Hyphen spelling of adjectives. Continuous and hyphenated spelling of adjectives

compound adjectives formed from compound nouns written together, for example: chronicle (chronicle), local history (local history);
compound adjectives formed from such combinations of words in which one word is subordinate in meaning to another (connected in a way of agreement, control or adjunction), for example: widescreen (wide screen), iron foundry (iron casting), precocious (which will sing soon).

Notes
Compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, should be distinguished from ordinary phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle), written APART, For example: diametrically opposite, purely Russian, bad hidden, distinctly expressed. In the sentence, the first part of the combinations acts as a separate member of the sentence (answers questions as? in what degree? how?).
As the first part of such phrases are adverbs absolutely ( absolutely calm), impeccably ( impeccably honest), vital ( vital necessary), originally ( primordially Russian), true ( true revolutionary), authentic ( truly scientific), straight ( straight opposite), sharply ( sharp negative), fatal ( deadly poisonous, deadly pale), strictly ( strictly logical) and others
APART phrases are written that include adverbs in -ski , For example: historically important.
A number of compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from adverbs, is written ONE. Such adjectives are bookish in nature and are often terms, denoting a single, integral concept, for example: highly ideological(spectacle), highly qualified(specialist), the above(example), easily soluble(material), insignificant(fact), promising(experiment), following(review), visually impaired(Human), hard to reach(climb). If dependent words are used with such adjectives, then the adverb and adjective are usually written separately (that is, they become a phrase). Compare: promising student(= very talented, promising) — student, very promising but not fulfilling its obligations; hard to reach (= almost inaccessible) vertex — hard to reach even for experienced climbers.

Write with a hyphen:

compound adjectives formed from names, for example: northeastern (northeast), Orekhovo-Zuevsky (Orekhovo-Zuyevo);
compound adjectives formed from combinations of words that are equal in meaning, independent of each other (related by the way of composition), for example: interest-free deposits(interest-free, but winning), scientific and technical progress(scientific and technical), spinning and weaving factory(spinning and weaving), blue-white-red flag(blue, white and red) (in these cases, a union can be inserted between the words from which the compound adjective is formed and or but );
compound adjectives denoting shades of colors, for example: bright blue, silver grey, lemon yellow, dark brown, yellow red;
compound adjectives, the first part of which is formed from foreign words and ends in -iko , For example: chemical-technological, physical-mathematical, mechanical-mathematical(but: great Russian, high society).

Notes
with a hyphen complex adjectives denoting quality are written with an additional connotation, for example: bitter-salty(salty and bitter) respectfully polite(polite and respectful).
with a hyphen a number of complex adjectives are written, parts of which denote heterogeneous features, for example: military revolutionary the committee(military revolutionary), mass-political Job(mass political), popular science magazine(scientific popular). It should be borne in mind that among complex adjectives there are many traditional spellings, for example: world-historical(but: world famous), national liberation(but: economic). Therefore, if in doubt about spelling, you should refer to the spelling dictionary.

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§ 80. Compound adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from conjointly spelled complex nouns, for example: tap water(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture) Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words, subordinate to one another in their meaning, for example: railway(Railway), economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(difficult in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling the rails) nationwide(common to the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); this also includes denoting a single concept of education (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: obscure, nearby, burning, highly respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Compound adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly concealed, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: abdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); also - deaf-mute.

§ 81. Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of names and surnames, as well as from the names of settlements, which are combinations of names and surnames, names and patronymics, for example: diesel-engine, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, north-eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollanovsky, Walter-Scottovsky, Lev-Tolstoy, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Amudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-komsomol, gardening, meat-and-milk, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(vocabulary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional connotation, for example: booming-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark blond, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north and north, south and south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), mass political(Job), vocabulary and technical(the Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-cloddy-silty, oblong-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is self-, self- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

Hyphenated and continuous spelling of complex adjectives

Russian language lesson in 6th grade

Lesson Objectives:

Formation of knowledge of spelling of complex adjectives,

Develop analytical thinking, memory of students

To promote the education of a responsible attitude to educational work.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

2. Checking homework

What are the homework questions?

