Electrophoresis, galvanization and ionotherapy. Mechanism of action

GALVANIZATION- use for therapeutic purposes of galvanic (constant, not changing in time) electric current of low voltage (30-80 V) and low power (up to 50 mA). The method and form of the current was named after the Italian physiologist L. Galvani, who first discovered the occurrence of a direct electric current in a liquid conductor (frog muscle) when it was combined with two dissimilar metals. In to lay down. the purposes the galvanic current was for the first time applied at the beginning of 19 century, but its scientific researches fiziol, and to lay down. actions began only in the second half of the 19th century.

Mechanism of action. Electric current, including galvanic current, is distributed in the tissues of the body depending on the magnitude of the potential difference and ohmic resistance at each point of the body in the area of the electric field. The resistance Re depends on many factors, and in particular on the amount of dissociated ions of inorganic elements in the liquid media of the body and their mobility. The greatest resistance to current is provided by skin, bone, connective tissue membranes, the least - liquid media and fluid-rich tissues - blood, lymph, muscles. The direct penetration of current into the internal organs is prevented by their connective tissue membranes, the resistance of which exceeds 10 4 ohms, therefore the impact on them by current is realized mainly through the reflex mechanism. Dry skin has a resistance of about 10 6 ohms, when moistened, for example, when electrodes with wet hydrophilic pads are applied to it, its resistance decreases to 2 × 10 2 ohms and lower, and as a result, the current, penetrating the skin, has a direct effect on the underlying tissues .

Dissociated ions of inorganic elements and water in tissues move in the electric current field in the direction of the poles opposite to their charges. Colloidal particles, which acquire a charge due to adsorbed ions, also take part in this movement. The speed of movement of charged particles at the same potential difference depends on the diameter of the particles, their valency and hydration; Hydrogen ions, monovalent potassium and sodium ions have the highest speed. In the cells of body tissues under the action of an electric field, moving charged particles reach the cell membranes, and here complex electrochemical processes arise on both sides of the latter. processes of interaction of differently charged ions: the bioelectric potential of the membrane changes, polarization occurs (see), a double electric layer is formed, a diffusion potential is created (see Membrane equilibrium), bound ions of inorganic substances are released and their activity increases, etc. Depending on the dynamics of these processes and relationships that are created in the concentration of ions on cell membranes, a functional state of excitation or inhibition of cells arises, described in the ionic theory of excitation by P. P. Lazarev (1923).

An increase in the excitability of tissues is found more clearly at the negative pole of the current, at the positive pole its decrease is noted (see Electrotonic phenomena).

Specified fiz.-chem. changes in cells and tissues under the influence of galvanic current underlie a variety of fiziol, reactions that occur in a neurohumoral way. Receptors located in the skin (or in the mucous membranes of the walls of the body cavities, where electrodes for G. are inserted using special methods), perceive the irritation caused by the current and, in the form of a nerve impulse, enter the corresponding centers of the nervous system, where the responses of the body are formed and transmitted to the effector organs. . In the place of the direct application of current already during to lay down. vascular reactions are observed reflexively arising under the anode: redness of the skin appears under the anode, under the cathode the expansion of blood vessels (mainly capillaries) is preceded by a short-term spasm. Hyperemia of the skin lasts for several hours after G. After prolonged G., tactile and pain sensitivity of the skin usually decreases. G.'s impact on the neuromuscular system at a moderate current density is characterized by a short-term ("lightning") visible motor reaction at the moment the current is turned on and off (see Electrodiagnostics); at higher current densities, pain occurs.

When the electrodes are located in the head area, reactions can occur that are characteristic of irritation not only of the skin, but also of other analyzers - taste (feeling of a metallic taste in the mouth), visual (appearance of phosphenes), etc. With a transverse arrangement of electrodes (for example, in the temples ) dizziness may occur as a result of irritation of the vestibular apparatus.

Galvanic current, irritating the receptor apparatus of the skin, causes both local and more or less pronounced general reaction of the body. Its nature, depending on the location, intensity and duration of exposure and on the initial functional state of the organism, can be different. Under the influence of G., the regulatory function of the nervous system intensifies if it is weakened by a disease, the regeneration of affected peripheral nerve fibers, the regeneration of muscle, epithelial and other tissues is accelerated, redox processes in tissues and resorption processes are enhanced, blood and lymph circulation is improved, etc. G It also affects the mediator metabolism: in the skin under the cathode, the content of acetylcholine increases and, accordingly, the activity of cholinesterase decreases, the amount of histamine increases; in the skin under the anode, the amount of acetylcholine decreases and the activity of cholinesterase increases. Such changes are observed not only in the skin, but throughout the body, as evidenced by the corresponding changes in the content of mediators in the blood. These complex processes are carried out through anatomical and physiological connections between receptors in the skin and higher regulatory centers in the brain (the reticular formation, the limbic system, the centers of the hypothalamus and, finally, the cerebral cortex), passing through the spinal cord and nodes of the sympathetic border trunk (the so-called skin-visceral sympathetic reflex according to Shcherbak). So, an example of the occurrence of a predominantly general reaction of the body in response to the effects of galvanic current is G. of the "collar region", with a cut in response through irritation of the cervical sympathetic nodes, the cardiovascular system is involved, blood circulation in the organs innervated from the corresponding segment of the spinal cord improves. brain, including in the brain, improve metabolic processes.

