Children a story about orientation in the area. Classes with children of the older age group on familiarization with spatial relationships "Gifted child

Orienteering– non-Olympic but popular kind of sport. task orienteers is the passage of checkpoints in a given, random or semi-random order. The winner is the one who will pass the distance faster (sometimes taking into account the penalty time) or who will score the most points.

About the types of competitions, equipment, history, orienteering on envelopes, stamps and cakes, as well as others Interesting Facts will tell today

To become a guide...

Like any kind of sport, orientation requires a certain equipment. You will definitely need a compass, a special large-scale map of the area (sports map), legends, chips for marking (SFR, SportIdent, Emit) and, of course, a comfortable tracksuit.

Depending on the type of orienteering, additionally you need spikes (orienteering by running), a flashlight (night orientation), a tablet (ski and bicycle orientation), skis and poles or a bicycle.

History and types of orienteering

Since the time of the Ancient World, people have developed their own skills and abilities orienteering in the area, which at the end of the 19th century turned into kind of sport. pioneers competitions became the military garrisons of Great Britain, Norway and Sweden.

The first large-scale civilian orienteering championships were held by the Norwegian club Tjalve near Oslo in 1897. And already in 1918 - President of the Stockholm Amateur Sports Association Ernst Killander modified the military experience by inventing cross-country competitions. Athletes had to run their own route using a map and compass. By 1934, this phenomenon had spread to Switzerland, the USSR and Hungary. And the beginning of the Second World War coincided with the date of foundation annual national competitions for men and women in Sweden, Norway and Finland.

May 21, 1961 at the congress in Copenhagen was founded International Orienteering Federation, which still manages four types of orienteering:

First World Championship (WCH) orienteering running was held in 1966.
Since 1975, the World Cup has stood out ski orienteering. Its peculiarity is that during competitions in a given direction, ski tracks are plotted on the map and types of ski tracks are shown in relation to the speed of movement.
2002 was the debut year for the World Cup cycling orienteering. Where on the sports map the types of roads are shown in relation to the speed of travel.
World Cup precise orientation (trail orientation) have been held since 2004. This is perhaps the most difficult type of orientation. The participant can only choose how to start: on foot (running), by bicycle or in a single wheelchair. Then he moves only on permitted areas of the terrain and must identify which / none of the control points indicated on the map.

Our address is not a house or a street, our address is...

Louise-Finke-Weg…

In 2011 one of the streets Hannover (Germany) named after the outstanding orienteer Luise Finke ( Louis Finke). Starting to play this sport at the age of "over 40", she became a pioneer orienteering early 1960s in Germany. And in the last years of her life, she gave odds to rivals 30 years younger and passed away at 85. And who from Ukrainian orienteers known to you?

Sports orienteering on stamps

Stamps dedicated to orienteering constitute a separate subsection of sports philately or cartophilia - thematic collecting.

The first postage stamps were dedicated to second World Orienteering Championships(World Orienteering Championships) 1968 in Sweden. Postage stamps were also issued on the occasion of the 2008 European Championship, the 2003 Junior World Championship, the Jukola 2009 relay race. And at the LAPOEX 2010 philatelic exhibition in Finland, a stamp with the image of the Finnish orienteer Minna Kauppi was presented.

Total in the world 16-18 varieties of stamps dedicated to orienteering. They were created by representatives of Sweden, East Germany, Denmark, Bulgaria, Finland, the Åland Islands, Switzerland, Estonia and Latvia.

After reading this article, you will get acquainted with such a concept as orientation. What does this concept imply, what are its methods and types, the history of orienteering - we will touch on all this in our story. First of all, you need to define the key term. Let's talk about such a thing as orientation. That such a concept exists, each of us knows. And many can even explain it: this is the ability to correctly determine the cardinal points, as well as imagine the location of settlements and the direction of roads to the place where you are. You can always find the way, if you know about the location of the four cardinal points. They are south (S), north (N), west (W), and east (E). Now let's talk in more detail about such a concept as orientation.

What is terrain orientation

This is a very broad concept. You can navigate by compass, map, sun, stars, clock, natural phenomena and signs, as well as various tips. For example, if you look out the window in the morning and see that people are walking with umbrellas, you will understand that it is raining outside. If you notice snow, then dress warmly. This is, if I may say so, "everyday" orientation.

What is orientation, why is it necessary? It is one of the most important conditions that ensure human life, as well as necessary for the successful solution of the tasks. It is easy to use for or a card. However, sometimes it is necessary to act without having either a compass or a map with you. Therefore, you should know other ways to navigate the terrain.

When preparing for a hike, you need to pay special attention to inculcating the appropriate skills, ways, rules and techniques that will help you do without the use of a compass and map.

