Emotional coloring of the company. Emotionally expressive coloring of speech

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally colored: the positive assessment contained in them distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept called (white-haired). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; at the same time, words in which the assessment is their very lexical meaning (and the assessment is not emotional, but intellectual) do not belong to emotional vocabulary (bad, good, anger, joy, love, approve).

A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it, the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the phenomenon being called.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, the following three varieties can be distinguished. 1. Words with a bright evaluative meaning, as a rule, are unambiguous; “the assessment contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words “characteristics” (forerunner, herald, grumbler, idler, sycophant, slob, etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action (purpose, destiny, business, fraud, marvelous, miraculous , irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in the main meaning, but receiving a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically. So, they say about a person: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow; in a figurative sense, verbs are used: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc. 3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neatly, close, and negative - beards, kid, bureaucracy, etc. Since the emotional coloring of these words is created by affixes, the estimated meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

The image of feeling in speech requires special expressive colors. Expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing a special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the "increment" to the nominative meaning of the word of special stylistic shades, special expression. For example, instead of the word good, we say beautiful, wonderful, delicious, wonderful; I can say I don't like it, but stronger words can be found: I hate, I despise, I abhor. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress (cf.: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious). Vivid expression highlights the words solemn (unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations, announce), poetic (azure, invisible, sing, incessant). vaunted), familiar (good-natured, cute, mooing, whispering). Expressive shades delimit the words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), scornful (painting, pettiness), contemptuous (sneak, servility, sycophancy), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), swear words (boor, fool ).

Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that "the typology of expressiveness is, unfortunately, not yet available." This leads to difficulties in developing a common terminology.

Combining words that are close in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotionally expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

stylistically neutral - lowered - high:

face - muzzle - face

obstruction - hindrance - obstruction

cry - cry - cry

to be afraid - to be afraid - to fear

expel - expel - expel

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We have received a sharply negative assessment of such words as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost, etc. positive color is fixed. Even the different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn (Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but a husband. - P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic tinge (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man, so to speak, on my word of honor. - P.).

The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization. So, stylistically neutral words used as paths get a vivid expression: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (under adverse conditions), flaming (eye), blue (dream), flying (gait), etc. d. The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

The expressive coloring of words in works of art differs from the expression of the same words in non-figurative speech. In the conditions of an artistic context, vocabulary acquires additional, secondary semantic shades that enrich its expressive coloring. Modern science attaches great importance to the expansion of the semantic volume of words in artistic speech, associating with this the appearance of a new expressive coloring in words.

The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary directs us to distinguish different types of speech depending on the nature of the speaker's influence on listeners, the situation of their communication, their relationship to each other and a number of other factors. It is enough to imagine, - wrote A.N. Gvozdev, - that the speaker wants to make laugh or touch, to arouse the disposition of the listeners or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech, so that it is clear how different language means will be selected, mainly creating a different expressive coloring. With this approach to the selection of language means, several types of speech can be identified: solemn (rhetorical), official (cold), intimately affectionate, playful. They are opposed to neutral speech, using linguistic means, devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of types of speech, dating back to the "poetics" of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists either.

The doctrine of functional styles does not exclude the possibility of using various emotional and expressive means in them at the discretion of the author of the work. In such cases, "methods for selecting speech means ... are not universal, they are of a particular nature." Solemn coloring, for example, can be received by publicistic speech; “Rhetorical, expressively saturated and impressive can be one or another speech in the sphere of everyday communication (anniversary speeches, ceremonial speeches associated with the act of a particular ritual, etc.).”

At the same time, it should be noted that the expressive types of speech are not well studied, and there is no clarity in their classification. In this regard, the definition of the relationship between the functional-style emotional-expressive coloring of vocabulary also causes certain difficulties. Let's dwell on this issue.

The emotionally expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive neutral words usually belong to common vocabulary (although this is not necessary: terms, for example, in emotionally expressive terms, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional fixation). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

The book vocabulary includes lofty words that give solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both positive and negative assessments of the named concepts. In book styles, vocabulary is ironic (beautifulness, words, quixotic), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous (masque, corrupt).

