Movement from the general to the particular. Flexibility of thinking

Deduction is a method of thinking, the consequence of which is a logical conclusion, where a particular conclusion is derived from a general one.

“With just one drop of water, a person who knows how to think logically can deduce the existence of the Atlantic Ocean or Niagara Falls, even if he has not seen either of them,” the most famous literary detective reasoned. Taking into account small details invisible to other people, he built impeccable logical conclusions using the deduction method. It was thanks to Sherlock Holmes that the whole world learned what deduction is. In his reasoning, the great detective always started from the general - the whole picture of the crime with the alleged criminals, and moved to particular moments - considered each one individually, everyone who could commit a crime, studied motives, behavior, evidence.

This amazing hero of Conan Doyle could guess from which part of the country a person came from the particles of soil on his shoes. He also distinguished one hundred and forty kinds of tobacco ash. Sherlock Holmes was interested in absolutely everything, had extensive knowledge in all areas.

What is the essence of deductive logic

The deductive method begins with a hypothesis that a person believes to be true a priori, and then he must verify it with the help of observations. Books on philosophy and psychology define this concept as a conclusion built on the principle from the general to the particular according to the laws of logic.

Unlike other types of logical reasoning, deduction deduces a new thought from others, leading to a specific conclusion applicable in a given situation.

The deductive method allows our thinking to be more concrete and efficient.

The bottom line is that deduction is based on the derivation of the particular on the basis of general premises. In other words, these are arguments based on confirmed, generally accepted and well-known general data, which lead to a logical factual conclusion.

The deductive method is successfully applied in mathematics, physics, scientific philosophy and economics. Doctors and lawyers also need to apply the skills of deductive reasoning, but they will be useful for representatives of any profession. Even for writers working on books, the ability to understand characters and draw conclusions based on empirical knowledge is important.

Deductive logic is a philosophical concept, it has been known since the time of Aristotle, but it began to be developed intensively only in the nineteenth century, when the developing mathematical logic gave impetus to the development of the doctrine of the deductive method. Aristotle understood deductive logic as evidence with syllogisms: reasoning with two messages and one conclusion. The high cognitive or cognitive function of deduction was also emphasized by Rene Descartes. In his works, the scientist contrasted it with intuition. In his opinion, it directly reveals the truth, and deduction comprehends this truth indirectly, that is, through additional reasoning.

In everyday reasoning, deduction is rarely used in the form of a syllogism or two messages and one conclusion. Most often, only one message is indicated, and the second message, as well-known and recognized by all, is omitted. The conclusion is also not always formulated explicitly. The logical connection between messages and conclusions is expressed by the words "here", "therefore", "means", "therefore".

Examples of using the method

A person who conducts deductive reasoning in its entirety is likely to be mistaken for a pedant. Indeed, arguing on the example of the following syllogism, such conclusions may be too artificial.

The first part: "All Russian officers cherish military traditions." Second: "All keepers of martial traditions are patriots." Finally, the conclusion: "Some patriots are Russian officers."

Another example: "Platinum is a metal, all metals conduct electricity, so platinum is electrically conductive."

Quote from a joke about Sherlock Holmes: “The driver welcomes the hero Conan Doyle, saying that he is glad to see him after Constantinople and Milan. To Holmes' surprise, the driver explains that he learned this information from the tags on the luggage. And this is an example of using the deductive method.

Examples of Deductive Logic in Conan Doyle's Novel and McGuigan's Sherlock Holmes Series

What is deduction in the artistic interpretation of Paul McGuigan becomes clear in the following examples. A quote embodying the deductive method from the series: “This man has the bearing of an ex-military man. His face is tanned, but it's not his skin tone, since his wrists aren't as dark. The face is tired, as after a serious illness. Keeps his hand motionless, most likely, was once wounded in it. Here Benedict Cumberbatch uses the method of inference from the general to the particular.

Often deductive conclusions are so truncated that they can only be guessed at. It can be difficult to restore deduction in full, indicating two messages and a conclusion, as well as logical connections between them.

Quote from Detective Conan Doyle: “Because I have been using deductive logic for so long, inferences flow through my head at such a speed that I do not even notice intermediate conclusions or relationships between two positions.”

What gives deductive logic in life

Deduction will be useful in everyday life, business, work. The secret of many people who have achieved outstanding success in various fields of activity lies in the ability to use logic and analyze any actions, calculating their outcome.

In the study of any subject, the approach of deductive thinking will allow you to consider the object of study more carefully and from all sides, at work - to make the right decisions and calculate efficiency; and in everyday life - it is better to navigate in building relationships with other people. Therefore, deduction can improve the quality of life when used properly.

The incredible interest shown in deductive reasoning in various fields of scientific activity is absolutely understandable. After all, deduction allows one to obtain new laws and axioms from an already existing fact, event, empirical knowledge, moreover, exclusively theoretically, without applying it in experiments, solely thanks to observations. Deduction gives a full guarantee that the facts obtained as a result of a logical approach, operations will be reliable and true.

Speaking about the importance of a logical deductive operation, one should not forget about the inductive method of thinking and substantiating new facts. Almost all general phenomena and conclusions, including axioms, theorems and scientific laws, appear as a result of induction, that is, the movement of scientific thought from the particular to the general. Thus, inductive considerations are the basis of our knowledge. True, this approach in itself does not guarantee the usefulness of the acquired knowledge, but the inductive method causes new assumptions, connects them with knowledge established by experience. Experience in this case is the source and basis of all our scientific ideas about the world.

