Movement at an angle to the horizon from a height. Examples of solved problems in physics on the topic "free motion of a body thrown at an angle to the horizon"

There is only one wish -
come closer,
so that the enemy could not shoot,
destroy it quickly.

I was born on September 15, 1925 in the city of Uryupinsk, Volgograd Region. On June 22, 1941, I went fishing with my friends. A friend says to me: "Listen, Molotov will speak at twelve o'clock." - "What?" - They declared war.

The entire academic year 1941/42 I studied in the ninth grade. In the summer of forty-two, when the Germans came close to Stalingrad, my classmates, who were older than me, volunteered for the front and almost all died. And we, boys, signed up for the fighter battalion of the city of Uryupinsk. The task of the battalion was to catch spies, saboteurs, guard military facilities, monitor blackout. There were not enough men, so the city leadership turned to the Komsomol members with a request to help. We were given rifles with cartridges, and we patrolled the city, guarded the district committee of the party, the city council, helped guard the oil plant, the Leninsky plant, which made mortars during the war. We never caught saboteurs, but we had to catch thieves and crooks.

In the autumn of the same year, I entered the Agricultural College. In November, when the offensive near Stalingrad was being prepared, many troops arrived in the city. Tankers stopped in the houses next to ours. I got into the habit of going to them and, as they say, fell in love with the "thirty-four". The tankers showed it to me, told its characteristics. In general, they gave out military secrets. Their commander was Lieutenant Sergei Antonovich Otroshchenko. In the forty-fourth year, I arrived in Subbotitsa, on the 3rd Ukrainian Front, and ended up in the battalion he commanded, having become a major by that time. I studied at the technical school for a year and a half, and in 1943, at the age of seventeen and a half, I was drafted into the army. They did not accept us, but we asked so much that the military commissar took pity on us and sent us to the 1st Saratov Tank School.

While still at school, I learned to shoot well and handle weapons, I also knew the design of a tractor. So studying was easy for me. Therefore, two months after taking the oath, I was already awarded the rank of junior sergeant and appointed commander of the squad, and then the commander of the platoon.

The cadets wore boots with windings, but we, the "bosses", were given patched-patched tarpaulin boots. Clean with what? There was no cream. They took sugar, soaked it to a mushy state, and scrubbed boots with this slurry - they shone like chrome!

There were eight people at the table in the dining room. For breakfast, lunch and dinner they were given a bowl of food and white or black bread, and twenty grams of butter for breakfast. For lunch, the first, second and compote are required. Vermicelli with stew - I never ate this at home! This is how we were fed. 9th norm! We recovered great, but we were still hungry - the load was big. We got up at 6 o'clock. Regardless of the weather, they ran for physical exercises in an undershirt, riding breeches and boots. Then classes for eight hours, then self-preparation, a couple of hours of personal time and lights out at 23 o'clock. You go to dinner, the company commander from around the corner watches how the company is going. As soon as we reach the dining room, he jumps out: “Rota, all around!” Another circle - "you go badly, you sing songs badly." We ate, we leave exhausted. He stands on the porch: "Fifteen minutes of drill." This is how they learned to order, to discipline.

We stayed at the school for a very long time - eighteen months. For about a year they studied at the Matildas and Vapentines, then at the T-34.

We were taught well. The theory was taught in the classroom, and the practice at the training ground, where they were engaged for weeks - they drove, shot, analyzed the tactics of one tank and a tank as part of a unit. Moreover, they studied not only the actions of tanks, but also infantry, since the ability to interact with paratroopers was required. Our training battalion was commanded by an old cavalryman who fought in the Civil War, Finnish and even at the beginning of the Patriotic War. Company commander Dravenretsky was not at the front. By the end of training, I drove and shot very well.

Driving practice and tactics took place on the T-26 and BT-7, and they fired from the tanks on which they were trained.

First from Matildas and Valentines, and then from T-34s. To be honest, we were afraid that they might let us out on foreign tanks: “Matilda”, “Valentine”, “Sherman” are coffins. True, their armor was viscous and did not give splinters, but the driver was sitting separately, and if you turned the tower, and at that time you were hit, the driver would never get out of the tank. Our tanks are the best. The T-34 is a wonderful tank.

We were released in August 1944, given the rank of "junior lieutenant", after which we were taken to a factory in Nizhny Tagil, where we were assigned to marching companies. For about a month we worked out tactical, fire training, driving. They gave us the crews, brought us to the plant, showed us the armored hull: "Here is your tank." Together with the workers, we planted rollers, helped as best we could. High-class specialists worked on the assembly. There were boys-drivers for thirteen or fourteen years. Imagine, a huge workshop, tanks are being assembled to the right and left. And in the center, at a speed of about thirty kilometers, a tank is rushing, behind the levers of which such a kid is sitting. Yes, you just can't see it! The tank had a width of about three meters, and the width of the gate was three twenty. The tank slips through the gate at this speed, flies onto the platform and freezes as if rooted to the spot. Class!

We assembled the tank for ourselves, equipped it, and went on it for a fifty-kilometer march with live firing at the firing range. Here it is necessary to say a few words about my crew. The driver-mechanic had ten years of a criminal record and, after a short-term training, practically did not own a tank. The gunner was the former director of the Saratov ship restaurant, an adult man in a body who could barely fit into a tank. Loader - born in 1917, with a slight mental deficiency. There was no fifth crew member. Here is such a crew - all without combat experience! We made a march and went to the range to shoot. On the command "Forward!" went to the firing line. I command: "Charge with shrapnel!" The loader grabs the projectile. Charged. Short. The gunner shoots - into the milk. I shout to him: "Take a smaller scope." Loader: "Load!" But there is no loader - he ran away to the mechanic, afraid of a rollback. I grabbed him by the scruff of the neck, dragged him out: “Come on, charge.” We fired back weakly.

We returned, boarded the train and went through Moscow, Ukraine, Moldova to Romania. Before loading onto the platforms, we were given a huge tarpaulin, about ten by ten meters. I left the loader to guard the tank: "Be careful not to steal the tarpaulin." We get up in the morning - there is no tarpaulin. He called everyone: “Where is the tarpaulin? As you wish, and a tarpaulin to be sent. Where they took it is unknown, but they brought a tarpaulin.

On the way, the loader with dysentery was left in the hospital. Already in Romania, the gunner's finger was swollen, and he was also hospitalized. So, in September 1944, we arrived at the location of the 170th Tank Brigade together with a driver. At the same time, along the way, he almost burned the brake band without adjusting the gaps.

When they arrived, the company commander, Vasily Pavlovich Bryukhov, gathered all the tank and platoon commanders: “Look, we have three good tankers in reserve who want to go into battle. If anyone thinks that the crew does not match, we can replace.” I asked to replace my driver, but the gunner and loader were given new ones.

I must say that Vasily Pavlovich was from the category of father commanders. Talented, brave man. A real military leader. He has always been at the forefront. Who's on guard? Always Bryukhov! He solved problems by maneuver, did not get involved in head-on battles. It is no coincidence that at the age of twenty he became a battalion commander. The youth has always taken care of, they will send into battle those who have already fought before, and you, until you get used to it, go second or third. It was from such experienced tankers that we received tremendous help in preparing for battles. They taught us the tricks and tricks of tank combat. They explained how to move, maneuver, so as not to catch a blank. They forced us to remove the springs on the latches of the double hatches of the commander's tower. After all, even a healthy person would open it with effort, but a wounded person would never be able to do this. They explained that it is better to keep the hatches open so that it is easier to jump out. The guns fired again. All done and prepared.

And here is the first attack. They gathered the commanders: “Do you see the grove? There is an enemy. The task is to bypass this grove and enter the operational space. They got into the tanks. Team - go ahead! And we went. You drive, you shoot, the tank is on fire on the right, the tank is on fire on the left. The crew managed to jump out or not, it is not clear. The gunner is firing. You command him: “To the right of 30 is a cannon. To the left of 20 - a machine gun. Shard." There is only one desire - to come closer so that the enemy cannot shoot, to destroy him quickly. You send shell after shell to where they are firing from. We drove up to the German positions - the guns were turned over, the corpses were lying around, the armored personnel carriers were on fire. They seized the grove, bypassed it, broke out into the open. Ahead, a kilometer away, the Germans are running, guns are being carried. Some guns are deployed. We stopped and fired. They drop them and run. Forward! I stared at the panorama of the battle, and suddenly the tank dived into a wide ditch and caught the sand with its barrel. Stopped. They got a brush, cleaned the gun. We caught up with the company, which by that time had gone about a kilometer. It was the first fight. And then these fights were ...

Particularly heavy fighting was in the area of ​​Szekes Fehervar. There I destroyed my first tank. It was in the afternoon. We attacked, and suddenly a tank crawled out to the left from behind a forest, about 600-700 meters away, on our starboard side. As we later found out, the Germans had caponiers prepared, and, apparently, he crawled into one of them to take up a position for defense. I tell the loader: "Armor-piercing." To the gunner: “To the right of the grove. Tank". He hit him like a board - he caught fire!

One day in December, when we surrounded the German group, after a night march we got up to rest. They camouflaged the tanks a little and went to bed. In the morning we wake up - three hundred meters from us, on a hill, there are "Tigers" disguised as shocks. We reel faster. They started the cars and brought the tanks into the hollow. These "Tigers" entered the flank along it and began to fire. A couple of tanks were burned. Three of our tanks reached the left slope of the hollow, where they were quickly burned by tanks that were not visible to us, standing somewhere on the right. Then our neighbor, apparently, advanced, the Germans left, and only then did we manage to continue moving.

We advanced day and night. On the night of December 26, 1944, they captured the city of Esztergom on the banks of the Danube. We see a convoy coming from the west, twenty cars. We spread out, the tanks were placed across the road. The front car ran into a tank. They shout to the driver: "Hyundai hoch." He jumps out, he was cut off from the machine gun, the rest were shot, some were taken prisoner. And in the cars - sausages, cheeses.

Stocked up on products. We spent the night on the western outskirts of the city, and in the morning, lining up in a column, we moved on. There are three tanks ahead of the platoon - the head patrol. I follow them. They had just left the city when they opened fire on the lead tanks from a grove that grew near the road. All three tanks were destroyed. We rolled back to the city and, without getting involved in battle, went around this grove across the field, coming to some kind of railway station. There we captured a train of light tanks, which we left to the captured teams following us. We went through the mountains to the city of Kamarom, on the approach to which on December 30, 1944, I was wounded. From an ambush, a German tank hit us. A blank hit the turret, I was shell-shocked from the impact, I broke my left arm, and besides, I was slightly injured by fragments of armor. The second shell was slammed into our transmission. The tank caught fire, but we all managed to jump out.

I lay in the hospital almost until mid-February 1945, and when I was discharged, I ended up in another battalion as a platoon commander. We stood in the second line of defense between Lake Kelets and Lake Balaton. They dug the tanks, dug a hole for the crew under the tank, equipped it for rest, covered the tank with a tarpaulin. One in the tank at the gun is on duty, and the rest are resting. It was three kilometers to the front line. Breakfast was brought to us at 12 midnight. Dinner, lunch and the prescribed 100 grams - at 4 o'clock in the morning. Once we were having dinner downstairs when "vanyusha" played on us. I didn't hit the tank, but we suffered a lot of fear.

On the right flank, I remember, there was a battery of SU-100 self-propelled guns. They moved forward about a kilometer, standing on the outskirts of the village. As soon as dawn began, one torch caught fire, the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth - the Germans destroyed all self-propelled guns.

Soon we were on the offensive again. Our aviation processed the cutting edge - they ironed thoroughly. We saw how the Ilys burned and exploded in the air. And when they went on the offensive, it was nice to see the results of their work: "Tigers" with turrets rolled to one side.

We were advancing in the direction of the city of Shefron. On March 14 or 15, I knocked out a self-propelled gun. She fired at her neighbors, standing in a caponier, not seeing how my tank went into her rear, and when she tried to get out of the caponier to change position, we drove her with a sub-caliber almost point-blank. She immediately flared up!

And soon our crew crushed a battery of 37 guns. It turned out well: we went to them from the rear and let's crush them. For this battery, I was introduced to the Order of the Red Banner of War, but they gave me the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree. And then he received the Order of the Red Star. I have already learned how to fight ... In total, I knocked out one tank, one self-propelled gun, but I don’t know how many tankettes and armored personnel carriers. Infantry, probably, two or three hundred people put down. I came home, I had ten thousand rubles on the book. I say to my father: “Let's go, I will get the money.” I gave this money, went home, and my father was gone until midnight. Came. All the money is intact, but he himself is drunk.

