Doors are closed with a key.) and impersonal meaning (It is getting dark. Frowning. It will clear up.).

Features of the use of the key morpheme:

• SA- is added to the stem of the verb, which ends in a consonant (washed, scratched, caught fire, hoped, ate too much, crap, drank, nailed, dressed up);
• CL- joins the stem ending in a vowel (unraveled, stomped, itched, became familiar, vanished, put on makeup, cheered up, feathered, hesitated).

Variants of use within a literary text

Let's look at sentences with reflexive verbs with specific examples.

Evening (non-returnable). The reeds on the pond are earing (return), the ducks started a roll call, anticipating twilight. The river surface lays down (return) like a smooth glass canopy over the entire visible space, closely approaches (return) to the banks.

Slowly, a (non-returning) small boat moored to the wooden bridge, knocking (returning) barely audibly on his nose, barely protruding from the water.

The bittern begins to hoarsely (irrevocability) scream (irrevocability) in the distant swamp, as if he is unwell today (impersonal form). The bloody streak of the departing sun has already turned red (non-return) in the sky, which is about to hide (return) from the human world and will bask all night (return) in the coolness of curly clouds.

Between the branches, roots, swaying blades of grass seeps (return.) Fog, enveloping everything and everything that touches (return.) His shy hand, a veil of coolness and bewitching smoky bliss.

A herd of horses is driven (passive form) from pastures before dawn. In the tangled manes of free animals, bluebells and daisies live (unreturned) the last seconds of their lives, inadvertently finding themselves (returning) under their hooves.

The last cry of a rooster interrupts (non-return.) the reign of the past day, and the first star lights up (return.) in the sky, the cries of an owl, the chirping of grasshoppers and the quiet purring of a cat that sleeps (non-return.) near the stove are seen. And with the advent of the first glimpses of the sun in this world, everything embraces (irrevocable) awe, in every living being, an irresistible desire for life lights up (returns).

And there is (non-return.) in all this mess a special charm that you are also a direct participant in all this action.

Definition of a verb. Reflexive / non-reflexive verbs. The grammatical meaning of the verb

Russian lessons Reflexive form of the verb

Conclusion

Often, having a theory, a person cannot easily apply it for practical purposes. Now you know how to determine the recurrence and irreversibility of verbs. It is for this purpose that the article gives a number of examples of both single words and entire syntactic constructions related to the topic of study "Reflexive and non-reflexive verb". Offers from reflexive verbs, taken out as a separate block, can be a great option practical task one of the thematic works in both higher and secondary schools.

Schoolchildren and linguistic students need to be able to correctly determine the recurrence of verbs. This is required to perform a morphological analysis, a competent presentation of thoughts. There are a number of nuances that should be taken into account when determining the reflexivity of the verb. It is not enough just to remember that a reflexive verb ends in -sya or -ss: this kind of analysis is the cause of regular errors. It is important to understand the originality of this morphological category of the verb.

Reflexivity as a category of a verb
To correctly determine the recurrence of the verb, you need to know exactly the features of the category under study.

Reflexive verbs are a specific type of intransitive verbs. They denote an action directed by the subject on himself, have a postfix –sya. Postfix -sya is part of the word, reflecting the historical changes in the Russian language. In the Old Slavonic language, the postfix denoted the word "himself", performing the functions of a pronoun.

Be sure to know that the reflexivity of the verb is directly related to the morphological category of transitivity. First, find out if the verb is transitive. You need to remember: the definition of the recurrence of the verb takes time and should be based on the analysis of the word. The presence of the -sya postfix does not guarantee that you have a reflexive verb in front of you.

Algorithm for determining the recurrence of the verb
It is desirable to determine the reflexivity of the verb according to a specific scheme, then the probability of errors will noticeably decrease. You will need to be familiar with the basic terms used in the Russian language course.

1. First determine the category of transitivity of the verb. Remember the signs of transitivity and intransitivity of the verb:
   • A transitive verb denotes an action directed at oneself (subject). It freely combines with a noun that is in the accusative case, without a preposition. For example, to do (what?) a task. To do is a transitive verb because it goes with a noun without a preposition, and the noun is in the accusative case. To determine transitivity, simply model a phrase where there is a noun dependent on the analyzed verb in the accusative case.
     
   • Intransitive verbs denote actions that do not transfer to an object. Nouns cannot be combined with such verbs in the accusative case without a preposition.
     
2. If the verb is transitive, it is not reflexive. The category of recurrence for him at this stage has already been determined.
   
