Adverbial turnover as. Participial turnover

As many people know, the adverbial turnover has the meaning of an additional predicate, therefore it is isolated, highlighted by commas. This usually does not cause difficulties for students. However, there are cases when the adverbial turnover does not need to be separated. We will now consider these cases in more detail.

1. Participle turnover(most often this is a turnover with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action) does not mean an additional action, but on the contrary, being closely connected with the predicate, it itself becomes the semantic center of the statement. In this case, it cannot be removed or moved without distorting or losing the meaning of the sentence.

He stood with his neck slightly stretched out, sad and thoughtful.(the main thing is that he did not just stand, but stood with his neck slightly stretched out).

She usually read with her head tilted and the tip of her tongue stuck out.(meaning how she read, not what she read at all).

This exercise must be done while sitting on the floor.(meaning in exactly how this exercise is performed).

2. The adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit.

The boy hurried headlong to call rescuers for help.

The printers worked tirelessly.

After receiving the news, the girl spent the night without closing her eyes.

Here are some of these phraseological units: sleeveless, barely catching his breath, screaming without taking a breath, rushing with his tongue hanging out, lying staring at the ceiling, sitting with bated breath, working with his sleeves rolled up, rushing about without remembering himself, listening with his ears hanging out others.

Some adverbial phraseological combinations act as introductory ones, then they are isolated.

In all honesty, the exercise could have been done much better.

Apparently, you can already go on the road.

3. When there is an amplifying particle I before the adverbial turnover.

It was possible to report this without starting to quarrel.

A humble person remains humble even after defeating a strong enemy.

You can go home without waiting for the result of the exam.

4. If the adverbial turnover is broken by the word, which is part of a subordinate clause or in a simple sentence. This usually applies to relative attributive clauses with an allied word which. Similar cases can also be found in some poetic texts.

To the left was a door, leaving through which it was possible to get into the dressing room.

Yesterday, a new film by Jim Jarmusch came out on the screen, after watching it it is not difficult to understand his creative growth.

Perched on the spruce tree, Crow was about to have breakfast, but she thought about it ... (I. A. Krylov).

But Shibanov, keeping his slavish loyalty, gives his horse to the governor (A. K. Tolstoy).

5. The participle may lose its verbal meaning, then it is not separated by commas. Usually in such cases it can be omitted without affecting the meaning of the sentence.

The post office is located not reaching Vosstaniya Square.

Universities accept applicants under the new rules since the end of last year

You can start the task from tomorrow.(the word starting can be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will not change).

However, if the turnover with the word beginning is not related to the concept of time or serves to clarify, explain, then it separates.

Everything seemed suspicious to us, starting with his intonation

The captain, starting from the Crimean War, participated in all military operations, except for the Japanese(the word starting cannot be omitted, the structure and meaning of the sentence will change).

Turnovers based and according to in most cases they are not included in the adverbial construction and are not isolated.

The task is based on your wishes.

We will act according to the circumstances.

6. The adverbial turnover acts together with the usual non-isolated circumstance and they are homogeneous. In this case, the adverbial turnover is not separated by commas.

We will teach you how to solve examples and problems with ease and without resorting to reference books.

The boy ran quickly and did not look back.

The lieutenant answered inoenomu and not embarrassed.

However, in this case, isolation is possible if the author wants to put a semantic emphasis or give a passing explanation.

A little guilty and sobbing, mother psaid goodbye to Alyosha.

In the dark sky, wearily and not sparkling, little yellow droplets of stars appeared. (M. Gorky).

As you can see, not everything is simple with punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover, but we hope our explanations helped you. If something is not entirely clear, you will always find help from our tutors!

Good luck to you and a beautiful, competent, understandable Russian language!

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In a sentence? In this article, we will analyze these questions, as well as answer questions about when it is necessary to isolate such structures, and when this should not be done. Of course, in the course of the article we will analyze the corresponding examples.

Introduction

The adverbial turnover, punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover have long become an integral part of the study of the Russian language program, which they begin to take in high school. So, what is a participle turnover?

A participial turnover is nothing more than a participle that has dependent words with it. This turnover can be expressed and

As you know, in the Russian language there are both independent parts of speech and auxiliary ones. So, the gerund participle belongs to the first group, from which the gerund participle is composed. Punctuation marks in adverbial turnover are regulated by the use of the relevant rules, which we will consider in the following paragraphs.

In general, this part of speech means, in fact, an additional action. However, it refers to the main action described in a particular piece of text. And one more thing: punctuation marks in participle and participle turnover are put in the same way.

What does adverb combine?

It combines the features of two parts of speech at once: a verb and an adverb.