Sun Orientation

You may know that its sunrise and sunset locations differ depending on the time of year. The sun rises in the southeast in winter and sets in the southwest. In summer, it rises in the northeast and sets in the northwest. In autumn and spring, the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. It must be remembered that at noon it is always located in the direction to the south, regardless of the time of year. At 13 o'clock, the shortest shadow from objects is observed. At this time, its direction from objects located vertically points to the north. If the Sun is hidden by clouds, you can put a knife on your fingernail. A shadow will appear, even a small one, and it will be clear where it is.

By sun and clock

Point the hour hand at the sun. The angle that forms between the number 1 (13 o'clock) and the direction of the hour hand must be divided in half using an imaginary line. She will show you the direction: behind - north, ahead - south. It must be remembered that the left corner should be divided before 1 pm and the right corner in the afternoon.

By the polar star

There are many ways to navigate the terrain. One of the most famous - according to the North Star. This star is always in the north. In order to find it, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major. This constellation resembles a bucket, which is formed from 7 stars, quite bright. Further, through the 2 extreme right stars, you should mentally draw a line. On it it is necessary to postpone the distance between them, multiplied by five. At the end of the line we will find the North Star. It is located in the tail of Ursa Minor, another constellation. If we stand facing this star, we will stand towards the north.

By the moon

In order to navigate the terrain well, it must be remembered that the Moon in the first quarter at 20 o'clock is visible in the south, in the west it is at 2 o'clock in the morning. If we are talking about the last quarter, then in the east the Moon will be at 2 am, and in the south at 8 am. The sides of the horizon at night with a full moon are determined in the same way as by the Sun and the clock. In this case, the Moon is used instead of the Sun. It must be remembered that when it is full, it opposes the Sun. In other words, it is located against it.

Snowmelt orientation method

We continue to talk about what orientation in geography is. We have described far from all of its methods. This article only covers the main ones. One of the most common ways is orienteering by melting snow. The south side of all objects, as you know, heats up more than the north. This means that snow melts faster on this side as well. This is clearly noticeable in early spring, as well as in winter, during thaws, along snow adhering to stones, holes near trees, and slopes of ravines.

By shadow

At noon, the shadow is as short as possible, and its direction points to the north. In order not to wait for its appearance, you can proceed as follows. It is necessary to stick a stick into the ground, the length of which is approximately 1 m. Next, you need to mark the end of its shadow. Then you should wait about 10-15 minutes, then repeat the procedure. From the first to the second position of the shadow, you need to draw a line, and then extend it beyond the second mark by about a step. With the toe of the left foot, stand opposite the 1st mark, and place the toe of the right foot at the end of the line you have drawn. You are now facing north.

By buildings

A certain type of buildings is oriented strictly to the cardinal points. These include churches, synagogues, mosques. The chapels and altars of Lutheran and peasant churches always face east, while the bell towers of these buildings face west. You can also navigate by the dome of the Orthodox Church, or rather, by the cross on it. The edge of its lower crossbar, which is lowered, is turned to the south, and to the north it is raised. On the western side are the altars of Catholic churches. The doors of Muslim mosques and synagogues face approximately north.

Usually the way out of the yurts is to the south. In villages in houses, more windows are made on the south side. Another important sign is that on the south side, the coloring on the walls of buildings fades more and acquires a withered color.

Clearings in the forest

It is possible to determine the cardinal points in cultivated forests by clearings. They are usually cut along east-west and north-south lines. You can also orient yourself by the inscriptions of the numbers of the quarters, which are made on the pillars placed at the intersection of the clearings. Numbers are placed at the top of each such pillar and on each of the 4 faces. The north direction shows the edge between the two faces that have the lowest digits.

no watch

If you have lost or broken your watch, you can find the local time with relative accuracy using a compass. For this, azimuth orientation is used. What it is? It is necessary to measure the azimuth to the Sun. After you determine it, you need to divide the resulting value by 15. This is the amount by which the Sun rotates in an hour. The number that appears in the end will indicate the time. For example, the azimuth to the Sun is 180°. Therefore, the time is 12 hours.

Orienteering

Surely you are familiar with the phrase "orienteering". the sport is based on the fact that the participants must pass the checkpoints located on the ground using a compass and a sports map. As a rule, the results are determined by the time spent on the distance (sometimes penalty time is taken into account). The method of calculation by the number of points scored by the participants can also be used.

Today, competitions in this sport are held in various groups. They can be both by skill level and by age. The length of the distance and its complexity are determined by the complexity of the terrain and the age group. The route (distance) in this case must be unknown to all participants, and also contain certain difficulties that must be overcome, having a good physical shape and the ability to navigate.

