What Sholokhov claims with his story is someone else's blood. M.a

The work is the final part of the prose cycle of the writer called "Don Stories", which considers the manifestation of human humanism and care for others as the main theme.

The main character of the story is an old Cossack, grandfather Gavrila, who, together with his wife during the Civil War, sends his only son Peter to the front to fight against the hated Bolsheviks. With the departure of the son, the household of the sick old man is gradually being destroyed, but the old people are not destined to wait for the long-awaited return of their son, since Petka is killed on the battlefield.

After a while, detachments of Bolsheviks appear in the village, performing tasks for food requisitions, which the local Cossack community does not want to accept, engaging in military skirmishes with the Red Army. As a result of one of the battles, grandfather Gavrila discovers a seriously wounded soldier, whose age coincides with Petkin. The old man takes the guy to his house and, together with his wife, begins to nurse the wounded man.

After some time, a fighter named Nikolai becomes a native person for the family of grandfather Gavrila, who replaced the lost child for the old people, despite the fact that someone else's blood flows in him and he is their adopted son. Even grandfather Gavrila and his wife turn to a guy named after his own son, perceiving him as a close person.

However, the calm happiness of the old people is overshadowed by a letter that came to Nikolai, in which he was invited back to his native Ural plant, and the young man decides to return to his native land. For the elderly, his choice becomes painful and scary, as they once again lose their son, albeit an adopted one, but who replaced his own child.

The semantic load of the story "Alien Blood" reveals the theme of the continuity of generations, which is the foundation of a person's life path in his desire to leave his own mark on the earth for future descendants. The image of the Cossack Gavrila demonstrates the originality of the Don Cossacks, distinguished by kindness, mercy, and love for one's neighbor.

The writer masterfully conveys the feelings and state of mind of an ordinary person who, despite external circumstances and class hatred, puts in the first place disinterested parental love, which is an inexhaustible source of earthly kindness.

Among the means of artistic expression, the author uses epithets and symbolic images in the story, which make it possible to more subtly and clearly emphasize the pain, sorrowful sadness of the elderly, left without sons' love in a lonely old age and joyless life. In addition, there is an artistic device of parallelism in the work, which is traditional for the use of elements of oral folk art, focusing the reader's attention on the cruelty and senselessness of bloody wars that sow horror, death, pain and fear, as well as the death of innocent people.

Analysis 2

The story "Alien blood" Sholokhov M.A. begins with a description of the Don steppe in the picturesque winter period. “The unplowed steppe” is the main epithet of the work, which is caught by the reader at the very beginning. The main character of the story is the old and sick grandfather Gavrila. His only son went missing during the war.

The work “Alien Blood” is included in the cycle of M.A. Sholokhov “Don Stories”. In all the works of this category, the idea of ​​humanism, kindness and care for the people around is clearly traced.

Grandfather Gavrila is a former Cossack. He is already very old. All his life he loved and raised his son Peter. But when the Civil War began, Gavril's grandfather sent him to fight. It was a struggle against the Bolshevik government. After Peter was sent to the front, the old man stayed with his wife. Two sick and elderly people could not properly take care of the household. So everything started to fall apart. Expectations for the return of Peter from the battlefield were in vain. The guy was killed at the front, and the old people were left without their only son.

After some time, Bolshevik detachments begin to appear in the village. They are engaged in surplus development. This is very disliked by the local Cossack population. On the basis of this discontent, skirmishes and military conflicts arise. After another battle, grandfather Gavril finds a wounded soldier. By age, the guy resembles the late Peter. Grandfather decides to take pity on the soldier and takes him to his place. Together with his wife, they begin to care for the wounded.

The dying fighter's name is Nikolai. After a while, he becomes like a relative for the elderly. Nicholas replaced them with their murdered son, although it is not theirs that flows in him, but someone else's blood. The old people became very attached and fell in love with the guy. Sometimes they call him Petya.

But family happiness did not last long. Nikolai received a letter with an invitation to return to the factory. The guy thinks for a long time and decides to return home. Grandfather Gavril, having learned about this with his wife, begin to suffer and suffer. It is very painful for them, as if they are losing their loved one (son) for the second time.

In the work "Alien Blood" M.A. Sholokhov portrayed grandfather Gavril as a kind, generous and loving person. The author, using various techniques, described the feelings of old people who lose a child. But, despite the grief of loss, people find the strength to live on. Grandfather Gavril and his wife found the courage to overcome class hatred and love someone else's child. The great feeling of parental love, kindness and tolerance is described by Sholokhov M.A. in "Strange Blood".

In Filippovka, after the spell, the first snow fell. At night, a wind blew from behind the Don, rustling in the steppe with a stale red-haired, braided braids in shaggy snowdrifts and licked the hummocky ridges of the roads naked.

Night swaddled the village with a greenish twilight silence. Behind the yards the steppe dozed, unplowed, overgrown with weeds.

At midnight, a wolf howled dully in the ravines, dogs responded in the village, and grandfather Gavrila woke up. Dangling his legs from the stove, holding on to the butt, he coughed for a long time, then spat and felt for his pouch.

Every night, after the first kochet, grandfather wakes up, sits, smokes, coughs, wheezing tearing phlegm from his lungs, and in the intervals between attacks of suffocation, thoughts go through his head in a familiar, worn stitch. The grandfather thinks about one thing - about his son, who went missing in the war without a trace.

