Real and passive examples. Participle
In the lesson, you will learn more about the concept of “participle voice”, consider the differences between the active and passive voice (semantic and grammatical). During the lesson, pay special attention to the suffixes with which participles are formed.
Theme: Communion
Lesson: Active and passive participles
Rice. 2. Verb conjugation
Homework
Exercises number 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
Exercise: write out phrases with participles, mark the suffixes of participles, determine the pledge of participles.
1. A wonderful monument. 2. Seen from afar 3. Towering building 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Remaining in memory 7. Terrifying sight 8. Trembling 9. Respectful 10. Passionate tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music
Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.
Didactic materials. Section "Communion"
3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Spelling of participles.
4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 hours, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
Real participles denote a sign of an object that itself produces an action: Today at five o'clock in the morning, when I opened the window, my room was filled with the smell of flowers growing in a modest front garden (M. Lermontov).
Passive participles denote a sign of an object that is affected by another object: Tired of a long speech, I closed my eyes and yawned (M. Lermontov).
PARTICIPLE FORMATION
When forming participles, the following verb signs are taken into account:
- Transitivity or intransitivity of the verb (both real and passive participles are formed from transitive verbs; from intransitive - only real participles).
- Verb type (from perfective verbs, present participles are not formed. From imperfective verbs, real participles of the present and past tense are formed, from most imperfective verbs, passive past participles are not formed, although these verbs have the corresponding forms of passive participles of the present tense).
- Verb conjugation (both active and passive present participles have different suffixes depending on the verb conjugation).
| Verbs | Communions |
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| valid | passive |
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| present. time | past time | present time | past time |
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| transitional | ||||
| imperfect form | + | + | + | + |
| perfect look | - | + | - | + |
| intransitive | ||||
| imperfect form | + | + | - | - |
| perfect look | _ | + | ¦ 1 | -P |
- Reflexivity or non-reflexivity of the verb (passive participles are not formed from reflexive verbs). Real participles formed from reflexive verbs retain the suffix -sya at all times, regardless of what sound (vowel or consonant) is in front of this suffix: laughing boy, laughing boy (cf. with the verb: laugh, laughed); the suffix -sya stands at the sacrament after the end: smiling.
feminine and neuter singular (-th, -th, -th, -ee) or plural endings (-th, -e).
Not all types of participles are formed from a number of verbs.
Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive past participle form.
If you do not know what the sacrament is, then first of all we advise you to read the article "" on this site.
Valid participles
Real Communion- This is a participle that denotes a sign produced by an object / object. Example: A girl jumping rope. The action is performed by the object "girl" - she jumps over the rope.
Active participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:
- The person who writes the news. Writer - active present participle. The person is writing the news at the moment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -usch-, -yushch- (for the first conjugation of verbs) and -ash-, -yashch- (for the second conjugation of verbs).
- The man giving the compliment. Made - real past participle. The man has already made a compliment. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past tense using the suffixes -vsh-, -sh-.
Passive participles
Passive Communion- This is a participle that denotes a sign produced on one object or object by the actions of another. Example: a ship built by the villagers. The villagers performed an action on the ship - they built it.
Passive participles are present and past tense. Let's look at examples:
- A chair broken by a student. Breakable - present passive participle. The student performs an action on the chair - breaks it. Such participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes -om-, -em- (for verbs of the first conjugation) and -im- (for verbs of the second conjugation).
- Dog beaten by owner. Beaten - passive past participle. The owner performed an action on the dog - he beat her. Such participles are formed from verbs in the past with the help of suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-, -ot-.
Verbs have a special participle form. For example: working, working (from the verb to work); building, building (from the verb to build). A participle is a form of a verb that has the characteristics of both a verb and an adjective.
Like an adjective, a participle denotes a sign of an object. But unlike the adjective, the participle denotes such a sign of an object that indicates the action or state of the object; working man, i.e. the person who works; sleeping baby, i.e. the child who sleeps.
The participle has a number of features of the verb: 1) the participle is present and past tense: working- present tense worked- past tense; 2) the sacrament can be perfect and imperfect: worked- imperfect species, worked- perfect view; 3) the sacrament can be recurrent; washable; 4) the participle requires the same case as other verb forms: reading (what?) a book; compare: read a book, read a book, read a book (but reading a book).
On the other hand, the participle has a number of features of an adjective: 1) the participle changes by gender and number, like an adjective: working, working, working, working (compare: mighty, mighty, mighty, mighty); 2) the participle is declined like an adjective: working, working, working etc.
In a sentence, the main role of the participle is the same as that of the adjective: it usually serves as a secondary member of the sentence (definition).
Real and passive participles.
Real participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.
A real participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that itself produces or performed an action: a student who draws a painter (or a painter) of a picture.
A passive participle is a participle showing a sign of an object that is being acted upon by another person or object: a picture drawn (or painted) by a student.
Perfect and imperfect participles.
Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read-reader, read, readable(imperfect view); read - read, read(perfect view). At the same time, participles of both present and past tenses are formed from imperfective verbs. And from perfective verbs, only past participles are formed.
Formation of real participles of the present and past tenses.
I. The real participles of the present tense are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffixes -usch-(-yush-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -ash- (-yash-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation.
1) Carrying - carrying 2) Holding-at-holding
Work-yut-working Vid-yat - seeing Bor-yut-sya - struggling Build-yat-sya - under construction
II. Real past participles are formed from the stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh- if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -w- if the stem ends in a consonant: read - read, see - seen, carry - carried.
The real present and past participles of reflexive verbs retain the particle -Xia: fighting-fighting; fight - fought.
The case and generic endings of participles are the same as those of adjectives.