Children, under dictation on pieces of paper, write down phrases with adjectives, where -НН- is written:

wooden products

duck nose

with an ordinary cutter

glass decanter

leather briefcase

tin soldier

Sandy shore

windless day

peat bog

thatched roof

Children must write out the numbers 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10.

3. Preparation for learning new material

At the break, the teacher distributes printed texts (one per desk) - an excerpt from the work of I.A. Bunin

In the excerpt of the text, which is photocopied for each student, it is proposed to highlight the words that help Bunin to convey the color and shades of colors.

One child reads aloud:

…Above us, in the bottomless depths, the fabrics of the clouds were painted in a soft crimson color. And in a moment everything changed: the east wind turned blue-lilac, the sea above it - deep purple. And the streaks in the sunset sky flared up more and more.

The teacher immediately asks:

– What is this text about? (About nature, about the onset of evening, sunset)

Let's find adjectives denoting shades of color and write them out in a notebook:

Gentle raspberry Blue-lilac deep purple

What is special about these adjectives? The peculiarity lies in the fact that these adjectives are written with a hyphen.

4. Explanation of new material

The teacher, following the child, clearly pronounces the rule: complex adjectives denoting shades of colors, additional shades of quality or attribute are always written with a hyphen. The emphasis is always on the word.

For example:pale blue, sweet-sour, blue-black, etc.

The teacher offers to open the textbook for the children (textbook grade 6 M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya) and get acquainted with the rule of writing adjectives with a hyphen.

One child reads aloud and comments on the rule, coming up with their own examples.

A hyphen is used if a compound adjective is formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen:in the textbooksouthwestern (southwest) , your example:northeast (northeast);

A hyphen is used if a complex adjective is formed by adding equal words, between which a union can be insertedand:

Example: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), Russian-English (Russian and English).

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase: railway (railway).

The teacher now asks you to complete the following task:

It is necessary to divide the notebook into two parts (filling in the table for the passed rule, the teacher has previously drawn or projected on the board):

Task: fill in the table with your examples.

Continuous spelling of adjectives

Hyphenated adjectives

In a notebook for writing words, we write out difficult words with a green pen that you need to remember:socially useful and socio-political.

5. Primary fastening

The teacher reads a hint poem, the children listen carefully and write out complex adjectives, then explain how they wrote and by what rule:

Dark blond boy Went to the northeast So he was tired in the evening, What has become lemon yellow, But I managed to understand Where to insert a hyphen in words. Will you remember our lesson At school, the teacher will say: "This guy is a head!"
("Baby Monitor")

The guys write:dark blond, northeast, lemon yellow.

(Most often, children fall for the trick and write out the northeast as an adjective).

Children explanation:

Dark blond - a complex adjective denotes a shade of color, therefore it is written with a hyphen.
lemon yellow - a complex adjective denotes a shade of color, therefore it is written with a hyphen.

What part of speech isnortheast ?

Students' reasoning:

A noun, you can form a compound adjective from it -northeastern , which will be written with a hyphen.

The word is written on the boardbitter-salty , the teacher asks the question: how will we reason when writing a complex adjective?

This is a compound adjective formed from two independent words between which a conjunction can be insertedand bitter and salty, so this adjective is written with a hyphen.

According to the textbook, the following exercise is performed orally in a chain:

(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (medium) age-old, (tight) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (steam locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow) red, (three) meter, (garden) garden, (rail) rolling, (north) western, (forty) kilometer, (ancient) Russian, (factory) factory, (cotton) paper, (two) room, (cast iron) foundry.