Mostly local responses from the internal organs occur when exposed to galvanic current on the skin of Ch. arr. in the area of one or together with it and neighboring metameters of the body. For example, when electrodes are placed on the skin in the area of the liver and the right subscapular region, G. promotes increased blood flow in the vessels of the liver and improves its metabolic function, along with this, it can also improve the function of the heart.

G. also affects the functional state of the endocrine system. So, with the localization of the electrodes in the area of the thyroid gland, its activity increases; when the electrodes are located in the lumbar region (its upper section), the functional state of the adrenal glands and the entire sympathetic-adrenal system changes: the content of adrenaline and norepinephrine in the blood increases; glucocorticoid function of the adrenal glands also changes.

Under the influence of G., other functions disturbed by the pathological process also change towards normalization: the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and the entire reticuloendothelial system increases; the trophic function of the autonomic nervous system improves, etc. The normalizing and restoring effect of G. manifests itself most clearly in cases of functional disorders and is noted when using predominantly low dosages (current density is not higher than 0.05-0.1 mA / cm 2 of the electrode area and the duration of the procedure no more than 15-20 minutes).

Indications

Indications: lesions of the peripheral nervous system of infectious, toxic and traumatic origin - polyradiculoneuritis, radiculoneuritis, plexitis, neuritis and neuralgia of various localization, in particular, neuritis of the facial nerve, trigeminal neuralgia, etc .; consequences of infectious and traumatic defeats of c. n. s. - brain, spinal cord and meninges; neurasthenia and other neurotic states, ch. arr. in the presence of autonomic disorders and sleep disturbances, hypertension and peptic ulcer in the early stages of the process, nek-ry endocrine diseases (eg, early stages of myxedema), migraine, vasomotor and trophic disorders, functional went. - kish. and sexual disorders, myositis, hron, arthritis and polyarthritis, nek-ry stomatol, diseases (with a violation of the trophic tissues of the oral cavity and inflammatory nature), etc.

Contraindications

Main contraindications for G. are neoplasms and suspicions of them, acute inflammatory and purulent processes, hemostasis disorders, hematuria, pronounced atherosclerosis, cardiac decompensation, skin diseases with an extensive affected area, pregnancy, and individual intolerance to galvanic current.

Apparatus for galvanization

The source of galvanic current is an electronic rectifier of a 50-period alternating current of the lighting network. The rectified voltage is smoothed by a filter (a block of series-connected inductive resistances - chokes and capacitors connected in parallel) and is supplied to an adjustable ohmic resistance - a potentiometer, the slider of which is connected to the control knob on the panel of the apparatus for G. The slider and one end of the potentiometer are connected by wires with "patient terminals" on the device panel. The current in the “patient circuit” is measured by a milliammeter on the device panel, which has two measurement limits: 5 and 50 mA; shunt switching is performed with the patient circuit switched off. The domestic industry produces the AGN-32 wall-mounted apparatus (Fig. 1) and the AGP-33 portable apparatus for local and general G.'s procedures. They provide an output current of up to 50 mA with a resistance in the "patient circuit" of 500 ohms.

The desktop device Potok-1 (AG-75) is also produced (Fig. 2) with the same physical. parameters; for stomatol, procedures - the device GR-GM. The maximum current in this device is 5 mA with a resistance in the "patient circuit" of 5000 ohms; it is completed with a set of special electrodes. For G.'s procedures in four-chamber hydro-galvanic baths, an installation is used, consisting of an AGN-32 apparatus of increased power with an attachment for connecting wires and four faience baths for limbs; in each bath, two graphite or carbon electrodes are placed in special sockets. The electrodes are connected to a direct current source through a switching attachment, which allows you to set the desired polarity of the electrodes in any of the four baths.