3. If the verb is intransitive, you need to continue its analysis.
   
4. Notice the postfix. The postfix -sya is an obligatory sign of a reflexive verb.
   
5. All reflexive verbs are divided into 5 types.
   • General reflexive verbs are needed to express changes in the emotional state of the subject, his physical actions. For example, rejoice, hurry.
     
   • Verbs from the group of proper reflexives denote an action directed at the subject. Thus, one person becomes object and subject. For example, to dress up - dress up yourself.
     
   • Reciprocal verbs denote actions performed between several subjects. Each subject is simultaneously the object of the action, that is, the action is transferred to each other. For example, to meet - to meet each other.
     
   • Verbs from the group of non-objective reflexives denote actions that are permanently inherent in the subject. For example, metal melts.
     
   • Indirectly reflexive verbs imply actions performed by the subject in their own interests, for themselves. For example, stocking up.
     
   Try to determine what type the verb is. The reflexive verb must be included in one of the groups.
   
6. Please note: the postfix -sya is not always a sign of a reflexive verb. Check if the verb belongs to one of the groups:
   • Transitive verbs reflecting the intensity of the action. For example, knock. The postfix increases the intensity.
     
   • Verbs with impersonal meaning. For example, do not sleep.
     

If the verb is included in one of the groups, it is not reflexive.

If the verb does not fit into any type from point 6, but clearly belongs to one of the groups of point 5, it has the category of reflexivity.

Reflexive verbs

Postfix verbs sya (-s), which express the inverse action are called inverse: be proud, fall in love, meet.

Suffix sya (s) can be used with most verbs in all forms except participles. It stands after the infinitive suffix - ti (t) or endings in personal forms of the verb. For example: wash - wash, wash, wash.

Modern verb suffix sya (s) - is an ancient short form of the reverse pronoun myself in accusative singular.

With a suffix sya (s) verbs are formed:

Attention! Is written -ss spelled Xia

We swim in the sea - we swim in the lake; Shaved yesterday - shave twice.

Verbal state category

The category of state expresses the relation of action to subject and object. Subject-object relations appear in the sentence. The verb is the main link in the implementation of grammatical relations between the subject and the object of the action. Yes, in the proposal The brigade executes the plan the subject of the action (or the carrier of the dynamic feature) is the word brigade; action performed by the subject as an active agent directed at the object (plan), which is a direct object in the sentence.

The logical relations of the subject and object in this sentence coincide with the grammatical ones; the verb expresses the meaning of an active action directed at an independent object.

However, these logical relations can be conveyed in a different grammatical arrangement, for example The plan is carried out by the team. In such a sentence structure, the verb acts with the meaning of a passive action. Verb performed, derived from a transitive verb fulfill using postfix -sya, lost its transitivity. In this case, the logical subject is expressed in the dependent form of the noun - the creative subject, the logical object appears in the form of the nominative case.

Compare also: Everyone welcomes a friend and Friends are welcome. In the first case, the verb expresses an active action directed at an independent object, in the second case, the action is distributed among the subjects, being at the same time objects.

The meaning of the verbal state is closely connected with the semantics of the verb and appears in its syntactic relations with other words.

The category of state finds its expression in the ways of verbal control, being closely associated with the category of transitivity / intransitivity. Thus, all transitive verbs can express the meaning of active action, while intransitive ones never express it. Transitive and intransitive verbs formed from transitive with a postfix -sya, express double subject-object relations, and intransient ones do not correspond with transitive verbs (for example, go, grow, bloom) express a one-sided, subjective relationship. Compare, for example:

Subject-object relationship Subject relationship

The student completes the task. Everything around is asleep.

The task is completed by the student. Vasilko goes to school.

Alenka dresses her sister. Lena laughs.

Lena is getting dressed (Alyonushka is dressing herself).

Morphological and derivational means of expressing individual values ​​of the state is the postfix sya. With the help of this derivational affix, the meaning of the reverse and passive action is expressed.

Correlate transitive and intransitive verbs with postfixes Xia differ not only in the meaning of the state, but also in semantic shades, compare, for example fight ~ fight, love - love, fight - climb, carry, carry. Only when creating verbs with the meaning of the passive state, the semantic shades of comparable verbs are almost imperceptible, for example the plant builds workshops, workshops are built by the plant; the choir performs the cantata, the cantata is performed by the choir.

In the modern Ukrainian literary language, the following states of verbs are distinguished: active (or real), passive and vice versa.

In addition, there is a group of intransitive verbs that do not express dual, subject-object relations, these are verbs of a state zero in terms of the object.

Attention! In linguistics, since the time of M. V. Lomonosov, the traditional system of states of verbs has been defined. M. V. Lomonosov in the "Russian Grammar" named six states: real (or transitional), reverse, mutual, middle, passive (or suffering) and general.

