Participle turnover theory. Violation in the construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
1. Having rested from the evil chase, feeling their homeland, the Don horses already drink the Arpchai stream.
2. An eagle from a distant rising peak soars motionless with me on a par.
3. I sat down in a chair and, while relaxing, watched how he fell silent as he went out.
4. The clerk sitting there gave one of the soldiers paper soaked in tobacco smoke.
5. The house surrounded by an old garden looked like a country palace.
6. The low-hanging sun was crushed in the foliage of trees.
7. The city shrouded in mist makes a quiet noise.
8. He worked tirelessly.
2) Choose the correct answer - a grammatically correct sentence with a participial phrase:
1. Seeing me ....
2.it was fun.
3.my friend smiled.
4. the walls of the houses seemed familiar to me.
hanging over the tops of the poplars / was already pouring rain. - // the participial turnover is highlighted, x is the main word.
1. The park descended to the river, overgrown with green reeds. 2. The thick fog that descended on the sea broke for a few minutes. 3. Large electric bulbs hanging from the ceiling in the center of the long hall went out one by one. 4. Not large bright eyes, burning with an alarming fire, were serious.
2) Change two_three sentences so that the participial phrase comes before the word being defined. Do I need to put a comma in this case?
Sample: / Hanging over the tops of poplars / cloud x was already pouring rain. - // the participial turnover is highlighted, x is the main word.
Insert the missing letters. Break out the commas. Underline the definition expressed by the participial phrase.I know Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin as a person in love ... with every flower, every bush, every tree .. in our Russian forest and field rivers .. vniny.
Task number 4
Make 5 sentences with participles or participles.
a) two or more participles in a sentence,
b) participle with dependent words,
c) participle with a defined word.
2) What is the participial turnover in the sentence?
a) subject, b) definition, c) addition.
3) Find a sentence in which the participial turnover is not separated by commas:
a) I listened to the murmur of water flowing in the banks overgrown with sedge.
b) Suddenly I noticed two birds flying straight towards the waterfall.
c) The detachment was built on the edge of the forest approaching the school site.
d) Surrounded by a gray mist, the birds went astray.
a) The conversation started, interrupted too early, was not resumed.
b) In some places, ice floes sparkling in the sun swayed smoothly on the waves.
c) From the recently awakened valleys, fragrant freshness blew.
d) A small wooden house, painted with pink paint, stood in the middle of the garden.
a) Two scouts / paving the way for the infantry / went to the nearest approaches to the Vistula.
b) Volodya caught with a spoon / a steaming potato /.
c) The sky was all in the stars / emitting an even quiet light /.
d) / Strawberries covered from above / with needles are difficult to notice at first glance.
a) Alexey lies on a striped mattress stuffed with straw.
b) As an old friend, who found the pilot in the forest, Sanka walked solidly behind the stretcher.
c) Fedka looks greedily at the pieces of sugar whitening on the table, and noisily sucks in his saliva.
d) Grandfather looked at the shore, flooded with sun and poorly bordered by rare bushes.
a) Motherland! I see her vast fields rippling with harvest.
b) The country that gave birth to us is vast and diverse, rivers are inexhaustible and full-flowing, mountains are high.
c) The sultry steppes are wide, the Siberian taiga is impassable, stretching out over the ocean, the cities scattered in our country are crowded.
d) Many languages are spoken by the people who inhabited this majestic country, spacious blue distances, calls and wonderful songs of the people living in it.
Behind their house was a rather large garden (1) ending in a grove (2) long abandoned (3) and heavily overgrown.
a) 1, b) 1.2, c) 2.3 d) 1.3.
Test "participial turnover".
Option number 2.
1) Indicate the correct condition for the separation of participial turnover:
a) comes before the word being defined
b) comes after the word being defined,
c) always, regardless of the place in the sentence.
2) What is a short participle in a sentence?
a) subject, b) definition, c) predicate.
3) Find a sentence in which the participial turnover is separated by commas:
a) Through the eyes of my father, I saw the majestic world of my native nature opening before me.
b) In the withered grass, yellowed from rain and wind, a fox carefully made its way.
c) The heavy door of the yurt upholstered with horseskin lifted up in the wall.
d) The smoke that corrodes eyes and nostrils still hung over the deciduous trees uprooted from the ground.
4) Find a sentence with a punctuation error.
a) Human life can be compared to a stream that originates in the bowels of the earth.
b) A flock of guys stood at the fence, knocked together from signs.
c) A tall geologist walked in front in a sun-bleached suit.
d) Once the shepherds noticed crows slowly circling over the ravine.