Methodology

For G.'s procedures on the surface of the skin, electrodes are used, consisting of a metal (lead, steel, foil) plate 0.3–1.0 mm thick (it is possible to replace the metal with conductive tissues) and a multi-layer gasket made of hydrophilic unpainted matter (baize, flannel, fumes ) at least 1 cm thick; the cloth pad should be 2 cm larger than the metal part of the electrode on each side and be located between the metal plate of the electrode and the patient's skin. During vaginal procedures G. use electrodes in the form of rods of pressed coal wrapped in gauze. At G. of area of eyes apply special electrodes trays (fig. 3). For G. of area of outside acoustical pass or a nose use gauze tampons, the external ends to-rykh connect to the metal plate of an electrode located near an ear or under a nose. Immediately before the procedure, pads or gauze are moistened in warm (t ° 37-38 °) tap water and squeezed moderately. Electrodes for external application are used in various shapes depending on the area of the body subject to G., their area is from 3-5 to 600 cm 2 and more. Electrodes are placed either on opposite surfaces of the area of the body subjected to G. - transversely or diagonally, or on the same surface - longitudinally (tangentially). The cathode and anode electrodes may be of the same area or one of them may be smaller (the so-called active electrode). The current density per 1 cm 2 of the spacer at the active electrode is greater due to the thickening of the field lines.

When appointing G., the permissible current strength is set according to the area of \u200b\u200bthe active electrode, taking into account the characteristics of the area of \u200b\u200bthe body exposed, and Ch. arr. the patient's condition. The procedures are carried out at a current density ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mA/cm 2 . The duration of the procedure is from 10 to 30 minutes. They are repeated daily or every other day, the number of procedures per course is from 10 to 25. G.'s course can be repeated no earlier than after 3-4 months. Repeated courses are usually shorter (up to 12 - 15 procedures). For children and the elderly, procedures are carried out at a current density reduced by 25-30%. For children, electrodes must be bandaged.

Before applying the electrodes, it is necessary to carefully examine the relevant areas of the skin. The skin must be clean. To prevent a significant increase in current density in areas with damaged epidermis (abrasions, scratches, etc.), they are lubricated with petroleum jelly and covered with pieces of non-hygroscopic cotton wool, thin rubber or oilcloth. G. is incompatible with influences (physical or chemical), accompanied by skin irritation in the areas where the electrodes are placed. The electrodes are fixed on the body with bandages (rubber, linen, gauze) or sandbags and connected by means of flexible, stranded, insulated wires to the output terminals of the apparatus for G. carry out the procedure, and the potentiometer knob and the milliammeter needle should be at zero. The current strength should be changed by slow, smooth rotation of the potentiometer knob. Due to the fact that with G. skin resistance in the first 1-2 minutes. usually decreases, the current should not be immediately brought to a predetermined value. During the procedure, it is necessary to monitor the patient's sensations and the readings of the milliammeter, not allowing the specified current strength to be exceeded.

G., carried out in compliance with these rules, usually causes a feeling of "crawling", a slight tingling or a slight burning sensation in the areas of the skin under the electrodes. If you feel a sharp burning sensation or pain even in small areas of the skin, you must smoothly bring the potentiometer knob to zero, turn off the device, find out and eliminate the causes of adverse reactions. They may depend both on the technical conditions (malfunctions of the device, insufficient or uneven thickness of the fabric pads, their accidental displacement and touching the edge of the metal part of the electrode, terminals or poorly insulated wires to the skin), and on the state of the body (general increased sensitivity to current, discrepancy current strength of regional sensitivity of the skin, the presence of its superficial damage, etc.). With the course application of G., in order to avoid peeling of the skin, the appearance of cracks, which often prevent the continuation of treatment, it is recommended to lubricate the skin after the procedure with lanolin or glycerin diluted with water (in equal parts). After the procedure, the pads should be washed in running water and boiled.

Basic methods of galvanization

The following main methods are distinguished.

General G. according to Vermel(Fig. 4); applies ch. arr. with hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, neuroses, etc. One electrode with an area of 300 cm 2 (15X20 cm) is placed on the interscapular region and connected to the anode, two others of 150 cm 2 (10 X 15 cm) are placed on the back of the calf muscles and connected with cathode; current density 0.05 mA per 1 cm 2, area of the gasket; procedures lasting 15-30 minutes. carried out daily or every other day according to indications, their number per course is 10-12.

G. "collar" zone ("galvanic collar" according to Shcherbak); it is used for neurosis, hypertension, sleep disorders, migraine, the consequences of craniocerebral injuries, etc. One electrode in the form of a collar with an area of up to 1000 cm 2 with ends reaching the subclavian region is applied to the suprascapular-cervical region and connected to the anode; the second electrode with an area of up to 600 cm 2 is placed on the lumbosacral region (Fig. 5); the current strength, starting from o ma, sequentially every two procedures is increased by 2 m to 16 mA; the duration of the procedure is from 6 to 16 minutes, each subsequent procedure is increased by 1 minute. The procedures are carried out every other day, their number per course is 15-30.

