Stylistics - what is it? You will receive the answer to the question asked from the materials of the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about the categories and sections of stylistics that exist in Russian, and consider in detail the styles and techniques of English.

General information

Stylistics is a section of linguistics, or a philological discipline that studies completely different conditions and principles for choosing language communication, as well as methods for organizing language units. In addition, the section defines differences in the presented principles, ways of using styles.

There is the following division of such a philological discipline as stylistics: these are literary and linguistic sections. However, it should be noted that the named subtypes are not officially recognized.

Thus, the linguistic section of stylistics considers all functional styles of speech, while the literary section studies plots, a system of images, plot, etc. in a single work.

One cannot but say that the practical style of the Russian language is quite closely connected with other sections of the course of this school subject. In this regard, it will not work to study it separately from grammar and theoretical lexicology. After all, they serve as a kind of basis for characterizing language means.

Main categories

Now you know what style is. This is a special branch of linguistics, which has the following categories:

Main sections

The main sections of the presented discipline are:

• theoretical style;
• stylistics (or the so-called stylistics of resources);
• practical style;
• stylistics of the varieties of the use of the Russian language (or the so-called functional section).

Linguistic style

As mentioned above, stylistics in the Russian language is unofficially divided into literary and linguistic. The latter is a whole science of speech styles. She studies the various possibilities of language, namely: expressive, communicative, evaluative, cognitive, emotional and functional. Let's consider it in more detail. After all, it is precisely this possibility of the Russian language that is given the most time in the secondary school curriculum.

Functional speech styles

Russian stylistics clearly articulates the requirements for In this regard, it is extremely necessary to know that our native language has five main styles, namely:

To get an idea of ​​each, let's look at them in more detail.

scientific style

This style of speech is characterized by a number of such features as a monologue, preliminary reflection, the strictest selection of language techniques and statements, as well as normalized speech. As a rule, in such texts all the facts are fully and accurately explained, all the causal and investigative relationships between certain phenomena are shown, patterns are revealed, etc.

Conversational style

Such a functional style of speech serves for informal or informal communication. It is characterized by the exchange of information on everyday issues, the expression of their thoughts or feelings. It should be noted that for such speech is often used

Journalistic style

It is especially often used in various articles, essays, reports, feuilletons, interviews, during, etc. It is almost always used to influence people through magazines, newspapers, radio, television, booklets, posters, etc. It is characterized by solemn vocabulary, phraseology , emotionally colored words, as well as verbless phrases, the use of short sentences, "chopped" prose, rhetorical questions, repetitions, exclamations, etc.

Formal business style

This is a style of speech that is actively used in the field of official relations (law, international relations, the military industry, economics, advertising, government activities, communication in official institutions, etc.).

Art style

This style of speech is used in fiction. It quite strongly affects the feelings and imagination of the reader, fully conveys the thoughts of the author, and also uses all the richness of vocabulary, is characterized by the emotionality of speech and imagery. It should be noted that other styles can be used in it.

Stylistics as a discipline

As mentioned above, such a section is mandatory included in the school curriculum. However, a few hours of study is not enough to fully explore the features. That is why the curriculum of some higher educational institutions with a humanitarian bias includes such a course as “Stylistics and literary editing”. Its purpose is to familiarize with the general theoretical issues of this discipline, as well as to develop practical skills in working with a specific text.

Stylistics of the English language

In order to achieve the highest possible level of proficiency in a particular foreign language, it is not enough just to master the basic grammar rules, as well as learn several hundred or thousand words. After all, it is extremely important to master a special art - "speaking". To do this, in your speech it is necessary to apply not only all kinds of stylistic devices, but also to know how to use certain styles of speech correctly.

What exist in English?

Having reached an average level of English proficiency, I want to improve more and more. But for this it is necessary to learn to understand and feel a foreign language well. As a rule, this is done through comparison and analysis. Let's look at together what stylistic devices are used in English:

Speech styles in English

As in Russian, speech styles in English differ not only in expressive means and techniques, but also in general specifics. Let's consider them in more detail.

So, in English there are the following styles of speech:

• Free, or so-called colloquial style. It differs in rather pronounced deviations from accepted norms and is divided into 2 subgroups: familiar-colloquial and literary-colloquial.
• Newspaper-information style. Designed for objective transmission of events (in written or oral speech). This style is not inherent in the subjective nature or emotional evaluation.
• Official business. All important documents and all business correspondence are based on this style.
• Scientific and technical. This style is characterized by consistency and logic.
• Art. This style is used in literary works. It is characterized by subjectivity, emotionality, the use of phraseological units, expressive means, as well as detailed and complex sentences.