We open the notebook of Bogdanova G.A. p.39, exercise 79:

One of the students reads the task: mark the main word and the dependent word in the phrases and form adjectives from them:

Far East - Ancient Rome - (languages) of the Eastern Slavs - Black hair - Long legs (crane) - Broad shoulders (boys) - (house) from large paila -

The teacher asks randomly.

Guys, complex adjectives denoting shades of color or combinations of colors help to “see” the diversity, diversity of the world around us.

In the works of I.A. Bunin - the great master of the word - such adjectives are very often used (we have already considered them in part today).

Write out compound adjectives along with nouns from examples taken from the writer's works. Insert the missing letters, open the brackets:

(Green) silver light,
(In) perceptible light
Sunrise ... t above the ground.

(Transparently) pale, as in spring,
Next ... zit ... snow is (not) a long cold.
Suddenly lightning lit up the whole thicket
Mysterious… and (pale) blue light.

…There are blocks of (well ... lto) ashy stones.

And berries (hazy) blue
On dry juniper.
…Only the sea in the summer ... calm
Still pouring ... t affectionately on the reefs
(Azure) phosphorus dust.

In the family, a stallion ... m (grey) of iron color was proud.

The crescent of the moon, (cloudy) red and drooping to one side,
Swayed at the edge of the sky.

In the clearings, in a sunny ... brilliance, cobwebs sparkled and (light) golden maples glowed motionlessly.

Weakly glimmer ... t (bluish) leaden light of the fading day.

Students perform independently, the teacher checks three students, puts marks, and checks out loud with the rest.

6. Summary of the lesson

Let's say the rule again when complex adjectives are written together, and when separately:

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of a phrase.

Railway< железная дорога

Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

indicate shades of colors: yellow-blue

formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: southwestern< юго-запад

The word is formed from a combination of independent words: gardening< сад и огород.

There are words to remember:

public benefit Socio-political

7. Homework

The teacher writes homework on the blackboard. Homework at the discretion of the teacher. For example, ex. 309. Complex adjectives must be written in one column, and adjectives written with a hyphen in another column. One of the students is reading the assignment. The teacher checks if everyone understands how to do the exercise.

Each of us at least once happened to check how such adjectives as "popular science", "zootechnical", "two-story", "blue-green" are written. To make a mistake means to make a gross mistake in the knowledge of the native language. However, it is not always clear how the presence or absence of a hyphen is determined.

Adjectives consisting of two, and sometimes even three stems at once, are called complex. If you remember the simple rules, then you no longer have to use search engines to check the next phrase.

When is a hyphen between parts of a compound adjective?

The Russian language provides four cases in which the constituent parts of the adjective are separated by a line.

If the two words underlying are heterogeneous in their meaning. For example, "popular science" - parts of the adjective do not complement each other, but describe two different concepts.
If the adjective comes from a compound noun, which, in turn, is written with a hyphen. For example, "northeast" - since the original noun "northeast" has a hyphen in its composition, then the adjective derived from it must also be supplied with a hyphen.
If both parts of a compound adjective describe some quality of the object - "blue-green", "sweet and sour".
If the word consists of two equal parts, and the hyphen between them can be replaced without loss by the union "and". For example, "literary and artistic design" - one can say that the intention is "literary and artistic", the essence will remain the same.

In what cases is a compound adjective written together?

Remembering when not to put a hyphen is also quite easy.

If the first part is a numeral. For example, "two-story" or "three-digit". Also, do not put a hyphen if the first part is an adverb ending in "o" and "e". The words "inactive", "flammable" would be examples.
If the adjective comes from a compound noun, also written without a hyphen - for example, the word "half-year", formed from "half-year".
When the first or second part of an adjective cannot be used on its own. For example, in the word "broad-chested" the first part has a descriptive meaning only in combination with the second part.

In addition, most of the scientific and lexical terms are written together. A hyphen is not put in phrases with a subordinating connection within a sentence - for example, “blood vessel”, that is, “a vessel that carries blood”.

III. Adjectives