March 30, 1945. They captured the village, and in it a column of equipment: prisoners, cars, armored personnel carriers, guns, only there were no tanks. Stopped. Loaded with ammunition, refueled. The enemy retreated three kilometers. Everything is ready to continue the attack. The battalion commander says: “You will go to the head outpost. I send a tank forward and follow it. Until they left the village, I sat on the ball mount of a machine gun, to the right of the driver, and the gunner and radio operator settled on the tower, dangling their legs into the hatches, about ten paratroopers were located behind the transmission. The first tank drove off, ours followed, but the road became muddy, and the first tank left a deep rut. The driver, in order not to get bogged down, takes half a truck to the left. We drove a few meters - and suddenly an explosion! The tank was blown up by a landmine. The tower, together with the gunner and the radio operator, flew twenty meters away (I then walked and looked). Both survived, but their legs were crippled. An explosive wave throws me onto the roof of the house, from which I rolled into the yard. Fell successfully - did not break anything. I open the gate, jump out into the street. The tank is on fire, shells and cartridges are bursting. I looked - in front, about four meters from the tank, lies the party organizer of the battalion. He was doused with fuel, and he is on fire. I rushed at him, extinguished him, dragged him out of the gate. The crew killed the driver and loader, who were in the tank. And almost the entire landing party was killed. I got off lightly alone - only my eardrums burst.

For a week I was in the battalion reserve, and when I recovered a little, the battalion commander took me to his post of chief of staff, since the chief and assistant chief of staff were wounded.

Once we took the village. He stood very unsuccessfully - in a hollow, between two hills. The Germans fortified on the slopes. The first five tanks went along the road to its eastern outskirts. As soon as they approached the houses - tyap, tyap, tyap - five tanks burned down. Send three more tanks - burned down. And we need to pass this village and move on. No more tanks were sent, around the mountains, they found some kind of path and entered this village from the rear. They shot down the Germans from one hill, entrenched themselves, and from the other slope the Germans were still firing. The battalion commander's tank is standing behind the house, and I'm sitting in the next one with the battalion's radio operator and talking to him about something. Suddenly, a blank flies through the window and knocks his skull off. Brains out, eyes clapping. I met, of course, with death, but then I became scared. Dropped the radio. I run out onto the porch and run to the battalion commander. There were probably thirty meters between the houses, and the Germans shot through this space with a machine gun. Ran ten meters. He will give a queue ahead of me. I stopped. He just finished shooting, I ran again - the line behind. I ran up to the battalion commander and told him everything. Somehow we got out then.

Scariest moment? It was like that... My crew became the crew of the company commander. In one battle, we sluggishly exchanged fire with German tanks. In front of us, in the trenches, was the infantry. The commander sat down in the commander's seat, and allowed me to lie down next to the tank to sleep. Suddenly, a drunken infantry captain with a pistol crawls out of the trench and walks along the trench, and then machine-gun fire. He walks, shouting: “I will shoot you all!” And approaches our tank. And I sleep. Suddenly someone kicks in: “I’ll shoot you now, you bastard!” - "What are you?!" - "What are you lying here, go to battle!" I am numb. After all, now he will pull the trigger, and that's it! It's good that the gunner, a healthy guy, heard the cry of this captain, got out and jumped right from the tower on him. The pistol was taken from him.<…>Here it was really scary - if not for the gunner, he would not have died for smelling tobacco.

In May 1945, we transferred the remaining tanks to another battalion. The brigade fought right up to the 8th, and we stood in reserve. On the 7th the battalion commander left. Although I am a junior lieutenant, I remained for the chief of staff: “You organize a holiday here. They say the war is over." We stood in the manor's yard - everything is there: cattle, wine. The battalion commander arrives on the 8th at 12 o'clock at night, says: "Guys, the war is over." What began, it is impossible to describe - they fired from machine guns, pistols, from rocket launchers. Then everyone is at the table. The people are drinking for joy... The commanders feel that they need to do something. And they began to put the equipment in order.

IN THE BATTLE FOR THE SOVIET HOMELAND, 1939-1945

THE BEGINNING OF THE WAY

In December (actually an order dated November 29), 1939, on the basis of the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, the Grozny Military Infantry School was formed in Grozny. The current Baku Higher All-Arms Command School named after the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR traces its pedigree from him.
Most of the cadets arrived at the school being formed from the Kharkov, Oryol regions, the North Caucasus and the republics of Central Asia. The command and teaching staff was selected from among the most trained commanders who served in the North Caucasian Military District. Colonel V.G. was appointed head of the school. Sytnikov, military commissar-regimental commissar L. Sh. Bransburg. In the early days of its existence, the school had to overcome great difficulties, mainly related to logistics. There were not enough classes and audiences for conducting classes and self-training of cadets. The shooting range was primitively equipped and did not provide for the implementation of all the exercises provided for by the curriculum for firearms training. Despite these difficulties, the school began scheduled classes on January 1, 1940. The first month of study, the cadets were engaged in programs with different terms of study: those who entered the school from the troops were trained according to a one-year program, and civilian youth who arrived from the military registration and enlistment offices - according to a two-year program. Since March 1940, everyone switched to a single two-year program. The training of officers went first in two profiles: commanders of rifle platoons and commanders of machine-gun platoons. In 1941, the staff of the school was increased and cadets were trained in three profiles: 50 percent were trained in the profile of rifle platoon commanders, 30 percent - machine gun platoon commanders and 20 percent - mortar platoon commanders. The combat experience gained by our army in the battles on Lake Khasan, on the Khalkhin Gol River, in the Soviet-Finnish war was introduced into the training practice of future commanders, and the features of the actions of formations and units of the armies of the capitalist countries that emerged during the Second World War were studied. Attention was paid to the deep mastering of military equipment and tactics by each cadet, to the development of solid skills in the combat use of modern types of weapons. Tactical classes, regardless of the time of year, were carried out mainly in the field, on a variety of terrain, in an environment close to combat. A veteran of the war, a graduate of the school in 1941, N.F. -5 hours daily. Grass did not even grow on Mount Tash-Kala - we destroyed it with our bellies, crawling in a plastunsky way to exhaustion. Salt appeared on the backs of the tunics, from which they spread out after two months of wearing. Small arms - the formidable "Maxim" and "Degtyar" - were studied even at night. In a matter of seconds, they dismantled and assembled the Maxim castle - its heart. We went to the shooting weekly; They did not spare the cartridges, but the "muffs" who shot bullets into the "milk" had a hot time: in their personal time they trained with Chernov's pointer to the "sweat". They made periodic forced marches of 10 kilometers. No one grumbled, there were no lagging behind. We were not given any discounts either for the time of year, or for the weather, or for the conditions of the area. Particular attention was paid to the instructional and methodological training of cadets so that the young commander, having come to the unit, could immediately skillfully organize classes with enlisted personnel in all types of combat training. The basis of the educational process was practical training. The command, the political department, the party organization of the school paid great attention to the issues of raising the ideological and political level of lectures and seminars, organizing independent work of cadets on the works of the classics of Marxism-Leninism. One of the graduates who graduated from the school in June 1941 and served in the post-war years as a senior assistant to the head of the training department of the BVOK.U, Lieutenant Colonel I. A. Kobylkin recalls: “We, cadets, studied not for fear, but for conscience. The program was built in such a way as to give us solid theoretical knowledge, practical skills and physical conditioning. Everything was subordinated to this goal: the daily routine, training sessions, party-political and sports-mass work, the whole life and life of the school. Training sessions were held daily for 8-10 hours. During the hot summer months, we practiced at night - from 22:00 to 8:00 in the morning. At least two or three times a month, cadet units rose at night on alarm and made marches over a distance of 20-25 kilometers with the implementation of tactical tasks. All marches and transitions, all tactical exercises and exercises were carried out only on foot, and this gave us good physical training, instilled endurance. Each cadet knew by heart the material part of the weapon and owned it perfectly. I even remember that we practiced in the competition - who will quickly dismantle the lock of an easel machine gun blindfolded. By the time we graduated from college, we were well prepared to command a platoon in the troops. The main thing is that within the walls of the school we received a solid ideological hardening, a communist upbringing.” In early February 1940, the cadets of the first set before the formation of the school took the military oath, swearing an oath of allegiance to the Motherland and the Soviet people. On February 22, 1940, the Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic presented the Red Banner to the school. Accepting the banner, the head of the school, Colonel V. G. Sytnikov, on behalf of the personnel, swore an oath to keep the honor of the banner high and to prepare a worthy replenishment of the commanders of the Red Army under this banner. organization of the educational process. In the same month, a general school Komsomol meeting was also held, at which the role of Komsomol cadets in combat and political training was discussed. From the first days of the founding of the school, communists and Komsomol members set the tone in study and discipline. Their personal example had a positive effect on the combat and political training of cadets, the growth in the number of excellent students, masters of military affairs. So, in the first six months alone, 500 excellent students were raised at the school. Like the entire Red Army, our school lived one life with the whole people, vividly responded to all international and domestic political events. In the spring of 1940, socialist competition was widely developed in the country and in the army in honor of the upcoming XVIII Party Conference. The entire personnel of the Grozny military infantry school was actively involved in the competition. The competition agreement was concluded with the 1st Ordzhonikidzevsky and Krasnodar military infantry schools. The spirit of competition encouraged them to fight for the honor of their team. The instigator of all glorious deeds was the party organization. The course of the struggle for the best performance in combat and political training was widely popularized. The wide publicity of the competition, the comparability of its results was ensured not only by oral means and wall printing, but also by the large-circulation newspaper "Red Warrior" published in a typographical way. The cadets loved their newspaper, which helped them to become commanders. At the solemn meeting on the occasion of the 23rd anniversary of the Red Army, the results of socialist competition were summed up. Over 90 percent of the cadets achieved excellent and good performance in combat and physical training, more than 75 percent in tactical and fire training. The teaching staff of the school put a lot of effort into training and education of future officers. Excellent methodologists and specialists in their field were the history teachers of the party, political instructors A. Redkin and N. Krupitsa, communications teacher Major V. G. Kolubov, chemical defense teacher Captain I. S. Lyapin. Skilled organizers of party political work in the school were the head of the political department, regimental commissar M. Butenko and battalion commissar B. Paletsky. In May 1941, a general school party activist took place, discussing the results of the winter period of study and tasks in connection with the upcoming state exams. combat readiness, increase vigilance. The party and Komsomol organizations of the school were the initiators of establishing strong patronage ties between personnel and the workers of the city of Grozny. Cadets, teachers and commanders of the school often visited enterprises, got acquainted with the work and labor successes of oil workers, told them about their studies. Workers, employees, artists, leading Soviet and party workers and honored people of the city, in turn, often visited the school, spoke to the staff with conversations, lectures, and sponsored concerts. These connections were constant and strong. And then a solemn day came - the day of the first graduation of young lieutenants. This issue was early - one and a half years, instead of two. And despite this, at the final exams in June 1941, most of the cadets received high marks in basic military disciplines. About 76 percent of graduates of the school passed the tactics and fire business with "excellent" and "good". In drill training, 90 percent of young lieutenants had such ratings. Among the graduates there were 142 members and candidate members of the VK.Sch6), and all the rest were Komsomol members. On June 12, the graduates of the school departed for their destination, and 10 days later the Great Patriotic War broke out.