In this article we will consider the question of what stylistics is, what is its definition, meaning and subject matter. Let's pay attention to the constituent elements of this term, the division into categories, various figures of style and much more.

Introduction

What is stylistics? Answering this question, it can be argued that this is a discipline of a philological type, the main object of which is the style of speech or writing. It is busy studying the unequal range of conditions applicable to man in any form of information transfer. It also allows you to define a common set of principles, in accordance with which you can organize language units in order to create a single semantic text, composition and create a clear difference between these parameters, causing the creation of a certain number of styles.

In the Russian textbook language, compiled by A. M. Zemsky, S. E. Kryuchkov and M. V. Svetlaev, the style of the Russian language is defined as the doctrine of a set of means for giving expressiveness to the language and creating conditions for its operation. It is important to remember that in general this discipline may have different features for some of its constituent elements.

Subject matter

When answering the question of what stylistics is, it is important to pay attention to the subject of its consideration, which, by the way, has not yet been clearly defined.

There are two sections of stylistics: literary criticism and linguistics, but this division is not generally accepted.

The study of literature deals with the consideration of the system of images, storyline, plot, etc. in individual works, while linguistics draws attention to the presence of a functional speech style. B. V. Tomashevsky defined stylistics as a connecting element that unites these two subjects.

What does stylistics study

Modern stylistics studies:

• Style - a general set of characteristics that make it possible to determine the art of a particular era, the direction and individual features of the work of the author of the work. This statement is true for the study of any style, from literary to architectural.
• The relation of variations of linguistic expressions to each other.
• Coloring with language means that allow you to determine whether a speech form belongs to a particular style.
• Style norm - a set of characteristic parameters characteristic of a particular style, such as scientific or artistic.
• Style rules that allow you to create a clear idea of ​​\u200b\u200bit and an understanding of how to create it.

Linguistics

The linguistic type of stylistics is the doctrine of speech styles, which studies and defines a set of expressive means of the language - expressive, evaluative and functional. The latter, in turn, are divided into: communicative, colored by emotions, intended for cognition and historical.

Studying the question of what stylistics is, M. V. Lomonosov determined the presence of three calms in the language. The first of them - high - is made up of a number of sayings of Slovenian-Russian origin. Through such a calm, poems about heroes, odes, etc., should be composed.

The calm, which occupies a middle position, should be formed with the help of a larger number of Russian common words and sayings. Most often, theatrical texts, poetic forms, satire and eclogues, as well as pastoral and idyll are written in it.

The features of the low calm are defined by sayings that are absent in the Slovene form of the dialect.

Currently, the Russian language is formed using five styles, which have a number of parameters determined by language units, ways of interpreting information, posing sentences, etc. These are colloquial, scientific, official business, journalistic and artistic styles.

Conversational style features

The form of implementation of this style is dialogue, and therefore, most often, it is used orally. A characteristic feature is the lack of a preliminary selection of linguistic materials and the use of extralinguistic factors: facial expressions, gestures, indications of the environment surrounding the interlocutors. The presence of ease in communication allows the subject to get more freedom in choosing a set of language units. Another parameter is the presence of emotionality and figurativeness, concretization and simplicity of speech.

Scientific style provisions

Scientific style is represented by literary speech, which has a number of features. Among them, the dominant ones are: comprehension of the text before its utterance, the presence of a monologue character, strict requirements for the selection of language means, and it is also directed towards normalized speech.

The stylistic performance of scientific work is determined by analyzing its content, the accuracy and completeness of the explainable fact, identifying and demonstrating causal relationships between incidents. It is also important to pay attention to historical development.

The stylistics of the text of the scientific type in the course of its development formed several subsections: proper and educational-scientific, as well as popular science.

About formal business style

The official business form of style is defined as a means of written appeals in the business sphere of relationships: legal and managerial relations between subjects. This area is brought to the international level of relations, jurisprudence, included in the economic branch of science, plays an important role in the military industry, is used in advertising, government activities and official institutions. The style of the text in this section has a clear formulation and the absence of ambiguous interpretation of information.

Among the sub-styles are:

• legislative - has a volatility of functions and is exploited in public administration;
• administrative and clerical - finds its application in the conduct of a personal series of business documents and tries to emphasize the characteristic features of the administrative type of relations;
• diplomatic - has international significance.