5) Indicate in which sentences the boundaries of participle turnover are incorrectly indicated (punctuation marks are not placed):
a) Ivan suggested climbing a clay mound / overgrown with bushes / and looking at the river.
b) /Brightly blazing sparks/ looked like big stars.
c) Occasionally, night rustles / sounds muffled by the forest / were heard.
d) The instinct / developed in him during the days of forest life / alarmed him.
6) Indicate the sentences in which punctuation marks are correctly placed:
a) The plane was standing behind the forest on the ice of a forest lake, melted from the edges, but still strong.
b) The light reflected by the snow blinded Alexei.
c) Near the stretcher, he saw a restrained smiling face of the commander.
d) The forest, having finally shaken off the remnants of the night darkness, stood up in all its grandeur.
7) Indicate sentences with a punctuation error:
a) They say that there is no tastier than our bread, especially Moscow pastries just brought from bakeries.
b) Tasty hot pastries breathing unique flavors.
c) Here are different rolls, sprinkled with poppy seeds, challah, rye bread, bagels, snapped up instantly.
d) The road turned to the right, and a path leading into the distance appeared to the left.
8) Indicate the numbers in place of which you need to put commas.
The sun was bright and high above the bay (1) playing with (2) standing ships and (3) moving sails.
a) 1, b) 1.2, c) 2.3 d) 1.3.
You have studied the section of morphology that deals with a special form of the verb - the gerund. In the lesson, you will be able to repeat the morphological features of the participle, which combines the features of a verb and an adverb. You will also remember the rules for separating and using gerunds, writing gerunds with the particle NOT, and the stylistic use of gerunds.
The adverbial turnover may not indicate the actions of the subject:
a) if it refers to an infinitive indicating the action of another person: He asked to talk about the trip, giving as many details as possible.
b) if it is used in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive: When moving on to a new topic, you should start by explaining the basic concepts.
Rice. 2. Particle NOT with different parts of speech ()
Participles are written with a negative particle NOTapart, except in cases when the gerund is not used without NOT.
For example: perplexed, indignant, hating.
gerund despite spelled with NOT separately, and the suggestion in spite of spelled with NOT together.
Compare:
He spoke without looking up and despite on those present. He went out in spite of the indignation of those present.
Participle turns are mainly part of book speech. They are characterized by great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in the language of fiction. This feature of adverbial constructions is evident from the following example:
Writer Dmitry Vasilievich Grigorovich, talking about his literary endeavors, recalls a conversation with F.M. Dostoevsky. “It was written like this for me: When the hurdy-gurdy stops playing, the official throws a penny from the window, which falls at the organ grinder's feet. “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not at all! It turns out too dry for you: the nickel fell at your feet ... I should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing ... ”This remark - I remember very well - was a whole revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing - it comes out much more picturesque, finishes the movement ... "
Homework
№ 181; № 184; № 185 (Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook.- M.:Education, 2012 ) .
Exercise: Write off the text by inserting missing commas and opening parentheses. Underline the adverbial phrases.
In the pack that winter, a young she-wolf (not) forgot her childish amusements. During the day, the wolves curled up in balls and dozed, and she jumped up, circled, trampling down the snow and woke up the old people. The wolves (not) although they rose, poked their cold noses at her, and she jokingly snapped, biting their legs. The old wolves curled up and looked at the young naughty girl without raising their heads.
One night, the she-wolf got up and ran into the field, and after her, sticking out their tongues, the old people began to shake. The wolves remained lying then and they ran after the pack.
The wolves ran along the road, and behind them shadows glided breaking in the snow. The snow in the rays of the moon shone with diamonds. From the village came the sound of bells. It seemed that the stars that fell from the sky rang as they rolled down the road. The wolves, tied up to their belly, retreated into the field and lay down with their muzzles turned towards the village. (125 words) (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Didactic materials. Section "Gernal participle"
Rules of the Russian language. General participle.
Lectures and electronic textbooks. General participle.