In the works of A. A. Shakhmatov, three states are named: real, passive and inverse, and within the limits of the inverse state, its various meanings are considered: actually inverse, indirectly recurrent, mutually inverse, etc.

In the academic grammar of the Ukrainian language, only two states are considered: active and passive, it is emphasized that the category of state is inherent only in transitive verbs; it is based on two interrelated correlative grammatical meanings - active and passive. Active meaning is expressed by morphological forms, passive - morphological and syntactic. In considering the verbal state, there is a different approach of scientists to this category: some take into account the semantic-grammatical shades of subject-object relations expressed in verbs; others identify the state with the category of transitivity / intransitivity; some scholars rely only on the grammatically manifested correlation of subject-object relations, ignoring the subject relationship with the null object.

1. Active state. Active (or actual) state verbs express the active action of the subject, aimed at an independent object. Only transitive verbs that control the form of the accusative case without a preposition have this meaning.

For example: A mower in a meadow scythe sonorously kleple(M. Rylsky) The girls peered at the viburnum bush in the meadow(I. Nechuy-Levitsky).

The formal expression of a direct object by a dependent noun (or a pronoun or other substantiated word) is a grammatical indicator of the active state of the verb. In the structure of a sentence with an active state verb, grammatical subject-object relations correspond to a logical subject-object relation.

2. Passive state. The verbs of the passive state are opposed to the verbs of the active state by the relationship of the subject to the object and by the direction of action. The logical subject with the verb of the passive state has the form of the instrumental case without a preposition and acts as an indirect object, thereby expressing the relationship of the passive subject and passive action. The object of action with the verb of the passive state is expressed in the form of the nominative case (pronoun or substantiated word), which acts as a subject, for example: The song is performed by all participants of the concert.

Passive state verbs arise from active state verbs with a postfix -sya. The states of the verb that are relative in meaning appear respectively in active or passive turns of speech, for example: The singer sings an aria. - The aria is performed by the singer.

The forms of inflection of verbs of the passive state are somewhat limited in use: with a creative subject, the verb is more often put in the 3rd person, less often in the 1st or 2nd person or in the past tense. The meaning of the passive state can also be expressed in the form of a passive participle, for example: Did you think I'm all about you? - And, choking, you fall into the grass ... I affirm, I affirm, I live(P. Tychina) Enesm abandoned I'm poor(I. Kotlyarevsky).

The absence of a creative subject in the verb neutralizes the meaning of the passivity of the action, and the verb acquires the meaning of a reciprocal-middle state. For comparison: The film is viewed by the commission and The film is being watched for the second time.

3. Back average condition. The verbs of the reciprocating-middle state express the action of the subject, do not turn into an independent object, but are directed back to the actor himself or additionally characterize him through an unnamed object, for example: child puts on shoes(shoes himself) workshops compete(compete with each other) dog bites(may bite someone).

Reflexive verbs can have different shades of the reciprocal-middle state, characterize the relationship between the subject and the object of the action in different ways.

a) proper reflexive verbs express an action, the subject and object of which is the same person. These include the verbs: wash, dress, put on shoes, take off shoes, bathe, wash, powder, shave, dress up. For example: With obscene help, the boy was not slow to wash, clean up(Panas Mirny)

b) reciprocal verbs express an action performed by several subjects, each of which acts simultaneously as the object of the action. These include the verbs: meet, compete, greet, hug, kiss, correspond, chat, consult. For example: It was then ... in the village, in the evening, when I met Gabriel, I saw you. And now you see where they met, - Longshanks recalled.(S. Sklyarenko)

c) indirectly reflexive verbs express an action carried out for the subject himself. With verbs with the meaning of an indirect-reverse state, there may be an indirect object or circumstance, for example prepare for exams, get ready for a trip, get ready for the road. These verbs differ from the actual inverse ones in that the logical direct object is not expressed with them. For comparison: Girl washing her face(girl washes herself) and girl going on the road(girl packs things for the road) Father took up his cap: - Get ready, son, let's go(Panas Mirny) (means "pack your things")

d) in-reflexive verbs express action, is concentrated in the acting person itself, or express the internal state of the subject. This includes verbs with the meaning of the relationship of the performer of the action to the object to admire, to worry, to be surprised, to be angry, to be angry, to calm down, to lament, to shake, to suffer and under. For example: There three willows bow down, how they lament(L. Glebov)

d) active-objectless verbs express the property of the subject without its connection with the object. This includes verbs with the meaning of dynamic signs of beings: bite, fight, scratch, whip (the dog bites, the cow fights, the cat scratches, the horse whips) or inanimate objects: sting, prick (nettle sting, thistle pricks) ",

e) passive-qualitative verbs express a static attribute of an object, the influential actions of another object fall under. These include verbs like tear, bend, beat, break, crumble, prick, g. laugh, drown(melt, become liquid) melt etc. Compare in phrases: iron bends, chintz crumples, wax melts, tin melts, ice breaks, bread crumbles, glass breaks,

f) reflexively passive verbs express an action attributed to a passive subject. Reflexive passive verbs govern the dative form (the dative of the subject), which acts as an indirect application. The logical object with verbs of the reflexively passive state is expressed in the form of the nominative case and acts as the subject in the sentence. For example: And I remember Ulyanzi grandfather's fairy tale(A. Donchenko).