Colloquial vocabulary includes words affectionate (daughter, dove), playful (butuz, laughter), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (small, zealous, giggle, brag).

In common speech, words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them, there may be words containing a positive assessment of the concept being called (hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts they denote (crazy, flimsy, vulgar).

Functional, emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades can intersect in a word. For example, the words satellite, epigone, apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, we associate the word satellite, used in a figurative sense, with the journalistic style, in the word epigone we note a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign origin. Such affectionately ironic words as sweetheart, motanya, zaleka, drolya, combine colloquial and dialectal coloring, folk-poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly careful attitude to the word.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language - M., 1997

At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; and there are words in which evaluation is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to the emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer.

A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished.

1. Words with a bright connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, predestinate, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grouch, double-dealer, businesslike, antediluvian, mischief, defame , eyewash, sycophant, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous, expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.
2. Polysemantic words, neutral in the main meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, one can say: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow, a rooster, a parrot; verbs are also used in a figurative sense: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.
3. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sun, neatly, close - positive emotions; beards, kid, bureaucracy - negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes give emotional coloring to such forms.

The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by especially expressive expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (lat. expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in Russian that have an element of expression added to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, getting excited about something, we say beautiful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; I can say I don't like it, but it is not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, I despise, I abhor. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress; cf .: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words (herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical (comrade-in-arms, aspirations, announce), poetic (azure, invisible, silent, sing). Words are also expressively colored playful (believing, newly minted), ironic (deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-natured, cute, snooping around, whispering) Expressive shades delimit disapproving words (mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (painting, pettiness ), contemptuous (to slander, toady), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in stylistic notes to them in explanatory dictionaries.

The expression of a word is often superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then one speaks of emotional-expressive vocabulary (expressive-evaluative).

Words similar in expressiveness are classified into: 1) vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts. The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, contemptuous, vulgar and so on.

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Thus, such words as fascism, Stalinism, and repressions received a sharply negative assessment from us. A positive assessment was attached to the words progressive, peace-loving, anti-war. Even the different meanings of the same word can diverge noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one meaning, the word acts as a solemn, lofty one: Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech of not a boy, but a husband (P.), in another - as ironic, mocking: G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man (P.).

The development of expressive shades in the semantics of the word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors get vivid expression: burn at work, fall from fatigue, suffocate under totalitarianism, flaming gaze, blue dream, flying gait, etc. The context finally shows the expressive coloring of words: it contains neutral in stylistically, units can become emotionally colored, high - contemptuous, affectionate - ironic, and even a swear word (scoundrel, fool) can sound approving

Correlation between functional and stylistic fixation and emotional and expressive coloring of words

Emotionally expressive the coloring of a word and its belonging to a certain functional style in the lexical system of the Russian language, as a rule, are interdependent. Emotionally-expressive words that are neutral are usually included in the layer of commonly used vocabulary. Terms are an exception: they are always stylistically neutral, but have a clear functional fixation.

Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book and colloquial (colloquial) vocabulary.

The book vocabulary includes words high, giving solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive, expressing both positive and negative assessment of the named concepts. So, in book styles, ironic vocabulary is used (beautiful soul, words, quixotic), disapproving (pedantic, mannerisms), contemptuous (mask, corrupt), etc. Therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly believed that book vocabulary consists only of words of positive evaluative meaning, although such, of course, prevail in it (all poetic, rhetorical, solemn vocabulary).

Colloquial vocabulary includes affectionate words (darling, mommy), playful ones (butuz, laughter), as well as some units expressing a negative assessment of the concepts called (but not too rude): zealous, giggle, brag, small fry.

The colloquial vocabulary includes sharply reduced words that are outside the literary norm. Among them, there may be forms containing a positive assessment of the named concepts (hard worker, brainy), but there are much more forms expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts designated (to the left, to go crazy, flimsy, comely, etc.).

The word often intersects functional features and emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades. For example, the words satellite epigone, apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, the word satellite, used in a figurative sense, we associate with the journalistic style; in the word epigone we note a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign language origin (the phonetic design that is not characteristic of the Russian language can lead to their inappropriateness in a certain context). And the affectionately ironic words of sweetheart, winding, zaleka, drol combine colloquial and dialectal coloring, folk poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly careful attitude to the word.