There was one - the first and the last. He worked tirelessly for him. The time has come to see off to the front against the Reds - he took two pairs of bulls to the market, bought a drill horse from a Kalmyk, not a horse - a flying steppe storm. He took out a saddle and a grandfather's bridle with a silver set from the chest. On the wire said:

Well, Petro, I told you, it’s not a shame even for an officer with such a right to go ... Serve as your father served, the Cossack army and the quiet Don are not afraid! Your grandfathers and great-grandfathers served the kings, you should too! ..

Grandfather looks out the window, splashed with green reflections of moonlight, to the wind, - which fumbles around the yard, looking for the wrong, - listens, remembers those days that they will not come back and will not return ...

At the farewell to the servant, the Cossacks under the reed roof of Gavril's house thundered an old Cossack song:

And we beat, do not spoil the order of battle.

Listen to one yes order.

And what will the fathers-commanders order us,

We go there - chop, prick, beat! ..

Petro sat at the table, tipsy, bluish-pale, drank the last glass, "stirrup", wearily closing his eyes, but firmly mounted his horse. He straightened his saber and, bending over from the saddle, took a handful of earth from his native base. Somewhere now he lies, and whose land in a foreign land warms his chest?

The grandfather’s cough is viscous and dry, the bellows in his chest wheeze in different ways, call out, and in between, when, having cleared his throat, he leans his hunched back against the butt, thoughts go in his head in a familiar, worn stitch.

He saw off his son, and a month later the Reds came. Enemies invaded the Cossack ancestral life, grandfather's life, ordinary, turned inside out, like an empty pocket. There was Petro on the other side of the front, near the Donets, with zeal in battles, he deserved epaulettes, and in the village, grandfather Gavril bore Muscovites on the Reds, kohal, nursed - like Peter, a white-headed son, once - the old man's deaf hatred.

To spite them, he wore trousers with stripes, with a red Cossack will, stitched with black thread along the slouchy cloth trousers. He wore a chekmen with an orange guard braid, with traces of once worn wahmister epaulettes. He hung medals and crosses on his chest, received for serving the monarch faithfully; on Sundays he went to church, opening the flaps of his sheepskin coat, so that everyone could see.

The chairman of the Council of the village once said at a meeting:

Symy, grandfather, pendants! Now it's not supposed to.

Grandfather puffed on gunpowder:

And you hung them up for me, what are you ordering to take off?

Who hung, for a long time, probably, in the earth of worms is food.

And let it go! .. But I can’t do it! Razi off the dead?

He also said .. I feel sorry for you, I advise you, for me, at least sleep with them, and yes, dogs ... dogs will wrap your pants! They, hearty ones, have lost the habit of such a look, they will not recognize their own ...

There was bitter resentment, like wormwood in bloom. He took off the order, but the resentment grew in his soul, burst, and began to become related with malice.

The son disappeared - there was no one to make money. The sheds collapsed, the cattle of the base broke, the rafters of the coil opened by the storm rotted. In the stable, in empty pens, the mice managed in their own way, under a canopy a mower rusted.

The Cossacks took the horses before they left, the Reds got the rest, and the last one, shaggy and eared, abandoned by the Red Army in exchange, was bought by the Makhnovists in the autumn at one glance. Instead, they left my grandfather a pair of English windings.

Let ours pass! the Makhnovist machine gunner winked. - Get rich, grandfather, with our good! ..

Ashes smoked all acquired for decades. Hands fell in work; but in the spring, when the vacant steppe lay submissive and languid underfoot, the earth beckoned grandfather, calling at night with an imperious inaudible call. He could not resist, harnessed the bulls to the plow, rode, slashed the steppe with steel, seeded the insatiable black earth womb with vigorous wheat-weight.

Cossacks came from the sea and from across the sea, but none of them saw Peter. They served with him in different regiments, visited different parts - is Russia small? - and fellow soldiers of the village of Peter the regiment went to battle with the Zhlobin detachment in the Kuban somewhere.

Gavrila hardly talked about his son with the old woman.

At night I heard how she sharpened her tears into the pillow, smacked her nose.

What are you, old? - ask grunting.

She will be silent for a bit, she will respond:

We must be intoxicated ... our head is aching. He did not show that he guessed, he advised:

And you would pickle from under the cucumbers. I'll get down to the cellar, will I get it?

Sleep already. It will pass and so! ..

And again the silence unraveled in the hut like an invisible lacy cobweb. In the window, the month stared brazenly, at someone else's grief, admiring the mother's longing.

But still they waited and hoped that the son would come. Gavril gave the sheepskins to dress, the old woman says:

You and I will get by and so, and Petro will come, what will he wear? Winter is coming, he needs to sew a short fur coat.

They sewed a short fur coat on Petrov's height and put it in a chest. Common boots - to clean up the cattle - they prepared for him. The grandfather took care of his blue cloth uniform, sprinkled it with tobacco so that the moth would not cut, but slaughtered the lamb - the grandfather sewed a hat from a sheepskin to his son and hung it on a nail. He will come in from the courtyard, take a look, and it seems as if Petro will come out of the room now, smile, ask: “Well, how, dad, is it cold at the base?”

Two days later, before dusk, he went to clean up the cattle. He swept hay into the manger, wanted to draw water from the well - he remembered that he had forgotten his mittens in the hut. He returned, opened the door and saw: the old woman was standing on her knees near the shop, Petrova’s unworn papakha was pressed to her chest, shaking it, like a child cradles ...

Every night after the first roosters in the Don village of Filippovka, grandfather Gavrila wakes up, sits near the house for a long time, smokes, coughs and remembers his only son, who went missing in the Civil War.

