Dialogue forms in geography lessons. Development of students' cognitive interest in the study of history through the use of new approaches to teaching
The era reflected in the novel
"Fathers and Sons"
Purpose: - to acquaint students with the peculiarities of historical and cultural -
development of Russia in the 60s of the XIX century (the era reflected in
the novel "Fathers and Sons";
Development of students' speech;
Education of love for the historical past of Russia.
During the classes:
1. Learning new material:
Introduction: (The romance “Misty Morning” sounds)
Every time you listen to this romance, you are amazed at the amazing accuracy and balance of every word, every detail in the works. “Reluctantly remember the time of the past. You will also remember faces long forgotten. Turgenev tried to convey to the reader the slightest fluctuations in public life.
As I have said more than once, there is nothing accidental in the works of the 19th century, you just need to listen, look closely and become an eyewitness to events that are familiar and familiar to a contemporary reader.
At the center of any novel by Turgenev is a hero who has to go through a series of tests. And the narrative traditionally for Turgenev begins with sketches that will serve as a background for the development of the main action. This background is the era of historical change. So, write down the topic of the lesson ...
Gold rusts, steel rots.
The marble crumbles. Everything is ready for death.
The strongest thing on earth is sadness
And the royal word is more durable.
It is the word that is able to convey a barely perceptible sound hundreds of years later, to tell about the musical background of the novel.
- Message "Music background of the novel"(5 minutes);
The heroes of the novel argue about life, art, nature. The only thing that does not cause controversy is the music of Mozart. (Mozart sonata 11 sounds). (3 minutes).
Love painting, poets!
After all, she, the only one, is given
Souls of changeable signs
Transfer to canvas.
And, indeed, the word cannot be separated from the image that rises before the eyes of the reader. was considered by the authors of many critical articles as a master of landscape sketches, however, the same critics argued that the novel "Fathers and Sons" was an exceptional phenomenon. Here the main compositional device is dialogue. But anyway… ( Message "Landscape sketches in the novel").
Pictures of nature, music, light ... but the picture is always flawed if there is no concretization. The action takes place in a specific historical time, which critics characterize as ... ( Message "Russian criticism about the era of the 60s").
Now let's look at the text again:
Original date of the story?
Note the date written on the blackboard (February 19, 1861). What event is associated with it?
How many years before the abolition of serfdom does the novel take place?
What is characteristic of the era of serfdom?
The most striking literary work that reflected all the hardships of the situation of serfs is Radishchev's Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow ... (observation in the text) ... The era of serfdom is also depicted in the novel "Fathers and Sons", but ...
Does Turgenev note some peculiarities?
What is this improved type of people?
Therefore, we can conclude that, it would seem, no government reforms have taken place, but life has changed significantly, and all subsequent actions are an attempt to legitimize the existing situation. What historians also testify ... ( Message "The historical situation of the 60s"):
The Crimean War stimulated the rapid development of industry, the defeat in the war showed the inefficiency of the social and economic systems of Russia. During the period from 1856 to 1860, a number of joint-stock companies arose in Russia, which exceeded their number in the previous 20 years. Landowners were included in the market turnover; those who could not adapt to the new economic conditions lost their lands.
The crisis situation manifested itself in the growing number of peasant riots and the development of the revolutionary movement, which peaked in 1859-1861.
In February 1855, Alexander II came to the throne. In the manifesto of March 19, 1856, which described the unfavorable conditions for Russia in the Peace of Paris, the first application of the government for the upcoming reforms was made. A few days later, in a speech to representatives of the nobility in Moscow, the emperor, speaking of the liberation of the peasants, said: "It is much better for this to happen from above than from below."
At the end of 1856, the Secret Committee on Peasant Affairs was created (it was headed by the chief of gendarmes, A. Orlov). However, the implementation of a radical reform required greater publicity, and the committee, having existed for about a year, was transformed into the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs, which relied in its work on the provincial committees, from which proposals for reforms came.
- What are the essential features of the considered era, we can highlight? What is this era?
2. Conclusions on the lesson:
Thus, it would seem that the usual background phenomenon acquires clear lines and signs. And sometimes it seems that a third party is intervening in the dispute between the two giants Bazarov and Kirsanov, capable of putting everything in its place - Russian reality. But we will talk about this in the next lessons.
3. Homework: reading a novel
Schedule of the subject week:
1. Opening of the week "Our beautiful Russian language!"
2. Competition of readers.
3. Quiz on works.
4. Meeting in the literary and musical lounge "Stop: spring!".
5. Summing up the results of the Week of the Russian Language and Literature.
Contests are announced:
For the best work about love;
For the best illustration for the poem "I remember a wonderful moment";
For the best crossword by works;
- "Smart". Instruction:
1. Write text;
2. Make as many mistakes as possible;
3. The one with the most mistakes will win.
Mastering the content of the story
"Children of the Underground"
During the classes:
1. Org. moment
2. Discussion of the content of the story:
1. Sounds romance "Lark"
2. Scene from the story "Children of the Underground"
3. Reflecting on Russian reality, Nekrasov writes:
Let the changing fashion speak
What is the theme of the old misery of the people
And that poetry must forget it!
Don't believe me guys! - She's alive!
As proof of this, one of the most “humane” and at the same time “one of the most terrible”, according to M. Gorky, stories sounds, the analysis of which we will devote today's lesson.
The topic covered in this work (poverty, social inequality, relationships between people) is relevant for the literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is enough just to list the titles of the works of those years: M. Gorky "At the Bottom", Kuprin "The Pit", Bunin "Dry Valley". How do you think : is it an accident to address this topic?(Message "Historical situation at the turn of the century").
In accordance with this, how can the title of the work be interpreted?