The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

The stylistic coloring of the word indicates the possibility of using it in one or another functional style (in combination with commonly used, neutral vocabulary). However, this does not mean that the functional attachment of words to a certain style excludes their use in other styles. The modern development of the Russian language is characterized by the mutual influence and interpenetration of styles, and this contributes to the movement of lexical means (simultaneously with other linguistic elements) from one style to another. Thus, in scientific works journalistic vocabulary often coexists with terminology. This can be observed on the example of literary works: Publication of the "Northern Tale" by K.G. Paustovsky dates back to 1939. This is a romantic story about people of different generations and nationalities, whose fates are closely and sometimes intricately intertwined. The heroes of the story are united by common features - the struggle for social justice and freedom, moral purity. ...The ideological concept of the writer determined the features of the composition and plot of the story. The plot parallelism of the first and second-third parts, a kind of repetition of the plot line are not accidental (L.A. Novikov). The scientific style does not exclude emotional speech, and this determines the use of evaluative vocabulary, high and low words in it.

The journalistic style is even more open to the penetration of foreign-style vocabulary. In a newspaper article, you can often find terms next to colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary: The word "perestroika" entered many languages without translation, like "satellite" in its time. However, it is much easier for a foreigner to learn this word than to put into practice everything that stands behind it. I will show this on the facts from the sphere of management... Planning, as you know, is based on standards. I hasten to immediately and clearly make a reservation so as not to be accused of being against any standards in general. No, of course! And at the enterprises, I am sure, they will not reach the point of stupidity indiscriminately denying their necessity. It just depends on what standards. When, for example, the percentage of deductions from profits to the budget is set, or the payment for the consumption of natural resources, or the amount of payments to the bank for a loan received, who will be against it? But when the entire internal life of enterprises is regulated by standards: the structure and number, salaries and bonuses, deductions for all kinds of needs (up to the purchase of pens and pencils), this is, excuse me, utter nonsense, which leads to results that are often ridiculous, sometimes dramatic, and sometimes tragicomic (P. Volin). Here, scientific, terminological vocabulary is intertwined with expressively colored colloquial, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech, but, on the contrary, enhances its effectiveness. Here, for example, is a description of a scientific experiment that appeared on a newspaper page: At the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry ... thirty-two laboratories. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory there is a sign: "Do not enter: experience!" But from behind the door comes the clucking of a chicken. She's not here to lay eggs. Here is a researcher picking up a Corydalis. It turns it upside down... Such an appeal to foreign-style vocabulary is quite justified, colloquial vocabulary enlivens speech, makes it more accessible to the reader.

Of the bookish styles, only the official business style is impervious to colloquial vocabulary, to emotionally expressive words. Although in the special genres of this style it is possible to use journalistic elements, and, consequently, evaluative vocabulary (but from the group of book words). For example, in diplomatic documents (statements, notes of the government), such vocabulary can express an attitude to the discussed facts of international life: find a way out of an impasse, look with optimism, a giant evolution in relations.

The use of terminological vocabulary in a figurative sense outside the scientific style has become a sign of the times: another round of negotiations, a virus of indifference, new rounds of endless disputes, a coefficient of sincerity, euphoria has passed (it became clear that there will be no easy solutions), etc. In this case, there is not only a metaphorical transfer of meaning, resulting in determinology, but also a stylistic transfer: the word goes beyond the terminological system that gave rise to it and becomes commonly used.

However, the use of foreign-style vocabulary does not always fit into the stylistic norm. Significant damage to the culture of speech is caused by the inappropriate use of: 1) high book vocabulary ("Zhuravlev acted as an advocate of saving building materials"); 2) far-fetched, artificial terms that create pseudo-scientific speech ("One head of female cattle [i.e. cow!] Should be used, first of all, for the subsequent reproduction of offspring"); 3) journalistic vocabulary in a neutral text, giving a false pathos to the statement ("The staff of store No. 3, like all progressive mankind, stood on a labor watch in honor of May Day").