When the war broke out, the Reds began to advance, Gavrila himself equipped his son Peter. I bought him a good horse, gave him his grandfather's saddle with a bridle and ordered him to serve the tsar, as his grandfathers and great-grandfathers served, and not to shame the quiet Don.

A month after seeing Peter off, the Reds came to the village. At the front, the son deserved epaulettes, and in Filippovka, the father nurtured "the hatred of the old man, deaf" to the damned Reds. To spite them, he wore royal medals on his chest until the chairman of the Council of the village ordered him to take them off.

There was bitter resentment, like wormwood in bloom. He took off the order, but the resentment grew in his soul, burst, and began to become related with malice.

When Peter disappeared, the economy fell into decay. The horses were dismantled - first white, then red, and the last unsightly horse was taken away by the Makhnovists. Yard buildings collapsed, they were hosted by mice. Gavrila's hands did not rise to work - there was no one to work for. Only in the spring the old man could not stand it, harnessed the bulls, went to plow and sow wheat.

Neighbors came from the front, but none of them had heard of Peter. However, both Gavrila and his old wife were waiting for their son, hoping. They sewed a sheepskin coat for him, prepared boots, hung a hat on a nail, as if his son had gone out for a while and would soon return.

One day, Gavrila saw his wife mourning Peter, hugging a hat that he had not worn. He flew in, knocked the old woman off her feet, took the hat away. Since then, "the old woman's left eye began to twitch, and her mouth twisted."

Time has passed. A neighbor who served with Peter in the same regiment returned from Turkey and told Gavrila that his son had died in a battle with the Reds.

Soon, rumors spread through the village about the surplus appropriation and about gangs coming from the lower reaches of the Don. But Gavrila did not go to the executive committee and did not hear the news. One day, the chairman came to Gavrila with three food contractors. Their boss, young, tall, blond, demanded to give the surplus wheat, and the old man had to obey.

Before Gavrila had time to go out into the yard, a gang of Kuban people swooped in. A shootout broke out, and all the food orderlies were killed. When everything calmed down, Gavrila discovered that the blond boss, who turned out to be a boy of about nineteen, was still breathing.

For four days the fair-haired man lay in Gavrilov's hut, as if dead, only his heart was beating. Then he started to have a fever. The old men nursed him for three months, became attached and began to call him Peter. Waking up, the blond called himself Nikolai, but the old people stubbornly called him the name of their only son.

Unexplained love ‹…› for Peter, the late son, spread like fire to this immovable, kissed by death, someone else's son...

When Nicholas got to his feet in the spring, the old people gave him the clothes made for Peter. His wounds almost healed, only the broken right arm never healed.

Nikolai was originally from the Urals. His father was killed by drunkenness when the boy was seven years old, and his mother left with a contractor. Nikolai grew up at an iron foundry, and went to work there. He was a communist, and this alien word no longer seemed so terrible to Gavrila.

Upon learning that Nikolai was an orphan, the old people offered him to stay and be in place of his son. He promised to spend the summer in Filippovka, and then we'll see. He called Gavrila father, and this warmed the old man's heart.

Nikolai turned out to be hardworking, he raised the household along with Gavrila. Closer to autumn, Nikolai received a letter from the Urals - his native plant was called to raise. For several days he thought, suffered, but could not stay, he decided to leave, where his blood called.

Gavrila drove him to the turn of the road, said goodbye, knowing that Nikolai would not return. Soon the wind swirled the dust where the step-son had passed.

The idea and theme of the story "Alien blood". and got the best answer

Answer from Green flower[guru]

Answer from Chris[guru]
The theme is the theme of the civil war, the most terrible war, because close people turn out to be enemies in it, as well as the theme of the family - the revolution and the civil war led to the most tragic consequences: they destroyed families, close people became irreconcilable and cruel enemies. Under the conditions of the civil war, the concepts of “native”, “foreign” lose their ancestral, blood motivation, and political and social principles come to the fore. Actually, the horror of the civil war lies in the fact that people are fighting not with an external enemy, but literally “brother goes against brother” .. The heroes of the story “Alien Blood” have no hope. They are old people left without a son, missing in the war. No son - no meaning of life. Old men take care of a wounded Red Army soldier, even calls him by his son's name. For them, he is the embodiment of the meaning of life. The title of the story reflects its content: someone else's blood will never become native. The idea is to show the events of the civil war on the Don, the confrontation between "fathers" and "children", reds and whites, Cossacks and "non-residents". Sholokhov's man is put in a moral conflict of choice, trying to combine the polar elements of life - bloody and social. Sholokhov's works help to understand the most difficult time in the history of the country, learn about the life of the Don Cossacks, and draw a conclusion for themselves: a person must live and work in a peaceful state. The most terrible war is the war between father and son, between brother and brother, between citizens of one country, it has no winners, there are only losers.

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: The idea and theme of the story "Alien Blood".

War is a big problem for everyone. So it was at all times. This is a universal misfortune that unites the people into a single whole. At such times, people forgot about their personal problems and grievances, united and did everything to defeat the enemy, whether it was Batu, Napoleon or Hitler. There were traitors and cowards at all times, but it was a drop in the ocean. These wars were liberation wars, when the people stood up to defend their Fatherland. But there were other wars, larger ones, that went down in history under the name of world wars. Our long-suffering Motherland went through another war - the Civil War, which divided our country into two warring camps. In my opinion, this is the biggest problem. If there is one common enemy for all the people, then the truth is the same for all. There were two truths in the Civil War - the old and the new. And both sides were right in their own way. This war made enemies not only the poor and the rich, but also fathers and children, brothers and sisters, made enemies of completely close and dear people.