History of orienteering

Since ancient times, people have known what orienteering is. It is known that even then they used the skills and abilities associated with it. However, a review of historical facts usually begins with military competitions that were held in the northern states of Europe. It is believed that orienteering as a sport appeared at the end of the 19th century. It was then that the first competitions were organized between a number of military garrisons in Norway, Sweden, and Great Britain. On October 31, 1897, the first mass competitions among citizens were held. So, many people learned about what orienteering is, the definition of which in our time can be given by every schoolchild. However, the real birth of this sport took place in 1918. It was then that Major E. Killander from Stockholm decided to use the environment of the Swedish countryside to organize. During the competition he invented, the runners not only ran, but also had to choose their own routes using a compass and a map.

Orienteering as a sport by 1934 had spread to Switzerland, Hungary and the USSR. National championships for women and men began to be held annually in Sweden, Finland and Norway by the beginning of World War II. In 1960, the Open International Competitions took place in the Stockholm area. They were attended by representatives of 7 countries. Today this sport is very popular. There are several running, skiing, cycling, trail orienteering, etc. Competitions are held for each of them.

Now you can also talk about what orientation is. And tourism, and sports, and survival in extreme conditions combines this concept. Orientation allows you to find the way, being anywhere on our planet in an unfamiliar area. Knowing its basics, you will not be afraid to get lost in the forest or anywhere else.

State Autonomous Educational Institution of Additional Education

"Republican Center for Additional Education"

Remote Festival of Pedagogical Excellence

for design and research activities

Scenario of an integrated event (literature + life safety)

"Research Workshop: Reliability of Land Orientation Methods in the Works of Russian Writers".

Dyukina Gulnara Rashidovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature

MOU "Gymnasium No. 1"

2014

One of the goals of modern education is the development of a personal-semantic attitude to the subject, that is, to help students realize the social, practical and personal significance of educational material. Integrated measures are highly effective in achieving this goal.

The proposed methodological development "Scenario of an integrated event" is carried out in the form of a research workshop.

Every year, dozens of people get lost in the forest, and not only children or adults. Elderly people who have been walking the same paths for decades cannot find their way out of places familiar from childhood. In this case, only concentration and knowledge of the basics of orienteering can help. This is precisely whatthe relevance of this work.

The object of research at this event are works of Russian literature.

The subject of the research is the ways of orienting on the terrain in the works of Russian writers.

The purpose of the lesson is to identify the reliability of the depicted ways of orienting on the ground on the basis of literary works.

In order to more fully explore this issue, on the basis of a common goal, particular tasks:

Consider ways of orienting in the area recommended for use in life safety lessons;

To trace whether the methods of orienteering on the ground correspond to the methods described in the works;

Create an integrated study guide.

During the work, we put forward a hypothesis: the methods of orienteering on the ground, used in the works of Russian literature, are completely reliable.

It should be noted that the topic "Methods of orienteering in the terrain" is considered in the special literature on orienteering as a sport, as well as in the lessons of life safety in grades 6 and 10, students get acquainted with the main methods of orientation (in the textbook for grade 6, the paragraphs "Orientation by compass" are highlighted). , according to the Sun, Moon, stars, local features").

Routing

Stages of the lesson

Activity

Formed UUD

1. Organizational and executive stage

Creation of a problem situation. A compass is laid out in front of the students,gps-navigator, books in which there is a motive of orientation. A survey is being conducted.

Be able to structure knowledge, highlight essential information;

Understand the meaning of information;

Search for the necessary information to complete educational tasks

Form cognitive, social and educational motives

2.Executive stage

Work in groups with literary sources in which there is a motive for orientation, filling in tables, presenting results

Be tactful and respectful during the learning session

Listen to the interlocutor, if necessary, enter into a dialogue with him

Be able to exercise mutual control and provide mutual assistance in cooperation

Negotiate and come to a common decision

Consider the opinions of others

3. Evaluative-reflexive stage

Circle your palm on a piece of paper, each finger is some kind of position on which you need to express your opinion, write it down.

Big - it's important/not important to me

Indicative - I received specific advice / I did not learn anything new

Medium - I was interested / bored, difficult

Nameless - my assessment of the psychological atmosphere

Little finger - I want to find out for myself ..

Develop self-esteem;

Develop reflexivity as an adequate conscious representation of the qualities of a good student;

Reflect on your actions

What is orientation?

« Orientation - determining your location relative to the elements of the surrounding space.To navigate the terrain means to find directions to the cardinal points (north, south, east and west)". The skills and abilities of orienteering have been used since the time of the Ancient World, however, it is legitimate to start a review of historical facts from military competitions in the northern countries of Europe. That is, initially orienteering was considered a kind of sport, which is usually attributed to the end of the 19th century. But knowledge of the basics of orienteering in the area needs to be known not only to athletes involved in this sport, but also to ordinary people. Most likely, each of us at least once went to the forest for mushrooms, berries and was so carried away by the process that, unexpectedly for himself, he realized that he was lost.