Deductive reasoning is a powerful means of cognition, used to obtain new facts and knowledge. Together with induction, deduction is a tool for understanding the world.

Deductive and inductive methods express a fundamentally important feature of the learning process. It consists in the ability to reveal the logic of the content of the material. The application of these models is the choice of a certain line of disclosure of the essence of the topic - from the general to the particular and vice versa. Consider further what the deductive and inductive methods are.

Inductio

The word induction comes from a Latin term. It means the transition from specific, single knowledge about certain objects of the class to a general conclusion about all related objects. The inductive method of cognition is based on data obtained during the experiment and observations.

Meaning

The inductive method occupies a special place in scientific activities. It includes, first of all, the obligatory accumulation of experimental information. This information acts as a basis for further generalizations, formalized in the form of scientific hypotheses, classifications, and so on. However, it should be noted that such methods are often not enough. This is due to the fact that the conclusions obtained in the course of the accumulation of experience often turn out to be false when new facts arise. In this case, the inductive-deductive method is used. The limitation of the study model "from the particular to the general" is also manifested in the fact that the information obtained with the help of it does not in itself act as necessary. In this regard, the inductive method must be supplemented by comparison.

Classification

The inductive method can be complete. In this case, the conclusion is made based on the results of the study of absolutely all subjects presented in a particular class. There is also incomplete induction. In this case, the general conclusion is the result of considering only some homogeneous phenomena or objects. Due to the fact that it is not possible to study all the facts in the real world, an incomplete inductive research method is used. The conclusions drawn from this are plausible. The reliability of inferences increases in the process of selecting a fairly large number of cases, in relation to which a generalization is built. At the same time, the facts themselves must be different and reflect not random, but essential properties of the object of study. If these conditions are met, one can avoid common mistakes such as jumping to conclusions, confusing a simple sequence of events with causal relationships between them, and so on.

Bacon's inductive method

It is presented in the work "New Organon". Bacon was extremely dissatisfied with the state of the sciences in his period. In this regard, he decided to update the methods of studying nature. Bacon believed that this would not only make the existing sciences and arts reliable, but also make it possible to discover new disciplines unknown to man. Many scholars noted the incompleteness and vagueness of the presentation of the concept. There is a widespread misconception that the inductive method in the "New Organon" is presented as a simple way of studying from a specific, single experience to universally valid provisions. However, this model was used before the creation of this work. Bacon in his concept argued that no one can find the nature of the object in itself. The study needs to be extended to the "general" scale. He explained this by the fact that the elements hidden in some things may have an ordinary and obvious nature in others.

Model application

The inductive method is widely used in school education. For example, a teacher, explaining what specific gravity is, takes various substances in the same volume for comparison and weighs them. In this case, incomplete induction takes place, since not all, but only some objects participate in the explanation. The model is also widely used in experimental (experimental) disciplines; on its basis, the corresponding training materials are also built. Some clarification of terms should be given here. In the sentence, the word "experimental" is used as a characteristic of the empirical side of science, by analogy with such a concept as "prototype". In this case, the sample did not gain experience, but participated in the experiment. The inductive method is used in the lower grades. Children in elementary school get acquainted with different natural phenomena. This allows them to enrich their little experience and knowledge about the world around them. In the upper grades, the information obtained in elementary school serves as a base for the assimilation of generalizing data. The inductive method is used when it is necessary to show a pattern that is characteristic of all objects/phenomena of one category, but its proof cannot yet be offered. The use of this model makes it possible to make the generalization obvious and convincing, to present the conclusion as arising from the facts studied. This will be a kind of proof of the pattern.

Specificity

The weakness of induction is that it takes longer to deal with new material. This model of learning is less conducive to the improvement of abstract thinking, since it is based on concrete facts, experience, and other data. The inductive method should not become universal in teaching. According to modern trends, which involve an increase in the amount of theoretical information in educational programs and the introduction of appropriate learning models, the importance of other logistical forms of presenting material is also increasing. First of all, the role of deduction, analogy, hypothesis and others increases. The considered model is effective when the information is mainly of an actual nature or is associated with the formation of concepts, the essence of which can become clear only with such reasoning.

Deductio

The deductive method involves the transition from a general conclusion about an object of a certain class to a particular, single knowledge about a separate object from this group. It can be used to predict events that have not yet occurred. In this case, the general studied patterns serve as the basis. Deduction is widely used in proving, substantiating, testing assumptions and hypotheses. Thanks to her, the most important scientific discoveries were made. The deductive method plays an important role in the formation of the logical orientation of thinking. It contributes to the development of the ability to use known information in the process of assimilation of new material. Within the framework of deduction, each specific case is studied as a link in the chain, their relationship is considered. This allows you to get data that goes beyond the initial conditions. Using this information, the researcher makes new conclusions. When the original objects are included in newly emerging connections, previously unknown properties of objects are revealed. The deductive method contributes to the application of the acquired knowledge in practice, general theoretical provisions that are exclusively abstract in nature, to specific events that people have to meet in life.

What happens in a person's life is determined by how he thinks. In fact, in life he recreates the picture that is in his head. In my opinion, this is very important, so there will be quite a few articles devoted to thinking.

In this article, we will analyze one of the functions of thinking, namely the transitions from the general to the particular and vice versa. It is this process that largely determines the flexibility of thinking, and the ability to find ways to solve problems and tasks.