The complex organization of a work of art is called composition. In the composition, a special place is occupied by the starting point of the narrative. It influences what events the author is trying to convey to the reader and how he does it.
From whose perspective is the story being told?
Why does the author choose to narrate in the first person (Korolenko departs from the generally accepted stereotype: looking at the “bad society” only as a bunch of criminals, the personification of all kinds of vices)? He portrays these people as individuals who are able to feel subtly, empathize, and be ashamed of their position. He blurs the line between the concepts of positive and negative hero. His hero is a victim of circumstances, to whom you need to show kindness and compassion).
What kind of heroes does Korolenko create in his story?
And now, from the characteristics of the characters, let's turn to the plot:
1. Tell us about the city in which the story takes place?
2. What was the most remarkable building that attracted the attention of the protagonist?
3. What happened one day?
4. Where did the “bad society” disappear to? Tell us about it?
5. Under what circumstances did you meet Valek and Marusya?
6. Why do you think the children became friends?
7. The recording of the song "It's raining on the street" sounds. What is common in the plot of the song and in the plot of the story? How do they differ?
8. What conclusions did the main character draw from this story?
9. What ideal of a person does Korolenko proclaim?
10. Do you think this topic is relevant at the present time?
3.Conclusion:
Poverty, beggars - the concepts that became relevant for us in the 90s, burst into our lives rapidly, changing it beyond recognition. We can relate to this phenomenon in different ways. But this question will remain open as long as it exists. And perhaps no generation will have to talk about this topic. (The recording "Generals of the sandpits" sounds).
General lesson on creativity
During the classes:
1. Org. moment
2. Generalization of the studied:
A) The homework of the last lesson was that you had to read any work. So what books have you read? And now you have to divide into groups (the main sign of division is the read work). Exercise: Prepare a short story about what you have read.
B) Remember the content of Korolenko's works. In most works, their heroes are children. Now look closely at these two portraits. These are portraits of boys painted by different artists: Tropinin and Zelentsov. Which of these portraits best matches the image of the hero? Why?
C) Agree that many of Korolenko's works are connected with music. And one of them is even called "The Blind Musician". Through music, the hero of this story could most fully express his attitude to reality, but music was also a means of cognition for him. Let's listen to some music now :( Exercise: Which of the pieces of music most fully reflects the melody of the pieces?). There are excerpts from Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata, Mozart's Symphony No. 5, E. Grieg's Dawn.
D) We started our lesson on a serious note: we talked about the features of Korolenko's works, about music, painting. And the blitz quiz will complete our lesson:
1. What was the name of V. Korolenko's father?
2. In what year was the writer born?
3. Name 5 of any works by Korolenko?
4. Name 5 heroes of Korolenko's works?
5. What colors are found in the works of Korolenko?
6. What are 3 works of Korolenko, in which the main works are children?
3. Conclusions on the lesson:
Today we complete the study of creativity. Actually, not creativity, but only a small part of it. You will get to know Korolenko's work in more detail in grade 11. We studied in detail two of his works: the essay "Paradox" and the miniature "Lights", and also briefly got acquainted with several more works. I would like to believe that Korolenko's work left a mark on your souls, interested you, made you think. "Man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight."
What is the artistic skill of the writer, who managed to reveal the ideological contradictions of the era in the novel. The work is characterized by conciseness, conciseness. Turgenev selects a small number of episodes, but all of them are necessary to characterize the main and secondary characters. For example, using an insert episode (Arkady's story about the life of his uncle), Turgenev immediately solves three problems: he characterizes the empty, aimless life of Pavel Petrovich, notices the fragility of Arkady's passion for nihilism, admires Bazarov's directness, strength of conviction.
I am captivated by everything in this work: the harmony of the composition, and the skillfully depicted portraits of the characters, their language... And the landscape!.. After all, it is generally recognized that Turgenev is an unsurpassed master of landscape. Turgenev's main technique in revealing the portraits, characters and beliefs of the heroes is the antithesis. It seems that Ivan Sergeevich brings this technique to perfection.
How can one forget the tall Bazarov, his “huge forehead”, “spacious skull”, long hair (a sign of democracy at that time), his “red hand”, which did not know gloves! It is immediately clear that this is a man of great intelligence, not rich, familiar with hard work. And his opponent Pavel Petrovich, the general's son, is pampered, spoiled by life. What are his hands, white as a woman's, with pink nails, his tight collars, his thoroughbred face. Kirsanov, like Bazarov, is smart, but this is not reflected in his portrait. Eugene, a man of action, a champion of natural science, pays little attention to his "clothes". Pavel Petrovich spends a lot of time behind his toilet. And today we will be a little amused by his “fesochka”, “lacquered half boots” and so on, as they once made Bazarov laugh.
In general, the writer subtly uses such a technique as irony. The contrast of the characters, in combination with it, is also manifested in the manner of their speech.
The inner world of the characters is revealed most of all in disputes-dialogues, although there are also internal monologues in which the author acts as a wonderful psychologist (this technique is more typical for later literature, especially for Dostoevsky and Tolstoy). Chapter 10 of the novel is devoted to such a dispute. Pavel Petrovich went out for evening tea, already ready for battle with the “Mr. Nihilist”, all “burned with impatience”, although he promised his brother “not to forget”. Bazarov answered him with a "lazy voice." These details are enough to understand the attitude of “fathers and children” towards each other. The writer only notes that the victory remained on the side of a stronger opponent, so Pavel Petrovich could not restrain himself.
But, of course, the ideological contradictions of the era are most clearly expressed in the disputes themselves. Laconically, as is generally characteristic of him, Turgenev was able to express in disputes between Bazarov and other heroes different points of view on issues of concern to society: about the Russian people and their fate, about the ways of the country's development, about the attitude to existing orders, about family, about marriage, about art. These questions divided the then thinking society into revolutionary democrats, liberals and conservatives.