So, how to navigate in the forest? Judging by the fact that people wander in it quite often, we can conclude that this is not a very simple matter. This conclusion is quite correct. The difficulty of orienting in the forest is due to the extremely limited view of the area due to surrounding trees and undergrowth; in many cases, visibility is lost within a few steps. The apparent “sameness” of the environment most often gives rise to doubt: are you going there?

There are several ways to navigate the terrain:by compass, by map, by sun, by sun and clock, by polar star, by moon, by snowmelt, by shadow.

Yes, one who travels through the forest with a map and a compass can be envied. However, the vast majority of those traveling to the forest have neither a map nor a compass. How to be in this case? In order not to get lost in the forest without a compass, you must first of all determine the north direction, in this case, local signs are taken into account. There are many such signs indicating which side is north or south, all of them are listed in the life safety textbook for grade 6:

Trees growing in the open have branches longer and thicker towards the south, and the trunks of the north side are covered with moss.

There are more spots on birch trunks on the north side.

From the cuts on the stumps, you can determine the cardinal points: the annual rings are wider on the south side, and narrower on the north.

On stumps and boulders, the soil on the south side is drier, while moss grows on the north side.

In ripe lingonberries and cranberries, the color is brighter on the south side, lighter on the north.

On coniferous trees, resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side.

An anthill near a tree trunk, stump or stone is located on the south side.

Bees usually build their nests on rocks and in tree hollows facing south.

If you go far into an unfamiliar forest without a compass, then try to remember any noticeable landmarks along the way: swamps, stream, river, lake, path.

You can determine the time by the so-called "green clock". There are many plants that have the ability to open and close their flowers at the same time. So, rosehip opens thorns at 4-5 o'clock, poppy - at 5.

In spring and summer, a mushroom picker can quite accurately navigate in time by the voices and singing of birds. So, long before dawn, the trills of the nightingale are heard - this means it is 2 o'clock in the morning.

The weather can be predicted by other phenomena in nature. The birds stopped singing in the forest - there will be bad weather. Mosquitoes curl in a bunch - for cold weather, and if they squeak and sting, it will be rainy.

When orienting in the forest according to local signs, one should try to use several of the listed signs at once in order to avoid an accidental mistake. The local signs we have considered, by which it is possible to determine the sides of the horizon, are basic and far from exhausting the whole variety that nature has at its disposal and that an observant person can use. Take a closer look, compare what you see, and you yourself will discover that the first thawed patches appear in spring on the slopes facing south, that fruits and berries begin to ripen faster on the south side of a bush or tree, that grass in spring on the south side of a tussock or stone is higher than on the north , and at the end of summer it is more juicy on the north side, etc. Learn to read the traces of the Sun on the earth, and you will always be with a "compass"!

Analysis of the ways of orienting in the terrain in the works of V.P. Astafiev "Vasyutkino Lake" and M.M. Prishvin "The Pantry of the Sun"

2.1 Diagnostics of public opinion.

In order to check how students are generally aware of the concept of orientation and methods of orientation, we conducted a survey among students in the 6th grade of our gymnasium (50 people), the survey included the following questions:

What ways of orienteering do you know?

What do you think, is it possible in real life to use the methods that are described in the works “The Pantry of the Sun” by M.M. Prishvin, Vasyutkino Lake by V.P. Astafiev?

Answers to the first question:

Compass

Moss

Trees

The sun

Stars

Anthill

GPSNavigator

paths

map

Answers to the second question:

Yes, you can

This method is not completely reliable, it depends on the geographical location.

“Vasyutka noticed scrawny stalks of grass among the monotonous moss. Grass began to come across more often and in bunches.

This method cannot be navigated.

This method is not reliable.

“Noticing birch and aspen trees among the coniferous trees, and then a small bush, he could not restrain himself.”

Birches, aspens are deciduous trees, which means there is a river ahead.

Forests with deciduous trees are very whimsical in terms of soil moisture and climate mildness, so most often forests are located near water bodies. The method is reliable.

"Marshes are most often found near the shores of lakes."

There are different types of swamps by origin, not always the water network is connected with the lake, the swamp can stretch for many kilometers (swamp-ocean).

This method is partially reliable.

“I looked again at the lake, at the bloody sky: “There will be wind tomorrow. And then suddenly it rains. Starred - to the cold!

Folk signs about the weather:

Starred in the evening - wait for frost at night.