M. Sholokhov, being an eyewitness and participant in the Civil War, saw that it brings terrible evil to the human world, primarily because it cripple souls.

The writer, struck by the spill of cruelty, non-observance of the main commandments of God, rethinks everything he saw. So there are "Don stories".

In our work, we tried to analyze the stories included in the collection and establish what mood - optimistic or pessimistic - are the final scenes of the stories. To do this, we decided to use the two most striking, in our opinion, stories "The Foal" and "Alien Blood". So, what will win: life or death?

In the story "The Foal", the life-giving folk life is put forward in the first place, which resists the madness of war and is the support of the human in man. At the very beginning, an antithesis is declared: a newly born foal is gripped by the horror of life on earth. “A stinking hail of buckshot clattered on the tiled roof of the stable and, lightly sprinkled on the ground, made the foal’s mother, Trofimov’s red-haired mare, jump to her feet and again, with a short neigh, lean her sweaty side against the saving heap.”

But this horror is removed by the eternal and inescapable maternal caress. It is stronger than any destruction and death. This birth of a new life makes it possible to perceive one of the main characters Trofim, who at the beginning of the story rather indifferently asks the question: “Kill him?”, And at the end he sacrifices his life to save the foal. Thus, M. Sholokhov emphasizes the senselessness of the Civil War. Trofim, making his choice, knew that the White Cossacks would not spare him. And, nevertheless, he gave his life for the "little brother". What prompted him to do this? The thought of the need to kill the foal also comes to the mind of the squadron, whose course of judgment reaches the comic: “I don’t even understand, Trofim, how could you allow it? In the midst of the Civil War, and suddenly such debauchery ”However, life resists all the bridles that the warring parties wanted to throw on it. And, above all, the human soul opposes this. “A squadron soldier was sitting on the porch in a shirt soaked from long-standing sweat. Fingers, accustomed to the invigorating chill of the revolver handle, clumsily recalled the forgotten, dear - they wove a fashionable ladle for dumplings.

The destructive beginning of the Civil War is powerless before the creative life, the heroes of M. Sholokhov resist the evil of war through a return to labor, primordially peasant occupations. The squadron decides to spare the colt - he still has to plow. The dispute between war and peace, life and death is dramatized, condensed to symbolism. The foal gets in the way in battle, it awakens pity, and this is not supposed to be in war, and the fate of the foal seems to be decided. Although the defenseless foal, in fact, could act as a reconciling element in the struggle between the Reds and Whites, the Cossack officer gave the order not to shoot at Trofim, and no one violated it. And Trofim rushes to save the foal, despite his own and others' arguments about the need to "destroy" him.

“The cry over the water was thin and honed, like the sting of a checker, It slashed Trofim on the heart, and a wonderful thing happened to a man: he broke five years of war, how many times death looked into his eyes like a girl, and at least something, but then turned white under red bristled beard, turned white to ashen blue - and, grabbing the oar, sent the boat against the current, to where an exhausted foal was circling in the bell, and ten sazhens from him Nechepurenko struggled and could not turn the uterus, floating towards the bell with a hoarse neighing.

The foal is saved. But Trofim was shot in the back by a Cossack officer. The finale shows that, despite all the deaths, sooner or later life will win, no matter what the cost.

The author was far from the illusion of a speedy resolution of the conflict. To love the enemy and not take revenge on him - this commandment became the most relevant during the war years. But not many were given the opportunity to rise to its fulfillment; it did not triumph among the masses of the people. Only individual individuals, by their example, showed the way out of the impasse, the deadly impasse of self-destruction. This was grandfather Gavrila from "Alien Blood".

The story "Alien Blood" is the crowning achievement of the Don cycle in terms of moral issues. Its beginning is symbolic, which determines the movement of time according to the Orthodox church calendar.

"In Filippovka, after the spell, the first snow fell." The first sentence has already set the tone for the story. Seeing off his son to the war with the Reds, his grandfather Gavrila celebrated his glory, punished him to serve as in the old days his grandfathers-great-grandfathers served the king.

Leaving, Petro takes a handful of earth from his native base, and grandfather Gavril nurses hatred and anger towards the Bolsheviks in his soul. The hero’s loyalty to the free spirit of the Cossacks, his invincibility and fearlessness are close and dear to the author: “He hung medals and crosses on his chest, received for serving the monarch faithfully; I went to church on Sundays, opening the skirts of my sheepskin coat, so that everyone could see.

M. Sholokhov gives an expressive picture of the front-line everyday life of the civil war, when the Cossacks, then the Reds, took all the horses acquired by labor from the old man, and the last one was “bought” by the Makhnovists for a pair of English windings. So grandfather Gavrila had good reason to hate the new government. They were even more strengthened when the grandfather found out about the death of his only son.

“And at night, throwing on a sheepskin coat, he went out into the yard, creaking his felt boots in the snow, went to the threshing floor and stood at the stack.

The wind blew from the steppe, powdered with snow; darkness, black and austere, piled up in the bare cherry bushes.

Then he lay flat on the snow trampled near the stack and closed his eyes heavily.

The surplus added fuel to the fire of the old man's grief even more. But when Gavrila saw his enemy defeated and defenseless, instead of hatred, something completely different woke up in him - pity. The Cossack, brought up in the spirit of religious morality, turns out to be true to it even at the most difficult, tragically confusing moment of the Civil War. Fruitless hatred is replaced by pity, and then - and love. Grandfather Gavril defeated the spirit of evil in himself and thus showed the way to his adopted son - the path of mutual forgiveness, gentleness and repentance. And now the city, the factory - an alien, hostile force associated with the new government - is taking away the second son from the old people. Gavrila humbly releases Peter from her. We think that the revolution destroys the family, Sholokhov does not build any illusions: "He will not return!"