The problem of fathers and children can be called eternal. But it is especially aggravated at turning points in the development of society, when the older and younger generations become spokesmen for the ideas of two different eras. It is such a time in the history of Russia - the 60s of the XIX century ...
Youth is the time to learn wisdom, old age is the time to apply it. J.-J. Rousseau Arkady Kirsanov, having spent a day at the Bazarovs' estate, asks his older teacher friend if he loves his parents, and receives a direct answer: "I love you, Arkady" ...
The constraint of the intrigue by collisions, in turn, was reflected in the placement of its individual parts, contributed to the convergence of the plot with the climax and the climax with the denouement. Strictly speaking, in the novel "Fathers and Sons" the climax of the intrigue almost coincides with the denouement...
In the novel "Fathers and Sons" we are talking about an acute, irreconcilable conflict between aristocrats and democrats, between liberals and raznochintsy revolutionaries. Although I.S. Turgenev did not believe in the prospects of the Bazarov case, he perfectly understood the superiority ...
When we start working on some work, we try to comprehend the era that is contemporary to the author or his creation. Only in the context of history can one understand the events described in the novel, the significance of the problems raised by the author, and their relevance.
Type of lesson: combined, involves the use of an interactive whiteboard, handouts. At different stages of the lesson, both group and individual work of students is used.
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Integrated lesson literature + history in the 10th grade on the topic “Reflection of the era in the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".
Goals:
- Educational:trace how the era is reflected in the novel, reveal the ideological and artistic originality of the novel
- Developing: improve text analysis skills; to develop the ability of students to draw an analogy with real life based on literary characters; improve the skill of comparative analysis and the ability to work with critical literature
- Educational: to form independence and creativity of thinking in conditions of individual and group work
- General subject (meta-subject):development of analytical thinking
Lesson equipment:portraits of I.S. Turgenev, Nicholas I and Alexander II; interactive comparison tables (Nicholas I and Alexander II; nobles and raznochintsy), mobile class
Informational resources:
- Russian language and literature. Literature. 10 cells Advanced level: textbook. At 2 o'clock Part 1 / A.N. Arkhangelsky, D.P. Buck and others; - M .: Bustard, 2013.
- Zolotareva I.V., Mikhailova T.I. Universal lesson developments in literature: 10th grade, 1st half of the year. - M.: VAKO, 2009.
- Zhuravleva O.N. History of Russia: Grade 10: textbook for students of educational institutions: basic level: advanced level / O.N. Zhuravleva, T.I. Pashkova, D.V. Kuzin - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2013
- novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
- article by Yu.V. Lebedev “Public views of I.S. Turgenev"
- "Turgenev in Russian criticism" (collection of critical articles: D.I. Pisarev "Bazarov", M.A. Antonovich "Asmodeus of our time", M.N. Katkov“On our nihilism about Turgenev’s novel”)
- individual messages from students
Lesson type: combined
Methodical methods:individual messages, insert, cinquain, work with an interactive whiteboard (drag and drop), analytical work with text, comparison techniques
Forms of organization of educational activities in the lesson:individual and group work
Epigraph: " Accurately and strongly reproduce the truth, the reality of life is the greatest happiness for a writer, even if this truth does not coincide with his own sympathies. I.S. Turgenev
During the classes
Literature teacher's word:
(Reads the epigraph) Highlight the key words in the epigraph (truth, reality, talent, own sympathies...) How do you understand this statement? ( student opinions)
In order to correspond to the spirit of its time, to arouse the interest of the reader, and especially when it comes to the 19th century, the work must reflect reality. Perhaps no one will doubt that all the novels of I.S. Turgenev fully satisfy this requirement. He was not afraid to respond in a novel form to modernity and always bring out a new hero. Each novel by I. S. Turgenev is built around a new hero, or rather a new generation. Let's remember the farewell to the type of superfluous person, showing how he is no longer relevant, his weakness and unsuitability for the new era - this is Rudin. Then the feeling of the collapse of the noble estate, its mythology - "Noble Nest". Then comes the expectation of stormy, rich changes, and society still lives on “On the Eve”, but in the center of this novel, despite the new type of hero - a revolutionary, not a Russian person, but a Bulgarian Insarov. After that, “Fathers and Sons” appear, which fix a fundamentally new type of hero, a new generation, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov appears, the expectation of which sounds already in the first lines of the work:- What, Peter, can not be seen yet? ..
Questions to the class:
- What is your first impression of the novel?
- What problems does the author touch upon and are they contemporary for us (today)?(the problem of "fathers" and "children", attitudes towards nature, nihilism - good or bad; nihilism = indifference ...)
I.S. Turgenev wrote: “My whole story is directed against the nobility as an advanced class. Look into the face of Nikolai Petrovich, Pavel Petrovich, Arkady. Weakness and lethargy. An aesthetic feeling made me take just good representatives of the nobility in order to prove my topic all the more correctly: if cream is bad, what about milk? .. They are the best of the nobles - and that is why I have chosen them to prove their failure.
It is to them that E.V. will be opposed. Bazarov is a representative of "children", i.e. new generation of the 60s.
Already in the very title of the novel this opposition is laid down.
- What is the name of the confrontation of heroes in literature?(conflict)
Work with text:
What, Peter, can't you see yet? - asked on May 20, 1859, going out without a hat on the low porch of an inn on the *** highway, a gentleman of about forty years old, in a dusty coat and plaid trousers, of his servant, a young and cheeky fellow with whitish fluff on his chin and small dim eyes.
