The participle as a special form of the verb is a participle turnover. Communion and participle

How difficult it is for schoolchildren studying the course of Russian morphology. Our language is so diverse and sometimes complex that not everyone can master it.

For example, the perfect participle is often confused with participle. How to remember once and for all their features and differences, we will consider further.

Definition of gerund

In order to correctly determine which part of speech is in front of us, it is necessary to know the most basic information about each. First you need to find out what questions they answer. Participles, for example, on the one hand are very similar to verbs (they are formed from them), and therefore they have questions similar to them: “what by doing”, “what by doing”. On the other hand, they are often confused with adverbs. Like them, gerunds can answer the question "how".

For example: The athlete ran without looking back. Two questions can be asked to this word at the same time: running “how” and “what doing”. This is explained by the origin of gerunds: they simultaneously took signs from the adverb and the verb.

If we talk about grammatical meaning, then everything is simple here. Being similar to verbs, they also denote the action of an object, but not the main one, but an additional one.

For example: Mom watered the flowers, singing a song.

The main thing that my mother did was watering the flowers. But she also sang. However, this is not the main thing, but a secondary action that she did.

Kinds

All participles are in many ways similar to their fellow participles. Both of them are similar to the verb. The first ones are usually divided into Recall that the aspect is also a verb feature.

The perfect view answers questions starting with the letter "C": what to do? "go away" (verb) What Did You Do? “arrived” (participle), what did you do? "having eaten" (germ).

All of them have the meaning of an already completed action.

The imperfect aspect has the opposite meaning - the action is still ongoing, processivity is reflected. Do verbs - what does it do? "walking", what did he do? “painted”, in participles - what is he doing? "decisive", gerund - what are you doing? "playing".

As you can see, all these three parts of speech have very similar questions.

The types of adverbs differ in meaning. But they are easy to remember, it is enough to ask a question and determine the presence of the initial letter “C” in it. If we have a perfect participle in front of us, you can easily distinguish it.

Suffixes

As you know, each part of speech has its own characteristics in word formation. A gerund, like an adverb, will never change, has no endings, but actively forms new words with the help of suffixes.

They, in turn, will depend on the species.

The perfect participle will be formed from:

Verbs that are in the past tense. The suffixes "v", "shi", "lice" are added to them. For example: Having gathered in a flock, the birds flew south.After writing the letter, I took it to the post office. Having brought me a stick, the dog waited for the continuation of the game.

Verbs in the future tense. The suffixes "a" or "ya" are attached to such forms. For example: After reading the newspaper, the father left the room.

The imperfect form of participles has a slightly different form:

Verbs in the present tense plus the suffixes "a", "I". For example: Walking in the park, we admired the beauty of nature. I walked slowly around the city.

It is worth remembering that the perfect participle cannot be formed from such verbs that end in “-ch”: oven, cherish; “-noot”: jump, resort, smell, and also if the stem of the verb ends in hissing: I write, wear, knit.

Parsing the participle

Knowing all the signs of each of the parts of speech, you can begin to analyze them.

Let's break it down in the following sentence: When doing homework, be careful.

Fulfilling - adverb.

1. Meaning is an additional action, since it answers the question "what by doing?"

2. Initial form: what to do? Fulfill (the verb that forms it)

3. Permanent signs:

Immutability (it has no endings)
View (determined by the verb that formed it) - imperfect

4. Syntactic function - circumstance. Included in participle turnover.

Using our tips, as well as an example of parsing, you can easily distinguish gerunds from other parts of speech. The main thing is to carefully understand the rules and strictly follow them.

German participle in Russian

By origin, the participle in the Russian language goes back to the unarticulated (short) form of the nominative case of the participle and arose in the Old Russian language due to the loss of the declension forms of the unarticulated participles. However, it also has the features of a verb - for example, time.

View

imperfect - denotes the present and future tenses. It is formed from imperfective verbs with the help of suffixes a (-I) and answers the question “what are you doing?” If the gerund is in the past tense, then in the sentence it is before the predicate, if in the future - after.
perfect - denotes the past tense and answers the question "what did you do?". Example: extract - remove, sit down - crouching, crouching.

The participles from the stem of the past tense with the suffix -lice (former, knowing, ehavshi, having, plowed, licked, stuck) are considered obsolete and usually of little use, previously they denoted an action that had just been completed to the present moment: “having said this, he sat down”, “seeing this, he grabbed the pitchfork." At present, they are used in the form -having, formed from reflexive verbs: wash - having washed, let out - having let out, decomposed - decomposed, starve - hungry, etc.

Syntactic role

Usually adjacent to a verb that acts as a predicate, is a circumstance and does not conjugate.
Less often adjoins nominal predicate, expressed by a short adjective or noun.
Adjacent to the predicate, it can denote an additional action accompanying the action that carries the main idea of the predicate; allows replacement by the conjugated form of the verb.

In modern Russian, actions indicated by a gerund and a verb-predicate must belong to the same subject of the action. Failure to comply with this rule leads to a comic effect, described by Chekhov in the story "" (the phrase " Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. I. Yarmonkin»).