M. Sholokhov comes to the idea of ​​the necessity of morality: love your enemies. This idea reaches its artistic peak in the story “Alien Blood”.

In a terrible bloody war, people in the trenches died "ugly simply." And who is to blame for the senseless enmity? Why do people have to die without knowing the truth.

But it seems undoubted to us that life has won this confrontation. In the story "The Foal" the author affirms the idea of ​​constant renewal of life. The birth of a foal is a symbol of the approaching future, bright, not bitter. The surviving foal is the personification of a new life, even after so many murders, people have a future, so they must fight for their own.

People have lost their moral guidelines, the father kills his son in "Mole", the father's son in "Food Commissar", the husband of his wife, leaving the child orphaned in "Koloverti", the father of his children in the story "Family Man". Only man himself can change the world around him. He must rise above insults, forget about grief, learn to forgive enemies and love his neighbor, then the world will slowly but gradually begin to be cleansed.

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Analysis of the story by M.A. Sholokhov "Alien blood"

The story of M.A. Sholokhov's "Alien Blood" opens with a poetic picture of the winter Don steppe. Already in this short description, the reader guesses the key epithet - "unplowed steppe." The hero of the story, grandfather Gavrila, is old, ill, and all the time he thinks about his son, who went missing in the war without a trace.

According to the old Cossack customs, he equipped Gavril's son for the front, at parting he gave him a saddle and grandfather's bridle with a silver set - an expensive family heirloom, passed down from father to son from generation to generation - a kind of amulet. Moreover, Petro took with him a handful of his native land.

With the loss of his son, Gavrila’s entire household fell into decay: “Sheds collapsed, the cattle of the base broke, the rafters of the coil opened by the storm rotted. In the stable, in empty pens, the mice managed in their own way, under the shed the mower rusted.

M.A. writes with pain. Sholokhov about the tragedy of grandfather Gavrila, whom the new government forced to remove the crosses and medals received under the tsar, although he deserved these signs of military prowess, honestly and worthily fulfilled his duty to his homeland. And in old age. it turned out that he had neither moral nor material support. Only the land itself forced grandfather to plow and sow.

The symbol of grief and desolation in the story is the image of silence, which unraveled around the hut like an “invisible lace web”.

Tortured and crying at night, Gavrila and his wife force themselves to believe that their son will return. They sew him a hat and a short fur coat, protect his uniform from moths. But time passes, and there is less and less hope that Petro will return. A symbol of the fleeting passage of time, as in many other works by M.A. Sholokhov, in the story "Alien Blood" becomes the course of the Don. At the same time, the author uses the method of parallelism characteristic of oral folk art: “Days and weeks flowed, water flowed in the Don, transparent green in autumn, always hasty.”

Soon Prokhor Likhovidov, who served with Peter in the same regiment, returned to his native land. From him, the heartbroken old people learn the details about the death of their only son.

During the surplus, they take wheat from Gavrila. Right in his yard, a skirmish takes place, during which the Kuban Cossacks attack the food contractors and kill the chairman. Thus, the realities of fratricidal struggle enter the peaceful life of the farmers. Looking at the dead bodies, Gavrila understands that the old people will not wait for one of these food contractors either. Suddenly it turns out that one of the Red Army soldiers is still alive. Realizing this, Gavrila forgets about personal grief, about her son killed by the Reds, and saves the guy. Nurturing the patient, the grandfather suffers: in his soul there is a struggle between hatred and pity. Gradually, Gavrila and his wife become attached to the saved Nikolai, who reminds them of the deceased Peter. They give him clothes made for his son. It turns out that the guy also has no one: his father died, and his mother left him in childhood. Gradually, the old people become attached to the rescued Red Army soldier more and more. He even begins to obscure the image of the deceased son. Suddenly, Nikolai receives a letter from the distant Urals: he is called to his native factory. The old man understands that the guy will not plow the Don land instead of Peter. Gavrila is having a hard time saying goodbye to his adopted son when he decides to leave. “The clear sun will grow dark without you with us,” he says to him in parting. So, having barely found the lost son, the old people lose him again.

The sun is one of the key symbols in M.A. Sholokhov. For Gavrila and his wife, the departure of Nikolai means a lonely old age, a life without purpose and without joy.

The story "Alien Blood" undoubtedly helps to comprehend the essence and consequences of the civil war. However, the socio-historical aspect cannot be separated in it from the general philosophical content. For M.A. Sholokhov, it is important to show the theme of the continuity of generations as the basis of all human existence. A person can be happy only realizing that his whole life will leave a certain mark on the earth, all the best that he created will be inherited by descendants. The need for procreation is one of the most important needs of human life. And another theme related to this concept is important in the story - the theme of disinterested parental love, an inexhaustible source of kindness in the world.

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RESEARCH OF THE FINAL SCENES IN M. SHOLOHOV'S STORIES "A FALL AND "ALIEN'S BLOOD"

Catan Valeria

Oslopovskaya Leah

Grade 11, school number 6, Russian Federation, Novy Urengoy

Ratnikova Inna Eduardovna

scientific adviser, teacher of Russian language and literature, school No. 6, Russian Federation, Novy Urengoy

Introduction.