4. Site about Russian language and literature ().
Stylistics of parts of speech. General participle.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. etc. “Russian language. 7th grade". Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade". Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012
Participial turnover A turnover consisting of a participle and words dependent on it. From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun.(Korolenko). The adverbial turnover indicates the action related to the subject of this sentence. The deviations from this norm encountered by classical writers are either Gallicisms or the result of the influence of the vernacular... Having the right to choose weapons, his life was in my hands(Pushkin). Passing on the way back for the first time in the spring familiar birch grove, my head began to spin and my heart began to beat from a vague sweet expectation.(Turgenev), a) if it refers to an infinitive indicating the action of another person. His house was always full of guests, ready to amuse his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements.(Pushkin); b) if it refers to a participle or gerund, denoting an action, the subject of which does not coincide with the subject of the action expressed by the predicate. She did not answer him, thoughtfully following the play of the waves that ran up to the shore, swaying the heavy longboat.(Bitter). But Klim saw that Lida, listening to her father's stories, pursed her lips, did not believe them.(Bitter); c) if used in an impersonal sentence with an infiative. It would be good now to lie undressed, covered with an overcoat, and think about the village and about our own people.(Kuprin). In these cases, the sentence has neither a grammatical nor a logical subject. If the latter is presented in the form of a dative subject, but there is no infinitive in the sentence to which the adverbial turnover could be attributed, then its use violates the norm (“Come to the forest, I feel cold”). Such constructions in writers have an individual character. Convinced that he could not understand this, he became bored(L. Tolstoy). After reading the story carefully, I think that there are no editorial amendments in it.(Bitter). Participle turns are mainly part of book speech. Their undoubted advantage in comparison with their parallel subordinate adverbial clauses lies in their brevity and dynamism. They are also characterized by great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in the language of fiction .. This feature of participle constructions is visible from the following example. The writer D. I. Grigorovich, talking about his literary undertakings, recalls that his essay "Petersburg Organ Grinders" earned the approval of F. M. Dostoevsky, but the latter did not like one place in the chapter "The Organ Grinder's Public". “For me,” writes Grigorovich, “it was written like this: When the barrel organ stops playing, the official from the window throws a nickel, which falls at the organ grinder’s feet. “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not at all! It turns out too dry for you: the nickel fell at your feet ... I should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing ... ”This remark - I remember very well - was a whole revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing - it comes out much more picturesque, finishes the movement ... ”
Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .
See what "participle turnover" is in other dictionaries:
participial turnover- s. In syntactic style: a semi-predicative isolated phrase with the main member a gerund. Formally, grammatically, the participle adjoins the predicate (usually the conjugated form of the verb), and by meaning it also refers to the subject, ... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms
participial turnover- 1) A syntactic construction containing a gerund and dependent words. 2) One of the stylistic means used in book styles of speech, in particular, in scientific speech. For example: Moreover, knowing this, you can also compose ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Turnover, m. 1. Full circle of rotation, circular turn. Wheel turnover. The shaft makes 20 revolutions per minute. || Moving back and forth, returning to the starting point. Accelerate the turnover of wagons. 2. A single stage, a complete process in a sequential ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Same as construction. Participial turnover. Infinitive turnover. Participial … Dictionary of linguistic terms
TURN, ah, husband. 1. see wrap, sya, turn, turn, turn, sya. 2. Use, use. Let in about. anniversary coin. Went into Fr. new word. 3. A separate part, a separate link, a stage of what n. activities, the development of which n ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
turnover- a; m. see also. reversible, turnover 1) a) Full circle of rotation; circular turn. Rev/t wheels. The number of revolutions per minute. Turn the key two turns... Dictionary of many expressions
BUT; m. 1. Full circle of rotation; circular turn. O. wheels. The number of revolutions per minute. Turn the key two turns. // Spec. Flipping from one side to the other, reverse. Plowing with seam turnover. // pl.: revolutions, ov. Specialist. unfold O… … encyclopedic Dictionary
participle- see gerund; oh, oh. A gerund / participle (a circumstance expressed by a gerund with words that depend on it) ... Dictionary of many expressions
Separate circumstances
Separate circumstances- 1. The participial turnover, as a rule, is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Walking next to him, she was silent, looked at him with curiosity and surprise (Bitter); The joy of entering into one... A guide to spelling and style
Books
- A set of tables. Russian language. Morphology. 15 tables, . Educational album of 15 sheets. Art. 5-8681-015. Morphological analysis of the word as a part of speech. Isolation of morphological features of nouns and adjectives by comparison. ...
Participles are one of the most difficult topics in the Russian language. Many cannot even see the error in constructing a sentence with a gerund and participle.
I'll tell you a secret, even great writers made these mistakes in gerunds; rather, errors in the use of the gerund in a sentence. Want to write better than some famous writers? Then read this article.
To start, some definitions
These are not official definitions, they are given only so that you understand what I mean by this or that word. What is a sentence member, what is a part of speech, and what is neither one nor the other, is not important now.
- Verb (predicate) - expresses the main action. Answers the question: What does it do? (did, will do, etc.).
- The subject (subject) performs this main action. Answers the question: Who? Or What?