In writing, participles (germs with dependent words) and individual participles are in most cases separated by commas.

Examples

« telling he laughed out loud."
"Arrow, flying stuck in a tree."
"Winter. Peasant, triumphant, On firewood, renews the path "(, A. S. Pushkin)
"Not after graduating university, I had to get a job.”

Notes

Links

E. I. Litnevskaya Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren (gerund participle)
Development of the category of gerund in Russian. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philology.

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See what "Green participle" is in other dictionaries:

A form of a verb that represents an action as a sign of another action. In Russian, the gerund participle has the forms of aspect and pledge; refers to the same person or object to which the verb, defined by the gerund, refers. The offer usually... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

GENERAL PARTICIPLE, I, cf. In grammar: the form of the verb, which, along with the categories of the verb (kind, voice), has the sign of an adverb (invariability), for example. lying, playing, taking. | adj. participle, oh, oh. D. turnover (general participle with related ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

GENERAL PARTICIPLE, a form of a verb denoting a secondary action, subordinate to the main one, expressed in a sentence by a predicate or an infinitive in various syntactic functions. In a sentence, it usually acts as a circumstance (He answered not ... ... Modern Encyclopedia

gerund, gerund, cf. (gram.). verbal adverb, eg. sitting, reading, taking, leaving, leaving. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

gerund- GENERAL PARTICIPLE. The verbal form of the Russian language, which has the forms of aspect and pledge, retains the control of the verb (see), enters into combination only with verb words (see) and denotes a verbal attribute or object, as a container ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

gerund- GENERAL PARTICIPLE, a form of a verb denoting a secondary action, subordinate to the main one, expressed in a sentence by a predicate or an infinitive in various syntactic functions. In a sentence, it usually appears as a circumstance (“He answered not ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

gerund- The participle is a non-finite form of the verb (verboid), denoting a secondary action subordinate to the main action expressed in the sentence by the predicate or the infinitive in various syntactic functions (“He wrote, looking into the book from time to time”; ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Non-conjugated form of the verb. Denotes an additional action of the same subject as the conjugated one, coinciding in time with the main one (present participle from imperfective verbs) or preceding it (past participle ... Literary Encyclopedia

I; cf. Gram. An invariable form of a verb that combines the features of a verb and an adverb (for example: hurrying, learning, reading, etc.). ◁ Participle, oh, oh. D. turnover (a circumstance expressed by a gerund with words that depend on it). * * *… … encyclopedic Dictionary

gerund- 1. Attributive (non-predicative) invariable form of the verb, denoting an action (state, relation) as an accompanying sign of another action (state, relation): Shining in the sun, snow lies (P.) V.V. Vinogradov defined the gerund ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Imperfect participles designate pending additional action e, which occurs simultaneously with the action expressed by the verb-predicate: looking at this photo, I remembered a lot .

Imperfect participles are formed from the stem of the present tense of the verb using the suffix a- (–I-). Suffix - a- written after hissing, suffix - I- in all other cases ( breathing, holding, walking, laughing). From the verb to be, the imperfect participle is formed with the help of the suffix - teach (Being visiting, I met interesting people ).

NOTE! From some gerund verbs of the imperfect form are not formed :beat, tear, sew, burn, wait, lie, write, whip, cut. Similar gerunds are not formed from verbs on - whose (save, be able to, guard, flow and others,), from verbs with the suffix - well- (fade, fade, fade, fade and etc.).

2. Perfect participles

Perfect participles designate completed extra action , which takes place before the start of the action expressed by the verb-predicate ( Seeing me, my friend came up to me ).

Perfective gerunds are usually formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb with the help of suffixes in, –lice–, –shi– (reading, laughing, shutting up ). With the help of suffixes lice(съ) and - shea(s) gerunds are formed from reflexive verbs ( having washed). to the suffix in return suffix - Xia (–camping) is not attached. With the suffix - shea gerunds are formed from verbs with a stem into a consonant: expire - expired, bring - bring, climb - climb .

In some verbs, the perfective participles are formed with suffixes - a- (–I-) meeting, returning, frowning, acquiring, reading, coming and others. In parallel, there are gerunds from these verbs with suffixes in the language - in, –lice–, –shi– (having met, having returned, having tuned in, having come, having said goodbye, having acquired and etc.). If there are double forms, gerunds with the suffix - a- (–I-) as less cumbersome.

3. Formation of gerunds

4. Need to remember!

Indulge in - indulge in. Slander th - slander. Start - start. Take away - taking away. Rust - rusting. Renounce - renounce. Understand - understanding. Accept - accepting. Twitter th - twitter. Tickle th - tickling. Scoop th - scooping. Raise - lift.

Lesson summary " Perfect and imperfect participles«.

I'll go for a walk, having closed apartment door with a key. And Maxim broke the key, closing a door. Do you know in which of the sentences used the gerund participle is perfect, and in which it is imperfect? If you don't know, you will definitely find out by reading this article. If you do not know what a gerund is, then we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the definition and examples:.