G. "panty" zone ("galvanic belt" according to Shcherbak); is used for inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, sexual disorders, etc. One electrode with an area of 255 cm 2 (17 X15 cm) or in the form of a belt is placed on the lower back and connected to the anode, two others of 200 cm 2 each - on the anterior-lateral surface of both thighs and connected to the cathode (Fig. 6); current density 0.05 mA per 1 cm 2 of the electrode area; procedures lasting from 10 to 20 minutes. carried out daily, for a course of up to 15 procedures.

"Ionic reflexes" according to Shcherbak(Fig. 9); it is used for hypertension, neuroses, in particular cardioneurosis, peptic ulcer, etc. One electrode with an area of 80 cm 2 is placed on the outer surface of the left shoulder (anode), the second, of the same area, on its inner surface (cathode); current strength up to 15 mA, procedures for 15-25 minutes, the total number per course is up to 15.

Nasal technique (according to Grashchenkov - Kassil); it is used for vascular, inflammatory and traumatic lesions of the brain, peptic ulcer, certain endocrine diseases, etc. An electrode is inserted into both nostrils, consisting of gauze turundas tightly adjacent to the mucous membrane, moistened with warm water, with ends brought out to the upper lip under nose, and covered with a wet pad and a metal plate over it; the electrode is connected by a wire to the device for G. (anode); another electrode measuring 8X10 cm is placed on the back of the neck in the region of the lower cervical vertebrae; current strength up to 2 mA, duration of procedures 10-20 minutes, number per course 20-25 (every other day).

Hydrogalvanic four-chamber baths; are used for arthritis, polyarthritis, polyradiculoneuritis, plexitis, polyneuritis, etc. The patient sits on a screw chair with a back between baths filled with warm (t ° 37 °) water, and lowers his arms and legs into them (foot baths are installed on the floor, for hands - hang on movable brackets); using a switch, the electrodes of the bath are connected to the corresponding poles of the apparatus; current strength up to 30 mA, procedure duration up to 20 minutes. every other day or every day, the total amount per course is up to 15.

Lech. the method of combined action on the body by galvanic current and drugs and preparations administered with its help - see Electrophoresis (medicinal).

Bibliography: Anikin M. M. and In and r-shaver G. S. Fundamentals of physiotherapy, M., 1950; Kirichinsky A. R. Reflex physiotherapy, Kyiv, 1959; Liventsev H. M. and Livenson A. R. Electromedical equipment, p. 86, M., 1974; Taryan I. Physics for doctors and biologists, trans. from Hungarian, Budapest, 1969, bibliography; Ulashchik B. S. Theory and practice of medicinal electrophoresis, Minsk, 1976, bibliogr.

B. V. Likhterman, A. N. Resets; Yu. Ogurtsov (tech.).

Galvanization is one of the methods of physiotherapy used in the complex therapy of many diseases.

Influencing a number of metabolic processes, this technique can significantly improve the patient's condition in the rehabilitation period of many diseases.

Operating principle

The essence of the therapeutic method of galvanization is the use of the properties of a current that has a constant frequency, low voltage and low power, which acts on the body through electrodes applied to the skin. In tissues under the influence of current, the phenomenon of electrolytic dissociation occurs. The redistribution of ions causes a complex set of physical and chemical processes, the result of which is a change in the permeability of cell membranes, enzymatic activity, and the level of metabolic processes.

The intensity and duration of exposure is determined by a specialist, based on the specifics of the pathological process.

The device for galvanization involves the presence of two electrodes - a cathode, which reduces the ability of tissues to excite, and an anode, which increases this ability.

Important: not all tissues of the body are affected by this effect, but only those that are capable of conducting galvanic current.

What to treat?

A number of tissues are immune to the effects of galvanic current, as they contain an insufficient amount of free fluid:

skin;
ligament apparatus;
tendons;
muscles in a relaxed state;
bone.

On the contrary, physiological fluids and abundantly supplied organs and tissues are most readily amenable to such an effect:

blood;
liquor;
bile;
lymph;
liver;
spleen;
lungs;
kidneys.

It is in these organs that the maximum effect of medical procedures is recorded.

effects

Weakening of the sensitivity of superficially located nerve endings, which are affected. This effect concerns temperature and pain types of sensitivity, it is used if it is necessary to eliminate pain in chronic diseases (for example, osteochondrosis, radiculopathy, spondyloarthritis).
Improving the resorption of substances into the bloodstream in the vessels. This effect finds use, for example, in anti-inflammatory therapy using drugs from the relevant group for topical application. Another therapeutic technique, electrophoresis, is based on this phenomenon.
Activating effect on the sympathoadrenal system and activation of lymphatic circulation
Activation of the activity of the endocrine glands.
Activation of reparative processes in tissues, which is necessary for traumatic lesions.