- The participle - denotes an additional action that performs (attention!) THE SAME SUBJECT. Answers the questions: Doing what? Having done what? The participle is formed from verbs, so we can always easily turn it back into a verb. For example, walking - walking, smiling - smiling.
Note! This is extremely important: the same subject performs both the main (verb) and additional (germs) action within the framework of one simple sentence.
And a rule that will help you see violations in the construction of a sentence with a gerund and participle:
In other words,
The verb and participle in the same sentence must refer to the same subject.
Do you understand? If a frog is already sitting, then it also winks:
Winking slyly, a frog was sitting on the path.
It's all. If you understand this, the lesson is over. But still, check yourself with the suggestions below.
For those who do not understand, I want to help hear the music of sentences that use the gerund. Then you will see. Then you will start to warp from incorrectly composed phrases, like from false notes.
Most often, mistakes are made when the author himself does not clearly understand what or who is the subject of actions. So let's start training this understanding. I propose to practice like this: below I will give sentences with adverbial phrases and ask them to parse them according to the following scheme:
More parsing examples:
IMAGINING MYSELF A POET, I SING NON-CORRECT SONGS (Tasha Sun).
1. Main action: sang.
2. Who sang? - I.
3. Additional action: imagining. What else did I do? - imagined.
4. 1) I sang and 2) I imagined
5. Everything seems to be logical.
“WHILE APPROACHING TO THIS STATION AND LOOKING AT THE NATURE OUT THE WINDOW, MY HAT FLEW OFF. I. Yarmonkin "(A.P. Chekhov)
1. Main action: flew off.
2. What flew off? - Hat.
3. Additional action: Driving up and looking. What else did the hat do? - drove up and looked.
4. Two simple sentences with one subject: 1) The hat fell off. 2) The hat drove up and looked.
5. What's wrong with her? 🙂
I hope this will amuse you.
And here are examples of sentences with participles and participles:
1. Having said this, he went out.
2. The car, having raced, left a lot of smoke.
3. Entering the room, we can see a luxurious office.
4. Reading a lot of texts, I began to notice ...
5. Sliding on the morning snow, dear friend, let's indulge in running ...
6. Having overcome resistance, an incredible breakthrough awaits you in all areas.
7. Having bought a ticket, you have a chance to win a trip to the sea!
8. (I could not make an appointment at all.) And finally, having made an appointment, they called me back.
9. Desiring an increase in the flow of money, this is done to the detriment of other components of this energy, such as: luck, luck and health.
10. Putting on a dress, it sat down, as if sewn according to patterns.
11. Violating the instructions, the efficiency of your work drops significantly.
So what is it? How to distinguish it from an accomplice? What punctuation marks does it stand out in writing? What questions does it answer? What difficulties can arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.
The adverbial turnover, like the participial, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerund and related dependent words. Answers the questions of the participle: what are you doing? having done what? and denotes an additional action of the object / person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the proposal he is separate member, or rather, a separate circumstance.
Dot-dash (dash-dot) is underlined. You can also ask questions of circumstance:
- how?
- when?
- for what purpose?
- why?
They can be given both from the predicate, and in some cases from participle or participial turnover.
Examples
Commas when using a participial phrase in a sentence
The adverbial turnover, in contrast to the participle, always separated with commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define the boundaries. The participle turnover includes all dependent words related to this participle.
For example, in the sentence "The opponent who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind" it is the expression "ahead of me at the start", and not just "ahead of me." Since the words "at the start" are also dependent on the participle, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.
When it is at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if it is located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sentence completion sign.
The exceptions are the adverbial phrases that are part of phraseological unit. When a turnover is a part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, those cases when several participial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the union “and” do not fall under this rule on setting commas. Then there are no commas. With punctuation marks, everything is very clear here, but there are often errors associated with the incorrect use of adverbial phrases.
Construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover. Possible mistakes
The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it says that an additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you can't say, "As I approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door." After all, the subjects here are a growl and a howl, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But there was no way they could approach the house, it was some other person who did it.
Thus, this sentence can be rebuilt into a grammatically more correct complex sentence: "When I / he / she approached / approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door."
You need to be careful when using the adverbial turnover in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by the infinitive, and in the second - by the verb of the third person. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is built incorrectly, since the participle implies the action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.
In an impersonal sentence, the adverbial turnover can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person performing both the main and side actions is absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, "I need to do this work as soon as possible, using all possible materials."
These are the main mistakes in coordinating the adverbial turnover with the basis of the sentence. They can often be found in our speech, as we sometimes do not attach due importance to this. But in vain, because the inaccurate use of the adverbial turnover leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.
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