There is a phrase with which it is difficult to disagree: "Sometimes the formulation of the problem is the main problem." Indeed, sometimes people use initially dead-end formulations, which, by definition, contain the impossibility of solving it. For example, women often formulate a relationship problem with their husband as “he is oppressing me,” which obviously leads the thinking along the path that in order to solve this problem, the husband must stop doing it. Accordingly, the solution to the problem is associated with a change in another person, which lies beyond our direct influence. After all, as you know, we cannot change another person. As a result, a dead end.

If you change the wording, focusing on your circle of influence, for example, “I allow myself to be oppressed,” a whole range of questions immediately arises that will allow you to solve the problem. For example: “why do I allow myself to be oppressed” / “how can I learn to defend my interests”? Etc. But all formulations are connected with self-correction. What is real, unlike trying to change another person. Moreover, from a competent formulation of the problem, its solution automatically follows.

The problem can be formed at the private level.

For example, you are holding two sheets of paper and you say "I need glue to stick two sheets of paper together." Such a formulation initially sets the framework for thinking, because it implies a limited number of solutions. In this case, one option. If there is glue, you will solve the problem, if not, the problem cannot be solved.

If we move from the particular to the general: “I need to connect two sheets of paper”, it instantly expands the number of options for solving the problem. Now not only glue is suitable for you, but also adhesive tape, a stapler, plasticine, chewing gum and further on a huge list. Obviously, in this case, the probability of solving the problem increases significantly, due to the emergence of many options.

As a result, in order to solve the problem, we needed to move from the particular to the general. Evaluate the options and available resources, and then go back to private by selecting one of the options.

Often people formulate the problem at a general level. "I want to start a business." “Relationships are difficult. Something is going wrong". "I'm having trouble selling." Solutions to a problem never follow from formulations at a general level. The private level allows you to draw up a plan of action. The general level is amorphous and incomprehensible.

What kind of business to open and what is needed for this? What exactly is happening in relationships, how to improve them? What's going on with sales specifically? All this depends on many factors.

The formulations at the general level testify to two things.

Firstly, a person has a “porridge” in his head, which he will not cook until he formulates without specifics.

Secondly, a plan of action does not follow from the general formulations. Accordingly, it is necessary to go from the general to the particular, breaking up the problem into its constituent elements and examining each element separately.

For effective thinking, it is very important to be able to move from one level to another in time, especially if you realize that you are reaching a dead end. In my opinion, timely transitions from the particular to the general and vice versa largely determine the flexibility of thinking, and, accordingly, the ability to find solutions to problems. How it works? Let's take a look at a recent example.

The businesswoman addressed. The owner of a network of clothing stores in several shopping centers in different cities. Request: “Some crap with sales. I do not know what to do". In other words, a wording at a general level that cannot answer the question of what to do. You need to go to the private level.

Accordingly, it is necessary to highlight the elements that make up the sales process in the shopping center. Next, I omit the details and show the principle of transition from the general to the particular and vice versa.

For example, what does the shopping process look like in a mall? The buyer must come to the mall itself. Then he must go to the store. He must make a purchase in the store.

In total, there are three main elements:

1. Visiting a shopping center.

2. Permeability of the store.

3. Conversion. (the ratio of those who entered and bought.)

▸ Look at the second element. We study statistics. If the traffic in the shopping center has not fallen significantly, and the store's traffic has decreased, then perhaps the problem lies precisely in this segment. Again, we go to a more general level and compile a list of factors that affect the attendance of a store in a shopping center. Not tied to a specific situation. It will turn out to be a rather large list, from shop windows and mannequins, to changes in customer flows in the shopping center (for example, they moved an exit, or an anchor opened in another place). After that, you need to go back to private. Correlate all the factors influencing store attendance with how things are in reality.

Having completed this action, we will get a picture of which of the items “sags” and an action plan to increase store traffic.

▸ Suppose we analyzed all the points and found out that the patency has not decreased. We turn to the consideration of the third element of the system.

There are many factors that affect the conversion rate. Here you need to evaluate the collection, staff, product matrix, merchandising and much more. Then you can also go to a more general level, writing down all the points, how it should work in the ideal version (there is such a method of thinking called the “ideal option”). Then again return to the private, that is, a specific store and determine what can be done in this case. As you can see, with this approach, an action plan is determined to increase sales.

What do we get as a result? If the problem is in the first element, then here is your list of actions.

For example, in this case it is impossible to influence the attendance of the shopping center. But if the attendance has fallen, then this may be the subject of negotiations for an increase in rent. Or moving the store to another place and so on.

The problem of the second element is solved by another set of measures. The same goes for the third element. But now we have moved from “porridge” in the head in the form of “shitty sales” to understanding the structure and a specific plan of action.

As you can see, this is achieved through transitions from the general to the particular and vice versa. Moreover, there may be several such transitions. In general, this is the flexibility of thinking, the ability to timely and easily “travel” through these levels.

A similar story occurs when the problem is initially formulated at the private level. For example, the company is expanding and the management is puzzling over which of the current employees can lead the department. Usually it all starts with a choice: Petrov, Ivanov, Sidorov and Vasechkin. And then it turns out that Petrov is “not a leader”, he cannot be promoted. It seems that Ivanov can be promoted, but he will not cope with Petrov. Etc.