Indications

Knowledge of the mechanism of action and effects of galvanic current made it possible to formulate a list of situations requiring exposure to the body of galvanic current.

Galvanization is pathogenetic. This makes it possible to use it for a wide range of diseases susceptible to this type of organ exposure.

Trophic disorders arising from disorders of hemodynamics and microcirculation.
Joint damage resulting from infectious and inflammatory processes or traumatic effects (in these cases, galvanization is used at the stage of rehabilitation).
Infectious-inflammatory or traumatic lesions of the peripheral nervous system (physiotherapy, in particular, galvanization and electrophoresis, are indicated in the rehabilitation period) - for example, plexitis, neuritis, neuromyositis.
The rehabilitation period after various brain lesions (in the absence of contraindications).
Changes characteristic of the initial stages of arterial hypertension and atherosclerotic process.
Vegetative dystonia.
Migraine.
Arterial hypotension.
Some changes characteristic of angina pectoris.
Complex treatment of neurotic conditions, neurasthenia.
Some ophthalmic diseases.
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
Some diseases of the ENT organs.
Complex therapy of chronic inflammatory processes.

The use of the galvanization method in these situations improves the prognosis of the disease and reduces the rehabilitation period after suffering a pathology of the nervous system or the musculoskeletal system.

Training

Before the start of medical manipulation, it is necessary to carefully examine the skin areas that are supposed to be affected by electrodes. It should be intact, without rashes and irritations.

The course of the treatment

Throughout the procedure, it is necessary to monitor the readings of the device, not allowing the set current strength to be exceeded, as well as the subjective sensations of the patient, preventing the appearance of pain.

Subjectively, during the galvanization procedure, the patient, with a correctly selected current strength, feels twitching, paresthesia in the form of "crawling" and vibration under the electrodes applied to the skin. Moreover, under the cathode, the effect, including the irritating one, is felt stronger than under the anode. If you experience sensations in the form of burning or pain, you should smoothly turn off the device, and to continue the procedure, turn it on again, setting a lower intensity of exposure.

To prevent peeling of the epidermis during course treatment, it is recommended to lubricate the skin with petroleum jelly.

In the course of treatment after 5-6 procedures, an exacerbation of a chronic disease may occur with some increase in symptoms. The patient should be informed that this effect is not a deterioration in the course of the disease, but indicates a positive effect of the treatment procedure.

Contraindications

Galvanization is a very effective way of influencing the body: direct current affects many metabolic and biochemical processes. Therefore, when prescribing a treatment procedure, one should take into account the presence of a number of contraindications - conditions when such exposure can be harmful:

Inflammatory processes in the acute phase, including purulent ones.
Individual intolerance to the effects of electric current.
Pronounced degree of atherosclerotic process.
Diseases of the blood system.
Infectious and inflammatory diseases that are in the acute phase, characterized by an increase in body temperature.
Mechanical traumatization of the skin in the intended location of the electrodes.
Diseases of the skin, accompanied by its damage.
Pregnancy period.
state of cachexia.
Feverish conditions of any origin.
The presence of malignant neoplasms.
Severe arterial hypertension (with episodes of rises in blood pressure up to 180/100 millimeters of mercury).
Atrial fibrillation.
Presence of extrasystoles.
Severe circulatory failure (2-3 degree).

Apparatus for galvanization "Potok-1"

This device corresponds to the second one and is intended for medical procedures of galvanization and electrophoresis.

Since the Potok-1 therapeutic device is not equipped with a timer, during the medical manipulation, the staff is required to control the duration of the procedure; for this, special procedural hours are used.

Therapeutic device "Elfor Prof"

This is one of the models of devices widely used to obtain direct current for the purpose of therapeutic effects.

This galvanization and electrophoresis apparatus is an improved version of Potok-1 therapeutic electrophoresis device, which has the following features:

The presence of a microcontroller in a modified version allows you to expand its functionality.
Smoothly rotating, without stops and restrictions, the handle of the intensity regulator allows you to more smoothly and accurately adjust the intensity.
When the device is turned on, the current is always automatically set to zero; this is the most important electrical safety measure.
The presence of a built-in timer in the device "Elfor Prof" greatly simplifies the process of the procedure, in particular, control over the duration of the procedure. After the set time has elapsed, the equipment switches off automatically.

The current stabilization mode helps to maintain a constant value of the set parameters throughout the manipulation.
Another possibility of the "Elfor Prof" device, in addition to galvanization, is electrophoresis. In this mode, local administration of pharmaceutical preparations into the body is carried out.