What does the participle contain from each named part of speech?

From the verb, the gerund participle “got” such signs as aspect and pledge, recurrence. And from the adverb, the participle “inherited” immutability, which is also characteristic of the circumstance.

What questions does the participle answer?

This part of speech answers the following questions: “Doing what?”, “Doing what?”

Introduction to adverbial phrases

What is a single gerund in Russian, we have already found out. But what is the whole structure? Punctuation marks in adverbial turnover can be placed in different positions, according to the rules.

The construction is a system of a single gerund and dependent words that are attached to it. The rest of the parameters for the turnover remain the same as for the single gerund. It is primarily about the questions it answers, as well as its role in the proposal. Punctuation marks in sentences with participles can be in several positions.

Assume that the sentence contains this part of speech. Then in the same sentence there must be a predicate expressed by a verb. It will denote the main ongoing action, while the participle or participle turnover will supplement this action with some, if you like, explanations or clarifications.

Participial turnover. Punctuation marks in participial turnover

It should be said right away that the punctuation marks will have some nuances. There are some algorithms that will allow you to understand in most cases. However, sometimes the rules become powerless in the case of those sentences when, it would seem, a comma should be present, but in fact it is not. Only intuition can help here, because the rules do not explain such cases in any way. But we will deal with this later, and now let's talk about something else.

Using a participle turnover, a person must be clearly aware that in this case the main action (expressed by the verb, the role of which is the predicate) and the additional action (expressed by our favorite participle turnover) are related to the same person.

It is worth noting the fact that such constructions often take place in one-part sentences of a definite personal type. Moreover, the predicate in such a sentence can be expressed by a verb in the imperative mood. This, by the way, means that the subject in the sentence will be quite easy to find.

Another nuance: you can also use the adverbial turnover in impersonal sentences. At the same time, it will have a connection with the infinitive verb.

Examples of adverbial phrases in sentences

1) Quietly, almost crouching to the very ground, he passed by, not taking his eyes off the object of his observation.

2) They swore for a long time, using sharp words that do not have the best meaning, and then she left, slamming the door in goodbye.

3) And who would have thought that, having finally decided to put his room in order, he would find what he had been missing for so long, which he had almost forgotten about?

4) Seeing a pack of dogs, the cat not only climbed a tree - she almost flew up on it.

5) Having released the clubs from under the wheels, the tires sharply scratched the asphalt and, with a long roar, made a quick leap forward.

Punctuation marks

Punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover are placed in various cases. Their use is subject to rules and exceptions. Usually they depend on where the adverbial phrase is in the sentence. Punctuation marks in adverbial turnover can be placed on one side (if the turnover is located at the very beginning or end of the sentence), on both sides (if the turnover is located in the middle of the sentence), and may also not be put at all (if there is an exception to the rule).

In general, many sources say that turnover is always isolated, in any position. This is not true, since there are exceptions, as well as some clauses that prohibit punctuation in adverbial phrases. They are few, no doubt, but they are still there. Let's try to figure out what these cases are.

When is the adverbial turnover not isolated?

Punctuation marks in the adverbial turnover do not take place if the turnover itself merges in meaning with the main action. When should it not be used?

First, if the main and additional actions refer to different words. Example: “Having run the distance faster than anyone else, the finisher’s shoes fell into disrepair.” Such a sentence, or rather, the use of this participle in such a sentence would be a violation of syntactic norms. Compare this sentence with the following: "Having run the distance faster than anyone else, the finisher soon celebrated his triumph."

You can not use the gerund and adverbial turnover if there is no infinitive in the impersonal sentence. That is, in this case, the design simply will not be attributed to anything. At the same time, in such a sentence there may be a combination made up of a pronoun or a noun playing the role of an object and a verb-predicate. Example: “Looking at the weather outside the window, I immediately felt sad.” This is also a violation of syntactic norms. It will be correct in this case: “Looking at the weather outside, I immediately became sad.”

It is forbidden to use the construction if it belongs to the passive participles. It turns out that the subject of the action, which is indicated by the gerund, and the subject of the action, which is expressed by the predicate, do not coincide with each other. Example: “The ball, having flown away from the stadium, was nevertheless caught.” Here the error lies in the fact that one revolution refers to the ball that has flown away, and the second revolution refers to the people who caught it.

Conclusion

So what have we learned in this article? Firstly, that punctuation marks in sentences with a participial turn can be placed differently, depending on its location in the sentence. That is, they can stand on one side (if the turnover is located at the beginning / end of the sentence), or they can stand on both sides at once (if the turnover is located in the middle of the sentence). Secondly, punctuation marks in gerunds and participles are put in the same way. Thirdly, punctuation is regulated by syntactic norms. Fourthly, I would like to finally note the similarity of the staging, which punctuation marks have in participle and participle turnover.