War is a big problem for any person. During the war, people forgot about their personal problems and grievances, united and did everything to defeat the enemy. There were always traitors and cowards, but their number was a drop in the ocean. During the wars of liberation, the people stood up to defend the Fatherland. If there is one common enemy for all the people, then the truth is the same for all. This was what the Civil War was terrible for - the fact that there were two truths: the old and the new. And both sides were right in their own way. This war made enemies not only of the poor and the rich, but also of parents and children, brothers and sisters, close and dear people. M. Sholokhov traces the great historical changes in the life of the people on the numerous destinies of people living on the banks of the Don River, where the struggle for Soviet power took on especially acute forms.

Subject of study: the content of the final scenes of M. Sholokhov's stories "The Foal" and "Alien Blood".

Purpose: to determine the meaning of life in the conditions of the Civil War, the possibility of the existence of morality: love your enemies.

Research methods: descriptive, observation, analysis, classification and systematization.

1. Definition of the symbolism of war and peace, life and death.

2. The study of pictures of front-line everyday life of the Civil War.

3. Study of the rules of religious morality.

4. Analysis of the moral guidelines of people in the conditions of the Civil War.

Main part.

In the story "The Foal", the life-giving folk life is put forward in the first place, which resists the madness of war and is the backbone of human life. At the very beginning of the story, an antithesis is stated - a newly born foal is seized by the horror of life on earth: “... A smelly hail of buckshot with a clatter clattered on the tiled roof of the stable and, lightly sprinkled on the ground, made the foal's mother - the red Trofimov mare - jump to her feet and again with a short neighing to lean with a sweaty side to the saving heap ... ". But this horror is removed by the eternal and inescapable maternal caress. It is stronger than any destruction and death. The birth of a new life makes it possible for one of the main characters, Trofim, to understand this, who at the beginning of the story rather indifferently asks the question: “Kill him?”, And at the end, he sacrifices his life for the sake of the foal. So M. Sholokhov emphasizes the senselessness of the Civil War. Trofim, making his choice, knew that the White Cossacks would not spare him, but, nevertheless, he gave his life for his “little brother”.

The destructive beginning of the Civil War is powerless before the creative way of life, the heroes of M. Sholokhov resist the evil of war through reflection and a return to labor peasant occupations. The squadron decides to leave the foal alive - he still has to plow. The dispute between war and peace, life and death is dramatized, condensed to symbolism. The foal gets in the way in battle, it awakens pity, and this is not supposed to be in war, and the fate of the foal seems to be decided. But Trofim rushes to save him despite his own and other people's arguments about the need to "destroy" him.

“... The cry over the water was a call and honed like a checker sting. He slashed Trofim on the heart, and a wonderful thing happened to the man: he broke five years of war, how many times death looked into his eyes like a girl, and at least something, and then he turned white under the red stubble of his beard, turned white to ashen blue - and, grabbing the oar , sent the boat against the current, to where the exhausted foal was circling in the tambourine ... ". The foal is saved. But Trofim was shot in the back by a Cossack officer. The finale shows that, despite all the deaths, sooner or later life will win, no matter what the cost.

The author was far from the illusion of a quick resolution of the conflict. To love the enemy and not take revenge on him - this commandment became, according to the author, the most relevant during the war years. The story "Alien Blood" is the crowning achievement of the Don cycle in terms of moral issues. Its beginning is symbolic, which determines the movement of time according to the Orthodox calendar. "In Filippovka, after the spell, the first snow fell." The very first sentence sets the tone for the story. Seeing off his son to the war with the Reds, his grandfather Gavrila celebrated his glory, punished him to serve as in the old days his grandfathers-great-grandfathers served the king. Leaving, Petro takes a handful of earth from his native base, and grandfather Gavril nurses hatred and anger towards the Bolsheviks in his soul. The author is close and dear to the loyalty of the hero to the free spirit of the Cossacks, his inflexibility and fearlessness.

M. Sholokhov gives an expressive picture of the front-line everyday life of the Civil War, when the Cossacks, then the Reds, took away all the horses acquired by labor from the old man, and the last one was “bought” by the Makhnovists for a pair of English windings. So the grounds for hatred of the Soviet regime were good. They became even stronger when the grandfather found out about the death of his only son. “... And at night, throwing on a short fur coat, he went out into the yard, creaking in the snow with felt boots, went to the threshing floor and stood at the stack. The wind blew from the steppe, powdered with snow; the crown of the head is black and austere, heaped up in the bare cherry bushes.

Then he lay down flat on the snow trampled near the stack and closed his eyes heavily ... ".

The surplus added fuel to the fire of the old man's grief. But when Gavrila saw his enemy defeated and defenseless, pity woke up in him instead of hatred. The Cossack, brought up in the norms of religious morality, turns out to be true to it even in the most difficult, confusing moment of the war. Fruitless hatred is replaced by pity, and then by love. Grandfather Gavril defeated the spirit of evil in himself and thus showed the way to his adopted son - the way of mutual forgiveness and repentance. And now the city, the factory - an alien, hostile force associated with the new government - is taking away the second son of the old people. Gavrila humbly releases Peter.

Conclusion.

In our opinion, the idea of ​​the necessity of M. Sholokhov's morality - love your enemies - reaches its artistic peak in the story "Alien Blood". In a terrible bloody war, people in the trenches died "ugly simply." And who is to blame for the senseless enmity? But the winner in this confrontation, of course, life. In the story "The Foal" the author affirms the idea of ​​constant renewal of life. The birth of a foal is a symbol of the approaching bright future. The surviving foal is the personification of a new life, which is worth fighting for.