In such cases, the transition to the general level, that is, the definition of the portrait of the leader, helps. Abstract, without reference to personality. Then it may turn out that the best option is to take a person from outside, because in reality none of the existing options is suitable.

Or, for example, the wording: "I want to marry Petya." This is a private level and it seems to be natural in matters of relationships. And if we go to a more general formulation, then it turns out that in fact you want a happy family. With this option, a particular Petya may just be out of the list of potential options for a happy relationship.

Why do I think this is important? The thinking of any person is within certain limits. This is fine. By moving from one level to another, you can go beyond the existing framework of thinking, and it turns out that it is there that the solution to the problem lies.

The topic of thinking frames is very important and I will definitely return to it, because the most “evil jokes” with us are made by thinking frames, which are derivatives of our previous success. A person who does not know how to go beyond the existing framework of thinking often finds himself in a dead end. He doesn't know what to do and makes bad decisions.

If you encounter a problem that confuses you, then try the following.

1. Formulate a problem and write it down on a piece of paper.

2. Try to determine at what level the problem is formulated. General or private.

3. Reframe the problem on a different level.

4. If you have moved from the private to the general, then in order to understand the action plan, you will need to go back to the private level.
This will give you several options.

I think that many use the simple skill of thinking given in the article intuitively, and now they will be able to do it consciously.

Good afternoon, shalom!

Thank you very much for your question. I just want to clarify that in your short sentence there are two questions: what is one of the principles of the Torah, that is, in general - what are the principles, and what is klal u-frat, i.e. rule "from the general to the particular and from the particular to the general."

The rule for deriving a new law from the words of the Torah is called in Hebrew mida, and a very rough translation of the word is "principle". Without going into the details of the question, I will say that there are 13 such middots, i.e. principles, rules, according to which the laws of the Oral Torah are derived from the Written Torah. These principles themselves, i.e. how they work is an Oral Tradition that goes back to the giving of the Torah. (As you know, on Mount Sinai, the Jewish people received two Torahs: the Written Torah, which is used by other religions besides the Jewish one, for example, Christians, calling it the Pentateuch of Moses, and the Oral Torah, which contains a huge array of Jewish Tradition).

One of the key knowledge of the Oral Torah is thirteen middot, i.e. thirteen principles for deriving the laws of the Oral Torah from the Written Torah.

Now specifically about your question. “From the general to the particular and from the particular to the general” is one of the thirteen principles, which in Hebrew sounds mi-prat li-hlal u-mi-hlal li-frat. A person who carefully studies the Scriptures will see that sometimes the Torah gives a general concept, and after it - a specific one, or vice versa. Then this rule is mi-hlal li-frat- tells us that in this case, if the general concept is mentioned first, and then the specific one, then this Torah law concerns only the narrow concept, which limits the general one. An example - in the Book of Vayikra (1, 2) it is said: "from animals" is a general concept, and then it is said "from cattle or small cattle" - this is a particular concept, and our rule says that in this case it is in The Torah is only about a particular concept, that is, a sacrifice can only be made from large or small livestock, other animals cannot be sacrificed.

And vice versa, mi-prat li-hlal, i.e. from the particular to the general, teaches - the law of the Torah applies to the entire set of cases included in this general concept, despite the fact that a particular case was mentioned at the beginning. An example of the application of the rule "from particular to general" is a law that exempts a person who guards one's cattle from the obligation to make amends if she died. It is said in the Torah (Shemot 22 9): “When a man gives his neighbor a donkey or an ox or a sheep ...” - these are particular examples, “... and any cattle” - this is a generalization, and we teach that the law applies to all types of livestock, and not just specific ones - a donkey, a bull or a sheep.

Here it is necessary to clarify that what we are talking about, these principles-rules, cannot be understood and studied in isolation from the material being studied. These principles are the cornerstone of the Talmud, and therefore in the Siddur (Jewish prayer book) the study of these thirteen middot, which Rabbi Ishmael formulated, every morning counts as a study of the Oral Teaching - probably, you read them there.

Therefore, if you are interested in these principles, our advice is to open the Talmud and start studying it. But a person cannot study the Talmud on his own - he simply will not understand anything there :)), so we advise you to apply to our Talmud Online program, where, subject to certain criteria, everyone can get an individual teacher for the study of the Talmud.

Sincerely, Abraham Cohen

I will think about it tomorrow. (with)

1. What is from the general to the particular, what is from the particular to the general? Give examples.
From the general to the particular is the isolation of narrower issues from a large amount of information. For example, there is a tree, and there is a pine. A tree is a general concept because it can be either a pine or any other species. And pine in this case is a particular concept, because in any case a pine is a tree.

2. What is logical? your understanding. Is your understanding of the logical consistent with the generally accepted? Is it easy to be logical?
Logic is a rational sequence of thoughts and actions. In general, I agree with the generally accepted concepts of logic, although sometimes they are not clear to me. It's hard for me to be logical.

3. How can fractions be explained on the clock face?
A full circle is a whole, a unit. The circle is divided into 12 parts, so one part is 1/12. Two parts 2/12 or, shortening, 1/6, etc.

4. What is a rule? What rules must be obeyed?
A rule is a specially designed scheme of action in a given situation. It is worth obeying those rules that do not contradict each other and are based on the desire to explain the nature of things and make life easier.