The servant, in whom everything: a turquoise earring in his ear, and pomaded multi-colored hair, and courteous movements, in a word, everything exposed a person of the newest, improved generation, looked condescendingly along the road and answered: “No way, sir, you can’t see it.”
Can't see? repeated the barin.
Not to be seen, - the servant answered for the second time.
The master sighed and sat down on a bench. Let's introduce the reader to him while he sits with his legs bent under him and looking around thoughtfully.
So, already at the very beginning of the novel, a search for a new hero is planned, which is not yet available → the author is looking for him in a specific time space → the date is clearly marked in the novel, May 20, 1859. And this is not accidental, because the author wants to give the reader a concrete idea of the historical situation.
How does the novel relate to the era?
History teacher's word:
The duration of the novel is 1855-1861. - a difficult period for Russia. Let's remember:
- Who was on the throne at that time?(Alexander II)
- Who was his predecessor?(Nicholas I)
In 1855, the war with Turkey, lost by Russia, ended, this defeat was shameful for our country. The most important event in domestic politics also took place: the change of reign. Nicholas I died, his death ended the era of repression, the era of the suppression of public liberal thought. During the reign of Alexander II in Russia, the education of various segments of the population flourished. Raznochintsy are becoming a real social force, while the aristocracy is losing its leading role. Of course, the education that the raznochintsy received was fundamentally different from that of the nobility. Aristocratic youth studied "for themselves", that is, it was education in the name of education itself. Raznochintsy, on the other hand, had neither the means nor the time for such a luxury as broadening their horizons. They needed to get a profession that would feed them and bring real benefits to people. This attitude determined the range of specialties that were mainly chosen by the raznochintsy. Basically, these were natural sciences, they completely denied the spiritual world. At this time, capitalist relations also began to develop in Russia, their development was hampered by the rotten feudal system. The question of the peasant revolution was on the agenda. On this issue, a split occurred between the liberals, who stood for the reformist path, and the revolutionary democrats, who considered it ineffective. - At the beginning of March 1861, the tsar's manifesto of February 19 on the liberation of the peasants was published. Centuries of slavery was over. The peasants finally received their long-awaited freedom. However, as the revolutionary democrats expected, the reform was by no means carried out in the interests of the people. The land still remained in the hands of the landlords, and for those small allotments that the peasants received, they were required to either pay quitrent or work off corvée. A wave of peasant unrest and riots swept across the country, which were suppressed by the government with incredible cruelty. A revolutionary situation has developed in Russia. The revolutionary democrats began to prepare an uprising: a secret society "Land and Freedom" arose, the ideological inspirer of which was Chernyshevsky, proclamations were distributed calling for a decisive battle with the autocracy. At first, Turgenev enthusiastically welcomed the liberation of the peasants. But by the end of 1861, his enthusiasm had noticeably cooled down, he could not help but see that the reform had not solved the peasant question. True, he still hoped that "things would go well," but more and more often notes of disappointment begin to sound in his letters of this period. “We live in a dark and difficult time,” he wrote in December 1861 to his friend N.P. Borisov, “we won’t get out of it.”
- What was the difference between the policies of the two emperors? (individual tasks - table, generalization - syncwine by options)
- What new stratum of the population appeared during the reign of Alexander II and became a real social force, and who did it replace? ( raznochintsy ) (interactive comparative table - nobles (aristocrats) - commoners)
Thus, the novel "Fathers and Sons" was written in the years when the centuries-old foundations of Russia were changing, in the years of the revolutionary situation, when the feudal system was cracking at the seams. The society was split into several camps, each of which preached and asserted its own system of values and worldview.
Literature teacher's word:
- Are there representatives of two generations in the novel? ( Yes )
- Name the brightest - Pavel Petrovich - 40s.
Bazarov - 60s.
- Why weren't Nikolai Petrovich and Arkady among the brightest representatives? (Nikolai Petrovich is softer than his brother, trying to understand the generation of "children", does not enter into an open ideological dispute, tries to get as close as possible to the new generation. And Arkady is only briefly carried away by the ideas of Bazarov, in thoughts, feelings, actions, he remains the son of his father. The life of a loner, a fighter for a cause is not for him, "a soft, liberal barich" - this is how Bazarov certifies him)
- However, can Arkady be considered a representative of "children"? (in terms of age - yes, in terms of education, upbringing and principles, he is closer to his father)
As soon as the novel was published, everyone started talking about it. The dispute basically followed the image of E. Bazarov, since it was he who was opposed to all the actors.
(individual tasks - students' presentation on behalf of Russian critics - D.I. Pisarev, M.A. Antonovich and M.N. Katkov)
Conclusion (literature teacher):There are two polar points of view on the hero.What was the author's intention? How does he feel about his character?
In a letter to A.A. Fetu I.S. Turgenev wrote: “Did I want to scold Bazarov or exalt him? I do not know this myself, for I do not know whether I love him or hate him.
Open 1 page of the novel,to whom is it dedicated? (V.G. Belinsky) Why do you think? (Belinsky for Turgenev is an authoritative critic, a representative of the 40s, a raznochinets. Turgenev appreciated him, the qualities of Bazarov are related to the image of Belinsky).
Why did I. Turgenev say that he himself did not know how he treated Bazarov?Since his political views were also very peculiar. And in order to understand the novel, it is necessary to have an idea of the author's social views.
Working with the article by Yu.V. Lebedev method "insert".
Something you already know, something will become completely new for you, you may not agree with something, you may have questions → the “insert” method - text marking.
The novel "Fathers and Sons" is an acutely polemical work. In it, the writer reflected not only the eternal problem of "fathers and children" and the most important issues of human existence related to it, but also the clash of "the current century and the past century", i.e. social conflict, the struggle not only of two generations, but also of representatives of two camps: liberals and revolutionary democrats.