During the Civil War, people lose their moral guidelines: the father kills his son, the husband kills his wife. But man cannot change the world. He must rise above insults, forget about grief, learn to forgive enemies and love his neighbor, then the world will gradually begin to be cleansed. In his stories M.A. Sholokhov condemns the war: it, in his opinion, is the greatest evil ...

Bibliography:

1. Biryukov F.G. Artistic discoveries of Mikhail Sholokhov. M.: Sovremennik, 1995. - 412 p.
2. Sholokhov M.A. Don stories. Krasnoyarsk: Speech, 1997. - 156 p.

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"Don stories" M.A. Sholokhov

Literature lesson in grade 11

"Don stories" M.A. Sholokhov

Vasilyeva Ludmila Ivanovna

SUBJECT. "In the time of turmoil and debauchery Do not judge, brothers, brother"

GOALS. Draw students' attention to one of the tragic periods in the history of Russia. To help to see from today's position the truthful word of the writer, the word about a man during the civil war.

– To consider the concept of “war” from a moral, religious and social point of view, to condemn the fratricidal strife depicted by M.A. Sholokhov in the stories “Birthmark”, “Food Commissar”, “Shibalkovo seed”, “Alien blood”;

- “to develop what is in the soul” (V. Nepomnyashchy): to form a system of moral values;

- to develop the skill of analyzing a work of art in the unity of form and content;

- to cultivate respect for nature and folklore of the native country;

- develop the ability to competently and reasonably express their own point of view.

Epigraph to the lesson:

A civil war is a calamity for both warring sides, for it is disastrous for both the victors and the vanquished.

Democritus

During the classes

I. Opening speech of the teacher.

Lesson Plan

1. Introductory speech of the teacher. Referring to the first epigraph of the lesson. Determining the objectives of the lesson.

3. Analysis of the stories "Birthmark", "Alien blood". At this stage of the lesson, such techniques are used as the reception of associations, heuristic conversation, during which the teacher asks reproductive, problematic, analytical, thin and thick questions; the following forms of work: frontal and individual.

4. Summing up the lesson. Final word from the teacher.

5. Homework (Reception "Unfinished sentence").

1. Introductory speech of the teacher.

Twenties of the XX century. Difficult, troubled time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution of 1917, a civil war flared throughout the entire territory of a huge, once great power, which had been gathering a span since the reign of Ivan Kalita. From the Baltic to the Pacific Ocean, from the White Sea to the Caucasus and the Orenburg steppes, there were bloody battles, and, it seems, except for a handful of provinces of Central Russia, there was no volost or county where various authorities of all shades and ideological colors would not replace each other several times . And it is no coincidence that it was the civil war that became the subject of depiction in Russian literature of this period.

Updating students' knowledge.

What is a civil war from a historical point of view? Answer: this is an armed struggle for power between representatives of different classes. In other words, this is a struggle within the country, within the nation, people, between fellow countrymen, neighbors, close relatives.

What was the civil war in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century?

What is a civil war from your point of view?

You expressed your attitude to the civil war in cinquains. Imagine them.

intermediate conclusion. The civil war is the greatest disaster, a tragedy for the country, the people as a whole, for every family and every person individually. It forces people to exterminate each other, demanding sacrifices by the insatiable Moloch, dividing relatives and friends. And the remark of the Greek philosopher Democritus is absolutely correct in this respect.

Referring to the first epigraph of the lesson.

In the works of which writers and poets did the theme of the civil war find its reflection? Answer: M. Bulgakov White Guard”; B. Pilnyak "The Naked Year", "The Tale of the Unextinguished Moon"; D. Furmanov “Chapaev”; A. Serafimovich “Iron Stream”; I. Babel "Cavalry"; A. Fadeev “Defeat”; M. Voloshin “Strife”; M. Tsvetaeva “Don”, “Moscow”, poem “Perekop”; D. Poor "Seeing".

Determining the objectives of the lesson.

So, the theme of the civil war found its embodiment both in prose and in poetry of the twenties of the XX century. And today in the lesson we turn to the “Don stories” by M. Sholokhov.

Our goal is to reveal the concept (system of views) of the civil war by M. Sholokhov, that is, to find out which M. Sholokhov shows the civil war on the pages of his early works.

2. Teacher's word about M. Sholokhov and his early works.

Don Stories was published in 1926. Their author M. Sholokhov was young at that time, but, despite the fact that he was 21 years old, he already had a lot behind him: the upheavals of the civil war, which instantly crossed out his childhood on the Don, in the village of Veshenskaya. And then - the reality of another life.

Sholokhov served as a census statistician, an educational program teacher, a clerk of a procurement office, having voluntarily joined the food detachment, he became a food commissar.

“I had to be in different bindings,” he later wrote in his autobiography. He will remember himself, sixteen years old, during the interrogation conducted by Nestor himself.

Makhno, and how, releasing the teenager, the “father” threatened him with cruel reprisals for the future. He will remember how he, the commander of the food detachment, was sentenced to death for abuse of power.

The events of that time were the factual material that formed the basis of his first stories.

Later, in 1922, in Moscow, M. Sholokhov met the young poets and prose writers A. Bezymensky, M. Svetlov, A. Fadeev, who made up the Young Guard group, who helped the young writer publish his first stories about the civil war in the Journal peasant youth” and on the pages of the newspaper “Young Leninist”. Subsequently, M. Sholokhov combined these stories into the collections “Don Stories” and “Azure Steppe”.

So, we turn to the “Don stories” by M. Sholokhov.