Galvanization is a physiotherapeutic method in which the patient's body is exposed to a continuous electric current of low strength and voltage.

Galvanic current penetrates the organs and tissues of the human body, stimulating the occurrence of complex physical and chemical processes.

Therapeutic effect

The mechanism of action of galvanization is the continuous action of an electric current of small strength and tension on certain parts of the body and skin of the patient. When a current is applied to the human body, the balance of ions in the cells changes, and physical and chemical transformations occur.

The use of galvanization leads to the following effects:

Main parameters of the procedure

The galvanization procedure in physiotherapy can be carried out with different dosages of density, current strength and duration of exposure. For this physiotherapeutic method, a low voltage current (up to 80 V) and low power (up to 50 mA) is used. The current density varies from 0.01 mA/cm2 to 0.08 mA/cm2.

The strongest current is used for therapeutic effects on the trunk and limbs (from 15 mA to 30 mA). When applying electrodes to the area of the head, face, mucous membranes, the current strength does not exceed 5 mA.

The current is supplied to the patient's body using electrodes (lead plates up to 1 mm thick, with a wet gasket, and a cord connected to the plate). Also, the electrodes can be built into a reservoir (“bath”) used to immerse a part of the body requiring therapy into it. A hydrophilic pad and water in the tank are necessary to prevent burns of the patient's skin by electrolysis products.

The electrodes can have a rectangular shape, be in the form of a half mask (application on the face), in the form of a "collar" (for influencing the upper back and shoulder girdle), in the form of a funnel (for use in the ear area), "bath". There are also cavity electrodes for intravaginal and rectal use.

After fixing the electrodes on the patient's body, or placing a part of the body in the "bath", the current starts and gradually increases until the required parameters are reached. The procedure ends with a gradual decrease in current until it is turned off.

The electrodes can be applied transversely or longitudinally. Transverse imposition contributes to a more effective effect on deep tissues. The electrodes are located on opposite parts of the body, opposite each other. The longitudinal arrangement provides an impact on the surface areas of the tissues. The electrodes are placed on one side of the body.

During the procedure, it is necessary to take into account the patient's feelings. A normal reaction to the current is manifested in the form of a sensation of "creeping goosebumps", a slight tingling. The current density must be reduced if a burning sensation occurs.

After 5-7 sessions of galvanization, the patient's condition may worsen. This effect indicates the positive effect of the procedures performed.

The duration of the procedure ranges from 15 minutes (with general exposure) to 40 minutes (with local exposure). The therapeutic course consists of 10-20 galvanization sessions. It is recommended to carry out the procedure daily or every other day. Passage of a repeated course is possible in a month.

Place in neurological and general medical practice

Galvanization is an effective method of therapy for such neurological diseases:

Also, galvanization is widely used in the following areas of medicine:

cardiology;
gastroenterology;
urology;
pulmonology;
dentistry;
surgery;
endocrinology;
orthopedics;
gynecology;
cosmetology;
dermatology;
ophthalmology.

Technique and methods of the procedure

Before starting the procedure, the patient's skin must be cleansed. In the presence of damage to the skin, these areas must be treated with petroleum jelly, and covered with cotton wool, rubber or oilcloth.

The electrodes are applied longitudinally (impact on superficial tissues) and transversely (impact on deep tissues and organs). Perhaps the arrangement is transverse-diagonal.

During the procedure, the patient takes a sitting or lying position. The electrodes are attached with adhesive plaster, bandage, or small containers of sand.

There are various methods of applying galvanization:

Electrophoresis as an improved method of galvanization

The combination of galvanization with drugs is called electrophoresis. Galvanic current is used for more effective assimilation of drugs by the body, and makes their effect effective and soft.

Medicinal solutions are introduced into the body through the mucous membranes and skin under the influence of an electric field. The most effective is the effect on the hair follicles, ducts of the sebaceous glands, intercellular spaces and sweat glands.

The drugs used in electrophoresis contain ions (charged particles) that are introduced into the body by various electrodes. The choice of electrode depends on the charge of the ions. During one procedure, different substances can be injected from different points of influence.

The electrophoresis procedure is painless, however, discomfort is possible in the form of a slight tingling in the area of electrode application.

inflammatory processes;

Electrophoresis can be carried out in various ways:

Through the skin– electrodes are placed on the patient's skin.
With the help of baths- a solution of a medicinal substance is placed in a tank with built-in electrodes, and a part of the body that requires exposure is placed in this “bath”.
cavity method- a solution of the drug is administered rectally or into the vagina. The electrode is also inserted inside. An electrode with a different polarity is attached to the outside of the body (used for the treatment of diseases of the large intestine and pelvic organs).
Interstitial method- the drug is administered orally, inhalation, intravenously, electrodes are applied to the affected organ or area (most effective for respiratory diseases).