About publicistic style

Another point that allows us to give a complete answer to the question of what stylistics is is the definition of journalistic style.

The characteristic features of this style is the presence of wide functionality. It can be used in a variety of genres, such as articles, essay, reportage, feuilleton, pamphlet, speaker's speech, interview.

Journalistic style finds its application in the media and uses the socio-political type of lexicon. It is built through logic and giving the text or speech an emotional color, tries to use assessments and a call to action of any type, physical or mental.

This style exploits not only neutral, but also high, solemn vocabulary and phraseological units. Short sentences and prose in chopped form, verbless sayings and rhetorical devices, as well as exclamation, repetition, etc. are often used. The style of the Russian language in this section uses evaluative vocabulary and gives expressions a bright emotional color, often used to impose ideals, postulates, dogmas, etc. Mentally conveys the general type of perception of information, for example, a person can determine the vigor of the start of speech, the firmness of the speaker’s position, the presence of a severe crisis, problems, etc. The main purpose of the style is to convey information to all layers of society.

Artistic features

The artistic form of style is one of the most common forms of speech, which finds its application in fiction literature. This style tries to influence the subject's ability to imagine, as well as the psyche and sensitivity of readers.

Literary style is characterized by the presence of imagery and emotionality. The various forms of the styles discussed above have well-defined standards and most often require the use of terminological units. Fiction puts all types of words on an equal footing, and also does not have clear distinctions in importance between the content of logical meaning and giving the text an expressive-emotional tone.

Figurative units of style

The style and culture of speech are closely related, which can be seen from observations of the form of communication in different social spheres. The exploitation of scientific terminology at work related to educational or research areas of human activity, everyday communication, newspapers, etc. - they all have clearly defined differences from each other. The ability to use the features of a particular style when transmitting information in different conditions allows you to concretize the transfer of the necessary information to the interlocutor (s) and present yourself as a cultural and educated subject at work or school, on the street, among friends, etc.

In order to correctly formulate sentences in accordance with styles, it is desirable to know about the presence of stylistic figures presented in the form of special syntactic ways of constructing a sentence. This is necessary to increase the power of the figurative and expressive functions of speech.

In accordance with the syntactic construction, two groups are distinguished:

1. Constructive - necessary to give balance.
2. Destructive - the reverse process in response to constructiveness, creating a split in the structure.

In the total mass of stylistic figures, the main ones are distinguished:

• anaphora;
• epiphora;
• gradation;
• inversions;
• parallelism;
• antitheses;
• ellipses;
• default;
• oxymorons;
• rhetorical questions and exclamations;
• multi-union and non-union methods of constructing a sentence.

Summing up

Analyzing the content of the written, we can conclude that style plays an important role both in the oral dialogue or monologue, and in the writing of the text. It has a distribution into styles, each of which is characterized by different parameters.

There are stylistic exercises that help the subject learn to more specifically and correctly formulate and implement this or that form of style. To develop such skills, one can find literature indicating a certain genre and style, and then, through reading and analysis, formulate subjectively a general set of rules that must be observed when conducting, for example, a dialogue at work, study or in everyday life. And you can also use sources from the Internet with examples compiled by experts to convey information to the interested individual.

Stylistics is the doctrine of varieties (styles) of speech. Stylistics is based on the science of language, but at the same time it has an independent subject and tasks. Each national language has a certain unity and integrity. However, in the real speech activity of people, significantly different types or, more precisely, styles of speech are formed. Their appearance is due to the difference in the purpose, functions of speech, the social, everyday and psychological originality of the speaking or writing person, the conditions of time and place. Stylistics distinguishes a number of diverse styles of speech: colloquial and written, official and familiar, scientific and journalistic, business and intimate, solemn and colloquial. All of them have lexical, phraseological, grammatical and phonetic originality, their own special system of linguistic elements and forms. A literary critic who studies the speech of a work of art cannot but rely on the conclusions of stylistics. Without this, it is impossible to correctly understand the meaning and role of certain phenomena of artistic speech. At the same time, it is obvious that stylistics in itself is not directly related to the science of the art of the word, for it studies human speech in general.