Participles and participles- these are the same "bookish" constructions, like participles and participial phrases. This syntactic phenomenon is more characteristic of the literary and official business style. In colloquial and informal speech, this phenomenon is not welcome, it is better to replace and simplify it. participle constructions, which greatly clutter up conversational speech.

Still, sometimes you can't avoid use of adverbial phrase, as well as the use of official business style (in statements, explanatory, etc.), so you need to be aware of the following features of the use of gerunds and gerunds.

• The action, which is expressed by the adverbial turnover, refers only to the current subject. Often this rule is violated, and even the classics were noticed in making such mistakes. So, A.P. Chekhov in one of his stories cites Yarmonkin's entry as an example: « driving up to this station and looking to nature through the window, I have flew off hat". Due to the incorrect location of the adverbial turnover, one might get the impression that this hat was looking out the window, although this fact does not make sense, since Yarmonkin was looking out the window. The correct sentence would be:

driving up to the station and looking at the window, I lost hat.

Exception.

Sometimes gerunds may refer to the infinitive of a verb that expresses the action of another person:

His house was full of guests ready amuse his lordly idleness, dividing noisy and sometimes violent amusements. (A.S. Pushkin)

In this sentence, the participle dividing refers to the infinitive amuse.

• When using the form "based on" participial turnover also may not apply to the subject, since this turnover is more perceived as a preposition, and not as a participle:

Findings about student success were made, based evaluation results.

• Because of gerund refers to the subject, the use of adverbial phrases in impersonal sentences is not possible:

When I went for a morning run, I felt happy.

This sentence is meaningless and grammatically incorrect. The following sentence would be correct: When I was doing my morning run, I felt joyful.

• Also, for the above reason, it is forbidden use of adverbs in passive constructions:

Leaving the encirclement, the soldier was wounded in the leg.

In order to make this sentence correct, it is necessary to replace the passive construction with a real one: When leaving the encirclement, the soldier was wounded in the leg.

• It is not recommended to combine gerunds as homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as to combine them into homogeneous constructions with a circumstance or predicate:

She is, wrapped up in a scarf and having closed face with a veil, looked like a frightened sparrow.

• Also, do not use gerunds in sentences where the role of the predicate is played by the verb of the future tense:

Back to my hometown, I first of all meet with classmates.

Despite the fact that this construction is not a blunder, it is still better to simplify it: When I return to my hometown, the first thing I will do is meet my classmates.

The position of the adverbial turnover in the sentence.

Participial turnover can be placed relatively freely in a sentence. Despite this, there are some tendencies to place the gerund before or after the predicate in the sentence:

• After verb-predicate a gerund is usually put, which has the meaning of the subsequent action: Elena slipped and fell, dislocated ankle(she first slipped and fell, and as a result she sprained her ankle).

• Before verb-predicate a gerund is put, which indicates that the action was performed before the one expressed by the verb-predicate. Sometimes such a gerund may also indicate the reason for the action that is expressed by the predicate:

Delivery passport, me held out to his verifier. Overjoyed, girl loud laughed.

Semantic relations of the gerund participle and the verb-predicate.

Semantic relations of the gerund and the verb-predicate is an important factor that influences the use of a gerund:

1. Perfect participles denote an action that preceded the action expressed by the predicate: Sighing relieved, she opened eyes.
2. Imperfect participles are usually used to emphasize the simultaneity in which actions occur, expressed both by the gerund and the predicate: sobbing out of resentment, she climbed up on my knees.

At distinction between perfect and imperfect participles it is worth paying special attention to the order of words in a sentence, lexical connections and other nuances. Failure to comply with these norms will lead to semantic and grammatical inaccuracies:

Running up to me, the dog licked my nose. In this sentence, a mistake was made, since the dog first ran up and then licked his nose. But the gerund "running up" It has imperfect form, which should mean simultaneity of actions, which cannot be, based on the meaning of the sentence.

The participle turnover is formed from the participle with dependent words. He acts in the sentence as a circumstance and answers the questions: “Why? How? When? For what purpose? How?" To such a construction, one can pose questions: “What are you doing? Having done what? In writing, the adverbial turnover is always separated by commas. It means an additional, clarifying action. If in one sentence there are two adverbial phrases united by the union "and", then a comma is not placed between them. The adverbial turnover is a form characteristic of written speech. Therefore, it is more common in business letters, scientific papers, and literary works. In oral speech, such a turnover is not used, since it is inconvenient and inappropriate in it.