5. What is a hierarchy? Should there be a hierarchy? Why? Give an example of a hierarchy of systems, what is it?
Hierarchy is a system with a clearly defined vertical structure. Hierarchy must be obeyed because it maintains order. An example is a flock of some animals, led by a leader. It represents the top level of the hierarchy, the rest are the bottom. This is a simple example of a two-level hierarchy; in a human society, there can be as many of these levels as you like, depending on the division criteria.

6. How do you feel about instructions? How do you use them? Can you write instructions yourself? If yes, then which one?
I don't like them because I get the feeling that I'm being taught starting with the most basic things. I use it when I'm confused. I myself would hardly be able to write instructions, because I am inconsistent in my actions.

7. How do you understand: "Freedom consists in observing the laws, and not in ignoring them"? Do you agree with this? Why?
If a person complies with the law, then he agrees with the norms of behavior laid down in them. Accordingly, he feels comfortable without violating the comfort of others. He is free because the law is a natural state for him. Otherwise, he is in tension all the time, because every violation of the law is followed by punishment, a person cannot feel himself the master of his own position, therefore, he is not free.

8. Tell me how consistent you are. In this vein, the following is of interest:
a). What is a sequence anyway? In the broad and narrow sense of the word. If possible, discuss this topic.

b). How do you rate your consistency? How much is it above or below the "average" degree of consistency that you observe in your environment?
I am not consistent. I constantly grab onto different things, I can start writing a message to one person, then switch to writing another without finishing the first one. Sometimes I start doing work from the end or the middle. I think my consistency is below average.

G). In what cases is it possible to go beyond what is considered to be a sequence?
If it does not interfere with others and does not affect the overall course of work.

9. Why is a standard needed?
To have something to navigate.

10. You need to organize your home library. How does this activity make you feel? How will you classify books?
I love books, I enjoy working with them. But I don't like doing routine for a long time. Most likely, having arranged the books in the way that seems beautiful to me, I will give up this business, even if not all the books are still in their places. Perhaps I will return to this matter later.

11.You must choose one of the tasks below at your discretion and give a detailed answer-explanation. Explain your choice.
- What is the relationship between the concepts of "cutlery" and "spoon"?
A spoon is a type of cutlery. Cutlery - common, spoon - private. It is easier for me to talk about specific subjects that I can imagine.

12. Do you often need to structure information? For what purpose? How is it customary to do it? How do you do it?
Yes, I need to structure the information, otherwise it gets confused in my head. I try to generalize it somehow, to make plans or schemes with interconnections. Sometimes I do it in my head, sometimes on paper.

1. What is work in your view? Why do you need a job at all? What are the parameters by which you can determine whether you will cope with the work or not?
Work is something that, for some reason, needs to be done. You need to work so that it is not boring, inactivity can drive you crazy, that's why work is needed. I evaluate the amount of skill and effort that needs to be applied. to get the job done. If I have enough of them, then I can handle it, if not, then I doubt my success, but sometimes I can overestimate myself and take on a job that is too tough for me.

2. What is the relationship between quality and quantity? Tell me how the price depends on the quality?
With an increase in quantity, quality decreases, provided that the amount of effort expended on the manufacture of goods remains unchanged. The higher the quality, the higher the price, but the price can be influenced by many factors, so my statement is true with other factors unchanged, except for quality.

3. How is it customary to determine the quality of work? How do you define the quality of work? How well can you determine the quality of the purchased item, and do you pay attention to it?
If the work done is well done, there are no errors in it, everything is correctly designed / packaged, the product is durable, meets the declared standards, then the work is of high quality. If I can hold the product in my hands, then I can roughly determine its quality. If this is a product, then you are interested in the smell, composition, appearance of the product, as well as packaging, expiration date, etc. If this is an industrial product, then strength, joint strength, wear resistance, etc. I pay attention to product quality.

4. How do you feel if the case is not completed? Does it happen? For what reasons?
I often don't finish things. I'm just losing interest in them. If the situation allows, then I postpone them until the moment when interest appears again.

5. What kind of work is interesting for you? Describe in more detail.
An interesting job is one that brings pleasure, evokes pleasant emotions, a desire to learn more and more about it, to do it for hours without stopping. The one that can captivate me and make me forget about the real world.

6. You come to the store and see a product with a price tag hanging on it. By what parameters will you understand whether it is expensive or not?
I will compare the price with similar products, adjusting for quality. If I am ready to give the amount stated in the price tag to satisfy my own needs, then this is at least an acceptable price. After all, the consumer does not buy a thing, but the satisfaction of a need.

7. When you work, you are told: You are doing it wrong, wrong. What is your reaction?
If I am sure that I am right, I will be indignant and will defend my rightness, because I am annoyed by such interference in my work. But if I need improvement, then I will ask what exactly my mistake is and ask for clarification.

8. A professional works next to you. You constantly see that you can't do it the way he did. What are your feelings, thoughts and actions?
I feel like I will never reach his level. Mainly because I can't stick to one passion or one goal for long.

9. When you ask for help at work, how do you feel?
I don't like to ask for help, I try to do everything on my own. I ask for help in critical cases and I feel not quite comfortable.

10. You need to build a pyramid, such as in Egypt. What are your thoughts, actions?
Where to begin? You need to find out how it's built. In other words, I will study the theory first.