Note. Communion on shchy (powerful, lying) penetrated into the literary language from the Old Church Slavonic language. In the Old Russian language, these participles corresponded to participles in -chiy (mighty, recumbent), which later turned into ordinary adjectives, i.e. with. have lost their time value. Therefore, in Russian there are such pairs: standing-standing, current - fluid, piercing - prickly. The first word of each pair is of Old Slavonic origin, the second is Russian.
The formation of passive participles of the present and past tense.
Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.
I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: kita-yut, read-em-th; see, view-im-th.
Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive participles of the present tense are formed using the suffix -om: Ved-ut, Ved-om-th; attracted-ut, attracted-ohm-th. These sacraments are bookish in nature.
II. Passive past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb:
a) using the suffix -nn-, if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -а(-я), -е: read-be-read; sow-th - sown; see-th- seen.
b) With the help of the suffix -enn- (-enn-), if the stem of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant or in and (moreover, the suffix -i- is omitted): carried away - carried away; baked - baked; paint-th - painted; illuminate - illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify-th- glorified.
At the same time, the verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternations of sounds (s-sh, s-zh, t - h - u, d-zh-zhd, v-vl, etc.).
c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t- we-th - washed; vi-t - twisted; mya-th - crumpled; touch - touched; tere-th- grated; lock up - locked; mo-mo-th - ground; koloty - chipped.
Notes. 1. The verbs of group c) include verbs of the 1st conjugation, if the stem of the indefinite form ends in and, s, u, oh, and also i(a), alternating with n or m: vi-t - twisted, we-t - washed, throne-t-touched, prick-t - chipped, mt-t (mn-y) - crumpled, compress (compress-u, compress-u ) is compressed.
2. For verbs whose stem of the indefinite form ends in -ere-, the final e of the stem is omitted: tere-t - grated.
Short form of passive participles.
Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open - open.
The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a definition. The short form of passive participles is not declined and serves as a predicate in a sentence.
Compare: 1. Noisy forest entangled in fog. - The forest is shrouded in mist. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children went to the open door. -The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is a predicate.)
Passive participles of the short form are formed using the suffix -i- or less often -t-.
Unlike full participles, short participles have one n: book read - book read, floors painted - floors painted.
Declension of participles.
Full participles have the same case endings as adjectives.
The past participles are also declined: fought, fought, fought etc.
Transition of participles into nouns and adjectives.
The participle can be used in the sense of an ordinary noun or adjective. For example, in sentences: 1. The working people of the USSR joyfully meet the May Day holiday, 2. The students are preparing for the spring tests - the words of students and workers have the meaning of nouns.
The participle, which turns into an adjective, loses the meaning of time and denotes a permanent property of the subject. Passive past participles are especially often used in adjectives. For example: baked bread, loaded barge. Such participles do not carry explanatory words. Passive participles without prefixes, which have turned into adjectives, are written with one n. For example, a wounded beast (compare: a beast wounded by a bullet); baked bread (compare; well-baked bread).
Passive participles with prefixes are always written in two n (-НН-): frozen, reinforced, red-hot, chosen, educated. Participles with the suffix -ovanny, even if they have turned into adjectives, are also written with two organized team, skilled worker.
Particle spelling not with sacraments.
Particle not with participles in full form is written separately if the participle has an explanatory word with it.
Particle not with participles it is written together if the participle does not have explanatory words with it.
Winding led to the garden uncleared track.
On the uncut the meadow was full of flowers..
unfinished a glass of milk was on the table. Winding led to the garden, not cleared by anyone track.
In the meadow, more not mown by collective farmers, dazzled flowers.
Not drunk by a child a glass of milk was on the table.
With participle in short form negation not written separately: Work not finished. Required materials more not collected.
Notes. 1. With explanatory words denoting the degree (extremely, absolutely, absolutely, very, extremely, extremely etc.), not with participle is written together, for example: a completely unresolved issue, an extremely rash act.
2. If it is not part of amplifying negations - far from, far from, not at all and others standing before the sacrament, then the negation is not written separately, for example: far from a thoughtful decision, not at all a settled issue.
They are divided into two large categories: independent and service. Among independent ones, participles are considered to be one of the most difficult to understand. The main difficulty for pupils and students is the division into passive and real participles. In fact, this task will be within the power of anyone who knows the identifying features that all representatives of this part of speech possess. In order to distinguish between passive and real participles, you need to remember two simple formulas:
A) The real participle serves to indicate the sign of the object that performs the action.
B) The passive, in turn, is necessary to designate the subject of the action, that is, the object to which this action is directed.
Sometimes the real participle is difficult to distinguish from the passive only in meaning. In this case, you need to pay attention to the grammatical and morphemic characteristics of the word. To form this part of speech, special identifier suffixes are used, by which we can confidently judge whether we see a real participle or a passive participle in front of us.
Active present participles
They take their basis from present tense verbs (imperfective) with the addition of suffixes -usch, -yushch (for I conjugation) or -ash, -yashch (for II conjugation). For example, the participle "running" is formed from the verb I of the conjugation to run. Picture 1: Girl cooking soup (cooking is a valid present participle).
Real past participle
It is formed from the stem of the infinitive of verbs in the past tense (perfect form), with the addition of suffixes -sh, -vsh. For example, participle "asleep"derived from the verb "sleep". Verbs with the suffix -nu are somewhat out of this rule, since the actual participles formed from these verbs lose the corresponding suffix. Example: get wet - wet.
Passive participles
They are formed according to the same rules, but differ from the real ones by identification morphemes. So, the passive participles of the present tense, formed from the stem of the infinitive of past tense verbs, are characterized by such suffixes as -nn, -enn, -yonn, -t. Examples: say - said (suffix -nn), heat - red-hot (suffix -yonn).
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