But we will talk about this in the next lesson.
Homework:Reread chapters 5-9; Why does the writer so consistently acquaints us with the three biographies of his heroes? Why is personal accuracy in a work of art? What impression did Bazarov and P.P. Kirsanov at each other?Compare the portraits of the heroes. Individually: A brief retelling of the main points of the biographies of the heroes. Compose a biography of Bazarov based on the text.
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Domestic policy of Nicholas I and Alexander II Completed by: Cherentaeva Ksenia, student of the 10th grade of MAOU secondary school No. 2 in Vladimir
The historian V. O. Klyuchevsky gave the following general description of the domestic policy of Nicholas I: Nicholas set himself the task of not changing anything, not introducing anything new in the foundations, but only maintaining the existing order, filling in the gaps, repairing the dilapidated signs that were discovered with the help of practical legislation and doing all this without any participation of society, even with the suppression of social independence, by government means alone; but he did not remove from the queue those burning questions that had been raised in the previous reign, and it seems that he understood their burning even more than his predecessor. Contemporaries wrote about his despotism. At the same time, as historians point out, the execution of five Decembrists was the only execution in all 30 years of the reign of Nicholas I, while, for example, under Alexander II - hundreds. Rozhkov writes that after the verdict was passed, he softened it, replacing the death penalty with more lenient punishments. At the same time, Pokrovsky pointed out that under Alexander II, violence against political prisoners resumed again.
Peasant question: In the reign of Nicholas, meetings of commissions were held to alleviate the situation of serfs; Thus, a ban was introduced to exile peasants to hard labor, to sell them one by one and without land, the peasants received the right to redeem themselves from the estates being sold. All this became the foundation for the abolition of serfdom.
Historians who have studied the peasant question commented on the main provisions of Alexander's laws in the following way. The whole reform for the majority of the peasants came down to the fact that they ceased to be officially called "serfs", but began to be called "obliged"; formally, they began to be considered free, but nothing changed in their position: in particular, the landowners continued, as before, to use corporal punishment against peasants. February 19, 1861 in St. Petersburg, Alexander II signed the Manifesto on the abolition of serfdom and the Regulations on peasants emerging from serfdom, which consisted of 17 legislative acts.
In the reign of Nicholas I in Russia, the "era of favoritism" ended - a euphemism often used by historians, which means the usurpation of public positions, honors and awards by the favorites of the tsar and his entourage. Examples of "favoritism" and the associated plunder (or "squandering") of state property on a large scale abound in almost all reigns from the beginning of the 17th century to Alexander I. There are a number of opinions of historians and the facts they cite, testifying about the growth of corruption in the reign of Alexander II. Corruption However, during his reign, efforts were made to create a more effective system of control over budgetary expenditures. To this end, the State Audit Office was reformed.
On February 19, 1861, the tsar signed a manifesto on the release of
peasants, published on March 5 of the same year. Since then Russia
entered a new - post-reform - period of its historical development.
Its beginning was marked by a new wave of peasant uprisings. Truly
the predatory nature of the tsarist reforms soon became clear to many
representatives of the progressive Russian intelligentsia. She became clear and
Turgenev. However, it took a long time before he finally
freed from the illusions associated with his former hopes for Alexander
II. This period of the evolution of his worldview was very complex and contradictory.
Increasingly, Turgenev leaves the confidence that his hopes
come true. How much pain was in his letters of this period, how much
concern for the fate of his native country.
It is in this dark and difficult time that Turgenev comes to even more
full understanding of the enormous significance that it had for the future of Russia
the activities of the revolutionaries. Then it becomes more and more critical
attitude towards liberals.
In February 1862, Turgenev's fourth novel, Fathers and
children”, which most fully reflected the socio-political views
writer of that time, reflected his attitude to everything that happens in
Russia.
The theme of two generations, which predetermined the plot of the novel "Fathers and Sons", was
prompted to Turgenev by a fierce ideological struggle between liberals and
democrats, which unfolded during the preparation of the peasant reform.
While working on the novel, Turgenev took into account and reflected not only the sensational dispute
about two generations - many other
the most important events of the socio-political life of that time: controversy over
questions of art and literature, disputes on questions of philosophy, history, etc.
The title of the novel "Fathers and Sons" is often understood in a very simplified way: a change
social ideology of generations, the conflict of aristocrats and commoners. But
Turgenev's novel is not limited to the social sphere alone, it also has
psychological sound. And to reduce the whole meaning of the work exclusively to
ideology means to understand it “in the Bazarov way”. After all, Bazarov himself
believes that the essence of the new time is the need to wipe everything off the face of the earth,
done by the "fathers", to discredit them, with their "principles" and morality, in
the name of a hazy "bright future". Such a vulgar simplification of the meaning of the era
and the novel, which recreates and explores this era, is inexcusable.
The problem of fatherhood is one of the most important, it is the problem of the unity of development
of all mankind. Only a person's awareness of his roots, his deep
spiritual connection with the past gives him the future. Generational change is always a process
difficult and painless. "Children" inherit from the "fathers" the whole
spiritual experience of mankind. Of course, they should not slavishly copy
“fathers”, a creative rethinking of their life credo is necessary - but
rethinking based on respect for the principles of ancestors. In the era of social
shocks, such a reassessment of values by the new generation occurs much
more harshly and cruelly than necessary. And the results are always there.
tragic: too much is lost in a hurry, these gaps are too difficult
replenish.