11. If something is done with difficulty, what can be said about this matter? your next steps. Give examples. Compare with how others behave in such a situation.
You need to make efforts and improve until the desire is gone. Without desire, it will be even more difficult. I will try to ignite my enthusiasm. If I need to write a term paper in the evening, and I don’t feel like doing it at all, then in the morning I will have conversations with myself, where I will try to convince myself that this is interesting, exciting and will generally prove to everyone how smart and capable I am. At the same time, I understand that this is self-deception, but I try to drive away this thought, it is much more important now to arouse interest. I'm not interested in how others act, only one method works for me.

1. Tell us what is beauty? Is your idea of ​​beauty changing? To what extent is your understanding of beauty consistent with the generally accepted? What in this understanding goes beyond the generally accepted?
Beauty is what brings moral satisfaction from its contemplation. My ideas about beauty can change under the influence of my hobbies. More likely no than yes. I like destruction, both moral and physical, but only in the ideal version, that is, not the one that is in reality. I just like to look at it, being sure that in life this will not happen. I would also include the romanticization of death here. I like it when in literature, cinema, music, etc. death is presented beautifully, but at the same time I clearly realize that in life I don’t like it.

2. Please describe your understanding of a beautifully dressed man, woman. What is the essence of beauty? Try to explain what is beautiful and what is not to a person who has never heard of beauty.
Beauty inside. I have no idea how a person should look in order for me to consider him beautiful. But if we talk about appearance, then it just has to be pleasing to the eye, give me a feeling of aesthetic comfort.

3. Do you think there is a common template for understanding beauty? Can we say that there is a classic beauty?
As far as I know, there are templates, but I don't know much about them. And they don't interest me. For me, beautiful is something that evokes strong emotions in me.

4. What is comfort, what is comfort? How do you create coziness and comfort? How do others rate your ability to create coziness and comfort? Do you agree with them?

5. How do you choose clothes? Do you follow fashion? Why? How do you understand what to wear with a certain figure?
I'm not very good at fashion. I like the combination of black and white, I will wear a formal suit with pleasure, because I am pleased to see myself in it. Or I might wear something funny to cheer myself up or get attention. And in the figure, the main thing is to cover up the flaws, not to focus on them.

6. Tell us how you cook? How do you stick to recipes? How do others rate your taste?
I don't know how to cook, I rarely do it. I don’t like to cook for a long time - it gets boring. I try to strictly adhere to recipes, as I do not have enough experience to replace the ingredients to my taste.

7. How do you understand the combination of colors? Which color goes well with which and vice versa.
I don't understand. I just look and decide if I like this combination or not. In general, I never wear flashy combinations and, it seems, I don’t miss with combinations.

8. How do you perceive if someone tells you that this is beautiful, combined with something? Do you agree with other people's opinions?
If it matches mine, then yes. If not, then no) I proceed from the concept that everyone perceives beauty in their own way.

9. Could you tell us how you designed any room (room, for example)? Do you do it yourself or trust someone else, why?
I'm not interested in design. Perhaps I would trust this to someone else. I don't like doing things that I'm not interested in.

10. How do you understand that a person has bad taste? Can you give an example? Do you only trust your own taste, or do you feel that you need to ask others for their opinion?
If a person dressed inappropriately for the occasion, place or time, for example, he put on a red dress for a funeral. In general, I can’t explain how I define it, I just look and feel that one is dressed with taste, and the other is not.

1. How can you build yourself and others? By what methods? Can you press? If yes, how does it happen?
What does build mean? Call for discipline? Perhaps I am a supporter of putting pressure on conscience. I can, of course, shout, and most likely I will do so if my moralizing does not take effect, but I don’t like conflicts, so I try to use shouting as a last resort.

2. What is a collision? How do you deal with a collision situation? Is it easy to fight back?
Unfounded claims. If they are unfounded, then why should I attach importance to them at all? I will immediately say that the person is wrong and will not listen to him. I can argue, but if the subject of the dispute is not interesting to me, I will turn around and leave. And let the opponent think what he wants. I will still continue to do my own thing.

3. What is "ours" and "strangers"? When "their" can cease to be such and why?
There is a very thin line between them, and I cannot say with certainty that my own are clearly separated from others in my mind. I am connected with my relatives, friends or other close ties, with strangers - only formal or none at all.

4. What are the attack strategies? Can you apply them? When is an attack justified?
If the situation requires drastic measures, my intervention, then I can go on the attack, but in general I have a vague idea of ​​\u200b\u200bstrategies. Usually, in specific conditions, I quickly think over a plan of action, based on my feelings and sensations.

5. Do you consider it possible to occupy someone else's territory and when?
Quite. But if I have a good reason for this. Well, the strength to keep this territory behind you. Otherwise, I don't see the point in doing it.

6. What methods of power struggle are the most effective and in what situations?
When verbal arguments are powerless. The truth is, I don't like the use of force. I consider this a manifestation of the diplomatic failure of the interlocutors.

7. How is it customary to protect yourself and your interests?
Polite but firm.

8. Tell us how you behave in situations of confrontation, in situations where you need to show strength?
I try to keep calm and not let my emotions take over, although I don't always succeed. Force, in particular physical, I do not like to use.

9. Are you considered a strong person? Do you consider yourself a strong person?
I would like to be considered a strong person. But I don't know how I look in the eyes of others. I don’t consider myself strong, but I strive for this, I often repeat the phrase: “You are strong.”

10. Tell us how to understand a person that he is strong? Are there signs of a strong person? What is the essence of strength? Why do people obey one and not the other?
A strong person is able to make the right decisions in any conditions, he does not need anyone's pity, he is self-sufficient and knows how to control his feelings and emotions. Strength is control over yourself. People obey those in whom they see signs of their own superiority.