“If the lake is flowing and a river flows out of it, it will eventually lead it to the Yenisei”

Flowing lakes - lakes that have an inflow of water along rivers and a drain into another river, lake or sea.

This method is reliable.

“Since there was no wind, and the duck was blown away, it means that there is a drag, the lake is flowing!”

In cases where rivers flow through lakes, they are called flowing. In such lakes, there are even currents caused by the river.

This method is reliable.

“Far away, Vasyutka noticed a yellow furrow of a deciduous forest entering the depths of the taiga. So there is a river there.

Deciduous forest grows near water bodies.

This method is reliable.

2.4 Analysis of the work of M.M. Prishvin "Pantry of the Sun"

An excerpt from the work

Rationale

Possibility of using the method

"Mitrasha did not forget the compass" «… it happens that your friend will cheat on you, but the arrow invariably

always, no matter how you turn it, everything looks to the north.

Compass - a device that facilitates orientation on the ground.

This method is reliable.

“... on either side, an alley grew

high sweet grass white-bearded. On this, not yellow, but rather white, grass could be far

in front of you to understand where the human path passes.Tall white grass is a constant companion of the trail

human."

Belous is a weed, the seeds are carried on the sole of a person.

This method is partially reliable. Depends on the geographical location, for example, we have white beet grass does not grow.

After analyzing the works, we see that the methods used by the little characters are reliable, but there are several methods that can only be used under certain geographical conditions. It should be said that the authors of the works (M.M. Prishvin, V.P. Astafiev) often note and explain the reliability of the method used in the text.

Conclusion

As a result of the work done, the tasks facing us at the beginning of the study were completed:

Found works in which there is a motive for orienting the characters on the ground;

The methods of orientation on the terrain, recommended for use in the lessons of life safety, are considered;

Ways of orienteering on the ground were tracked and compared with the methods described in the works;

An integrated tutorial has been created.

Thanks to the tasks performed, we achieved the goal of the work: the reliability of the depicted ways of orienting on the ground based on literary works was revealed.

Thus, the hypothesis posed at the beginning of the study is confirmed: the methods of orientation in the terrain used in the works of Russian literature are reliable, but the geographical location of the analyzed area should be taken into account.

This topic is promising, since it is possible to continue to consider ways of orienting in the area, but already in the works of foreign writers.

Bibliography

Vertel L. Orientation and behavior in the forest / L. Vertel. - St. Petersburg: 1980. - 62 p.

http://wikipedia.org

Despite the ubiquity of all kinds of GPS navigators in recent years, old, reliable, centuries-old ways of orienting in the area should always be in the arsenal of any self-respecting tourist.

For orientation on the ground you need to correctly determine your location relative to the sides of the horizon and particularly prominent objects (landmarks) and accurately maintain the chosen direction of movement to a given object.

Orientation in space

By map;
By compass
According to folklore

Orientation on the map

The map will be a faithful assistant only the tourist who knows how to “read” it, that is, knows all the symbols for various objects and landmarks, understands scaling, knows how to determine the cardinal points on it (usually north is always on top, south below, east on the right, west on the left). Naturally, you need to take care of this until you get into an unfamiliar area with a map. For orientation on the map, it is necessary to “tie” the objects depicted on it to real objects on the ground.

The best way to do this is to find one of the fairly long landmarks on the ground (road, clearing in the forest, river bank, power line, etc.), go to it, find it on the map, and by turning the map relative to the cardinal points, achieve the same direction a real landmark with the one shown on the map. At the same time, smaller objects: hills, ravines, groves, free-standing trees or buildings located on the ground to the right or left of the selected main landmark should also be on the map. Then, according to the relative position of nearby landmarks and the visually determined, or the distance between them measured in steps, you can determine your location on the map. After that, you can start laying out a route diagram to the selected point of movement and determining its length, necessary turns and main landmarks.

Makes navigating much easier the presence of a compass, which allows you to immediately determine the sides of the horizon and not deviate from the direction of the selected route while driving. The compass is especially indispensable in conditions of poor terrain for noticeable landmarks, for example, in the desert, tundra, dense forest, or in conditions of poor visibility.

It is only necessary to take into account that compass will not give accurate readings near power lines, iron objects, some electronic devices, in places of ore anomalies. In these cases, the compass readings should, if possible, be supplemented with local orientation data.

compass orientation

For it you need to place it horizontally and wait for the arrow to stop fluctuating, after which it will point to the north. If you have a card, it must be positioned with the upper side of the frame in the north direction so that the vertical line of the coordinate grid coincides with the axis of the compass needle.

After that, it is carried out standard location on the map and a route is laid for further movement in azimuth (the angle between the indication of the compass needle and the direction of movement we need).