IN THE YEAR OF HARD TESTS
On June 22, 1941, fascist Germany, without declaring war, broke the non-aggression pact and treacherously attacked our Motherland. All along - from the Barents Sea to the Black Sea - the fascist invading armies unleashed a huge blow on our country. 190 divisions, 3.5 thousand tanks, almost 5 thousand aircraft, over 50 thousand guns and mortars were used by the leaders of the Third Reich for the first strike. Having unleashed a war against our country, the Nazis set themselves the goal of destroying the Soviet social and state system, eliminating the socialist gains of the peoples USSR, restore the power of the landlords and capitalists, seize all the wealth, turn our Motherland into a colony of German imperialism, and the Soviet people into obedient slaves. Thus, it was about the life or death of the Soviet state, about whether the peoples of the Soviet Union should be free or fall into enslavement. The war began for the Soviet Union in an extremely unfavorable situation. The Nazi army, having created superiority in manpower and equipment and having gained a temporary strategic advantage, began to rapidly move deep into our territory, capturing the most important economic regions. The Red Army, despite the steadfastness, courage and mass heroism of its personnel, was forced to retreat with heavy fighting. A terrible danger hung over the country. However, the failures of the initial period of the war did not break the will of the Soviet people. The Soviet people, brought up by the Communist Party in the spirit of ardent love for the socialist Motherland, found the strength in themselves to organize a rebuff to the fascist aggressors, and then managed not only to change the course of the war, but also to defeat the Nazi army. The Leninist Communist Party became the organizer and inspirer of the nationwide struggle against the fascist invaders. the party is the leading and guiding force of the Soviet state. In the party-state documents, the speeches of I. V. Stalin and V. M. Molotov, the party revealed the full depth of the danger looming over us, developed a specific program of action, mobilization of all forces and means to fight the enemy. Under the leadership of the Communist Party, the people of the Land of Soviets rose to the Great Patriotic War. Our military infantry school also made its contribution to the nationwide struggle against fascism. On June 22, 1941, cadets of the Grozny Military Infantry School were on exercises in the Shatoevsky Gorge. At 10 o'clock in the morning, the entire personnel was lined up on alert and, in full combat gear, made a forced march to the city in 5 hours. After a difficult march, a rally took place on the parade ground of the school. Opening the rally, the head of the school, Colonel V. G. Sytnikov, on behalf of the personnel, assured the Soviet government that the officers and cadets of the school were ready at any moment to go to the front to defend the Motherland, and the school would give the country as many commanders as the party and government demand from it for complete destruction of the enemy. The speeches of the speakers at the rally were brief, full of fighting determination. So, cadet V. Shubin said: “The fascist reptile thinks that we, the Soviet people, will allow her to turn our Motherland into a German colony. No, this will not happen. The Soviet people, having risen to defend their homeland, their freedom and independence, will not lower their sword until the last fascist on our soil is destroyed. We, the cadets of the school, are looking forward to the day of graduation in order to join the ranks of the Army and take a personal part in the fight against the hated enemy. We swear that in this struggle we will show ourselves as worthy sons of our glorious Motherland, we will not spare either our blood or life itself! On the same day, party and Komsomol meetings were held. In their resolutions, the Communists and Komsomol members assured the party that they would make every effort to successfully carry out combat training plans. In connection with the war, a sharp turn took place in the life of the party and the country - it was necessary to immediately and quickly reorganize all work on a war footing. Guided by the instructions of V. I. Lenin on the defense of the socialist Fatherland, the Communist Party and the Soviet government called on the people and their Armed Forces to unite even more closely in the face of the greatest danger hanging over the Motherland. The directive of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 29, 1941 was the combat program for mobilizing the party and people to fight the enemy. The slogan of the party is "Everything for the front, everything for victory!" - became the guide in the life and activities of all Soviet people at the front and in the rear, mobilizing all the possibilities of the people and the socialist state to defeat the Nazi invaders. A new stage began in the life of the school, and complex and responsible tasks were faced by its staff. They were dictated by the needs of the front: it was necessary to constantly replenish the Active Army with trained officers. A mighty patriotic upsurge covered the entire staff of the school. Only in the first three days of the war, 579 cadets and teachers of the school filed reports with a request to send them to the Army. And so it was throughout the war. The cadets who were to be released categorically refused to take city vacations on Sundays, and additionally studied in preparation for exams. On these days, cadets and commanders of the school received many exciting letters and telegrams from relatives and friends. Fathers and mothers admonished their sons, blessing them for exploits, for the defense of the Motherland from the enemy. The people burned with sacred hatred for the invaders, and together with the whole people, the pupils of the school rushed into battle. But no matter how great was the desire of the cadets to engage in battle with the enemy as soon as possible, it was not possible to satisfy their requests. The training of command personnel for the Red Army became one of the most important tasks of the country. A month after the start of the war, the next graduation of young lieutenants took place at the school ahead of schedule. Graduates were sent to the active army. Dressed in field commander's uniforms with green head over heels on the buttonholes of their tunics, they lined up at the station. At parting, the young lieutenants heard the “salute” of quadruple anti-aircraft machine guns stationed at different ends of the school and at the Grozny-Neftyanaya station. And on July 28, some of them were already at the Brovary station near Kiev. Then the test in combat began: battles near Pryluki and Akhtyrka, Marefa and Kharkov, retreat to Chuguev, roads with bombing all the way to the Don. The war forced a radical restructuring of the command personnel training system. The school introduced new programs designed to train commanders of a narrow profile. They provided for a reduction in the number of subjects and an increase in the working day of cadets, which made it possible to reduce the period of study. It was set: 4 months - for junior commanders and Red Army soldiers of the second year of service and 6 months - for civilian youth and Red Army soldiers of the first year of service. For cadets, a twelve-hour working day was established (8 hours of classes in the classroom and in the field, 4 hours of mandatory self-training). All classes were based on the requirements of wartime. The main emphasis was placed on the field training of cadets, on instilling in them high moral and combat qualities. In the process of training, each cadet company monthly went out for a week for tactical exercises. The exits, as a rule, began with an alarm rise and a march of 30-40 kilometers with the solution of various tactical tasks. For 6-7 days, in conditions as close as possible to a combat situation, day and night, in rain and cold, the cadets practiced the main topics of tactical training in combination with fire training and special disciplines. A graduate of the school in 1942, now a retired colonel, E. M. Geyvandov recalls those days in this way; “We had very few classes. Most of the lessons were done in the field. At the shooting range, located eight kilometers from the school, we walked at a walking pace in gas masks. The way back was more difficult; we made it with a throw with a combat load of at least 20 kilograms. We had only 30-40 minutes of personal time - between dinner and evening verification. During these minutes it was necessary to have time to shave, sew a fresh collar, clean clothes, sometimes write a letter home. Every month, for a week, we battalion went out into the field to work out tactical topics, made many kilometers of marches across various terrain. I had to sleep in an open field, on the ground. But we did not whimper, but did everything that the commanders demanded of us. In 1941, along with the training of command personnel, the school trained and graduated 2,000 political fighters. Of these, 170 political fighters were awarded the rank of junior lieutenant. The political fighters fought with dignity against the hated enemy, showing the best qualities of a Soviet soldier: high political consciousness, courage and courage, composure and determination, steadfastness and endurance, discipline and self-control. These were the faithful sons of the Communist Party, at its call, at the behest of their hearts, who joined the ranks of the armed defenders of the Fatherland. Being at the forefront of defense, in the first chain of attackers - where it was most difficult and dangerous, where the success of the battle was decided, they cemented the Red Army combat teams, with an invocative party word, personal courage, they were carried away to feats of arms in the name of freedom and independence Motherland. The guise of a political fighter reflected the steadfastness of the Communist Party, the greatness of its unbending spirit, its ability to lead people to the intended goal, to victory, to the triumph of our just cause. Therefore, comrades in arms pronounced the word “politician” with deep respect. On July 16, 1941, on the basis of the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Red Army and Navy reorganized political propaganda organs and introduced the institution of military commissars. On the basis of this decision, the positions of school commissar and political officers of companies were introduced at the school, and in early December 1941, military commissars of battalions were introduced. The school completed the year 1941 with the next release of young commanders under an accelerated program. Among the young lieutenants who left for the active army were G. I. Klimov, N. A. Shubin, A. G. Gamzatov, M. D. Kaplan, E. N. Bukreev, I. I. Magomaev, R. P. Dostonov and many others who courageously and selflessly fought against the German fascists on various fronts of the Great Patriotic War and awarded high government awards. Among them was Lieutenant V. I. Danko, who in 1943, with the rank of captain of the guard, commanding a battalion, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for courage and heroism. The pupils of the school fought in the same way as they studied, - persistently and selflessly. However, the experience of the summer-autumn campaign of 1941 and the winter campaign of 1941/42 showed that a number of important requirements of modern combat are insufficiently taken into account in the training of command personnel in military schools. Many commanders received within the walls of the school a solid knowledge of the tactics of only a kind of troops, and obviously not enough - others. They did not get acquainted with the new equipment and weapons. In a combat situation, these commanders experienced great difficulties in organizing interaction with units of other branches of the armed forces, could not fully use all the possibilities of new military equipment and weapons, and performed their duties insufficiently qualified. These shortcomings were revealed in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR dated April 9, 1942 "On the training of combined arms commanders", which required a restructuring of the training system and gave specific instructions on measures to eliminate the identified shortcomings in the training of command personnel. Taking into account the requirements of this order, the programs of infantry schools were revised. Particular emphasis was now placed on studying the experience of combat operations of troops on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, on developing practical skills for future commanders. The entire educational process at the school was restructured in accordance with the new tasks. The study of the tactical foundations of modern combat and the practice of using equipment in combat is put forward in the first place. The cadets now went out to the field for a week, with communications equipment and equipment for conducting bilateral tactical exercises. Night classes and company exercises began to be carried out systematically. The educational and material base was improved - a shooting range and a training ground were equipped. The requirement to teach what is necessary in the war permeated the entire system of training cadets. The high quality of their combat and political training was achieved through the joint efforts of commanders, teachers, party and Komsomol organizations. Always and everywhere, communists and Komsomol members showed a worthy example of the fulfillment of military duty. By the autumn of 1942, the party organization of the school consisted of 8 primary and 21 grassroots organizations. The party stratum was about 13 percent. The command of the school relied on this force. In difficult days for our Motherland, cadets and officers of the school sought to link their fate with their native Leninist party. In the first year of the war alone, about 200 people were accepted into the party, and by 1943 the party stratum amounted to about 25 percent of the total number of personnel. Joining the ranks of the Communist Party, cadets and commanders declared that they would fight for their Motherland to the last breath, with honor to fulfill their sacred duty. So, cadet P. Gorbachev, an excellent student in combat and political training, in his application for admission as a candidate member of the party wrote: “I ask you to accept me as a candidate member of the CPSU (b). I want to defend the honor and freedom of my Motherland as a communist. In the struggle against the Nazi hordes, against fascism, I will be steadfast and firm. I will give all my strength to our common cause. ”Party and political work carried out by the command, political department, party and Komsomol organizations was subordinated to one thing: the education of courageous, staunch, courageous and infinitely devoted to the Motherland commanders. Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin, delivered by him on July 3, 1941. Commanders and political workers, young communists explained the courageous and truthful word with which the party and the government addressed the people. They sought to make clear to each cadet the high patriotic goals of the Great Patriotic War, so that each of them would understand the difficulty and complexity of the formidable ordeal that befell the Motherland. As a result of this explanatory work, each cadet was well aware of his tasks in the situation that had developed, knew what he had to do in practice to defeat the enemy, to bring victory closer. Of all the forms of propaganda work, rallies were the most widely used. They were held as often as required by the rapidly changing military situation. They were associated with the publication of party and government documents and orders of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, with anniversaries, with the results of certain battles and periods of the war. The rallies had a huge emotional impact on those participating in them, instilled in the hearts of people feelings of love for the Motherland and hatred for the fascist invaders. The political information of the cadets was promptly carried out. Every day, at 7 o'clock in the morning, political workers of the battalions listened to the latest news on the radio, and then gathered grassroots agitators and instructed them so that they could, accordingly, work in platoons during breaks between classes. Later, agitators got the opportunity to listen to radio reports on their own, and to speak to cadets after briefing and clarification of incomprehensible questions. In addition to grassroots agitators, social science teachers also engaged in political information for 10-15 minutes during political training hours. The school management officers conducted political information with workers and employees. Unit commanders and teachers, who skillfully relied on party and Komsomol organizations in their daily work, achieved high results in training and educating cadets. And until now, with love and respect, the grey-haired, marked by numerous front-line wounds and military awards, the pupils of the Grozny VPU of those years, remember their mentors. A capable organizer of educational work was the platoon commander, Lieutenant K. Urtaev. He not only worked with the cadets himself, but also attracted an asset to this business. As a result, all his subordinates passed exams only with "good" and "excellent". Communist K. Urtaev, having been appointed to the Army in 1942, ended the war as a deputy division commander with the rank of colonel. The company commander, Senior Lieutenant K. Petrov, worked in close contact with the Communists and Komsomol activists. He explained to them the tasks, suggested what and how to do, he himself actively participated in party political work. Thanks to the united efforts of the commander and party and Komsomol activists, the company has always been among the foremost in socialist competition. The company commander himself, Senior Lieutenant K. Petrov, was the best machine gunner in the school. The company commander, Lieutenant S. Kastorny, an old soldier from the time of the Civil War, attached great importance to drill and fire training. He himself was an excellent shot from a revolver and a rifle, and instilled in all the cadets of the company skills and love for weapons. And here is how veteran N.F. Golovanev recalls his company commander, Senior Lieutenant M. Perepechaev: “I studied in the 8th company, the commander of which was dear to us and beloved by everyone. Lieutenant M. Perepechaev. And now, after almost 40 years, he stands before my eyes: a swarthy Cossack face, lush, jet-black Chapaev mustaches, impeccable bearing and smartness. He was an example for us in everything. He knew machine-gun business very well, taught ballistics remarkably, and in drill training he had no equal. Back in the 1st year, when he took us out for an evening walk, the residents immediately determined the exact step of our company and, despite the military secret, they knew: the eighth was coming! major G. Schegolev, major S. Sofronov, major V. Sokolov, senior lieutenant A. Schmidt, company commanders senior lieutenants N. Voloshin, F. Dyachenko, K. Brzhezitsky, A. Akhmetbekov, lieutenants M. Ikaev, P. Litvinov, V. Nevsky, S. Mukvich, platoon commanders lieutenants G. Stolyarov, N. Pekhter, I. Vasilenko, V. Gulyaev, S. Gorbenko and many others. In May 1942, the next release of young commanders took place. It was the fifth edition of the school. The graduates left for the active army by the beginning of the summer campaign of 1942, in which the fascist German troops again seized the strategic initiative.