11. Are you good at putting pressure on others? By what methods? If yes, how does it happen?
Didn't think about it. If I need something from a person, I can apply various methods of influence, depending on the person himself. If he is soft, then it is enough to ask or convince him of the need to perform this or that action. If a person is intractable, then you need to make him imbued with the idea that the action is necessary for him.

1. What can be considered rudeness? How does your understanding of rudeness agree / differ from the generally accepted one?
- How would you explain what rudeness is to a ten-year-old child?
Rudeness is when someone calls you, your friends or what you love with bad words.
- How would this explanation look for an adult who does not own ethical standards?
Rudeness is a disregard for tolerance for other people's opinions, tastes, interests, preferences, style, and so on.

2. How would you like to improve public morality?
By introducing strict laws, censorship.

3. Is it an excuse for bad behavior that a person is simply not taught to behave?
If a person has not been taught, this may not be terrible, but if he does not want to learn on his own, then hiding behind the fact that he was not taught is already a crime.

4. Listen to yourself and give your definition of love. Is it possible to love and punish at the same time?
Love is everything from two people's attachment to each other, to hobbies and scientific discoveries. I believe that it is possible to punish by loving, if it carries an educational moment.

5. Have you heard about Georgian hospitality? Everything for the guest. And there is also German hospitality - the owner of rights in his house. Which approach is more legitimate, try to evaluate, regardless of our cultural habits? What are the cultural traditions of your nation in this matter?
I am for the German version. A house is a personal space of a person, so it is necessary to behave in it in such a way that the owner feels comfortable.

6. What is empathy. When should you show it, when should you not, when do you show it?
It's hard for me to sympathize. It seems I can't do it. I don’t see where the line between sympathy and pity lies, and I don’t like the second with all my heart.

7. Are there any norms of behavior, relations between people in society? If yes, do you follow them? Is it always necessary to follow the norms of relationships? Why?
I think there must be norms, otherwise society will turn into uncontrollable chaos. For example, subordination. Without it, much will simply collapse. I adhere to these standards. But I don’t think that there should always be compliance with the norms in everything, because everything in the world is relative, and there will always be situations that will be difficult to fit into one norm.

8. Is it enough just to use the knowledge of books and the way you were taught, the examples that you saw in your life in order to be able to communicate with people, or do you need something else?
It is necessary to be able to put into practice all the knowledge gleaned from books and other sources. The ability to apply them to a specific person. And the ability to respect his knowledge and experience in similar matters.

9. How to understand what kind of relationship with people is right and what is not?
The correct one is that which does not contradict moral and ethical standards.

10. What can be called moral and what is immoral? How do you understand this, and how do others (majority) understand it? Can you assess the correctness of your understanding?
Morally - this is when other people's opinions, actions, visions are respected. In addition, moral actions should not infringe on the freedom of another person. I agree with the definition of morality, which is accepted in the modern world. But sometimes I get the impression that some of its points are already being rejected by the majority. This saddens me, because I believe that my concept of morality is correct.

11. Someone shows a clearly negative attitude towards you. What is your reaction? Can you yourself express (show, show) a person your negative attitude towards him? If so, how? Can you treat a person badly for a long time? Do you forgive insults?
If a person is indifferent to me, then most likely I will not feel anything but irritation. I can express some phrase, but I am unlikely to get involved in a verbal skirmish. If a person was indifferent, then I will simply remember his attitude and draw conclusions about the future relationship with him. If it is close, then it will probably hurt me, but outwardly I will not show it in any way. I forgive insults, I see no reason to accumulate evil in myself, I only draw conclusions for the future in order to correct my behavior in relation to this person.

12. Tell us about how your relationships with others have evolved over the past day.
Today I spent the whole day at home, I was sick, so I'll tell you about yesterday. In the morning I was at the dentist: the relationship is formal, polite. In the evening I met a girl whom I had previously known on the Internet. We got along well, there was no tension in communication. I also get along well with my family, I try to avoid quarrels, there were none that day. A young man called, there was a pleasant and warm conversation. In addition, there were several dialogues on the Internet related to common interests.

1. "The whole world is not worth a child's tears" How do you understand this? Do you share this opinion?
The child should not feel pain, both moral and physical. Yes, I think I agree, because children are pure, open creatures who are only learning about the world. To make them suffer is inhumane, they are not to blame for anything.

2. Is it permissible in society to express, show their emotions? Give examples of inappropriate expression of emotion.
I think no. But at the same time, I myself constantly manifest them. For example, in public transport it is inappropriate to laugh and talk loudly. But I sometimes neglect this rule.

3. Is it possible to use negative emotions? In what situations?
Better to eradicate them.

4. How do you show negative emotions? How does it smooth out? What do others say about it?
I get irritated, angry. I can hit the wall with my fist, kick something, break something. I can cry too, but I try not to do it in public. It seems that I have repeatedly been awarded the title of "hysterical". That's probably the way it is.

5. What are surface emotions? What other emotions can there be?
Emotions must be deep. The person must feel. So that you want to jump, run, fly, or, conversely, cry, smear tears on your cheeks, scream. Superficial emotions are the illusion of life.

6. What emotions are considered correct, what are not?
sincere.

7. How quickly can you change your emotional state? In which direction?
I have a stable emotional background, I am an optimist. But I like to evoke strong emotions in myself, so I love films and books with a tragic ending that can make me "feel".