Orientation according to local signs and folk signs

In the absence of a compass, the direction of the sides of the horizon will help determine a large number, namely:

Sun, Moon and stars(for example, the North Star always points to the north and in cloudless weather at night it completely replaces the compass);
By plants(for example, mosses and lichens develop on the damper northern sides of trees, stumps, boulders; grass grows better from the south of separate objects, and from the north it stays fresh longer in hot weather; clearings in the forest are always cut strictly from north to south and from west to east);
By animals(for example, steppe bees always nest on the south side of walls or large stones, anthills are located south of the nearest stumps, trees and bushes, and the south side of anthills is always flatter);
By relief, soil moisture, snow melting;
By buildings(for example, the altars of Orthodox churches always face east, and the upward edge of the lower crossbar on the domes always points north; on old buildings on the north side, there are often moss and lichen growths on the walls or roof, the soil near them is more damp or snow does not melt longer).

From the video, you will learn how to apply the signs of orientation in practice. Particular attention should be paid to the orientation of the clock.

In conclusion, it can be noted that mankind over the many centuries of its existence has developed many ways of orienting in the terrain, as the first condition for a person's survival in an unfamiliar or sparsely populated area.

And provided that a person is first acquainted with this science, there is every chance, subject to composure and sober mind, to get out of any extreme situation associated with a loss of orientation in space in an unfamiliar and unpopulated area with honor.

Any experienced tourist probably has some of his own, developed by personal practice of hiking, ways of orienting in the area. I think it will be interesting for everyone to learn about such exclusive methods from readers of the site who have experience in hiking and traveling through the vast expanses of our beautiful planet!

Svetlana Romanova
Classes with children of the older age group on familiarization with spatial relationships "Gifted child"

Subject "School of cartographers"

Program content:

Systematize children's knowledge about spatial relationships and ways of orienting with a compass, a globe and a geographical map, to give children the concept "parts of the world": north, west, east, south:

To increase level cognitive activity in children through the organization of search activities with a compass, a geographical map. Continue to develop children's interest in acquiring new knowledge about the use of the ability to navigate the terrain in everyday life, by people of different professions.

Continue work on the development of the intellectual sphere preschoolers: to teach children to plan and coordinate actions to obtain the desired result, as well as to analyze the result of joint work using existing skills in experimental work.

Continue to develop children's communication skills through joint search activities.

Enter in the children's dictionary the names and terms: compass, magnet, north, west, east, south, cardinal directions, cartographer. Explain meaning expressions: "orient", "graphic plan".

Materials for occupation:

Technical means learning: TV, computer, interactive whiteboard.

Demo: video footage of an excerpt from the cartoon "Smeshariki", "Cartography"; drawing of a map of Smeshariki; measurements (tape, strip of paper, string, wooden stick, chips; presentation "The history of the invention of the compass"; drawing "Rose of Wind", globe, geographical atlas.

Dispensing: for each child pencils, cards, compasses, 5 circles from dense cardboard with a diameter of about 1.5 cm, 5 magnetized needles, a container for water.

Previous work: acquaintance of children with a geographical atlas, natural areas; organization of role-playing games using various constructors on the topic "Travelers-navigators"; orientation according to the graphic plans of the premises, made on paper at different scales, in the premises of the second floor of the kindergarten; use of computer games for orientation in space and familiarity with the environment; familiarization of preschoolers with various types of transport and means of transportation.

Lesson progress:

The teacher enters group with toys"Smeshariki. Nyusha", refers to children:

caregiver: - Guys, Nyusha came to visit us today. You know, Nyusha really wanted to be with you today see you she has something for you request. One not very pleasant story happened to her back in the fall, but why tell her, let's remember together.

(View excerpt from an animated film "Smeshariki", "Cartography")

caregiver: - Guys, I will show you the map that Nyusha the Hedgehog drew, and you will tell: why didn’t Nyusha find a mushroom meadow according to the drawn map? Let's take a look and find out what was not indicated on the map? Was the route specified correctly?

Nyusha:- Yes, guys, tell me why?

(An image of the Hedgehog card appears on the screen. The children express their suggestions why it is so difficult to use such an inaccurate card: it is difficult to navigate on such a map (correlate it with the site); directions are not indicated on the map; directions are not accurate (stream, spring, cliff); conditional designations of objects; the distance from one object to another is not indicated)

caregiver: - Guys, if you do not know how to use adult measuring instruments (ruler, meter, tape measure, then how can you measure the distance between landmarks?

Nyusha: - You know, guys, after such an unsuccessful search for mushrooms and "help" friends of Smeshariki in drawing a map, I want to learn how to draw maps myself. Please teach me how to use the map correctly, indicate the directions of movement, move in the indicated directions, measure distances. And most importantly, I want to learn how to find a way out of a difficult situation the way you can, and do it all deliberately, having discussed the solution. questions with friends.

caregiver: - Guys, do you agree to help Nyusha? Let's first tell Nyusha about the sequence of compiling the route using the example of the Hedgehog map.