There is a special branch of stylistics, the subject of which is directly the speech of fiction (stylistics as a whole studies the speech of a newspaper, science, business correspondence). Sometimes this branch is even called literary stylistics (as opposed to linguistic). The need for a special section of stylistics dedicated to the speech of fiction is dictated, as V.V. Vinogradov showed, by the exceptional stylistic complexity of this speech, which “uses, includes all other styles or varieties of literary and colloquial speech in peculiar combinations and in functionally -transformed form" (Vinogradov). The speech of fiction absorbs the entire ocean of public speech and specifically transforms this speech. Naturally, the speech of literature needs a particularly in-depth and independent study. But the stylistics of artistic speech therefore does not cease to be fundamentally a linguistic discipline, both in terms of its methods and its goals. It studies the speech of literature in its relation to other forms of speech and to speech in general, and not in its relation to the artistic content of literature. She considers the speech of the writer as a peculiar form of speech, and not as a peculiar form of art. Therefore, the style of fiction remains within the limits of linguistics - the science of language. It is necessary for the literary critic (because it reveals the nature of the material of the art of the word), but it can in no way replace the science of literature.

STYLISTICS STYLISTICS -1) a section of linguistics that studies the system of language styles, language norms and ways of using the literary language in various conditions of linguistic communication, in different types and genres of writing, in various spheres of public life. 2) In literary criticism, stylistics is called a section of theoretical poetics that studies artistic speech.

Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2000 .

Synonyms:

See what "STYLISTICS" is in other dictionaries:

Stylistics- STYLISTICS is the science of style and styles (see this word). In terms of the composition of the material included in it, stylistics largely coincides with linguistics, since the bearer of style is language. But in its part, it undoubtedly goes beyond the limits of language, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

- (new lat., from stilus style). The science of style or style. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. STYLISTICS Novolatinsk. from stilus, style. The science of the syllable. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

STYLISTICS, stylistics, pl. no, female (ling., lit.). 1. The doctrine of the expressive means of language. Speech style. 2. Department of the theory of literature about the means and techniques of artistic speech. 3. The totality of the artistic means of the language ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

style- and, well. stylistique f. , German Stylistics. 1. The doctrine of speech styles. ALS 1. The style of colloquial speech. Ush. 1940. 2. Department of the theory of literature, studying the styles of literary and artistic works. ALS 1. Grammarians and rhetoricians involved in ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Modern Encyclopedia

STYLISTICS, and, wives. The science of the style or styles of language and artistic speech. S. Russian literary language. | adj. stylistic, oh, oh. C. analysis. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Exist., number of synonyms: 5 linguistic stylistics (1) literature (12) stylostatistics ... Synonym dictionary

Stylistics of L. STYLISTICS of L. as the ratio and interconnection of various types of “small figurativeness” of tropes and stylistic. figures with features of individual lermont. style has not yet been the subject of a focused literary criticism. analysis, although... Lermontov Encyclopedia

STYLISTICS- STYLISTICS. A branch of linguistics that studies the patterns of using language tools in the communication process. In a practical language course, classes in S. are reduced to familiarizing students with functional styles and features ... ... A new dictionary of methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

Stylistics- STYLISTICS, 1) a section of linguistics that studies the system of language styles, language norms and ways of using the literary language in various conditions of linguistic communication, in different types and genres of writing. 2) In literary criticism, a section of theoretical ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Stylistics of one-phrase text. On the material of Russian, French, English and German languages, E. M. Beregovskaya. "The style of a single-phrase text" by Eda Moiseevna Beregovskaya is a study of "a text in an extreme situation" (as defined by V. G. Gak). The author invites us to "stand on the edge, look ...

Stylistics as a science. Stylistic diversity of the Russian language

1. What is style

Stylistics is the study of how society uses language. Stylistics is a science that studies the language at its different levels and the expressive means that the language has. Stylistics is one of the philological sciences (linguistics, linguistics and literary criticism). The elements of stylistics as a science were laid down in ancient theories of language.

Rhetoric is the forerunner of modern stylistics, its goal is to teach oratory. The main development as a science takes place at the beginning of the 20th century. In Europe, the founders were Charles Balli, who developed the doctrine of the expressive means of language. In Russia, the formation of stylistics begins with the works of Lomonosov, in particular his theory of 3 calms. (He divided the words of the Russian language into 3 groups - high, medium and low vocabulary).

Stylistics as a science by its nature is a purely functional, theoretical science.