As a result of the procedure, medicinal substances accumulate in the skin, and can remain there from 12 hours to 20 days. Due to this, a longer effect of drugs is provided, and their slow removal from the body.

The advantage of the method is that the accumulation of the drug occurs locally, without spreading it to the entire body.

The concentration of the drug in the area of application is several times higher than the concentration with conventional methods of administration. Electrophoresis allows you to introduce drugs into areas with impaired microcirculation and blood circulation, where the penetration of medications is usually difficult. A positive feature of the method is also a low level of allergic and adverse reactions.

Applied devices

Apparatus for galvanization and electrophoresis are electronic AC rectifiers of the lighting network. The following devices are used for the galvanization procedure:

Potok-1, Potok-01M, Potok-Br;
"GR";
"AGN-1", "AGN-2";
"Radius";
"NET";
"ETHER";
"ELFOR", "ELFOR-Prof";
"ESMA".

Apparatus for galvanization and electrophoresis ELFOR

Contraindications to the use of physiotherapy

individual intolerance to galvanic current;
the presence of neoplasms or suspicions of them;
acute inflammatory diseases;
severe cardiovascular disease;
acute purulent diseases;
systemic blood diseases;
severe atherosclerosis;
eczema, dermatitis;
feverish conditions;
diseases of the skin;
skin damage;
impaired skin sensitivity;
during pregnancy;
with cachexia.

Galvanization in medicine is one of the options for physiotherapy, used in the complex therapy of most diseases. The principle of the procedure is that the patient is exposed to a constant current. Due to this, several metabolic actions occur that affect the improvement of the general condition of the patient. In this article, we will consider in detail this procedure and the existing contraindications to it.

What is galvanization in physiotherapy? As already mentioned, galvanization is exposure to direct electric current with low voltage (up to 80 V) and low power (up to 50 mA). The strongest current is used for the limbs, and when electrodes are applied to the head and face area, since electroplating is used in cosmetology, the current strength is reduced to a minimum.

This method of therapy is actively practiced in physiotherapy and is becoming increasingly popular due to its effectiveness, since when exposed to current in cells, the balance of ions changes and some physical processes occur.

Effects that can be achieved using galvanization:

normalization of blood circulation;
a sharp jump in biologically active substances;
strengthening the functions of the nervous system;
improvement of cerebral circulation;
possible sedation;
increased immunity;
improved tissue regeneration, etc.

Operating principle

The principle of operation of this technique is to use the properties of current with a certain frequency, low voltage and low power. This process occurs through electrodes applied to the skin, through which current is transmitted. In the meantime, electrolytic dissociation occurs in tissues under the influence of current.

Simply put, complex physicochemical processes begin in the body, which entail a change in the permeability of cell membranes, enzyme activity and the level of metabolic processes.

The device for galvanization has two cathode electrodes, which reduce the ability of tissues to be excited, and an anode, which increases this ability. Only a specialist can determine the frequency and duration of the procedure, based on the type of disease and the clinical picture.

Indications and contraindications

Based on the mechanism of action and effectiveness of galvanic current, it is possible to formulate a list of diseases in which such a procedure would be useful. This includes:

diseases and injuries of the peripheral nervous system;
vegetative dystonia and neurasthenia;
some diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
angina;
various infectious and inflammatory processes;
some ENT diseases;
chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system;
migraine.

Like any procedure, galvanization has contraindications that should be considered when choosing this method of therapy. Specialist consultation is required.

The application of this procedure is prohibited when:

individual intolerance to the current used;
the presence of oncology or suspicion of it, as well as in various tumor processes;
acute inflammatory processes;
severe form of the course of heart disease;
blood diseases;
skin ailments: eczema, dermatitis;
pregnancy and lactation;
fever.

The course of the treatment

During therapy, the patient takes a sitting or lying position. Before starting the procedure, the patient's skin is thoroughly cleaned. If there are minor injuries on the skin, they are treated with petroleum jelly, and covered with cotton wool or rubber on top.

Next comes the turn of applying electrodes: they are laid longitudinally (if it is necessary to influence the surface tissues) or transversely (if it is necessary to influence the deep tissues and organs). The cross-diagonal arrangement is also practiced. The electrodes are attached with adhesive tape or a bandage.