TO DEFEND STALINGRAD
The great battle near Moscow showed the whole world the indestructible steadfastness of our people and its armed defenders. The Red Army not only held back the onslaught of the enemy, but also managed, in the course of an exceptionally difficult struggle, to change the situation in its favor and defeat its main grouping. The initiative to conduct combat operations was wrested from the hands of the enemy command. Hitler's plan of "blitzkrieg" against the USSR suffered a complete collapse. Only the Soviet Armed Forces, for the first time in two years of the Second World War, were able to stop the enemy and defend their capital from the Nazi hordes, which not a single army of the capitalist states of the West, which was attacked, could do. The first successes of our army inspired the Soviet people and strengthened their confidence in victory over the enemy . These successes also increased the combat effectiveness of our troops. Our generals and officers have become more experienced, the soldiers have acquired the ability to fight. The ever-increasing resistance of the Red Army, and especially the defeat of the Nazis near Moscow, significantly strengthened the international position of the USSR and further strengthened the moral and political unity of the Soviet people. By the beginning of the second year of the war, the evacuation of industrial enterprises to the east of the country was basically completed. The production of military equipment and weapons at industrial enterprises built during the pre-war five-year plans in the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, and Central Asia was growing rapidly. Rail transport began to work more rhythmically. Among agricultural workers, a movement for overplanned crops for the defense fund has developed widely. The total sown area in the country, excluding the territories temporarily occupied by the Nazis, increased by two million hectares. "The quantitative and qualitative composition of the Red Army has changed. By this time, there were 5 MILLION 500 thousand people in the ranks of the Army. The Soviet troops had 4065 tanks, 43,640 guns and mortars, 1,220 rocket artillery installations, 3,160 combat aircraft.26 Our soldiers gained experience not only in heavy defensive battles, but also in offensive operations. members of the anti-Hitler coalition. By this time, the Allies - the USA and England - had all the forces and means at their disposal to provide the USSR with significant assistance. According to W. Churchill, by September 1941, the British armed forces numbered in the ground forces, aviation, navy and units local defense of more than 4 million 750 thousand people. The US armed forces, which were in the process of deployment, by the beginning of 1942 already had 2,173,000 people in their ranks. The British and Americans had enough vehicles and weapons. However, US President F. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister W. Churchill did not go beyond declarative statements about preparations for an invasion of Europe. In an effort to deplete the USSR, the governments of these countries deliberately did not open a second front in Europe. Moreover, the US and British monopolies, being closely connected with German firms, supplied fascist Germany with scarce strategic materials through neutral countries. The ruling circles of the United States and Britain, intending to save their strength and shift the main burden of the war onto the USSR, in every possible way delayed the commissioning of the main human and material resources in Western Europe. All this allowed the fascist invaders to throw against the USSR a huge amount of manpower and military equipment. By the beginning of May 1942, the army of fascist Germany and its allies, operating on the Soviet-German front, numbered 6 million 200 thousand people. It was armed with up to 43 thousand guns and mortars, over 3 thousand tanks and assault guns, 3400 combat aircraft. Not worrying about the threat from the west, fascist Germany threw almost three-quarters of all its forces against the USSR. The absence of a second front in Europe allowed the fascist German invaders to organize a new offensive on the Soviet-German front in the summer of 1942. However, this offensive was not like the one launched by the Nazis in June 1941. Then they advanced on a wide front from the Barents to the Black Sea. In the summer of 1942, the fascist troops, who had suffered significant losses in manpower and equipment in previous battles, could only advance in one direction - in the south of our country. The main content of the military plan of the Nazi command was expressed in the operational directive of April 5, 1942. The task that the Nazi command put forward to the troops of the Eastern Front was to, while maintaining a position in the central sector, take Leningrad in the north, and make a breakthrough to the Caucasus on the southern front. “Therefore, first of all, all available forces,” the directive stated, “should be concentrated to carry out the main operation in the southern sector with the aim of destroying the enemy west of the Don, in order to then capture the oil regions in the Caucasus and the passes through the Caucasian ridge.” It further stated: “In any case, it is necessary to try to reach Stalingrad, or at least expose it to our heavy weapons so that it loses its importance as a center of military industry and a communications center”30. Consequently, the enemy intended to defeat the southern wing of the Soviet troops and cut off the southern regions of the USSR from the central ones, in order to thereby paralyze the entire economy of the Soviet state. In addition, the fascist strategists hoped to strengthen the German economy at the expense of the richest regions of the Kuban and Don, the Volga region and the Caucasus. The Hitlerite clique seriously meant that the successful implementation of this plan would allow it to draw Turkey and other countries of the Middle and Near East into the war against the USSR. By the end of spring, the relative calm on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War gave way to fierce battles. On the front from Kursk to the Kerch Peninsula, the enemy deployed more than 90 divisions. In May, our troops failed at Kharkov and on the Kerch Peninsula. In early July, they were forced to leave Sevastopol. The entire Crimea was in the hands of the enemy. This dramatically changed the situation on the southern wing of the front in favor of the Nazi troops. In late June - early July, large enemy forces went on the offensive in a wide strip from Kursk to the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, trying to reach the large bend of the Don and further to Stalingrad and Rostov. In the Voronezh region, Soviet troops soon stopped the Nazis. But by mid-July, the Nazis broke through our defenses between the Don and Northern Donets rivers. On July 24, the enemy captured Rostov, and to the north of his formations went to the bend of the Don and rushed to Stalingrad. Our troops found themselves in an extremely difficult position. They were forced to begin a retreat to Stalingrad and the foothills of the North Caucasus. The threat loomed over the Motherland again. The Grozny cadet regiment, and on July 13, 1942, the regiment, consisting of 2435 people, under the command of the head of the school, Colonel V. G. Sytnikov, departed for the Army on the Stalingrad Front. these difficult days for the country, by order of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command, the Grozny Military Infantry School was reorganized. Carriage wheels are knocking. Through the open doors of the caravans one can see native fields and forests passing by. And when the agitators assigned to the route were talking in the echelon or reading newspaper information from the Army in the field, one thought occupied the cadets: rather, go to battle. Upon arrival at the front, the regiment became part of the 64th Army, Lieutenant General V. I. Gordova (at the end of July 1942, Major General M.S. Shumilov was appointed commander of the army). Initially, it was planned to use cadet regiments in the second echelon of the army in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bsettlements along the Myshkova River. However, the situation forced to change the decision, and the cadet regiments were withdrawn to the line of the Aksai River, that is, to the left flank of the 64th Army.
BATTLE IN THE BIG BEND OF THE DON
The Nazis concentrated in the area of ​​the big bend of the Don the 6th field army of General Paulus and the 4th tank army of General Hoth, which included 39 divisions, over seven thousand guns and mortars, more than a thousand tanks. The troops of Paulus and Goth were supported by the aviation of the 4th Air Fleet and the 8th Close Combat Air Corps, numbering 1200 aircraft34. The enemy had superiority in people - 1.4 times, in tanks - 2 times and in aviation - 3.5 times. After a powerful artillery and aviation preparation, tanks clanging ominously across the steppe. The enemy brought more and more forces into battle in order to force the Don, develop an offensive to the banks of the Volga, and make a breakthrough with the forces of the 6th Army. The great Battle of Stalingrad began. The troops defending in the bend of the Don had to fight in extremely difficult conditions. The enemy, intending to capture Stalingrad on the move, threw the main forces of his main grouping against them. Hitler's plan was to quickly break the resistance of our troops defending the approaches to the bend of the Don, to seize the crossings across the Don and further occupy Stalingrad. station Surovikino to Rychkovo and further along the left bank of the Don. The left flank of the 64th Army managed to withstand the onslaught of the enemy. At this point, the advance of the enemy was stopped. Attempts by the 6th German field army to capture Stalingrad on the move failed. positions and showed steadfastness and heroism36. On the very first day of fighting, the Grozny cadet regiment repelled four enemy attacks and counterattacked twice. Many soldiers of the regiment took part in the battles for the first time, but they beat the enemy like a guard, skillfully fired accurately. On July 25, in the afternoon, the company of Lieutenant A. Savelyev entered into battle with enemy reconnaissance. In a short but extremely fierce battle, the enemy reconnaissance group was destroyed. This was just the beginning. An hour later, the company had to repel the onslaught of the German motorcycle battalion. The unit was cut off from the main forces of the regiment. Communication with control points was interrupted. But no one flinched, did not retreat a single step back. Even the wounded, forgetting about the pain, gritting their teeth, silently fired at the Nazis. There were no cowards. Lieutenant Savelyev at the most critical moment with twenty submachine gunners rose to the counterattack and threw the enemy back. The personnel of the company of Lieutenant L. Verich did not flinch and did not retreat. Up to a battalion of German infantry and three tanks moved per company. Having let the enemy in close range, the fighters opened heavy machine-gun and automatic fire. Molotov cocktails and anti-tank grenades were used. Two enemy tanks were destroyed. The enemy's attack stalled. The enemy retreated, leaving over 30 corpses of German soldiers and officers on the battlefield. Lieutenant Verich personally killed more than a dozen Nazis with a machine gun. For two days, the company fought uninterrupted battles with superior enemy forces, suffered heavy losses, but firmly held its positions, fulfilling its duty to the end. The soldiers of the cadet regiment, defending their positions, showed exceptional stamina, remained on the battlefield until their last breath. So, foreman G. Potapov with eight submachine gunners repulsed two fierce attacks of a German infantry company. Being wounded twice, he did not leave the battlefield, having shot all the cartridges, he continued to destroy the invaders with hand grenades. Only after the third wound did he leave the battlefield. For six days of fierce fighting in the big bend of the Don, the regiment repelled 27 fierce attacks and destroyed about eight hundred enemy soldiers and officers, eight tanks, nine mortars, sixteen machine guns and many other equipment. Young men in cadet tunics rose to the death in defense of Stalingrad. With unprecedented heroism yesterday's workers and collective farmers, schoolchildren and students defended every inch of their native land. The enemy divisions prepared for the attack on Stalingrad consisted of young and middle-aged soldiers called up from Munich, Hamburg, Brandenburg and other cities of central Germany. For the most part, these were fascist thugs who had gone through the Nazi school of gangster education. Among the soldiers and officers there was a significant stratum of members of the fascist party. They also had combat experience. Before the attack on the Soviet Union, the army of Paulus, one of the most experienced representatives of the German generals, passed through the territory of Poland, Belgium, France, Yugoslavia, Greece and other European countries, bringing death and destruction with them, learning the science of robbing and killing. In the difficult days of defensive battles in the great bend of the Don, the troops received an order from the People's Commissar of Defense I.V. Stalin, known to all front-line soldiers as the order: "Not a step back!" With Bolshevik frankness, it revealed the danger of the situation that had developed on the southern wing of the Soviet-German front, contained a strict demand on the defenders of the Soviet south to resolutely increase resistance to the enemy and stop his advance to the east at all costs. This order immediately attracted the attention of the entire personnel of the Army in the field. It was immediately studied by the commanders and brought to the attention of their subordinates. The regiment's political workers, who were in the combat formations of the units that fought on the Don frontier, explained to the soldiers the harsh truth of this document: to retreat without an order is a crime, to stand is to win, it means to save the Motherland from the brown plague of fascism. Such were the lofty ideological motives on the basis of which the cadets were nurtured fortitude in defense, their personal responsibility for the fate of the Motherland, the outcome of the battle for Stalingrad.