4. Analysis of the stories "Birthmark", "Alien blood".

1) Analysis of the story "Mole".

· Do you think it is possible to “decipher” the story from the first lines, that is, to determine what it is about and how it will end? Answer: the story from the first line seems to smoke with blood. It seems to begin with invisible death - the elimination of the gang. And if the work begins with death, then it will end with death. Evil begets evil.

Pay attention to the details: “lamb bone”, “horse sweat”. What do they mean? Answer: “lamb bone” is a kind of symbol of something animal, inhuman, which seems to be leaning on us from the first line of the story; and “horse sweat” is a symbol of drivenness in the work.

· Who feels trapped in the story? Answer: main characters: Nikolka and his father, chieftain of the gang.

What role does the portrait of the hero and his memories of childhood play in the work? Answer: the life of Nikolka Koshevoy, the squadron commander, got out of the usual course, the usual norm. This is evidenced by the portrait of the hero. Sholokhov emphasizes the contradiction between a young age and the harsh life experience that the civil war gave him. “Nikolka is broad-shouldered, looks beyond his years. His eyes are aging in radiant wrinkles and his back is stooped in an old man's way. (And he is 18 years old). In the memories of the hero of childhood, there is a longing for a normal peaceful life.

What is Nikolka thinking about? Answer: "Blood again - tired of living like this - everything is disgusted."

What motive arises in the reflections of the hero? Answer: the motive of the hardening of the soul. The antipode of the young hero is the Ataman of the gang - Nikolka's father.

How is Ataman's state of mind revealed?

What role does the landscape of chapter 3 play in its disclosure? Answer: “His soul became stale, as in summer the traces of bull hooves near the muzga of the steppe stale in the brazier,” writes Sholokhov about Ataman. This hardening of the soul, savagery is also emphasized by comparing the chieftain with a wolf. “Ataman leads the gang... like a wolf who has won over a flock of sheep, he leaves the road and the virgin roadless.” Longing for a lost life also sounds in the landscape of fertile land, seen through the eyes of a former farmer who became the Ataman of the gang. “The pain, wonderful and incomprehensible, sharpens from the inside, fills the muscles with nausea.”

· What is common between the lives of Nikolka and Ataman? Answer: their life has gone out of its usual course, they are “driven”.

· Why? Answer: the heroes broke away from their former life, their traditions.

What is the central conflict of the story? What is his tragedy? Answer: the conflict between whites and reds is giving way to another, more important one - between the centuries-old norms of human life and the inhumanity of fratricidal war.

When does this conflict reach its climax?

How does Ataman realize the murder of Nikolka? Answer: the murder of the enemy, justified by the situation of war, is perceived by the hero as infanticide, a sin for which there is no justification, which can only be expiated by death.

What literary associations do you have when reading this episode?

intermediate conclusion. M. Sholokhov at the end of the story shows that Christian repentance is stronger than class hatred, the author shifts the focus from the social conflict to the universal one.

What do you think is the meaning of the name? Analyze the semantics of the word "mole". Answer: The word “mole” has the same root words genus, homeland, people, kinship, kindred. A mole is not only a sign by which Ataman recognizes his son killed by him, but also a sign of former unity, kinship of people who have become irreconcilable enemies. The word “mole” is associated with its root with words meaning everything that turned out to be split, destroyed by the civil war.

Appeal to the reading experience of students. The dramatic split of the Cossack world, the Cossack family becomes the basis of the plot of many stories by M. Sholokhov.

Name these stories. Answer: the stories “Family Man”, “Food Commissioner”, “Bakhchevik”. And if in the story “The Mole” infanticide is a tragic accident, then in these stories infanticide and parricide are the conscious choice of the characters.

intermediate conclusion. In many early stories, M. Sholokhov shows the tragic path of dehumanization of heroes, telling about cruelty and the collapse of all moral principles in a person. The heroes of these stories cannot rise to Christian love for the enemy, to the ideal of forgiveness. Namely, in this Christian, all-forgiving love, M. Sholokhov sees salvation from complete dehumanization. And an example of this is the story “Strange Blood”.

2) Analysis of the story “Alien blood”.

· What do the stories “The Mole” and “Alien Blood” have in common, how do they differ?

· Which of the heroes of the story “Alien Blood” goes through a difficult path of incarnation?

· What qualities, traits of the Russian national character are embodied in the image of the main character, grandfather Gavrila? Answer: the image of the protagonist embodied such qualities as perseverance, wisdom, adherence to traditions, father's love for his son, forgiveness and humanism.

In what episodes do they appear?

· How is the conflict between grandfather Gavrila and Nikolai Kosykh, a nineteen-year-old food commissar, resolved?

· Formulate the idea of ​​the story.

5. Summing up the lesson.

What is the concept of the civil war in M. Sholokhov's Don Stories?

Final word from the teacher. The Civil War appears in M. Sholokhov's "Don Stories" as a tragedy, as a path of dehumanization, as a catastrophe in which all human ties, moral, moral laws, and traditions of the people collapse.

But behind the image of mutual cruelty, the author's ideal of gentleness and forgiveness is revealed. M. Sholokhov in his early stories shows that despite the horror and chaos, death and devastation that gripped Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, the soul of the people invariably remains alive and pure. The most ordinary people always retain in themselves nostalgia for the former peaceful life, and the memory of the human in man, and a passionate dream of future happiness.

6. Homework.

Complete the sentence “The Civil War in M. Sholokhov's Don Stories - ...” in writing, revealing the concept of civil war in the early stories of M. A. Sholokhov.