The ethics of verbal communication begins with the observance of the conditions for successful verbal communication: with a benevolent attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attunement to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes to express one's thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle-speech areas of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as "playful" or emotional nature, the choice of the topic and tone of the conversation is of particular importance. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in the conduct of a conversation belongs to the look.

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms, national and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and are expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-significant word forms and words of non-full-significant parts of speech (particles, interjections).

The main ethical principle of speech communication - the observance of parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings and salutations set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. The situation of communication also plays an important role.

The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor, and attention to his words. In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, the address is often accompanied or replaced by paraphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Anya, you are my bunny; dear; kitty; killer swallows, etc. This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special warehouse, as well as for emotional speech.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers. If at the beginning of the century the universal methods of address were a citizen and a citizen, then in the second half of the 20th century dialectal southern forms of address based on gender - a woman, a man - became widespread. Recently, often in casual colloquial speech, when referring to an unfamiliar woman, the word lady is used, but when referring to a man, the word master is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. The development of an equally acceptable appeal to a man and a woman is a matter for the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.

2. Label formulas.

Each language has fixed ways, expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those).

When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one's "interests" in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one's interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an act; for example: Could you go to the store now?; Are you going to the store now? When asked how to get through ..? Where is..? you should also preface your question with a request. Could you tell me?; You will not say..?

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, a reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the "rules" of life, which takes place in a multifaceted, human "dimension". This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, thanks, condolences, congratulations, invitations.

Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

3. Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are periphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shahetjanyan's book "1001 questions about it" about intimate relationships.

Mitigating methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for such a form of expression. In addition, mitigation of refusal or reprimand can be realized by the “change of addressee” technique, in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation. In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one “observable” deictic space of the speech situation “I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW”. This shows respect for all participants in the conversation.

4. Interruption.

Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, the high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, the demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments "in the course" of the partner's speech is an ordinary phenomenon of dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, more correct in a woman's conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when the communicative interest is lost.

Cultural and social norms of life, the subtleties of psychological relations require the speaker and the listener to actively create a benevolent atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.

5. V Y-communication and T Y-communication. In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. A superficial acquaintance in some cases and a distant, long-term relationship of old acquaintances in others is shown by the use of the polite "you."

In addition, YOU-communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue; so, you-communication is typical for old, girlfriends, who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you-communication with a long acquaintance or friendship is observed among women. Men of different social strata "are more likely to engage in You-communication. Among uneducated and uncultured men, You-communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. With the established relationship of You-communication, they attempt to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the addressee and impose You-communication. This is destructive an element of verbal communication that destroys communicative contact.

It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimize relations; cf. Pushkin's lines: "Empty you are heartfelt You, by saying a word, replaced ...". However, during You-communication, the feeling of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenality of interpersonal relationships is often lost. Wed in the "Chrestomathy" correspondence of Yu. M. Lotman and B. F. Egorov.

Parity relations as the main component of communication do not cancel the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances.

The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns "you" and "you" in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, a desire to introduce elements of ritual address into the speech situation (cf.:, Vitaly Ivanovich, would you like to put a salad?).

test questions

1. What is the main ethical principle of verbal communication?

2. What functions does the appeal perform?

3. What etiquette formulas are used when making a request? ,

What role do euphemisms play?

5. What methods of indirect informing do you know?

6. What is the specificity of YOU-communication and YOU-communication in Russian?

7. How to create a cultural atmosphere of dialogue?

Summary

Among the functional varieties of language, colloquial speech occupies a special place. Colloquial is such a speech of native speakers of the literary language, which is realized spontaneously (without any preliminary consideration) in an informal setting with the direct participation of communication partners. Spoken language has significant features at all language levels, and therefore it is often considered as a special language system. Since the linguistic features of colloquial speech are not fixed in grammars and dictionaries, it is called non-codified, thus opposing the codified functional varieties of the language. It is important to emphasize that colloquial speech is a special functional variety of the literary language (and not some kind of non-literary form). It is wrong to think that the language features of colloquial speech are speech errors that should be avoided. This implies an important requirement for the culture of speech: in the conditions of the manifestation of colloquial speech, one should not strive to speak in writing, although it must be remembered that in colloquial speech there may be speech errors, they must be distinguished from colloquial features.

The functional variety of the language "colloquial speech" has historically developed under the influence of the rules of linguistic behavior of people in various life situations, i.e. under the influence of the conditions of communicative interaction between people. All the nuances of the phenomenon of human consciousness find their expression in the genres of speech, in the ways of its organization. The speaking person always declares himself as a person, and only in this case it is possible to establish contact with other people.

Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors. The prerequisites for successful communication are the interest of the interlocutors in communication, attunement to the world of the addressee, the ability to penetrate into the communicative intent of the speaker, the ability of the interlocutors to fulfill the strict requirements of situational speech behavior, to unravel the “creative handwriting” of the speaker when reflecting the real state of affairs or “pictures of the world” the ability to predict “vector » dialogue or polylogue. Therefore, the central concept of the success of verbal communication is the concept of linguistic competence, which involves knowledge of the rules of grammar and vocabulary, the ability to express meaning in all possible ways, knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows you to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker's intention and, finally, makes it possible to express one's own understanding and individual presentation of information.

The reasons for communicative failures are rooted in ignorance of language norms, in the difference in the background knowledge of the speaker and listener, in the difference in their sociocultural stereotypes and psychology, and also in the presence of “external interference” (an alien communication environment, the distance of interlocutors, the presence of strangers).

The communicative goals of the interlocutors determine the speech strategies, tactics, modality and methods of conducting a dialogue. The components of speech behavior include expressiveness and emotiveness of statements.

Techniques of speech expressiveness are the basis of the techniques of fiction and oratory; cf. techniques: anaphora, antithesis, hyperbole, litotes; chains of synonyms, gradations, repetitions, epithets, unanswered questions, questions of self-verification, metaphors, metonymy, allegory, allusions, allusions, paraphrases, redirection to a third party; such means of expressing the author's subjective modality as introductory words and sentences.

Conversational speech has its own aesthetic atmosphere, which is due to the deep processes that connect a person with society and culture.

Historically, relatively stable forms of speech communication have developed - genres. All genres are subject to the rules of speech ethics and language canons. The ethics of speech communication requires the speaker and the listener to create a benevolent tone of the conversation, which leads to agreement and success in the dialogue.

Ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech
The ethics of verbal communication begins with the observance of the conditions for successful verbal communication: with a benevolent attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, "understanding understanding" - attunement to the interlocutor's world, sincere expression of one's opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes to express one's thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle-speech areas of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as "playful" or emotional nature, the choice of the topic and tone of the conversation is of particular importance. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in the conduct of a conversation belongs to the look.
Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms, national and cultural traditions.
Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and are expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-significant word forms and words of non-full-significant parts of speech (particles, interjections).
The main ethical principle of speech communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell, throughout the conversation.
1. Greeting. Appeal.
Greetings and salutations set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. Communication also plays an important role.
The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor, and attention to his words. In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, the address is often accompanied or replaced by paraphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Anya, you are my bunny; dear; kitty; killer swallows, etc. This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special warehouse, as well as for emotional speech.
National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers. If at the beginning of the century the universal methods of address were a citizen and a citizen, then in the second half of the 20th century dialectal southern forms of address based on gender - a woman, a man - became widespread. Recently, often in casual colloquial speech, when referring to an unfamiliar woman, the word lady is used, but when referring to a man, the word master is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. The development of an equally acceptable appeal to a man and a woman is a matter for the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.
2. Label formulas. Each language has fixed ways of expressing the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those). When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one's "interests" in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one's interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an act; for example: Could you go to the store now?; Are you going to the store now? When asked how to get through ..? Where is..? you should also preface your question with a request. Could you tell me?; You will not say..?.
There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, a reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the "rules" of life, which takes place in a multifaceted human "dimension". This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, thanks, condolences, congratulations, invitations.
Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.
3. Euphemization of speech. Maintaining the cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not to cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.
Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural ones; communication stereotypes. These are "paraphrases regarding the departure from life, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example": he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shahetjanian's book "1001 questions about it" is about intimate relationships.
Mitigating methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for such a form of expression. In addition, mitigation of refusal or reprimand can be realized by the "change of addressee" technique, in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation.
In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one "observable" deictic space of the speech situation "I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW". This shows respect for all participants in the conversation.
4. Interruption. Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, the high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, the demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments "in the course" of the partner's speech is a common phenomenon in dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, more correct in a woman's conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when the communicative interest is lost.
Cultural and social norms of life, the subtleties of psychological relations require the speaker and the listener to actively create a benevolent atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.
5. YOU-communication and YOU-communication. In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. A superficial acquaintance in some cases and a distant, long-term relationship of old acquaintances in others is shown by the use of the polite "you." In addition, YOU-communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue; so, you-communication is typical for old friends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you-communication with a long acquaintance or friendship is observed among women. Men of different social strata are more likely to communicate with you. Among uneducated and uncultured men, You communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. With the established relationship of You-communication, they attempt to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the addressee and impose You-communication. This is a destructive element of verbal communication that destroys communicative contact.
It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimize relations; cf. Pushkin's lines: "Empty you are heartfelt You, having said a word, replaced ...". However, during You-communication, the feeling of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenality of interpersonal relationships is often lost. Wed in the "Anthology" correspondence Yu.M. Lotman and B.F. Egorova.
Parity relations as the main component of communication do not cancel the choice of You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances.
The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns "you" and "you" in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, a desire to introduce elements of ritual address into the speech situation (cf .: And you, Vitaly Ivanovich, would you like to put a salad?).
Summary
Among the functional varieties of language, colloquial speech occupies a special place. Colloquial is such a speech of native speakers of the literary language, which is realized spontaneously (without any preliminary deliberation) in an informal setting with the direct participation of communication partners. Spoken language has significant features at all language levels, and therefore it is often considered as a special language system. Since the linguistic features of colloquial speech are not fixed in grammars and dictionaries, it is called non-codified, thus contrasting the codified functional varieties of the language. It is important to emphasize that colloquial speech is a special functional variety of the literary language (and not some kind of non-literary form). It is wrong to think that the language features of colloquial speech are speech errors that should be avoided. This implies an important requirement for the culture of speech: in the conditions of the manifestation of colloquial speech, one should not strive to speak in writing, although it must be remembered that in colloquial speech there may be speech errors, they must be distinguished from colloquial features.
The functional variety of the language "colloquial speech" has historically developed under the influence of the rules of linguistic behavior of people in various life situations, that is, under the influence of the conditions of communicative interaction between people. All the nuances of the phenomenon of human consciousness find their expression in the genres of speech, in the ways of its organization. The speaking person always declares himself as a person, and only in this case it is possible to establish contact with other people.
Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors. The prerequisites for successful communication are the interest of the interlocutors in communication, attunement to the world of the addressee, the ability to penetrate the communicative intent of the speaker, the ability of the interlocutors to fulfill the strict requirements of situational speech behavior, to unravel the "creative style" of the speaker when reflecting the real state of affairs or the "picture of the world", the ability to predict "vector" of dialogue or polylogue. Therefore, the central concept of the success of verbal communication is the concept of linguistic competence, which involves knowledge of the rules of grammar and vocabulary, the ability to express meaning in all possible ways, knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows you to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker’s intention and, finally, makes it possible to express one's own understanding and individual presentation of information.
The reasons for communicative failures are rooted in ignorance of language norms, in the difference in the background knowledge of the speaker and listener, in the difference in their sociocultural stereotypes and psychology, as well as in the presence of "external interference" (an alien communication environment, the distance of interlocutors, the presence of strangers).
The communicative goals of the interlocutors determine speech strategies, tactics, modality and methods of conducting a dialogue. The components of speech behavior include expressiveness and emotiveness of statements.
Techniques of speech expressiveness are the basis of the techniques of fiction and oratory; cf. techniques: anaphora, antithesis, hyperbole, litotes; chains of synonyms, gradations, repetitions, epithets, unanswered questions, self-verification questions, metaphors, metonymy, allegory, allusions, allusions, paraphrases, redirection to a third party; such means of expressing the author's subjective modality as introductory words and sentences.
Colloquial speech has its own aesthetic atmosphere, which is due to the deep processes that connect a person with society and culture.
Historically, relatively stable forms of speech communication - genres - have developed. All genres are subject to the rules of speech ethics and language canons. The ethics of speech communication requires the speaker and the listener to create a benevolent tone of the conversation, which leads to agreement and success in the dialogue.

Speech and etiquette

2. ETIQUETTE OF SPEECH COMMUNICATION AND ETIQUET FORMULA OF SPEECH.

The etiquette of speech communication begins with the observance of the conditions for successful speech communication: with a benevolent attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, understanding understanding.

Attitude towards the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one's opinion, sympathetic attention. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, look,

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms, scientific and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special ethical speech formulas and expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-significant word farms and words of non-significant parts of speech (particle, interjection).

The main ethical principle of speech communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell, throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. The situation of communication also plays an important role.

The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, is an intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor, and attention to his words.

In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, the address is often accompanied or replaced by paraphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Olenka, my bunny, kitty, darling, etc.

This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special warehouse, as well as for emotional speech.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers.

2. Label formulas.

Each language has fixed ways of expressing the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions.

So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, accept an apology to use a direct, literal form, for example, sorry (those), forgive (those).

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, a reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, a signature.