In Russia in the nineteenth century, the strongest social upheaval was
Decembrist revolt. The generation for which the period of formation passed in
era of the Nikolaev reaction, could not accept the high code of honor of their
fathers, it will become the “Lost Generation” in Russian history. “Crowd
gloomy and soon forgotten,” one of the best sons of this generation would call him
M.Yu. Lermontov, who comprehended all the tragedy for the spiritual life of society
events on December 14th.
The concept of “hero of time” introduced by Lermontov means a person who
most typical for this era, the nature and fate of which
shaped by this era, reflect its pains and troubles, ups and downs.
Of course, a generation cannot consist of only “heroes of the time”.
The era, as it were, “touches the edge” of the bulk of people, they know how to
adapt. And it's wonderful - imagine a generation of one
Pechorins or Bazarovs! Impossible: life would stop.
"Air of the Age"
Composition
The composition of the novel "Fathers and Sons" is monocentric: the main character is in the center, and all the "formal" elements of the work are aimed at revealing his character.
During his "wanderings" Bazarov visits the same places twice: Maryino, Nikolskoye, Bazarov. Thus, we first get to know the hero, and then we become a witness of how, under the influence of circumstances (a duel with Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, a quarrel with Arkady, love for Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, etc.), his views and beliefs change.
The peculiarity of the landscape in the novel "Fathers and Sons"
Compared to other novels by I.S. Turgenev, "Fathers and Sons" is much poorer in landscapes. The exception is the description of the area near Maryino in Chapter 3 (the landscape serves as proof of Arkady's thought: "transformations are necessary"). Evening landscape in chapter 11 (shows the one-sidedness of the views of Bazarov, who believes that "nature is not a temple, but a workshop", and N.P. Kirsanova, who, admiring nature, does not pay attention to the poverty of the peasants). A picture of an abandoned rural cemetery in chapter 28 (sets the reader up for philosophical reflection).
Features of the Turgenev landscape
1.
Turgenev's landscape never merges with the analysis of the characters' experiences, and this analysis itself is practically absent - the writer's psychologism is "secret", veiled. In this plannature in worksTurgenev not related to the inner life of the characters. At the same time, researchers have repeatedly noted that Turgenev's pictures of nature are often given in the perception of the characters, colored by their emotionality, subjective worldview. And in this the writer draws closer to Tolstoy and Goncharov.
2
.
The peculiarity of the Turgenev landscape is its picturesqueness,"Watercolor", lightness. Researchers of the writer's work have repeatedly noted that Turgenev is an artist of halftones, the finest shades, overflows of color, various lighting effects. He does not use sharp, definite colors, clear, rough lines, either in landscapes or in portraits. However, despite the special airiness, lightness of Turgenev's paintings of nature, they are all very alive and realistic, tangibly concrete. This is created due to the sound, tactile and olfactory richness of these paintings. Turgenev's landscapes are full of natural sounds, smells, he skillfully conveys the sensations of summer morning heat and night freshness, spring wind and frosty winter air. And these features of Turgenev's landscapes remind us of the landscapes of Lermontov and Fet.
3.
A special contemplative attitude to nature, recognition and affirmation in the work of its aesthetic value, its beauty and mystery. In the depiction of nature, Turgenev perceives accuracy and fidelity in the descriptions of natural phenomena ... Turgenev's landscape is psychological. Nature at Turgenev she lives, breathes, changes in every moment or harmonizing with the feelings and experiences of a person, or shading them, becoming a participant in this moral and psychological situation.
4.
Turgenev often depicts pictures of nature seen by a traveler, a hero who is on the road.
The functions of the landscape in the novel are different. This is the transfer of the psychological state of the characters, the characteristics of their characters. The landscape creates a mood, sets off the comic or tragic in positions and situations. Pictures of nature, created by Turgenev, are saturated with philosophical motives and are associated with the ideological meaning of the work.
Genre
"Fathers and Sons" is a multifaceted novel in terms of genre. The presence of a family-beat theme allows us to call it family, the use of a socio-historical conflict as a concept - social, a deep study of human characters - psychological, and the coverage of philosophical problems - philosophical. Most often, given the degree of development of these aspects, the genre "Fathers and Sons" is defined as a socio-psychological novel.
The era and characters in the novel "Fathers and Sons"
Turgenev created a huge number of characters. His prose is different.
large "population". In his artistic world were
represented by almost all the main types of Russian life, although not in
the ratio they actually had.
How did Turgenev see pre-reform Russian reality and how
she appeared in his artistic world? Turgenev's characters represent
mainly the nobility and the peasantry - the two main classes, on
which the autocratic-feudal state held. Other
recreated in the artistic world of Turgenev very selectively.
In the Russian people, Turgenev first of all found disinterested, sincerely
pure, not able to "hunt" romantics and rationalists-practitioners,
thinking on an all-Russian scale, ironically inclined.
The novel “Fathers and Sons” is also full of interesting images.
As you know, Turgenev usually began work on a new work with
so-called preparatory materials, and above all - with the compilation
"Formal list of actors", which indicated real prototypes
future heroes, their characters and biographies were worked out in detail.
BAZAROV
For Turgenev, Bazarov is another negative, a negative named in novel by a nihilist, that is, a man who, as Turgenev explained, “to
regards everything from a critical point of view, which does not bow to
by what authorities, who does not take a single principle for granted, by what
no matter how respected this principle is.”
Having decided to embody in Bazarov’s way of thinking typical features
worldview of the “new people” of the 60s, Turgenev is the basis of his statements
on philosophy and socio-political issues put thoughts,
developed in a number of articles by Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and on questions
scientific and natural - in the articles of Pisarev.