FIGHTS AT THE LINE OF ABGANEROVO-PRODUCTIVE
The enemy, after unsuccessful attempts to force the Don near the ancient Cossack town of Kalach, regrouped his troops, creating two strike groups: one as part of the main forces of the 6th Army in the Kalach region, the other as part of the 4th Tank Army in the Tsimlyanskaya region. With successive blows from the south and west, he expected to break through to the Volga. On July 31, the German 4th Panzer Army attacked our 51st Army. Unable to withstand the strong onslaught, our troops began to retreat to the Salsk-Krasnoarmeysk railway. On August 2, formations of the 4th Panzer Army of the enemy reached the Kotelnikovsky area, creating a direct threat to the left wing of the 64th Army and the rear of the main forces of the Stalingrad Front. And on August 5, the main forces of this enemy tank army, bypassing the task force of General V.I. From that day on, fierce battles began on the southern approaches to Stalingrad. The next morning, August 6, 1942, the 4th Panzer Army of the Nazis attacked the left-flank units of the 64th Army. In an effort to reach Stalingrad at all costs, the enemy launched one attack after another. German tanks more than once broke through into the depths of the defense of the 64th Army, but the Soviet troops with oncoming counterattacks threw them back to their original positions. The 74th kilometer siding passed from hand to hand several times. The situation in which the combat operations of the 64th Army unfolded was extremely difficult. The enemy outnumbered our troops in forces and means. German aviation dominated the air. But despite all this, the onslaught of the enemy was contained, the Soviet soldiers withstood. him a counterattack. By August 10, the enemy, having lost up to 12 thousand killed and wounded, more than 70 tanks, 86 guns and mortars, 345 vehicles and 12 aircraft, withdrew to the starting area and took up defensive positions at the turn of the mouth of the Aksai-Abganerovo-Plodovitoe river. th Army, it is indicated that in this operation the Grozny Infantry School was especially distinguished by its ability to fight and courage. This is confirmed by the examples of steadfastness and heroism of the personnel of the cadet regiment. So, on August 6, after a forty-five-minute artillery preparation by forces of up to two infantry regiments, with the support of artillery and mortars, under cover of a smoke screen, the enemy went on the offensive on the line of defense of the Grozny cadet regiment Abganerovo-Plodovitoe. The Nazis launched five furious attacks one after another, but had no success. Especially in that battle, the 3rd battalion distinguished itself. When the regiment commander demanded that the commander of the battalion, Major D. Sokolov, report on the situation, the answer was: - "As long as Sokolov is alive, the battalion will not take a single step back." The brave communist battalion commander D. Sokolov personally led the battalion three times in counterattacks against the numerically superior enemy. The onslaught of the enemy was contained. The Nazis, leaving up to 200 soldiers and officers killed and wounded in front of the regiment, were driven back to their original positions. But the respite was short-lived. On the next day, August 7, not having enough anti-tank weapons, almost without artillery support, the Grozny cadets again beat off continuous enemy attacks of tanks and infantry all day long. The hot battle lasted 8 hours, and there was no ammunition left in the battalions. The cadets met the enemy with hand grenades and forced the German tanks to turn back. During the day of the battle, the Grozny residents destroyed 6 tanks and 150 German soldiers and officers, and the next day the regiment repelled 7 more enemy attacks. The Nazis met the same stubbornness in other sectors of the defense occupied by the units of the school. The strength of their heroic spirit was unbending. During one of the attacks of the enemy, eleven cadets of the 1st battalion, led by Lieutenant V. Rusinsky, performed a feat. It was August 9, 1942. The cadets met the attacking Germans with well-aimed fire. Some of the Nazis were destroyed, the rest, throwing their weapons, fled. Embittered by the steadfastness of our soldiers, the enemy launched a secondary attack with artillery support. Dense fire pressed the cadets to the ground. The success of the battle was decided by minutes. It was necessary to raise people in a counterattack. And Lieutenant V. Rusinsky decided to captivate them by personal example. With the call "Forward, for the Motherland!" he was the first to attack. The officer's example captivated the cadets. They rushed forward in unison. But a mine exploded near V. Rusinsky, the lieutenant was seriously wounded. However, overcoming the pain, he continued to move forward. A hand-to-hand fight ensued. The lieutenant was again wounded, but continued to lead the battle. The combat order was carried out, the attack was repulsed. Communist machine gunner G. Pkhakadze repelled two enemy attacks. A whole company of fascists went to him. "Rus, give up!" the Germans shouted. - "The Reds don't give up!" - Gritting his teeth, answered G. Pkhakadze. Having let the enemy in at close range, he laid down 15 Nazis in a long line. So the cadets and officers fought, responding to the call of the party “Not a step back! ”and increasing the glory, the fighting traditions of the school.

BATTLE IN THE VASILYEVKA REGION
After the Soviet troops thwarted the enemy’s plan to break through to Stalingrad from the west and south, the fascist German command decided to deliver two powerful simultaneous strikes in converging directions with the forces of the 6th Army from the Trekhostrovsky region to the east and the forces of the 4th Tank Army from the Abganerovo region to the north43. For a new offensive, the enemy pulled up fresh troops and regrouped. From August 15 - 17 to September 12, a struggle unfolded on the defensive contours. In the northwest, the troops of the Stalingrad Front from August 15 repelled the offensive of the 6th German Army. The intensity of the struggle grew. The 4th Panzer Army of the enemy, after an unsuccessful attempt to break through to Stalingrad from the Plodovitoe area, regrouped its forces in the area west of Abganerovo and went on the offensive again. The enemy increased his strikes, threw into battle more and more new tank and infantry formations. The Nazi command sought to break the resistance of the troops of the left wing of the 64th Army, which also included the Grozny cadet regiment. Having a fourfold superiority in equipment and weapons and one and a half times superiority in manpower, on August 22 the enemy bypassed Vasilievka, and the Grozny cadet regiment was surrounded. Attempts to break the enemy's ring failed. By this time, the regiment had heavy losses in manpower and equipment. So, only from August 1 to August 15, 1942, the regiment lost 656 people, including 114 killed, 338 wounded and 204 missing. Being surrounded, the soldiers of the cadet regiment showed miracles of courage. Political instructor S. Lukyanov with a group of cadets repulsed 9 enemy attacks within one day. But now the ammunition has run out, the Germans are running towards them. The political instructor rushes into their midst, stabs with a bayonet, beats with a butt. A rifle was knocked out of Lukyanov's hands. Then he rushed to the German officer and strangled him in hand-to-hand combat. During the battle, cadet F. Aliyev burst into the thick of German soldiers. The enemies rushed at him. Aliyev shot the Nazis at close range, and when there were no cartridges, he used a bayonet and butt. Having wounded the brave cadet, the Germans tried to capture him. Then Aliyev pulled out a knife and cut his own throat, but did not surrender. In an unequal battle, the Soviet character won. Lieutenant I. Bondar, accepted into the party on the eve of the battle, being surrounded, with a group of cadets heroically repelled the onslaught of the enemy. He personally knocked out two enemy tanks, and forced the other two to turn back. An enemy bullet in the midst of the battle wounded the lieutenant. Recovering, he crawled to the rear of the regiment, but soon his strength left him and he could not move on. Then, taking out a notebook, he wrote in it: “I gave my life dearly. He fought to the last strength for his homeland. I didn't have a single ammo left. And when my native land, for which I gave my life, will be freed from fascist evil spirits, and if my comrades find my body, then let them send this letter to my mother, wife and children, so that they know that I fought honestly, did not shame the land Soviet and gave his life for his Motherland. Despite the massive heroism of the officers and cadets of the Grozny regiment, the situation became more and more complicated. The rear of the regiment was cut off, cartridges and grenades were running out. It was not possible to bring food and ammunition. For two days, August 22 and 23, every effort was made to get out of the encirclement. However, it failed to break through. The cadets did not receive food for two days. In the current situation, the command of the school decided: to get out of the encirclement at any cost. The night from 24 to 25 August was dark, with light rain. Having gathered all its forces and means, the regiment launched the last counterattack, shot down the enemy and left the encirclement with heavy losses, uniting with units of the 64th Army, which defended the southern approaches to Stalingrad. On August 30, after fierce fighting, the regiment was withdrawn to the middle defensive line , and on September 2 - to the internal one. The main result of the August battles at the Abganerovo-Plodovitoe line, in the Vasilyevka area, with all their complications and failures, was that the units and formations of the 64th Army still stopped the tank army of Goth, did not give to take possession of the Volga heights near Krasno-Armeisk and break into Stalingrad from the south, inflicted irreparable losses on the enemy. In the battles on the Volga, cadets and officers of the Grozny cadet regiment showed a deep understanding of their military duty to the Motherland, to the Soviet people. With their military exploits, they glorified their native school. For 45 days of hot fighting, 379 soldiers of the regiment were awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union. On September 6, 1942, a combined cadet regiment was formed from the Grozny, 1st and 3rd Ordzhonikidze and Krasnodar cadet regiments. This regiment took part in the defense of the approaches to the southern part of Stalingrad, surrounded by the German group and its defeat. The surviving cadets did not return to the school. Many of them were awarded the rank of "junior lieutenant" and they remained in the Army as platoon commanders. Marshal of the Soviet Union F. I. Golikov, who participated in the Battle of Stalingrad, initially as deputy commander of the South-Eastern Front, and then as commander of the Voronezh Front, writes : “With a feeling of great gratitude, I speak about the cadet regiments of military schools. There were six of them on the South-Eastern Front: Vinnitsa, Grozny, Krasnodar, Zhitomir, 1st and 3rd Ordzhonikidzevsky ... All these were excellent and strong regiments. Their cadets and officers were distinguished by their moral and political tempering, courage, and physical endurance. Cadets' regiments were constantly transferred to threatened areas for decisive counterattacks. They were sometimes given areas of defense in particularly dangerous areas. They fought steadfastly in the environment, and this also happened. A glorious page in the history of the Battle of Stalingrad was also written by our pupils of the Baku Infantry School, Heroes of the Soviet Union A. A. Aslanov and M. S. Diasamidze.

On August 23, 1944 (the day of the liberation of Kharkov in 1943), in accordance with the order of the Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 0041ss, the Kharkov Guards Tank School (lieutenants) was formed on the basis of the 33rd Guards Separate Tank Brigade.

Classes began on October 1, which became the official day of the formation of a military educational institution ...

Colonel Titov Vasily Sergeevich became his first chief.

Here is how the Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General Kazaryan Ashot Vagarshakovich, recalled these days: “I received (in January 1944) an assignment to the 33rd Guards Separate Tank Brigade, which was finishing its reorganization near the city of Pavlograd. In the last ten days of February, when the combat knocking together of the 33rd Guards Tank Brigade was completed, an order was received to send all tank companies to the front along with the materiel. Finally! But the joy turned out to be premature: according to the second paragraph of the order, the brigade management remained in place to accept new replenishment. At the beginning of April and at the end of May the situation repeated itself. It became clear that our unit was turning into a training one, and I became quite firmly anchored in it.

At the end of August 1944, an order came from Moscow: to form the 3rd Guards Tank School based in Kharkov on the basis of the 33rd Brigade. So I ended up in a new position - deputy commander of a cadet battalion.

Thus began the history of the famous educational institution, which became the forge of highly qualified personnel for the tank troops of the Soviet Army. But the story about the school would be incomplete without an excursion into the events that preceded the creation of the illustrious educational institution, which continued the glorious military traditions of previous generations, who handed over to the future post-war young tank officers the Guards banner, won in battles and stained with the blood of thousands of soldiers and officers of all nations and nationalities of the Soviet Union. Memory is stronger than time. Therefore, turning to the origins is always justified and helps to better understand and evaluate the path traveled and the achievements of the school, its contribution to strengthening the defense capability of the USSR and Russia.

This is also due to the tragic events in the south-east of Ukraine and in the Crimea, where our fathers and grandfathers in the military formations that became the forefathers of the school went through a harsh school of army hardening, honed their professional skills, and then, fulfilling their military duty, heroically fought against the fascist invaders, defending every five of their land. At the cost of thousands of victims, they swept away the Nazi evil spirits from the territory of their country, but, as it turned out, not forever.

Every inch of the Don and Donbass lands, divided today by the Russian-Ukrainian state border (did they die for this ?!), was copiously watered with the blood of Soviet soldiers, including fighters and commanders of the illustrious predecessor of the Kharkov Tank School - the 33rd Separate Guards Tank Brigade, committed a sacred feat in the name of life. They are worthy of our memory. I would like the graduates of this illustrious military educational institution to remember this, who remained after the collapse of the USSR in the ranks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, as well as officers who graduated from this school already under the jurisdiction of Ukraine, taking part in the so-called anti-terrorist operation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions to destroy of their own people, following the orders of the current followers of the Nazi henchmen of the National Bandera, who stained themselves with cruel reprisals against the civilian population during the Great Patriotic War and in the post-war period! Did the fighters and commanders of the 33rd Guards Tank Brigade give their lives for this, the symbol of which the T-34 tank with turret number 33 is installed on a pedestal at the entrance to the school grounds?

In this regard, I would like to briefly recall on what traditions the graduates of this educational institution were brought up in the Soviet era.

The school has been leading its history since April 1936 from the 13th Mechanized Regiment of the 13th Cavalry Cossack Don Division, formed by order of the People's Commissar for Defense of the USSR Marshal of the Soviet Union K. Voroshilov No. 061 dated April 21, 1936 and included in the 4th Cavalry Corps (4th Cossack Corps named after Comrade Budyonny).

According to the directive of the Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army, for the formation of the 13th mechanized regiment, personnel and junior commanding staff were allocated, trained in the training tank units of the district (SKVO) for the 13th rifle division. The regiment was armed with T-27 wedges, the location was determined by the city of Pyatigorsk, from 1.11.36 - the city of Kamensk.

In March 1938, the 13th Cavalry Division was disbanded.

In April - May 1938 in Kamensk, on the basis of the 13th mechanized regiment and a separate tank battalion of the 7th mechanized corps, the 6th light tank regiment equipped with T-26 tanks was formed.

In January 1940, on the basis of the 6th light tank regiment in Kamensk, the 28th tank regiment was formed, which was transferred to the Karelian Isthmus to replenish the group of Soviet troops operating against Finland in this direction. It was commanded by Major Konstantin Vasilievich Skornyakov. The regiment arrived at the front in February, with 126 T-26 tanks, and was part of the army from February 11 to March 13, 1940.