Examples

• “The husband, without taking his eyes off the monitor, clicked the seeds.”
• “The cat, blissfully stretching and purring contentedly, settled down on the computer desk.”
• "Without showing her embarrassment, she continued to speak."

Possible mistakes

• The adverbial phrase must refer to the same noun as the verb. Otherwise, errors appear that contradict the norms of the Russian language. An example of an incorrect use of turnover: "Returning to my homeland, I became depressed." In order for the proposal to be consistent, it needs to be restructured. For example, like this: “Returning to my homeland, I became sad.”
• If there is no verb in the sentence, the adverbial turnover becomes inappropriate. Example: "I'm doing well, passing the exam, so I got the highest score." It will be correct like this: “I focused and remembered everything I know while taking the exam, so I got the highest score.”
• In impersonal sentences, mistakes are often made like: "Even sitting by the fireplace, I'm cold." It is better in this case to say: "Even sitting near the fireplace, I did not get warm."
• In indefinitely personal sentences, the participle must be referred to the implied person. Otherwise, it will be erroneous: "After graduating, graduates were sent to practice." It would be more correct to say: “After graduating, the graduates went to practice.”

Exceptions

If the adverbial turnover is part of a phraseological unit, then it is not distinguished by commas: "She listened to him with bated breath." If the gerund loses its verbal meaning and acts as a complex preposition (usually, in such cases, the words are used: starting, looking, from such and such time, in accordance, on the basis), the turnover is not isolated. For example: "You can get down to business starting on Monday." "We will act according to the situation." Here the words "beginning" and "looking" can be easily removed without losing the meaning of the statement. If the word cannot be thrown out of the sentence, that is, it clarifies the action, then the turnover is isolated.

Do not confuse

The participial and participle turns differ from each other in that the first is distinguished by commas only if it is after the main word, and the second is always, except in exceptional cases. Also, the participial turnover is checked by the fact that it can be started with the words “what, which”. For example: “The book that lay on the table was read by me from cover to cover a long time ago.” Here one could express it like this: "The book that lies on the table ..."

Participial turnover- This is a speech construction consisting of a gerund and words dependent on it. The adverbial phrase indicates an additional action that is performed by a noun or pronoun (represented by the subject in the sentence), and usually refers to a verb (predicate).

Answers the questions - What do you do? Having done what?

Suggestion example: Without opening my eyes, I enjoyed the morning birdsong. The green line underlines the adverbial turnover, and the red line - the verb-predicate to which it refers.

The participle as a part of speech, as well as the rules for using participles, are studied in the 7th grade.

What is an adverbial phrase in a sentence?

As a rule, in a sentence, the adverbial turnover performs the syntactic role of a circumstance and is separated by commas.

Examples:
Smoke, enveloping houses, went up (rose up - how? - enveloping the houses).
I take notes while reading a book (making notes - when? - reading a book).
I thought problem solving (thinking - when? - solving the problem).

Simple sentences with adverbial phrases are usually called sentences with a complicated isolated circumstance.

Spelling of adverbial turnover

In sentences, the adverbial turnover is distinguished by commas on both sides (separated) regardless of the position in which it is located relative to the verb-predicate. In addition, adverbial phrases in a sentence are always separated from conjunctions by commas.

Examples:
I took the book going to closet.
drinking water I quenched my thirst.
We have worked hard and done with business decided to take a break.

Exception. If the adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit, then in the sentence it is not separated by commas. Examples: I ran headlong. They work slipshod.

Note! The adverbial turnover is used only in cases where it denotes an additional action of the same person (object, phenomenon) as the main verb. In other cases, the adverbial turnover is not used. An example of a violation when using a participial turnover: Choosing fruits, I liked red apples(subject - apples, predicate - liked, participial turnover choosing fruit semantically refers to the secondary member of the sentence to me).

Sentence examples

• He ran out, slamming the door behind him.
• The driver, noticing the prohibitory signal of a traffic light, pressed the brake pedal.
• Be sure to complete practice assignments while preparing for the exam.
• Resting in the forest, remember about fire safety.
• When buying products, you should look at the expiration date.

An example of incorrect use of the adverbial turnover:

Approaching the apartment, rustles were heard outside the door.

The main action is performed by rustles (rustles were heard). But the action of the adverbial turnover (Going up to the apartment) is directed to another object (for example, he or I). Here they are often mistaken, because the main and additional actions are performed by different objects, and according to the rules, the adverbial turnover and the verb-predicate must denote the actions of one person or object. This is a common mistake when using the adverbial phrase in a sentence.