(The teacher invites the children to sit on the carpet in the center group room look at the map and tell Nyusha:

Is there an indication of the beginning of Nyusha's route on the map of the Hedgehog? (Nyusha's house)- the teacher puts a dot on the map in the indicated place.

What was the first pointer that Nyusha had to reach? (up to 2 oaks)

What is the distance between the start of the route and the first turn? (it is not specified)

Did the Hedgehog tell Nyusha which way to turn at the oaks? (left)

What other landmarks did Nyusha the Hedgehog call? (spring, stream, cliff, mushroom meadow)

Did the Hedgehog indicate the distance between them? (didn't specify)

What designate drawings on the map on the path of Nyusha's movement? (trees, trees,

caregiver: - Guys, what do you think, can we help Nyusha correct inaccuracies on the map? What can you offer Nyusha? (children's answers)

caregiver: - Guys, I want to invite you to model the Hedgehog card on our carpet, we can arrange it in group all the landmarks indicated by the Hedgehog, measure all the distances, draw a map on paper, and Nyusha will have to repeat all the actions, but already on the ground, in his forest.

(The teacher places the indicated landmarks on the carpet (house, 2 oaks, spring, cliff, mushroom meadow)

caregiver: - Guys, check if we have arranged everything and tell us what measurements we can use when measuring the distances between landmarks? (ribbon, strip of paper, string, stick, etc.).

caregiver: - I want to suggest today that you use such a measure as steps human: "short and long".

caregiver: - Tell me, please, what steps are more convenient for us to use when measuring distances between landmarks and why? (short, we have very small distances between landmarks)

caregiver: - What steps will be more convenient for Nyusha to use in the forest? (long, there are longer distances between landmarks)

caregiver: - I suggest you team up in pairs. Agree on who in your pair will measure the distance, and who will set aside the chips. Why do we need chips, what can be chips? (chips are needed to record how many measurements were measured on a given segment of the path; chips can be any small objects.) And do not forget, rule: a chip is placed at the end of each pending measurement - today it will be the toe of your shoe. (The teacher places pairs of children between the indicated landmarks on the carpet (house - 2 oaks, 2 oaks - a spring, a spring - a cliff, a cliff - a mushroom meadow. Children taking chips with them) start work)

caregiver: - How far did the first couple travel from the beginning of the journey to 2 oaks? (children answer)- How many measurements were taken from the second pair from 2 oaks to the spring? (children's answers)- How many measures were taken from the third couple from the spring to the cliff? (children's answers)- How many measurements were taken from the fourth pair from the cliff to the mushroom field? (children's answers)

caregiver:- Nyusha, the guys learn something new and useful every time to become real cartographers. Do you know who they are "cartographers"? Guys, you guessed it stands for the word"cartographer"?

(Adult profession related to card drawing)

caregiver:- That's right, cartography - (from Greek - "map" and- "draw") the science of exploration, modeling and display spatial arrangement, combinations and interconnections of objects and phenomena of nature and society.

The subjects of study of cartography are the Earth, celestial bodies, the starry sky and the Universe. The result of the work of cartographers are figurative-sign models spaces in the form: flat maps, relief and volumetric maps, globes. They can be presented on solid, flat or voluminous materials. (paper, plastic) or as an image on a video monitor.

Cartography appeared, probably, even before the appearance of writing in primitive society. This is evidenced, for example, by the fact that peoples who did not have a written language at the time of their discovery had developed cartographic skills. Travelers who asked the Eskimos of North America about the location of the surrounding islands and coasts received from them relatively intelligible descriptions, in the form of maps drawn on pieces of bark, on sand or on paper. (if she was). Preserved maps in the form of rock paintings. First known maps refer to the sky and not to the ground. Dots (rock painting found on the walls of a cave in Turkey depict part of the night sky, three bright stars Vega, Deneb and Altair (constellation Summer Triangle).

The earliest maps in China have been found during archaeological excavations of tombs, they were silk maps, and maps drawn in black ink on wooden blocks.

(Showing the oldest maps on blackboard: Turin papyrus map - the oldest paper map in the world; Babylonian map of the world.)

caregiver:- Guys, would you like to know the secrets of cartographers when making maps? If you do not know these secrets, then you and I will get a map very similar to the Smeshariki map. I invite you and Nyusha to "School of cartographers".