Attached to the 70th Infantry Division, on the night of March 3-4, he received the task of forcing the Gulf of Finland and Vyborg Bay and reaching the rear of the enemy's Vyborg grouping. Having bypassed the Vyborg fortified area on the ice of the Gulf of Finland and the Vyborg Gulf, by March 5, the Soviet units “hooked” on the coast. The bypass was carried out by the 70th Order of Lenin Rifle Division under the command of divisional commander Mikhail Kirponos. Not only infantry, but also tanks attached to the division passed through the ice.

Particularly successful were the 28th and 62nd tank regiments, which by March 5, in conditions of 30-degree frost and blizzard, crossed the Vyborg Bay on the ice and, clearing the islands from the Finns, occupied a bridgehead on the mainland. During the following days, fierce battles were fought to expand the bridgehead.

During the fighting in the 28th Tank Regiment, 16 tanks were lost, of which six were irretrievably lost. 105 people were awarded orders and medals, two of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

In April 1940, the 28th Tank Regiment returned to the North Caucasus Military District.

NKO Directive No. 0/1/104358 dated May 31, 1940 in the city of Kamensk, Rostov Region, on the basis of the 6th light tank regiment, the 28th tank regiment, tank battalions of the 8th, 74th, 100th and 164th rifle divisions, the 7th light tank brigade was formed.

But already on July 7 of the same year in the city of Vagharshapat of the Armenian SSR, on the basis of the 7th light tank brigade (arrived from the city of Kamensk) and the 16th cavalry division, the formation of the 6th separate tank division began. The 7th light tank brigade was fully devoted to the formation of its 11th tank regiment. codenamed "Operation Sympathy", which was carried out from August 25, 1941 to September 17, 1941.

Having crossed at a front of 10 kilometers across the Araks River in the Karachug-Kizil-Vank region, the 6th Panzer Division split into two columns. The first - as part of the 12th TP, 2/6 SMEs, having captured Khoy, advanced - to the border with Turkey; the second - as part of the 11th TP - in the direction of Tabriz.

On September 1, an order was received to return the 6th TD to the territory of the ZakVO. On October 13, 1941, on the basis of the 11th tank regiment of the 6th tank division, the 6B tank brigade was formed, which was renamed the 56th tank brigade with deployment in the city of Vagharshapat of the Armenian SSR.

On December 7, 1941, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command assigned the command of the Transcaucasian Front (commander - D.T. Kozlov, chief of staff - F.I. Tolbukhin) the task of preparing and conducting a landing operation to capture the Kerch Peninsula within two weeks.

The headquarters of the Supreme High Command strained all its forces to provide the troops of the Crimean Front (formerly the Transcaucasian) with everything necessary. On January 29, 1942, an agreement was signed between the USSR, Great Britain and Iran, which put an end to the pro-German policy pursued by the former Iranian government. Tensions in the region subsided. The Soviet command had the opportunity to transfer from Iran to the Kerch Peninsula the most necessary tank units on the Soviet-German front, including the 55th and 56th tank brigades (formed from parts of the 6th tank division, which was part of Iran) - which had 66 T-26s and 27 flamethrower tanks.

During the renewed offensive on the Kerch Peninsula on March 13, 1942, the 56th tank brigade, consisting of 90 T-26 tanks, acted together with the 12th rifle brigade. The following figures testify to the fierceness of the fighting. From March 13 to March 19, 1942, of all tank units and subunits, the 56th Tank Brigade suffered the heaviest losses - 88 tanks (56 were hit, 26 burned down, 6 were blown up by mines). By March 25, 31 T-26s remained in service in the 56th brigade. In late March - early April 1942, a temporary lull was established at the front, which the parties used to restore their forces and means and prepare for new hostilities. On April 16, 1942, Colonel Viktor Vasilievich Lebedev took command of the 56th Tank Brigade. By the beginning of May, she had 7 KB, 20 T-26s and 20 T-60s.

On May 8, the Germans went on the offensive, intending to defeat the opposing troops of the Crimean Front and completely capture the Kerch Peninsula. On May 9, the 56th Tank Brigade, with a company of the 18th Motorcycle Regiment, defended the Mezarlyk-Oba area, after which it withdrew to Five Kurgans, where it took up defense, repelling the attacks of a numerically superior enemy (up to 100 tanks with infantry support.) In these battles, the brigade lost 9 T-26 tanks, 15 people killed and 12 wounded. After a heavy oncoming battle on May 10, the Soviet armored infantry support units were unable to hold back the advance of the German tank division.

On May 10, the 56th brigade with a company of the 13th rifle regiment was tasked with holding the Five Kurgans line. The defensive lines of the brigade were under heavy mortar and artillery fire. By noon, after a fierce battle, three T-60 tanks and two T-26 tanks remained in the brigade. The anti-tank battery fired all its shells. The brigade commander, Colonel Viktor Vasilyevich Lebedev, decided to withdraw the remnants of the unit to Oguz Tobe, where on the evening of May 10 they were subordinate to the commander of the 55th tank brigade. Located on the northeastern slopes of the Oguz Tobe mound, she received the task, in cooperation with the 77th mountain rifle division, to attack the enemy. During the battle, which lasted until dark, the consolidated brigade lost 7 KV tanks, 7 T-26 tanks. Two KV tanks were out of action for technical reasons. At the same time, up to 20 German tanks were destroyed. The remaining tanks of the 55th and 56th brigades were withdrawn to the southeastern slopes of the Oguz-Tobe barrow.

On the morning of May 11, the 55th tank brigade with the remaining tanks of the 56th brigade, together with the 77th rifle division, fought a fierce battle with enemy tanks and infantry in the area of ​​​​the Oguz-Tobe barrow. During it, 12 German tanks were destroyed by noon. At the same time, there were no combat-ready tanks left in both brigades, and the commander of the 51st Army gave the order to withdraw their headquarters and rear. Despite heroic resistance, Soviet troops retreated to Kerch and were forced to evacuate from the Kerch Peninsula. The evacuation lasted from 15 to 20 May. About 140 thousand people, 157 aircraft, 22 guns and 29 Katyushas, ​​and not a single tank, were evacuated to the Taman Peninsula.

This was the end of the first stage of the selfless actions of the personnel of the 56th Tank Brigade in the Great Patriotic War, who showed selfless courage and heroism in the difficult conditions of the Crimean Front. Having lost all its tanks in heavy battles, the brigade was withdrawn on May 31, 1942 until August 1942 to reorganize and prepare for new heavy battles of the first period of the Great Patriotic War of our people against the dark forces of fascism that encroached on the freedom and independence of our great Motherland.

On July 16, 1942, Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Mikhailovich Babenko took command of the brigade. On July 25, 1942, after reorganization, the 56th Tank Brigade (69 tanks) from the reserve of the Stalingrad Front was transferred to the 28th Tank Corps of the 1st Tank Army. As a result of the enemy's breakthrough to Kalach, the commander of the 1st TA, General Moskalenko, assigned the 28th Tank Corps the task of covertly transferring a formation to the Kalach area. The 56th Tank Brigade was in the vanguard of the 28th Tank Corps. She played the main role in the successful start of the tank battle near Kalach. The 1st tank battalion of the brigade, which had 30 T-34 tanks, having crossed to the western bank of the Don, ensured the crossing of the rest of the corps, which immediately launched an attack on the enemy.

During the attack, due to the fierce resistance of the enemy, the brigade of I. T. Babenko suffered heavy losses, failed to capture the western outskirts of the state farm "10 years of October". In the brigade, 50 vehicles were disabled. However, the first counterattack of the 1st Panzer Army prevented an immediate slide into disaster. The immediate threat to the crossing at Kalach was eliminated.

The 56th brigade entered the August battles with a significantly reduced number of tanks (24 T-34s and 24 T-70s), but already as part of the 23rd tank corps. From August 19, 1942, the brigade was reorganized in Orlovka, north of Stalingrad. Like many other tank brigades, it received tanks directly from the STZ. True, in the 56th brigade, the “thirty-fours” were diluted with T-70 light tanks. On August 21, she was sent from the 23rd Panzer Corps to the southern approaches to Stalingrad and transferred to the 57th Army. She had no contact with the enemy during this period. After the Germans broke through from the bridgehead at Vertyachey on August 23, the brigade was again transferred to the north and reassigned on August 25 to the 2nd tank corps of A. G. Kravchenko. By the end of August 25, the 56th tank brigade was taken away from Kravchenko and on August 26, by order of the front commander Eremenko, it was turned 180 degrees and again sent to the 57th army on the southern approaches to Stalingrad. But on August 30, an order follows to transfer the 56th tank brigade to the subordination of the 64th army. Late in the evening of the same day, the brigade concentrates on the line of the Chervlenaya River and again prepares defense.

The blow of the 48th German Corps on the new direction that followed on the morning of August 29 was sudden and devastating. In view of the deep coverage of the left flank of the 64th Army, the front command decided to withdraw troops. The tanks of the 13th Panzer Corps of Tanaschishin cemented and streamlined the retreat. However, it was still not possible to maintain the integrity of the defense. On the shoulders of the retreating troops, the Germans managed to break through the inner contour of the Stalingrad fortifications. On August 31, the 56th tank brigade was thrown to meet the German offensive. At 10.00 in the morning, it again enters the battle and meets with fire from ambushes the units of the 48th tank corps of the Germans rushing to Stalingrad. After two days of fierce fighting on September 2, the 56th tank brigade was transferred to the 13th tank corps.

On the morning of September 9, the German offensive in the direction of Kuporosnoye continued. On this day, bombs were again dropped on the wrecked and burned tanks of the 56th tank brigade, but individual vehicles dug into the ground continued to fire and held the Gornaya Polyana state farm, although this was not believed even at the army headquarters. The 56th tank brigade lost 7 T-34s and 1 M-3 medium burnt out, and 6 T-34s destroyed. The brigade had 2 T-34s (one not on the move) and 5 T-70s.
The 13th Panzer Corps (which included the 56th Tank Brigade fighting the enemy) absorbed the enemy's blow and did not give him the opportunity to break through to Beketovka.

On October 25, 1942, the 56th Tank Brigade was reassigned to the headquarters of the 51st Army of the Stalingrad Front.

By mid-November 1942, Soviet troops occupied an advantageous enveloping position in relation to the main grouping of the Nazis operating in the Stalingrad area. The general plan of the Soviet command was to dismember, encircle and completely destroy the main grouping of Nazi troops operating in the Stalingrad area with counter strikes by the troops of the Southwestern, Don and Stalingrad fronts in the general direction of Kalach, Sovetsky. In solving this problem, an important role was assigned to tank and mechanized corps.

On November 19, at 8.50 am, after 1 hour and 20 minutes of artillery preparation for the attack, the troops of the Southwestern and Don Fronts went on the offensive.

On November 20, the troops of the Stalingrad Front launched an offensive. The troops of the 51st and 57th armies and the left-flank formations of the 64th army broke through the enemy defenses on the very first day of the offensive. At 15-16 hours, at a depth of 8-10 km, the 13th tank (Major General T. I. Tanaschishin) and the 4th mechanized Major General V. T. Volsky (which was given the 56th brigade ) corps. On November 23, in the Kalach area, the encirclement ring around the 6th Wehrmacht Army closed.

The German command expected to release the encircled grouping by delivering two strikes: from the Tormosin area and from the Kotelnikovsky area.

The enemy offensive in the Kotelnikovsky direction began on December 12. Having an overwhelming superiority in tanks and aviation, the enemy broke through the defenses of the 51st Army on a narrow sector of the front. The 13th Panzer Corps was advanced to meet the advancing Nazi troops. However, in the direction of the main attack, the enemy, having great superiority, especially in tanks, advanced and captured Upper Kuma.

To defeat the enemy, who captured Verkhne-Kumsky on December 14, along with the 13th tank corps, the 4th mechanized corps (56 brigade operated as part of it) and the 235th separate tank brigade were also involved. With a simultaneous blow from three sides, they surrounded the enemy and, having destroyed 50 tanks and up to a motorized infantry battalion, threw him back to the Aksai River. During these battles, the 56th tank brigade suffered significant losses.

On the morning of January 1, 1943, our troops resumed their offensive. Fierce battles unfolded in all directions. The difficulty of the offensive was also in the fact that the troops of the Southern Front were tired in previous battles and had a significant shortage in personnel, military equipment and weapons. The armored and mechanized troops of the front were especially weakened, including the 56th tank brigade, which was equipped with personnel and military equipment by less than 50 percent.

Having suffered a defeat in the Kotelnikovsky area, the Wehrmacht's 4th Panzer Army retreated to the Morozovsk-Zimovniki line, intending to stop the offensive of the Southern Front troops and buy time to withdraw forces from the North Caucasus. In this situation, the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command ordered the troops of the Southern Front to develop success in the western direction, liberate Rostov, cut off the escape routes of the enemy's North Caucasian grouping and, in cooperation with the Transcaucasian Front, defeat it.

On the evening of January 16, the troops of the Southern Front in all directions reached the North. Donets and Manych Canal. On the eve of the decisive battles for Rostov-on-Don, by order of the NPO of the USSR No. 58 dated February 7, 1943, the 56th Tank Brigade was transformed into the 33rd Guards Separate Tank Brigade for the heroism, courage and courage shown by its personnel during the defense of Stalingrad and the defeat of the encircled fascist groups.