Bazarov, the nihilist, represents the "new people". Bazarov - the grandson of the sexton,
son of a local doctor. Materialist, nihilist. He says "lazy, but
courageous voice”, gait “solid and swiftly bold”. He speaks
clear and simple. Important features of Bazarov's worldview are his atheism and
materialism. He "possessed a special ability to arouse confidence in people
the lower ones, though he never indulged them and treated them casually.”
Bazarov denies not in the name of denial alone, he denies in the name of
celebration of the positive ideal. Bazarov yearns for useful work and is capable of
surrender to him without reserve. And since now the old is hindering the construction of the new, he
sure of the need to destroy it.
Bazarov inherited many of the traits from Insarov, only this time
these features are written out by Turgenev brighter.
It is curious that the writer introduced into Bazarov the features of spiritual duality,
which arose, according to Turgenev, as a result of the inevitable in the conditions
of that time, even for the revolutionaries, the fluctuations between belief and disbelief in
the activity of the masses.
Bazarov's attitude towards the peasants was very complex and contradictory.
He searched, but did not find a common language with them. At the same time, Bazarov did not even
concealed that he despises the muzhik, “if he deserves contempt” “in
its present position."
Note that the last words of Bazarov, the writer, obviously, according to censorship
considerations, did not leave in the final text of the novel, but it still
enough hints have been preserved that it was serfdom that was so
suppressed the Russian peasant, that now he "does not understand himself" and
extremely passive. And it was precisely for this dullness and passivity that he condemned
his Bazarov.
At the same time, the views of Bazarov himself, his position in life were
predetermined, as emphasized in the novel, also by the modern situation
serfs in Russia. In a dispute with P.P. Kirsanov Bazarov says
him: “You blame my direction, but who told you that it is in me
by chance that it is not caused by the same folk spirit in whose name you
do you fight like that?”
Turgenev portrayed the relations of the peasants to Bazarov with the same complexity.
He was not a gentleman for them and therefore quickly earned their favor and
confidence. And yet the peasants often shunned Bazarov, to get along with him
they couldn’t really understand him, and sometimes he seemed funny to them,
even "something like a pea jester."
And this last circumstance, perhaps, should have been, according to
Turgenev's thoughts, bringing Bazarov even closer to Don Quixote, helping to believe
that for the “nihilists” there will come a moment when “a mass of people<...>
wholeheartedly believing,” will follow them.
Bazarov is depicted in the novel as a lonely man who does not have worthy
like-minded people. His tragedy is that he was “born early”. He is ready for
fight, but, realizing that the people are not yet ready for a fight, he tells Arkady about
future generation: “They will be smart only because they will be born on time,
not like you and me."
Bazarov is endowed not only with the will, but also with the mind, not only with enthusiasm, but
and knowledge. And therefore he is close not only to Don Quixote, but also to Hamlet.
What are the reasons for Bazarov's cruelty?
The hero experiences an acute tragic internal conflict: the incompatibility of the requirements of living human nature with nihilism; the impossibility for a strong personality to renounce his convictions and the impossibility to turn away from the demands of nature.
Bazarov is trying to resist what is happening to him, to fit his inner "I" under the framework of nihilism, following which he considers the meaning of his life. This makes him commit cynical, cruel acts, show indifference to the feelings of the people around him.
Bazarov's lovesickness
Having left Nikolsky with the thought that he would never achieve the love of Odintsova, Evgeny Vasilyevich went to Maryino in order to distract himself and do what he loved - conducting chemical experiments. But he fails to turn off the thought of Anna Sergeevna, then Bazarov decides to flirt with the gullible Fenechka, but at the wrong moment Pavel Petrovich catches him and challenges him to a duel. Evgeny Bazarov accepts the challenge.
- What is Bazarov's attitude to the duel?
- Why does he accept the challenge of Pavel Petrovich?
Bazarov's attitude to the duel: “Here is my opinion,” he said. -
From a theoretical point of view, a duel is absurd; Well, from a practical point of view, it's a different matter.
“So you mean, if I only understood you, that whatever your theoretical view of the duel, in practice you would not allow yourself to be insulted without demanding satisfaction?
- You guessed my point perfectly.
- Very good, sir. I am very pleased to hear this from you. Your words take me out of the unknown...
- Out of indecision, you want to say.
Bazarov accepts the challenge of Pavel Petrovich only because he was going to hit him with a stick if he refused.
What is the behavior of the opponents during the duel?
“Bazarov quietly moved forward, and Pavel Petrovich went at him, putting his left hand in his pocket and gradually raising the muzzle of his pistol ... “He is aiming right at my nose,” thought Bazarov, “and how diligently he squints, robber! However, this is an unpleasant sensation I'll look at the chain of his watch..." Something sharply chimed near Bazarov's very ear, and at the same moment a shot rang out. "I heard, so nothing," - managed to flash through his head. He took another step and, without aiming, crushed the spring. Pavel Petrovich trembled slightly and clutched his thigh with his hand. A trickle of blood ran down his white pantaloons.Bazarov behaves calmly and courageously. After Pavel Petrovich was wounded, he instantly turns from a duelist into a doctor,
helping the wounded.
Pavel Petrovich looks inappropriately pompous and funny,
until he receives a wound, which Bazar ditch heals.
Bazarov and social activities
I.S. Turgenev wrote about his hero: "If he is called a nihilist, then it should be read: a revolutionary." In fact, the political program of Bazarov, who claims that it is his business to “clear the place”, and others will build, is very vague and strange. Rejecting the old theories, he does not intend to trust the new ones: will they not turn into dogmas that require obedience?Unlike the populists (real revolutionaries of that time), Yevgeny Vasilyevich does not think of attracting the people to his side. Thus, he bears little resemblance to a revolutionary, but the author of the novel captured in him the very spirit of the revolutionary populism of those years, with its hatred of the existing order of things and the renunciation of all public and civic benefits.