8. What is the "splashing" of emotions? How does this happen?
This is when a person cannot maintain a calm look and sobriety of judgment, while emotions rule inside him. It can be expressed by performing certain physical actions, screaming, hearing, laughing, etc.

9. Does your internal emotional state correspond to what you show outside (when you are cheerful, cry, shout, get angry)?
Usually yes. Although negative emotions try to restrain.

10. Do you note for yourself during the day what mood you are in at the moment? Do you notice the mood of others?
Yes, I always pay attention to it. As for others, I always feel what kind of mood someone has.

11. Remember such negative states as sadness, despondency, melancholy.
- Can you enter this state of your own free will, if not, how do you get into it?
Usually, this requires some kind of stimulant, such as music.
How long can you stay in this state?
If this state is not caused by objective reasons, but simply by my whim, then not for long, about 15 minutes.
- How do you get out of it?
It goes by itself.
- Can it be pleasant, facilitating?
Yes, it is quite. Sometimes this is not enough.
- How do you feel after this condition?
Pacified
12. What is your usual emotional state? Does your internal emotional state correspond to what you show outside?
Usually I am in high spirits, sociable, friendly. As a rule, the external corresponds to the internal.

1. How do you feel about surprises?
I don't like them.

2. Tell us how people change? How do you feel about these changes? Do others see these changes?
With time comes experience. Change is normal, it's movement. I don't know about others, but I would like them to see.

3. Is it really, everything that happens is for the best?
Certainly. Otherwise, life will become very sad.

4. How do you feel about horoscopes, divination, etc.? Do you believe in luck, a happy accident?
I do not believe.

5. Can you predict events? Actually, is it real?
Not with 100% accuracy, of course, but I can assume something based on the prevailing circumstances and trends.

6. What is time? How do you feel it? Can you kill him?
Something that is usually missing. Sometimes it barely moves, and sometimes it flies by unnoticed. I can kill by doing some insignificant things.

7. Is it easy for you to wait for any important event? And if the exact time of its occurrence is not known?
The anticipation of a holiday is always better than the holiday itself. If this event is pleasant, then expectation is a joy to me. If unpleasant, then a burden.

8. Do you need outside help in predicting how things will end? Do you trust these predictions?
No.

9. Are you late? How do you feel about other people being late?
I'm late. She is loyal to others, because she herself is no better than them.

10. Imagine a situation where you have agreed to meet someone. Your feelings and actions if:
a) 20 minutes left before arrival, how early I came then!
b) there are 5 minutes left before arrival, coming soon, I feel inspired.
c) the time has come, but he (she) is not,. no problem, delayed. I can call and ask where he is.
d) 20 minutes have already passed and he (she) is gone. I call, find out where he is, whether he will come. If I don't call, I leave.
e ) and then nothing... I'm leaving.

1. What do you think, is there a meaning to life and what is it? Is this meaning the same for all people?
Live a decent life so as not to harm anyone, leave something behind. Each person will have their own meaning.

2. What needs to be done so that all people live happily?
This will never happen, if only because everyone has their own concept of happiness.

3. In a situation rich in potential outcomes, will you rely on your own instincts, calculate logically, or rely on the opinion of someone you have heard about that you can trust?
To your instinct.

4. When you meet a stranger, what can you say about him right away? How do you understand what a person is? How long do you have to understand the qualities of a person?
The manner of speaking, dressing can already say a lot about a person. But at the same time, first impressions can be deceiving. I try not to judge a person superficially, but rather try to talk to him about something. But, as a rule, one conversation is enough for me to roughly decide what kind of person this is, and what kind of relationship I can have with him.

5. Please remember some interesting person for you, and name 5-6 of his qualities that make him interesting for you?
Talented, versatile, quick-witted, able to keep up the conversation, extraordinary or even strange, attentive.

6. What opinions about you expressed by people who should know you seem to you:
1) fair; fickle, emotional, funny, strange
2) unfair; I don't pay attention to them
3) offensive; I don't pay either
4) strange. I don't remember

7. What is fantasy? Do all people have fantasy? What is your fantasy?
It is the ability to imagine the unreal and impossible. I have a fantasy, but it’s difficult to judge the degree of its development, because I don’t know what to compare it with.

8. What qualities in life are necessary for a person to be successful and why?
Constancy in views and goals, as well as perseverance in achieving them.

9. What qualities can hinder a person in life and why?
If he doesn't know what he wants.

10. What is more important in life - being a good person or being successful? Why? Is a good person always successful? If not always, then why?
It's more important to be good. Because in this case the person is at peace with himself and his conscience is clear. But in our world, in my opinion, a good person, alas, is not successful. Because immoral acts, going beyond the boundaries of what is permitted, and so on, are popular.

11. How do you feel about the fact that someone (you) stands out from the background of other people, is different in some way? What is the measure of such a selection, in what ways is it possible, in what ways is it not?
If it doesn't interfere with other people's lives, then that's fine. People like this amaze me.

12. Ideas do not have to be correct in order to be good (Ideas do not have to be correct in order to be good). What is your opinion on this matter.
Agree. Correct in what sense? For what or for whom? But even if you do not find fault, then creating an idea is not so easy. Even if it is wrong, then it has a meaning, someone's conclusions. Let it be, perhaps someone will come and make it "correct".