If the direct object is not expressed in the form of the nominative case, then the verb turns into an impersonal with a zero state value for the object, for example I shouldn't eat bread - I shouldn't eat.

Verbs of the reflexive-passive state arise from transitive verbs with the help of a postfix -sya, in which the meaning of the reverse pronoun has been preserved to a certain extent, especially in the group of proper reflexive verbs.

All intransitive verbs without a postfix have a zero state according to the expression of the object -sya (fly, ring, posters, become, run etc.), as well as impersonal verbs with a postfix sya (does not sleep, does not sit, but does not lie down).

Intransitive verbs without postfix Xia mean an action closed in the subject itself, that is, they express only the subjective relation (the relation of the action to the subject), for example: Summer passed like a day, and a blue-eyed, golden-eyed September came out of the loose fog.(M. Stelmakh).

Impersonal verbs with postfix Xia also express one-way relations of action to a logical subject in the form of the dative case (dative subject). Action expressed by an impersonal verb with postfixes Xia, attributed to the subject as an internal state independent of it (I couldn’t sleep; the girl can’t sit in the house; he didn’t lie down).

• Shakhmatov A. Ya. The syntax of the Russian language. - L., 1041. - S. 476-481. Modern Ukrainian literary language: Morphology / Ed. ed. I. K. Bipolida. - M., 1969.

reflexive verb

A verb with the affix -sya (-еъ). The scope of the concept of “reflexive verb” and the concept of “reflexive form of the verb” correlating with it is presented in different ways in theoretical studies and in educational literature. In some works (“Morphology of the modern Russian language” by I. G. Golanova, school textbooks), all verbs with an affix (particle, suffix) -sya are called reflexive verbs, regardless of their origin and pledge meaning: this includes formations from transitive verbs (to wash, upset, hug, etc., where -sya is considered as a formative affix), from intransitive verbs (cry, roam, wake up, walk, etc., where -sya is a word-forming affix) and verbs that without -sya are not are used (to be afraid, to be proud, to climb, to hope, to wake up, to laugh, to crowd, etc.). In other works (the academic “Grammar of the Russian language”) reflexive verbs are reflexive voice verbs, in contrast to which verbs with the -sya affix, which do not express a voice value, are called reflexive forms of the verb a; the latter include formations from intransitive verbs (to threaten, ring, knock, etc.) and verbs that are not used without -sya ( cm. higher). In the third works (university textbook "Modern Russian language", part II), independent lexical formations are considered reflexive verbs, in which the affix -sya performs a word-formation function (messing about, distributing, leaning against, calling to each other, cleaning up, getting hurt, crying, knocking, etc.). be proud, hope, laugh, etc.), and the reflexive forms of the verb are formations in which the affix -sya performs a formative function: these are forms of the passive voice that retain lexico-semantic identity with transitive verbs (the window is washed by the worker, the streets planted by Komsomol members, etc.). The difference in the interpretation of the terms “reflexive verb” and “reflexive form of the verb” is associated with a different understanding of the category of voice ( cm. pledge of the verb.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a "reflexive verb" is in other dictionaries:

RETURNABLE, oh, oh. 1. Same as reverse (in 1 value) (obsolete). Let's hit the road. 2. Renewable, sometimes reappearing. B. typhoid (an acute infectious disease that occurs in the form of seizures). 3. In grammar: 1) a reflexive verb denoting ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (gram.) see Reflexive verb ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

- (reflexive | réfléchi | reflexiv | reflexive | riflessivo) Containing a return to the subject of the action. The reflexive verb (verbe réfléchi) means that the action emanating from the subject returns to it again (French je me baigne "I bathe") ... Five-language dictionary of linguistic terms

RETURN, return what to where or to whom, turn, return, give back, back; let go home, put or put in its original place. To return your health, your money, to get back what was lost, to return to yourself. Come back,… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Reflexive pronouns are a part of speech, a type of pronoun that expresses the direction of the action on the person who produces it. Group ... ... Wikipedia