3.Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining the cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not to cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are periphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological poisoning, for example, he left us, died, passed away.

Mitigating methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect information, illusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for such a form of expression.

In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one observable deictic space of the speech situation I-YOU (YOU) - HERE-NOW. This shows respect for all participants in the conversation.

4. Interruption. Counter remarks.

Polite behavior in speech communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, a high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, a demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments in the course of the partner's speech. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, women are more correct in conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when the communicative interest is lost.

Cultural and social norms of life, the subtleties of psychological relations require the speaker and the listener to actively create a benevolent atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.

5. YOU-communication and YOU-communication.

In Russian, YOU-communication is widespread in informal speech. A superficial acquaintance in some cases and a distant long-term relationship of old acquaintances in others is shown by the use of the polite YOU. In addition, YOU - communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue, so YOU ​​- communication is typical for old friends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion to each other. More often YOU - communication with a long acquaintance or friendships are observed among women. Men of different social strata are more often inclined to YOU ​​- communication. Among uneducated and little - cultured men YOU - communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. With the established relationship YOU - communication, they attempt to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the addressee and impose YOU - communication. This is a destructive element of verbal communication that destroys communicative contact. Accept that YOU - communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to YOU ​​- communication is an attempt to intimize relationships; cf. Pushkin's lines:

Let YOU hearty YOU, she, having mentioned, replaced ...

However, with YOU - communication, the feeling of a unique personality and the phenomenality of interpersonal relationships is lost, cf. in. Reader correspondence Yu.N. Lotman and B.F. Egorov.

Parity relations as the main corresponding communication do not cancel the choice of YOU - communication and YOU - communication, depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances in various situations, the pronoun you and you can be used in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, the desire to introduce the elements of ritual communication into the speech situation (the phrase: And you, Vitaly Ivanovich, can't you put a salad?).

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The emergence of etiquette as such and speech etiquette, in particular, is strongly associated with the development of the state as the main regulatory and governing system of society. The state, which by its nature implies a hierarchical structure of power and institutions of power, various forms of social stratification, various forms of subordination, needs norms and rules of conduct that would in practice serve as a means of differentiation and recognition of various social groups, strata, institutions. The system of ranks, ranks, titles, ranks and other attributes of the hierarchical system of power necessarily requires tools that will accompany the communication of representatives of different strata and groups that differ in the above definitions. Over time, the activities of power and public structures are so formalized and normalized, the differences between different social strata and groups are manifested so clearly that communication in the state and society is overloaded with a huge number of unsystematized norms and rules. All this leads to confusion and confusion. From this moment on, a huge number of norms and rules begin to be classified and systematized. We can consider this particular point in the development of the state and society as the birth of a system of norms and rules that regulate and normalize human behavior in society, i.e. etiquette. And since the order of behavior in society is brought up from childhood in each of its members by the family, school, and the whole environment, then etiquette becomes part of the moral rules studied by science - ethics.

In every society, etiquette gradually developed as a system of rules of conduct, a system of permits and prohibitions that generally organized moral norms: protect the younger ones, take care of the wife, respect the elders, be kind to others, do not offend, do not offend those who depend on you, be hardworking , conscientious - etc. etc. This is how etiquette and ethics are combined: after all, it is not for nothing that dictionaries define the second meaning of the word ethics as a system of norms of moral behavior of a person, any class, social or professional group.

Naturally, etiquette and speech are closely related. The manner of speech, style, permission or prohibition to say one thing and not say another, the choice of language means as a mark of one's belonging to the environment - all this is noticeable in our everyday speech manifestations.

The term "norm" in relation to the language has become firmly established in everyday life and has become the central concept of the culture of speech. In modern linguistics, the term "norm" is understood in two meanings: firstly, the standard is the generally accepted use of various language means, regularly repeated in the speech of speakers (reproduced by speakers), and secondly, prescriptions, rules, instructions for use, recorded in textbooks, dictionaries , reference books.

"Hello" makes us happy. Be that as it may, but this is the norm of etiquette, and we need a sign of greeting at least to say: I notice you. From this we can conclude what etiquette is. These are a wide variety of verbal and non-verbal signs, informing others about a person's belonging to one or another, wider or narrower, environment, group. Signs of etiquette constitute a certain system of rules that are obligatory for execution in a given society. Those who do not comply with etiquette rules fall out of this environment. And since the order of behavior in society is brought up from childhood in each of its members by the family and school, by the whole environment, then etiquette becomes part of the moral rules studied by science - ethics.