It has its own object of study, a special subject of study. It has a special conceptual and terminological apparatus, research methods. She has her own problem. The object of study of stylistics is the language fixed in the texts. The subject of the study of stylistics is the expressive possibilities and means of different levels of the language system, their stylistic meanings and colors (connotations), the patterns of language use in different areas and situations of communication, and as a result of this, a peculiar organization of speech specific to each area. Stylistics has a range of specific concepts and categories: style, functional style, stylistic coloring, stylistic means, style feature, stylistic norm, speech system of style, style-forming factors.

Stylistics is the final course in the cycle of linguistic disciplines of philological education. Stylistics as a section of linguistics is a branched and multifaceted science.

The area of ​​its theory and practical application covers all the speech activity of modern society, in the diversity of the life of society and the individual: everyday communication, speeches at meetings, public lectures, communication through mass media, the Internet, scientific and fiction literature, office documents, a computer, international contacts . A modern person reads a lot, writes, listens, perceives oral and written information. In all these areas, a person enters into communicative relations through the word, its combination with other words, i.e. through speech activity. In order for written and oral speech to be well perceived and understood, it must, first of all, comply with the norms of orthoepy and spelling, word usage.

Some scientists call stylistics the science of the expressive means of language, the art of verbal art, others call it the science of synonyms in a broad sense at all levels of the language, and still others call it the highest level of speech culture.

The basis of the correct approach to solving the issue of the subject of stylistics is the works of Academician V.V. Vinogradov. He wrote: “In that very extensive, little studied and not clearly limited from other linguistic or even wider - philological disciplines, the field of studying the language in general and the language of fiction in particular, which is now called stylistics, one should distinguish at least three different a range of studies that are closely related, often mutually intersecting and always correlative, but endowed with their own problems, their own tasks, their own criteria and categories. This is, firstly, the stylistics of language as "systems of systems", or structural stylistics; secondly, the style of speech, i.e. different types and acts of public use of the language; thirdly, the style of fiction”.

The stylistics of a language studies the facts of the stylistic coloring of language means, the functional styles of the language, their interconnection and interdependence.

The stylistics of speech studies the variety of genre-situational styles, in Vinogradov's terminology, styles of speech.

The stylistics of fiction is devoted to the study of the specifics of the speech of works of art, the individual author's styles of writers, the peculiarities of the style of literary schools and trends.

Artistic speech is characterized by its own special features, which can be identified and understood only on the basis of a literary analysis of texts. Thus, if the stylistics of language and the stylistics of speech together constitute linguistic stylistics, then the stylistics of fiction is the field of knowledge of linguistic and literary research.

Stylistics is closely connected with other sections of linguistics. Unlike other linguistic sciences, which have their own units of study, stylistics has no special units of study. The carriers of stylistic meanings are the same units of phonetics, vocabulary, phraseology, morphology, syntax, i.e. should talk about phonetic style, grammatical, etc.

Stylistics is connected with the course of the history of Russian literature of the language and the theory of literature, which introduce students in detail to the visual and expressive means of the language. But most of all, stylistics is connected with the culture of speech, the science of the norms of pronunciation and word usage. In the style and culture of speech, we are talking about assessments of the qualitative side and the possibility of using words and forms in speech. However, the culture of speech evaluates their compliance with the modern literary norm, rule, and style - the appropriateness and expediency of their use, the degree of expressiveness. To some extent, the criteria for stylistic assessments are thinner and more delicate, requiring a linguistic taste than cultural and speech assessments.

Stylistics studies linguistic units and means of all levels of the language, but from its own, stylistic point of view. A stylistic approach to a morpheme, phoneme, word, phrase, sentence is manifested in additional meanings, which determine: 1. the sphere of life in which communication takes place, functional and stylistic meaning; 2. type of situation in which these units are usually used, expressive-stylistic meaning, 3. public assessment of the phenomena indicated by these units of language, evaluative-stylistic meaning. These stylistic meanings in each era are assigned to the units of the language as a trace, as an imprint of their predominant definition in certain situations and contexts. Although in the social speech practice of people, words are enriched with new stylistic shades, in each given era there are stylistic norms in the language that determine the use of the language. These norms, although less rigid and strict than the norms in grammar, exist objectively and are felt by speakers, especially in cases where they are violated. The concept of "norm" is fundamentally important for the language.

Stylistics as a linguistic science studies the stable stylistic meanings of language units assigned to them in accordance with existing stylistic norms - those lexical, morphological, syntactic and phonetic phenomena, as well as emotional and expressive means that are used in various spheres of human activity and in situations of various elevations .

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