(Children are invited to sit at the table)

caregiver:- For an accurate image of maps since ancient times, a person determined the cardinal points (west, north, east, south): Approximate south direction according to the position of the sun at its zenith, east direction according to the place of sunrise, and west direction according to the place of sunset. Vintage cards, unlike modern maps, were oriented to the south. I suggest that you draw all 4 cardinal directions as shown on the screen.

(Children are offered a card for cardinal directions. Wind rose slide show

caregiver: - Knowledge of the cardinal directions was one of the secrets of cartographers.

But the invention of one mysterious object allowed sailors and travelers to plot a course on the high seas. Armed with this item, Spanish and Portuguese sailors at the end of the 15th century ventured on distant voyages. They left the seashores (to which navigation had been tied for several millennia) and set sail across the ocean. Listen riddle:

It will lie all over in the palm of your hand. Not a clock, but an arrow.

He will come in handy on the road - You won’t get lost anywhere with him.

(Children guess the riddle (compass). The teacher offers to listen to the history of the invention of the compass and see its illustrations.)

(Teacher's story about the history of the compass, slide show)

1. The first compass, translated from Chinese, was called “knowing the south” and had the form of a pouring spoon made of magnetite with a thin handle and a spherical, carefully polished convex part. With this convex part, the spoon was mounted on a polished copper or wooden plate, so that the handle did not touch the plate, but hung freely above it, and at the same time the spoon could easily rotate around the axis of its convex base. On the plate were applied designations countries of the world in the form of cyclic zodiac signs. By pushing the handle of the spoon, it was set in rotational motion. Having calmed down, the compass pointed with a handle (which played the role of a magnetic needle) exactly south.

2. A monument to the first compass has been erected in China.

3. The next invention was considered to be a magnetized compass in the form of an iron fish. The fish was heated red-hot and lowered into a vessel of water. In the water, she swam freely, pointing her head in the direction where the south was. (When reheated, the fish lost its magnetic properties.)

Next, the scientists tried to magnetize an ordinary sewing needle on a natural magnet, attach it with wax in the center of the body to a freely hanging silk thread. This compass indicated the direction more accurately than a floating compass, since it experienced much less resistance when it turned. Another compass design, proposed by the Chinese scientist Shen Gua, was even closer to the modern one. compass: a magnetized needle was mounted on a hairpin here.

caregiver:- Guys, would you like to take part in the role of the inventors of the compass today? (The teacher invites the children to go to the table and see the first experience)

EXPERIMENTS WITH MAGNETIZED NEEDLES

caregiver:- Guys, now you take 5 circles of cardboard with magnetized needles pierced exactly in the center. On the surface of the water in your plate (not iron) lower 2 mugs with needles point up. Place them side by side at a distance of 1 cm. What happened to the needles?

(The needles floated away from each other for some distance and froze.)

Magnetic forces are balanced. Lower the float with the third needle into the water. What shape are your floats in? (In the shape of a triangle)

Add one float at a time and examine the resulting shapes each time. Three needles form a triangle, 4 - a square, 5 - a pentagon or a square with one needle in the center. (slide show)

(If the degree of magnetization of the needles and the cardboard circles themselves are the same, then symmetrical figures will be obtained.)

caregiver: - Guys, now you have become real inventors. I suggest you consider a modern compass and compare its readings with those of our "water compass"

(Children each receive a compass, examine it. An adult talks about the device and purpose of the compass. He says that the compass needle always points in the same direction, it cannot be turned in the other direction (if it is free and does not clamp a special shutter, it calls directions indicated on compass: North South East West. Indicates that the arrow always points to the north, and the opposite end of the arrow points to the south, if you stand facing north, then the east will be to the right, and the west to the left, and the south behind your back.

An image appears on the screen "wind roses".

Children are offered cards, educator asks guys sketch the cardinal directions) Stand facing north, where the compass needle points, tell what will happen behind, on the right, on the left. (south, east, west)

caregiver:- Guys, what do you think, who needs a compass in their work?

(Children's answers : travelers, sailors, pilots, tourists.)

caregiver:- Guys, there are currently a variety of compasses, let's look at them.

(Slide show showing different types of compass.)

caregiver: - Guys, how well we worked with you, and at the same time Nyusha learned a lot of new things. Nyusha, you really were a good student.

Nyusha: - Guys, thank you very much from me and from all Smeshariki for teaching me how to use a compass, I learned about the existence of 4 main cardinal directions, learned how to measure distances, how to correctly apply conditional designations and be sure to use this knowledge when drawing a map.

caregiver: - Guys, what else did we manage to tell Nyusha today? (Use conditional measurement and scale for images of different sizes and distances, use to fix the number of measurements with chips)

Nyusha:- I want to thank you very much for being so attentive, active and friendly, without your help I could not teach Nyusha.

(Educator thanks every child for participating) .