If etiquette, as a set of rules established in society, regulates our behavior in accordance with social requirements, then speech etiquette can be defined as the governing rules of speech behavior. This is a wide zone of units of language and speech, which verbally expresses the etiquette of behavior, gives us the language wealth that has accumulated in every society to express a non-conflict, “normal” attitude towards people, which means a benevolent attitude. On the other hand, etiquette regulates the complex choice of the most appropriate, most appropriate means for a given person, for his specific addressee, in this particular case, in this situation and communication environment. In one case, the text turns out: Tanya, and Tanya, let's run to the cinema!, And in the other: Dear Tatyana Sergeevna, let me invite you to a new film. Every day and many times we use expressions of speech etiquette: we turn to people, greet them, say goodbye, thank you, apologize, congratulate you on the holiday, wish you success, etc. etc. We sympathize and condole, approve and make a compliment, we advise something, invite someone, ask for something - and all this in such a way that we take into account both the official or informal situation of communication, and our own roles relative to the roles of the interlocutor, and specific situation of communication, and national habits and customs. And all this is habitual, automatic, because "this is how it should be."

Due to the thousandfold repetition in typical situations, speech etiquette has been embodied in stereotypes, in stable expressions, communication formulas that we do not build anew every time we need to use them, but use ready-made ones deposited in our linguistic consciousness. In general, speech etiquette is a zone of stable, stereotypical communicative units of the language, although each specific choice in each specific speech act, like any choice, is a creative matter.

business speech etiquette

The ethics of verbal communication begins with the observance of the conditions for successful verbal communication: with a benevolent attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attunement to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes to express one's thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In the idle speech spheres of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as “playful” or emotional nature, the choice of the topic and tone of the conversation is of particular importance. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in the conduct of a conversation belongs to the look.

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms, national and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and are expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-significant word forms and words of non-full-significant parts of speech (particles, interjections).

The main ethical principle of speech communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings and salutations set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. The situation of communication also plays an important role.

The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor, and attention to his words. In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, the address is often accompanied or replaced by paraphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Anya, you are my bunny; dear; kitty; killer swallows, etc. This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special warehouse, as well as for emotional speech.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers. If at the beginning of the century the universal methods of address were a citizen and a citizen, then in the second half of the 20th century dialectal southern forms of address based on gender - a woman, a man - became widespread. Recently, often in casual colloquial speech, when referring to an unfamiliar woman, the word lady is used, but when referring to a man, the word master is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. The development of an equally acceptable appeal to a man and a woman is a matter for the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.

2. Label formulas.

Each language has fixed ways, expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those). When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one's “interests” in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one's interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an act; for example: Could you go to the store now?; Are you going to the store now? When asked how to get through ..? Where is..? you should also preface your question with a request. Could you tell me?; You will not say..?

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, a reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the “rules” of life, which takes place in a multifaceted, human “dimension”. This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, thanks, condolences, congratulations, invitations.

Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

3. Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are periphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shahetjanian's book is "1001 Questions About It" about intimate relationships.

Mitigating methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for such a form of expression. In addition, mitigation of refusal or reprimand can be realized by the “change of addressee” technique, in which a hint is made or a speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation. In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one “observable” deictic space of the speech situation “I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW”. This shows respect for all participants in the conversation.

4. Interruption.

Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, the high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, the demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments “in the course” of the partner’s speech is an ordinary phenomenon in dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, more correct in a woman's conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when the communicative interest is lost.

Cultural and social norms of life, the subtleties of psychological relations require the speaker and the listener to actively create a benevolent atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.

5. V Y-communication and T Y-communication. In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. A superficial acquaintance in some cases and a distant, long-term relationship of old acquaintances in others is shown by the use of the polite "you." In addition, YOU-communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue; so, you-communication is typical for old, girlfriends, who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you-communication with a long acquaintance or friendship is observed among women. Men of different social strata "are more likely to engage in You-communication. Among uneducated and uncultured men, You-communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. With the established relationship of You-communication, they attempt to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the addressee and impose You-communication. This is destructive an element of verbal communication that destroys communicative contact.

It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimize relations; cf. Pushkin's lines: “Empty you are heartfelt You, having said a word, replaced ...”. However, during You-communication, the feeling of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenality of interpersonal relationships is often lost. Wed in the "Chrestomathy" correspondence between Yu. M. Lotman and B. F. Egorov.

Parity relations as the main component of communication do not cancel the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances.

The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns “you” and “you” in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, a desire to introduce elements of ritual address into the speech situation (cf .: And you, Vitaly Ivanovich, would you like to put a salad?).