Today, several types of galvanization are used:

general. In this case, a hydro-galvanic bath is used, which consists of four separate containers with water, where human limbs are placed. The current strength does not exceed 30 mA;
local. The procedure is carried out by applying 2-4 lead electrodes on the patient's torso;
processing of reflex-segmental zones. A similar method of therapy is designed to affect areas of the vertebra. Electrodes for the collar area and the "panties" electrode are used. Initially, the current strength is small and increases gradually;
longitudinal galvanization of the head. In this case, two electrodes are used: one of them is attached to the forehead, and the second - to the back of the head and neck;
Bourguignon's method. Pieces of gauze are placed on the patient's closed eyes, which are covered with round metal plates connected to the galvanization apparatus. The second electrode is located under the occiput. The patient's hair must be thoroughly moistened;
galvanization of the face area. Here, a special electrode is used - a “half mask”. It is applied to the area of the chin, cheeks and forehead, the corner of the mouth and eyes remain uncovered;
for diseases of the upper and lower extremities. In this case, the electrodes are applied to the lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae, as well as to the area of the forearm. When carrying out the procedure on the lower limbs, the area of application is determined based on the location of the disease;
chamber baths. Based on the number of affected limbs, a suitable number of chamber baths is used.

Apparatus used for galvanizing

To carry out this procedure, special devices are used, which are AC rectifiers of the lighting network.

Types of devices for galvanization:

Potok-1, Potok-01M, Potok-Br;
"GR";
"AGN-1" and "AGN-2";
"Radius";
"NET";
"ETHER";
"ELFOR" and "ELFOR-Prof";
"ESMA".

Conclusion

Galvanization is an assistant in the fight against a large number of diseases. Thanks to certain manipulations under the supervision of a specialist, the patient receives a current discharge, which will help to quickly get rid of the disease.

It is important to remember that only a doctor can prescribe such a procedure, taking into account the individual characteristics of the body.

Algorithm for galvanization

3. Prepare lead electrodes and hydrophilic pads.

4. Lay or seat the patient in a comfortable position for the procedure, exposing the area to be treated.

5. Carefully inspect the skin in the affected area, make sure that they are intact and that there are no signs of inflammation and irritation (cover the damaged areas with oilcloth).

6. Moisten the pads with warm tap water, place them on the affected area, connect the appropriate wires to the terminals of the device, fix the electrodes with the pads with sandbags or rubber bandages and cover the patient with a blanket;

7. Warn the patient about the sensations during the procedure (tingling, tingling).

8. Press the "Network" button.

9. By smooth rotation of the current regulator knob, set the required current in the patient's circuit, focusing on the readings of the milliammeter and the patient's sensations.

10. Set the procedure time on the procedure clock, or turn the hourglass over to count the time.

11. At the end of the procedure, by smooth rotation of the regulator knob, reduce the patient's current to zero and turn off the device by pressing the "Network" button.

12. Remove the blanket, remove the fixation of the electrodes, remove the electrodes with gaskets from the place of exposure, wipe the skin with a napkin, in case of irritation, lubricate the skin with petroleum jelly or neutral oil.

Make a note about the procedure in the patient's card of the physiotherapy room.

Algorithm for conducting drug electrophoresis

1. Familiarize yourself with the doctor's prescription.

2. Prepare Potok-1 apparatus for the procedure.

3. Lay or seat the patient in a comfortable position for the procedure, exposing the area to be treated;

4. Carefully inspect the skin in the affected area, make sure that they are intact and that there are no signs of inflammation and irritation (cover the damaged areas with oilcloth)

5. Prepare hydrophilic pads appropriate for the size and shape of the site of action, soak them in warm water and wring out. During electrophoresis of one drug, one hydrophilic pad of the corresponding polarity is moistened with its solution. With the simultaneous introduction of two substances of different polarity ("bipolar" electrophoresis), both gaskets (anode and cathode) are moistened with them. If it is necessary to introduce two drugs of the same polarity, two gaskets are used, connected by a double wire to one current pole. In this case, one pad is moistened with one, the second - with another medicine.

6. Place warm pads on the patient's body on the projection of the affected organ. On top of the hydrophilic gasket, place a lead plate connected to the current-carrying wire with the corresponding wire on the apparatus.

7. Secure with a sandbag or rubber bandage.

Cover the patient with a blanket;

9. Warn the patient about the sensations during the procedure (tingling, tingling);

10. Press the "Network" button;

11. By smooth rotation of the current regulator knob, set the required current in the patient's circuit, focusing on the readings of the milliammeter and the patient's sensations;

12. Set the procedure time on the procedure watch.

13. At the end of the procedure, by smooth rotation of the regulator knob, reduce the patient's current to zero and turn off the device by pressing the "Network" button;

14. Remove the blanket, remove the fixation of the electrodes, remove the electrodes with pads from the site of exposure, wipe the skin with a napkin, in case of irritation, lubricate the skin with vaseline or oil;

Send pads for processing.

16. Make a note about the procedure in the patient's card of the physiotherapy room.