Perfect participles

Perfect participles- these are gerunds that denote an action that precedes the action of the verb-predicate. In simple terms, the action of the participle occurs first, then the verb.

Example: I went for a walk, closing the apartment door with a key. First I closed the door, then I went for a walk.

Perfective gerunds answer the question “what have you done?”. They are formed from the suffixes -in-, -shi, -lice- (suffixes -а-, -я- can also be used)

Examples of gerunds of the perfect form

Vadim began to write in a notebook, taking out a pen from his pencil case.
Tanya turned on her phone, having previously charged it to 100%.
Nikolai got up from the table, turning off his personal computer.
I got into bed, thoroughly washing the floors throughout the apartment.
Buying lottery tickets, you are throwing money away.

Imperfect participles

Imperfect gerunds are gerunds that denote an action that occurs simultaneously with the action of the verb-predicate.

Example: Maxim broke the key while closing the door. Maxim broke the key in the process of closing the door.

Imperfect participles answer the question "what are you doing?". They are formed from the suffixes -a-, -i-. There are exceptions: gerunds formed from verbs in -ch (burn), -nut (wither), some verbs with a hissing stem (lick).

Examples of imperfect participles

The girl went down a dark alley, not thinking about the possible consequences.
Anatoly made a big mistake by not calling his mother for the second day.
The dog ate from the bowl, not noticing the cat sitting next to him.
Working at Gazprom, Alexei Borisovich was able to provide for his children and grandchildren for life.
Washing dishes at home, you help your mother.

Form a participle.

Consider an example based on tasks from textbooks in the Russian language:

Form perfect participles from the verbs "bring, get off."

Such gerunds answer the question “what have you done?”. Bring, come down. Example sentences: Diana made a big mistake getting off the flight at a different stop. The son helped his grandfather a lot by bringing him a hammer to the garage.

Form imperfect participles from the verbs "run, pour".

Such gerunds answer the question “what are you doing?” Bezhav. Sample sentence: Natalya sprained her leg while running after the departing bus.

To pour is one of the verbs that cannot take the form of an imperfect participle. Such verbs also include: rub, twist, weave, lie, sleep, bend, send and others.

gerund is a special form of the verb that has the following features:

1. Indicates an additional action, answers the questions what by doing? or doing what?

2-3. It has the grammatical features of a verb and an adverb.

The signs of the verb include aspect (reading - NSV, reading - SV), transitivity (reading a book - transitive, sitting on a chair - intransitive) and reflexivity (washing - irrevocable, washing - recurrent). In addition, the gerund participle is characterized by the same control as the rest of the verb forms: reading / reading / reading / reading a book, but reading a book.

Adverbial signs of gerunds include immutability (germs do not have morphological signs of inclination, time, person, gender, number, characteristic of conjugated forms of the verb, and do not decline, unlike participles); the syntactic function of the gerund is a circumstance; in a sentence, the participle depends on the verb.

Imperfective gerunds answer the question what are you doing? and denote an action simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate): Standing on a stool, he took out books from the top shelf.

The gerunds NSV are formed from the verbs NSV from the stem of the present tense with the help of the formative suffix -а(-я).

In the verb to be, the gerund participle is formed with the help of the suffix -uchi from the basis of the future tense: bud-uchi. The same suffix is used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs: game-ya - game-yuchi.

Participles not all NSV verbs have an imperfect form; so, gerunds NSV are not formed:

From verbs in -ch: oven - * baking (furnace);

From verbs to -nut: wilt - * wilt,;

From some verbs to hissing at the basis of the present tense: write, write - * writing, lick - * licking (but the adverb is lying);

From verbs with the stem of the present tense, consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them: drink, drink (pj-ut) -*pya.

In the verb to give, the gerund participle is formed from a special stem: giving (davaj-a).

The perfective participles answer the question what did you do? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb: Standing on a stool, he took out a book from the top shelf.

The gerunds SV are formed from the verbs SV from the stem of the past tense with the help of suffixes

In from verbs with a stem to a vowel: made-in,

Lice from reflexive verbs with a vowel stem (or obsolete, stylistically non-neutral gerunds like seeing, looking, etc.): minds-lice-s,

Shi from verbs with a stem into a consonant: baked-shi.

Some verbs have variant forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other is formed by adding the suffix -а (-я) to the basis of the future tense: frowning-lice-s - frowning-ya-s.

The verbs to read, to acquire do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which the gerunds read-i, found-i are used, formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the suffix -i.

Bispecific verbs can have two gerunds formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and CB, for example:

promise: promise-I - NSV, promise-in - SV,

marry: wives-I - NSV, zheni-v - CB.

The participle must indicate the action of the object (person) that is called the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the participle. If these requirements are not met, incorrect sentences like

*Leaving the house, my head ached (the gerund and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).

*Lost, the puppy was soon found by the owners (the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).

A gerund can name an additional action, related to the main member of a one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence, expressed by the infinitive, participle or other participle. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example: When crossing the street, you should look around.