Simultaneously with the assignment of the rank of Guards brigade, Colonel Franz Andreevich Grinkevich took command of it from 02/07/1943. Building on success, the Stavka ordered the Southern Front to capture Rostov, and then, inflicting the main blow on Stalino (Donetsk), in cooperation with the Southwestern Front, liberate the Donbass.

On the morning of February 8, the troops of the front resumed the offensive. In connection with the deep advance of the Soviet troops, the threat of encirclement loomed over the Rostov grouping of the enemy, so it began to retreat in a westerly direction. Having intensified the blows, the troops of the 51st, which included the 33rd separate guards tank brigade, and the 28th army broke into Rostov and by the morning of February 14 completely cleared it of the enemy.

Until February 28, the troops of the front tried to break through the enemy defenses on the Mius, but they were not successful and went on the defensive. The 33rd Separate Guards Tank Brigade was placed at the disposal of the Commander of the Southern Front.
In order not to lose the strategic initiative, the Stavka decided to conduct the Mius offensive operation (July 17 - August 2, 1943).

On July 17, the Southern Front under the command of General F.I. Tolbukhin, coordinating its strikes with the actions of the troops of the Southwestern Front, went on the offensive, the purpose of which was to pin down, and under favorable conditions, in cooperation with the Southwestern Front, to defeat the Donbass grouping of the German -fascist troops, preventing the transfer of its forces to the area of ​​the Kursk ledge, where decisive battles were going on.

The front line of the enemy's defense passed along the Mius River (the so-called "Mius Front"); in the depths, along the rivers, the Germans created defensive lines.

Reference: Mius-Front is the code name of the defensive line created by the Nazi troops in February-July 1943 on the outskirts of the Donbass, along the Mius River, which flows through the territories of the Rostov, Luhansk and Donetsk regions. There, in the defense zone at the forefront and in the depths, the Germans equipped numerous bunkers and bunkers, dug several lines of trenches, fenced the approaches to them with rows of barbed wire and covered them with minefields. In the depths of the defense, defensive lines were created along the Krynka and Kalmius rivers.

The 33rd Separate Guards Tank Brigade took part in the operation, first as part of the 44th Army, and then was reassigned to the 28th Army.

In the direction of the main attack, our troops managed to penetrate the German defenses only 5-6 km and capture a small bridgehead on the Mius River in the Stepanovka-Marinovka area, where the now famous Saur-Mogila is located - one of the highest points in the Donetsk region, which, like 71 years ago became the site of fierce battles of the now Donetsk militias with Ukrainian punishers. The enemy put up stubborn resistance. The offensive on the auxiliary ones did not develop either. directions. The tank troops of the front suffered significant losses in these battles.

In order to prevent a breakthrough of defense on the river. Mius, the fascist German command transferred 2 tank corps to the zone of the Southern Front. On July 30, the enemy launched a strong counterattack in the main direction of the Southern Front and wedged into the location of the Soviet troops. By August 2, the troops of the Southern Front, under the onslaught of superior enemy forces, were forced to retreat to their original position.

The battles on the bridgehead were fierce. The losses were due not only to the miscalculations of the commanders. The new German equipment, equipped with powerful 75-mm and 88-mm long-barreled guns, hit our tanks at distances that did not allow them to be counteracted by the return fire of our tanks.

The heroic battles for the liberation of Donbass, which in July 1943 were fought by units of the Southern Front under the command of Colonel-General Fyodor Ivanovich Tolbukhin on the Mius River, remained in the shadow of the legendary Kursk Bulge, which then riveted everyone's attention to itself. Today, unfortunately, few people know about this glorious page of our military history. The southern front on the Mius suffered heavy losses. The Mius offensive operation did not end with the capture of the powerful fortified area of ​​the Nazis.

Everyone knows about the famous tank battle near Prokhorovka on July 12, 1943. "Tank field" is the third "military field of Russia", after Kulikov and Borodino. But few people know that two weeks later, on July 30, a “second Prokhorovka” took place on the Mius Front. On the German side, the same participants as on the legendary field: the elite 2nd SS Panzer Corps, propped up by the usual, without "tigers" and "panthers", the 24th Panzer Corps of General Walter Nering. But on the part of the Soviet troops - also guards, but not the tank army, like Rotmistrov, but the 1st and 31st rifle corps of the 2nd guards army. The guardsmen, supported by tanks of three brigades (one of them was the 33rd Guards Tank Brigade), artillery, took up a strong defense on the rocky slopes of the Mius barrows and in the villages of Marinovka, Stepanovka, Kalinovka recaptured from the enemy during two weeks of bloody battles. The key to the defense was the height of 213.9, eight kilometers east of the Saur-Mogila mound (277.9 m).

And this is what the Ukrainian punishers did with the monument on Saur-Mohyla
Not allowing the enemy to firmly gain a foothold on the achieved lines and regroup the troops, the Soviet command decided to conduct the Donbass offensive operation on August 13-September 22, 1943 by the troops of the Southwestern and Southern Fronts in order to complete the liberation of Donbass.

The troops of the right wing of the Southwestern Front were the first to go on the offensive on August 13, 1943; on August 18, the troops of the Southern Front went on the offensive. The 2nd Guards and 5th Shock armies on the same day wedged into the enemy's defenses on the river. Mius up to 10 km. Developing the offensive on Amvrosievka, the troops of the Southern Front divided the 6th German Army into two parts. A large gap was made at the Miussky line, which the Germans were no longer able to eliminate. On September 1, the Nazi command began the withdrawal to the west of the 6th Army and part of the forces of the 1st Panzer Army. Increasing the pace of the offensive, the Soviet. troops delivered a series of new strong blows against the retreating enemy troops. On September 8, the city of Stalino (Donetsk) was liberated. With access to the Dnieper and Molochnaya, favorable conditions developed for the liquidation of the Zaporozhye bridgehead of the German troops.

As a result of the Donbass operation, the Soviet. troops advanced up to 300 km, completed the liberation of Donbass, defeated 13 enemy divisions (including 2 tank divisions). Exit of Soviet troops to the line of the Dnieper and the river. Dairy created favorable conditions for the liberation of Northern Tavria, Right-Bank Ukraine and Crimea.

Today, on this land, the militias of the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, repulsing the fierce attacks of Ukrainian nationalists, repeat the feat of their fathers and grandfathers, defending their right to a peaceful life on this land, without the dictates of the newly-minted heirs of the fascist henchmen trying to plant their own rules on them, like seventy years ago , carrying out the tactics of "scorched earth" in the cities and towns of Donbass, who disagree with their misanthropic policy.

The last operation of the Great Patriotic War, in which the 33rd separate guards tank brigade took part, was the Melitopol offensive operation (September 26 - November 5, 1943). This operation of the troops of the Southern (from October 20, the 4th Ukrainian.) Front, carried out on September 26 - November 5, was part of the battle for the Dnieper. The goal is to defeat the enemy grouping defending the line on the river. Dairy, liberate Northern Tavria and go to the lower reaches of the Dnieper.

On October 22, 1943, during heavy fighting, the commander of the 33rd Guards Tank Brigade, Colonel Franz Andreevich Grinkevich, was wounded, who died on November 11, 1943 as a result of his wounds. On October 23, 1943, Lieutenant Colonel Ivan Vasilyevich Kharin took command of the brigade.

The 33rd Separate Guards Tank Brigade ended its combat operations near the legendary Kakhovka. On December 11, 1943, the brigade was withdrawn from the active army and included in the Kharkov military district.
On December 19, 1943, Colonel Titov Vasily Sergeevich took command of the brigade, who led it until August 1944.

At the end of 1943, the 33rd Separate Guards Tank Brigade was at the disposal of the command of the 4th Ukrainian Front, and then was reassigned for a month to the Kharkov Military District and was part of the reserve of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command until May 1944. Since May 1944, she was again part of the Kharkov Military District near Pavlograd, where on August 23, 1944, in accordance with the order of the Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, the Kharkov Guards Tank School (lieutenants) was formed on its basis.

Classes began on October 1, which became the official day of the formation of a military educational institution.
Colonel Titov Vasily Sergeevich became his first chief.

In the spring of 1945, the first 247 tank officers graduated.
From January 1946, the school was transferred to a three-year term of study, which was caused by the need to give future officers not only the necessary military and socio-economic knowledge, but also a secondary education. The complexity of military equipment grew from year to year. Training of cadets was carried out on the basis of tanks T-34-85, T-44, T-54, T-55, T-62.

Simultaneously with the training of tank officers for the tank units of the Ground Forces, the school trained officers for the armored units of the Airborne Forces (one company, which was transferred to the Tashkent Tank School in 1965), as well as tank officers for the Marine Corps units (one platoon of cadets) who studied the PT-76 amphibious tank.

Some of the officers of this platoon were also assigned to the warships of the Navy as commanders of artillery towers.
On July 3, 1966, the school was transformed into a higher military educational institution with a 4-year term of study. Upon graduation, graduates were issued an all-Union diploma of higher civil education with the qualification of a mechanical engineer and secondary military education with the military rank of lieutenant.

In the second half of the fifties, at plant No. 75 (KMDBM, chief designer A.A. Morozov) and at factory No. 183 (UKBTM, chief designer L.N. Kartsev), work was launched to create a new medium tank to replace the T-54 and T-55, mass-produced by all three main tank factories in the cities of Nizhny Tagil (factory No. 183), Kharkov (factory No. 75) and Omsk (factory No. 174). In the post-war period, the country's tank industry supplied the army mainly with the T-54 tank, created back in 1947, or its modifications - the T-54A, T-54B, and later the T-55 and T-62. The army needed a qualitatively new tank, significantly superior in all characteristics to both domestic and foreign tanks.

Design Bureau No. 60, headed by Chief Designer A.A. Morozov, the beginning of work on the creation of a fundamentally new tank. After ten years of intense searches and experiments, the work ended with the creation of the T-64 tank. So, two decades after the creation of the legendary thirty-four, the design solutions of which had a revolutionary impact on the entire world tank building of the 40s and 50s. Kharkov designers have created a new masterpiece of tank building - the T-64 tank, which became the ancestor of a new class of combat vehicles called "Main Battle Tanks".

The first serial objects 432 (T-64) left the assembly line of the plant named after V.A. Malyshev in Kharkov in October 1963, in September 1964, 54 tanks rolled off the assembly line, and by December 1, 1965, their number was 218 vehicles. After that, the production of tanks constantly increased. The first tanks began to enter trial operation into service with the 75th Guards Tank Division, stationed in the city of Chuguev, not far from the plant in Kharkov that produced these vehicles. This made it possible to provide qualified factory assistance in the operation of new machines. Object 432 military tests were successful and was adopted by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 30, 1966 under the brand name T-64. The order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR on the acceptance of the tank into service was issued on January 2, 1967.
In the same year, the school switched to the training of officers on the basis of the T-64 tank.

In its time, the T-64 tank surpassed all tanks known at that time in almost all basic qualities, and it had a much lower weight, and provided Soviet tank building with priority over foreign ones for a long period.

In the Soviet Union, the Kharkov Guards Higher Tank Command School was constantly among the top ten military universities and was rightfully considered one of the best. Indeed, the school, along with other tank schools, has become a forge for training tank officers of the country's armored shield.

A unique modern material and technical base was created at the school, which, combined with the capabilities of various departments of KhPI, the Malyshev plant and the Morozov design bureau, and the tank repair plant, made it possible to train highly qualified officers. A frequent guest of the school was the chief designer of the T-64 tank A.A. Morozov, who was interested in the course of mastering his offspring by the cadets.

Given the great work on the training of highly qualified officers, the merits associated with the liberation of Ukraine during the Great Patriotic War, in connection with the 25th anniversary of the school in 1969, it was named after the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR.

ORDER
MINISTER OF DEFENSE OF THE USSR
№ 203
August 15, 1969
Moscow.
ABOUT ASSIGNING THE NAME OF THE SUPREME SOVIET OF THE UKRAINIAN SSR TO THE KHARKOV GUARDS-SKY HIGHEST TANK COMMAND SCHOOL
Taking into account the great work on the training of highly qualified officers for the Armed Forces, the merits associated with the liberation of Ukraine during the Great Patriotic War, and in connection with the 25th anniversary of the Kharkov Guards Higher Tank School

P R I C A Z Y V A YU:

Assign the school the name of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR and henceforth call it "Kharkov Guards Higher Tank Command School named after the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR".

Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR
Marshal of the Soviet Union
I. YAKUBOVSKY

In 1970, 1972, 1991, for high results in combat and political training, the school staff was awarded the challenge Red Banner of the Military Council of the Red Banner Kyiv Military District. The passing Red Banner was forever left in the school and was in the Museum of Military Glory.

In 1975, for great merits in the training of officers for the Armed Forces and in connection with the 30th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, the school was awarded the Order of the Red Star.