Relations with the people
On the one hand, closeness to ordinary people, the sympathy of servants for Bazarov, a true enlightening view of the people.On the other hand, the inability to find a common language with the peasants: on the estate of his parents, it turns out that the people whose interests he defends are incomprehensible to him.
And Eugene himself in the eyes of the peasants is “something like a pea jester.”
The symbolism of the death of Bazarov
The death of a hero is deeply symbolic. He dies senselessly: not even fulfilling his medical duty, but only by practicing, he becomes infected, falls ill and dies.Why did the author need such a hero's death?
To reveal in him all the strength and power of the individual. Unable to realize himself in life, Bazarov, in the face of death, shows his nobility, high spirit, stamina. The dying Bazarov is simple and human: there is no need to hide his "romanticism". An absurd death does not embitter the hero. He sincerely tries to console his parents, not to show his suffering, not to prevent them from seeking solace in religion. He finds simple and eternal words, saying goodbye to his only love, Anna Sergeevna Odintsova.
PAVEL PETROVICH KIRSANOV
Pavel Petrovich - the son of a military general in 1812. Graduated from the page
frame. He had a pleasant handsome face, youthful harmony. Aristocrat,
an Anglophile, was funny, self-confident, spoiled himself. Living in the countryside 
brother, retained aristocratic habits.
According to Pavel Petrovich, nihilists simply do not recognize anything and
respect nothing. The question is what to recognize, on what, on what grounds
to build one's convictions is extremely important for Pavel Petrovich. That's what
represent the principles of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov: the right to leading
aristocrats won their position in society not by origin, but by
moral virtues and deeds (“The aristocracy gave freedom to England and
supports it”), i.e. moral standards developed by aristocrats -
foundation of the human personality. Only the immoral can live without principles
people. The “principles” of Pavel Petrovich have nothing to do with his activities
for the benefit of society.
The denial of the state system by Evgeny Bazarov leads Pavel
Petrovich was confused (he “turned pale”).
Pavel Petrovich is undoubtedly an educated and interesting person.
Turgenev opposed it to the “machine” of Bazarov’s denial, he is called
balance the nihilist, his image helps the reader to understand all
subtleties of the situation, draw their own conclusions about the positive
sides of nihilism and the old order.
portrait characteristic
NIKOLAY PETROVICH
Kirsanov Nikolai Petrovich - a nobleman, father of Arkady Kirsanov, a widower. N.K. - a weak person, but kind, sensitive, delicate and noble. This hero strives to fulfill his romantic ideal in life - to work and seek happiness in love and art. N.K. trying to keep up with the times. He, to the best of his ability, transforms the estate, establishes new relations with the peasantry. He has a wife - a young girl Fenechka and a small child.
N.K. kindly and sympathetically treats young people who are trying to live and think differently. But Bazarov perceives N.K. as a "retired man" ("his song is sung"). Even his own son, whom the hero loves very much and sees as his heir, tries to re-educate his father and often offends him. But the loving patience of the father and the growing up of the son allow them to get closer at the end of the novel. Both Kirsanovs are united in common life values and a common cause (housekeeping).
ODINTSOVA
Odintsova Anna Sergeevna is an aristocrat who fell in love with Bazarov. In O., features characteristic of the new generation of nobles are manifested: the absence of snobbery and arrogance, freedom of opinion and democracy. O. is smart and proud. Her deceased old husband left O. a huge inheritance. This allows the heroine to live independently and do what she pleases. Only O. hasn't wanted anything for a long time. She says to Bazarov: “I am very tired, I am old, it seems to me that I have been living for a very long time ... There are many memories, but there is nothing to remember, and ahead, in front of me is a long, long road, but there is no goal ... I don’t want to go. Behind the serene calmness and measured existence of the heroine lies her spiritual coldness, inability to hobbies, indifference, selfishness. Bazarov himself tells O. that she wants to fall in love, but is not capable of it. And in this spiritual coldness lies her misfortune. But O. herself chose the path "without emotions." This is a calm and comfortable path that does not bring joy, but does not make you suffer. At the end of the novel, the heroine marries "not out of love, but out of conviction" in order to ensure a prosperous life for herself until old age.SITNIKOV, KUKSHINA
Sitnikov is a pseudo-nihilist who considers himself a student of Bazarov. He tries, just like his idol, to be free and bold. However, his imitation looks comical. "Nihilism" S. understands as overcoming their complexes. He is ashamed, for example, of his father-farmer, who profits from the soldering of the people, suffers from the insignificance and worthlessness of his personality. And "nihilism" allows the hero to feel his significance, involvement in the "great" cause. S. is characterized by "anxious and stupid tension" and dog-like devotion to the leader-Bazarov, despite the fact that he openly despises him. Bazarov believes that the Sitnikovs are needed for dirty work: “It’s not for the gods, in fact, to burn pots!” Kukshina Avdotya Nikitishna is an emancipated landowner and a pseudo-nihilist. K. is very sharp in her assessments and irreconcilable in her views. She is interested in the status of women all over the world ("women's issue"), is fond of natural sciences. This heroine is cheeky, vulgar, stupid. In addition, sloppy and untidy. K. has an unfortunate female fate: she is ugly, does not enjoy success with men, and is abandoned by her husband. In "nihilism" she finds rest, a feeling of being busy with "important business." In the novel, this image is given in satirical tones.Public atmosphere
The world is arranged in such a way that “youth” and “old age” mutually balance each other in it: old age restrains the impulses of inexperienced youth, youth overcomes the excessive caution and conservatism of old people, pushing life forward. Such is the ideal harmony of being in the view of Turgenev.
Two heads and six legs; four walk, and two lie still
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