U K A Z
Presidium of the Supreme
Council of the USSR
For great services in the training of officers for the Armed Forces of the USSR and in connection with the 30th anniversary of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. reward

ORDER OF THE RED STAR

Kharkov Guards Higher Tank Command School named after the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR.

Chairman of the Presidium
Supreme Soviet of the USSR
N. Podgorny

Secretary of the Presidium
Supreme Soviet of the USSR
M. Georgadze

The heads of the school in various years were:

• Guard Colonel Titov Vasily Sergeevich (from August 1944 to 1946).
• Hero of the Soviet Union Guard Lieutenant General of Tank Troops Kashuba Vladimir Nesterovich (1946 - 1950), forever enrolled in the lists of the first company of the Kharkov Guards Higher Tank Command School (Order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR No. 221, dated August 30, 1967).
• Guards Major General Yudin Pavel Alekseevich. (from 31.08.50-3.06.56)
• Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General of the Tank Troops Zaitsev Vasily Ivanovich (from 1956 to 1966).
• Guards Major General Leonid Yakovlevich Chernichenko (from 1966 to 1971)
• Guards Major General Kuzmuk I.F (from 1971 to 1973)
• Guards Major General Yu. F. Kutenkov (from 1973 to 1986)
• Guards Major General Mikhailov V. S. (from 1986 to January 12, 1992)

Over the years of its existence, more than 20 thousand officers and generals have been trained within the walls of the educational institution. Among them:

• army generals of the Russian Armed Forces Yu.N. Yakubov (graduation of 1967), N.E. Rogozhkin (graduation of 1973), A.F. Kirichenko (class of 1973) and A.I. Kuzmuk (class of 1975);
• Colonel General V.M. Kozhbakhteev (class of 1951), V.A. Kopylov (class of 1962, G.G. Kondratiev (class of 1965), V.I. Komogorov (class of 1970).

Many graduates of the school for courage and heroism were awarded the highest state distinctions established in the CIS countries.

Among them:

• commander of the 131st separate motorized rifle brigade, Colonel Hero of the Russian Federation (posthumously) Savin Ivan Alekseevich (graduate of 1977);
• Commander of the 160th Guards Tank Regiment, Colonel Yury Dmitrievich Budanov (graduated in 1987);
• Hero of the Russian Federation Colonel Belyavsky Vladimir Anatolyevich (graduate of 1990);
• Head of Intelligence of the 106th Marine Regiment of the Pacific Fleet Hero of the Russian Federation (posthumously) Major Gaponenko Pavel Nikolaevich (graduate of 1983).

Among the graduates of KhGVTKU there are many prominent state, political, public, military figures, scientists and teachers who constantly multiply the glorious traditions of the Kharkov Guards with their activities.

On January 12, 1992, the staff of the school took the Oath of allegiance to the Ukrainian people. In September 1997, the school was reorganized into the Kharkov Institute of Tank Forces. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine.

In 2001, the honorary titles of "Guards" and "Order of the Red Star" were returned to him.

Since March 2003, the institute has become a structural subdivision of the National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". Graduates are awarded a bachelor's degree (team faculty) and a specialist (engineering faculty and faculty of RCBZ and ecology).

For achievements and a significant contribution to the training of highly qualified officer personnel, according to the results of 2003, the institute was included in the list of the best higher educational institutions in Ukraine and was awarded the Diploma of the Laureate of the Sophia of Kyiv competition.

For the results of educational work in 2005 and 2006, the institute is among the best military educational institutions of the Land Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

On September 1, 2007, the institute was transformed into the Guards Order of the Red Star Faculty of Military Training named after. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine NTU "KhPI".

In the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the school (institute / faculty) was headed by:

• Guard Major General Mikhailov V. S. (1992 - 1993)
• Guard Colonel Popov V.P. (1993 - 1997)
• Major General Kechev N. A. (1997 - 2004)
• Major General Sirotenko A. N. (2004 - 2007)
• guards Colonel Serpukhov A. V. (2007 - present).

Today it is difficult to say on what traditions the graduates of the Faculty of Military Training named after V.I. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine NTU "KhPI", participating in punitive operations in the Donbass. But obviously not on the glorious traditions of their ancestors. And the former graduates of the Soviet period of KhGVTKU, who remained in the ranks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and even included in its leadership, who, forgetting about honor, went over to the side of anti-Russian forces in Ukrainian society, preaching the misanthropic ideology of neo-fascists, also made a certain contribution to this.

It is bitter to realize that a graduate of the school in 1975 A.I. Kuzmuk People's Deputy of Ukraine, former Minister of Defense of Ukraine (2004-2005), who also graduated from the Military Academy of Armored Forces named after Marshal of the Soviet Union R.Ya. Malinovsky now sits in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and supports representatives of nationalists, the "right sector" and Bandera, who launched a civil war in the south-east of Ukraine. He makes anti-Russian statements, supports the plans of the fascist junta to join NATO and to strengthen punitive operations in these regions. As a former communist, he calmly looks at how the nationalists beat the deputies from the Communist Party of Ukraine in the Rada and votes for the dissolution of their faction.

But what about the memory of his father, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, a communist and commander of the reconnaissance battalion of the 20th tank corps, awarded the Order of the Patriotic War II degree, for skillful actions during the Korsun-Shevchenko operation, after the war he rose to the rank of major general, deputy commander 1st Guards Combined Arms Army, and in recent years he headed the Kharkov Higher Command Tank School, which, after the death of his father, his son, the future minister and people's deputy, graduated from?

And yet, despite the difficult ups and downs of the fate of the illustrious school, we congratulate its graduates, who remained faithful to the oath taken on the parade ground of the school, with honor and dignity carried through the years and currently carry the title of graduates of Hagi-Vaga (as they called their alma mater) happy anniversary. The vast majority of them did not sacrifice their honor, conscience and dignity for the sake of a career and momentary political privileges, remaining true to the ideals of brotherhood and friendship of the peoples of the former USSR, brought up on the glorious martial traditions of their fathers and grandfathers sealed by blood.

Vladimir Petrov

Theory

If a body is thrown at an angle to the horizon, then in flight it is affected by gravity and air resistance. If the resistance force is neglected, then the only force left is the force of gravity. Therefore, due to Newton's 2nd law, the body moves with an acceleration equal to the free fall acceleration; acceleration projections on the coordinate axes are a x = 0, and at= -g.

Any complex movement of a material point can be represented as an imposition of independent movements along the coordinate axes, and in the direction of different axes, the type of movement may differ. In our case, the motion of a flying body can be represented as a superposition of two independent motions: uniform motion along the horizontal axis (X-axis) and uniformly accelerated motion along the vertical axis (Y-axis) (Fig. 1).

The velocity projections of the body therefore change with time as follows:

,

where is the initial speed, α is the throwing angle.

The body coordinates therefore change like this:

With our choice of the origin of coordinates, the initial coordinates (Fig. 1) Then

The second value of the time at which the height is equal to zero is equal to zero, which corresponds to the moment of throwing, i.e. this value also has a physical meaning.

The flight range is obtained from the first formula (1). Flight range is the value of the coordinate X at the end of the flight, i.e. at a point in time equal to t0. Substituting the value (2) into the first formula (1), we obtain:

.

(3)

From this formula it can be seen that the greatest flight range is achieved at a throw angle of 45 degrees.

The highest lifting height of the thrown body can be obtained from the second formula (1). To do this, you need to substitute in this formula the value of time equal to half the flight time (2), because it is at the midpoint of the trajectory that the flight altitude is maximum. Carrying out calculations, we get

There were 3 seconds left until the end of the final match of the basketball tournament of the 1972 Munich Olympics. The Americans - the US team - were already celebrating the victory! Our team - the USSR national team - won about 10 points against the great dream Team...

A few minutes before the end of the match. But, having lost all the advantage in the end, she was already losing one point 49:50. What happened next was incredible! Ivan Edeshko throws the ball from behind the end line across the entire area under the Americans' ring, where our center Alexander Belov receives the ball surrounded by two opponents and puts it into the basket. 51:50 - we are Olympic champions!!!

I, being a child then, experienced the strongest emotions - first disappointment and resentment, then crazy delight! The emotional memory of this episode is etched into my mind for the rest of my life! Watch the video on the Internet for the request "Alexander Belov's golden throw", you will not regret it.

The Americans then did not admit defeat and refused to receive silver medals. Is it possible to do in three seconds what our players did? Let's remember physics!

In this article, we will consider the motion of a body thrown at an angle to the horizon, create an Excel program for solving this problem with various combinations of input data, and try to answer the above question.

This is a fairly well-known problem in physics. In our case, the body thrown at an angle to the horizon is a basketball. We will calculate the initial speed, time and trajectory of the ball thrown across the entire court by Ivan Edeshko and falling into the hands of Alexander Belov.

Mathematics and physics of basketball flight.

The formulas below and the calculation inexcel are universal for a wide range of problems about bodies thrown at an angle to the horizon and flying along a parabolic trajectory without taking into account the effect of air friction.

The calculation scheme is shown in the figure below. Launch MS Excel or OOo Calc.

Initial data:

1. Since we are on planet Earth and are considering a ballistic problem - the movement of bodies in the Earth's gravity field, then first of all we write down the main characteristic of the gravitational field - the free fall acceleration g in m/s 2

to cell D3: 9,81

2. The size of the basketball court is 28 meters long and 15 meters wide. The flight distance of the ball almost across the court to the ring from the opposite end line horizontally x write in meters

to cell D4: 27,000

3. If we assume that Edeshko made the throw from a height of about two meters, and Belov caught the ball just somewhere at the level of the ring, then with a basketball hoop height of 3.05 meters, the distance between the points of departure and arrival of the ball will be vertically 1 meter. Let's write down the vertical displacement y in meters

to cell D5: 1,000

4. According to my measurements on the video, the angle of departure of the ball α 0 from the hands of Edeshko did not exceed 20 °. Enter this value

to cell D6: 20,000

Calculation results:

Basic equations describing the motion of a body thrown at an angle to the horizon without taking into account air resistance:

x =v0* cos α 0 *t

y =v0*sin α 0 *t -g *t 2 /2

5. Let's express the time t from the first equation, substitute into the second and calculate the initial speed of the ball v 0 in m/s

in cell D8: =(D3*D4^2/2/COS (RADIANS(D6))^2/(D4*TAN (RADIANS(D6))-D5))^0.5 =21,418

v0 =(g *x 2 /(2*(cosα 0 ) 2 *(x *tgα 0 -y)) 0.5

6. Time of flight of the ball from the hands of Edeshko to the hands of Belov t calculate in seconds, knowing now v 0 , from the first equation

in cell D9: =D4/D8/COS (RADIANS(D6)) =1,342

t = x /(v 0 * cosα 0 )

7. Find the angle of direction of the ball's speed α i at the point of interest to us. To do this, we write the initial pair of equations in the following form:

y =x *tgα 0 -g *x 2 /(2*v 0 2*(cosα 0 ) 2)

This is the equation of a parabola - the flight path.

We need to find the angle of inclination of the tangent to the parabola at the point of interest to us - this will be the angle α i. To do this, take the derivative, which is the tangent of the slope of the tangent:

y' =tgα 0 -g *x /(v 0 2*(cosα 0 ) 2)

Calculate the angle of arrival of the ball in the hands of Belov α i in degrees

in cell D10: =ATAN (TAN (RADIANS(D6)) -D3*D4/D8^2/COS (RADIANS(D6))^2)/PI()*180 =-16,167

α i = arctgy ’ = arctg(tgα 0 — g * x /(v 0 2 *(cosα 0 ) 2))

The calculation in excel, in principle, is completed.

Other payment options:

Using the written program, you can quickly and easily perform calculations with other combinations of initial data.

Let, given a horizontal x = 27 meters , vertical y = 1 meter flight range and initial speed v 0 = 25 m/s.

It is required to find the flight time t and departure angles α 0 and arrival α i

Let's use the service MS Excel "Selection of the parameter". I have repeatedly described in detail in several blog articles how to use it. You can read more about using this service.

We set the value in cell D8 to 25,000 by changing the selection of the value in cell D6. The result is in the figure below.

The initial data in this version of the calculation in excel (as, indeed, in the previous one) are highlighted in blue frames, and the results are circled in red rectangular frames!

Setting the tableexcel some value of interest in one of the cells with a light yellow fill, by selecting a changed value in one of the cells with a light turquoise fill, in the general case, you can get ten different options for solving the problem of the motion of a body thrown at an angle to the horizon with ten different sets source data!!!

Answer to the question:

Let's answer the question posed at the beginning of the article. The ball sent by Ivan Edeshko flew to Belov, according to our calculations, in 1.342 seconds. Alexander Belov caught the ball, landed, jumped up and threw it. For all this he had a "sea" of time - 1.658s! This is really enough time with a margin! A detailed view of the video frame by frame confirms the above. Three seconds were enough for our players to deliver the ball from their front line to the opponents' backboard and throw it into the ring, writing their names in basketball history with gold!

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