The following becomes a violation of the stylistic norm: 1) unreasonable mixing of vocabulary of different styles, as a result of which inappropriate comedy arises ("In order to obtain strong evidence of abuse of power, they took a photojournalist with them"; "The management of the enterprise clung to the rationalization proposal"); 2) the introduction of colloquial elements into book speech (“Voskreskniki laid the foundation for the improvement of the regional center, but in this matter we still have a lot of work to do”; “Grain harvesting in the region was blocked, referring to bad weather conditions”).

The comic effect of mixing linguistic means of different styles is used by comedians, deliberately using words that contrast in stylistic coloring: A few days later, a young doctor was walking with a girl along rugged terrain on the seashore (I. and P.); In the forgotten side, in the Zabolotsky volost, oh, I liked you completely and completely. How it came - I don’t know myself - this is a hobby, we walked through the forests of local importance (Isak.).

The bureaucratization of all forms of life in our society during the stagnant period has led to the fact that the influence of the official business style has increased excessively in the Russian language. Elements of this style, unjustifiably used outside of it, are called clericalisms. These include characteristic words and expressions (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, due, the above, at the moment, a period of time, today and under.), A lot of verbal nouns (taking, blowing up, living, finding, withdrawing, absenteeism , walking, understaffing, etc.); denominative prepositions (in the case, in part, for purposes, along the line, at the expense, etc.). The wording, replete with clericalism and speech clichés, helped to get away from a direct conversation on sensitive topics, to call a spade a spade: There were some shortcomings in the development of public animal husbandry; The negative side in business of activity of the enterprise consists in cases of release of defective products.

Chancellery penetrates not only into book, but also into colloquial speech, in which sometimes ridiculous combinations of stylistically incompatible words can be noted: [in an address to a child] What question are you crying about? (example of K.I. Chukovsky); [in a domestic environment] If I have a wife, I will not wash the dishes! The absurdity of saturating colloquial speech with clericalism becomes apparent when we encounter their parodic use: “Imagine that a husband at dinner asks his wife what she did today. In response, he hears: In the first half of the day, I quickly ensured the restoration of proper order in the residential area, as well as in a common utility room intended for cooking. In the subsequent period, I organized a visit to a retail outlet in order to purchase the necessary food products ... " (example of V.G. Kostomarov).

Another distinctive feature of the colloquial speech of our time was its saturation with diminutive forms without stylistic motivation. Researchers note the "stylistic simplification" of this group of evaluative vocabulary, which is often perceived by speakers as a kind of sign of informal colloquial speech: Hello!; Have you prepared the material?; Give me a hint; Pour half a ladle of soup; Half a kilo of sausages, etc. In such cases, we are not talking about the size of objects, nor is a particularly tender attitude towards them expressed, in other words, the evaluativeness of expressively colored words is lost. The appeal to such forms is due either to a false idea of \u200b\u200b"polite style", or the belittled position of the petitioner, who is afraid of being rejected by the person to whom he is forced to turn. Such use of expressive-emotional vocabulary often reflects the distribution of social roles in society.

For writers and journalists, diminutive forms of evaluative words become a source of ironic, satirical coloring of speech (at the same time when mixing styles): Well, how good we are all! How beautiful and pleasant! And there is the one who pushed the old woman away with his elbow, and he got into the bus instead of her! And the one over there that has been sweeping the alley for three days with a broom ... (From the gas.).

There is also a high degree of use in colloquial speech of lowered words, which in this case lose shades of contempt, rudeness (girls, boys, grandmother, aunt, etc.): My grandmother is good; My boy from the army is back; The girl with him was beautiful.

The trend towards stylistic simplification of evaluative vocabulary does not, however, give us the right not to take into account the emotional and expressive coloring of words when they are used.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished.

1 Words with a bright connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, predestinate, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grouch, double-dealer, businesslike, antediluvian, mischief, defame, swindle, toady, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous, expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.
2 Polysemantic words, neutral in the main meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, one can say: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, a snake, an eagle, a crow, a rooster, a parrot; verbs are also used in a figurative sense: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.
3 Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sun, neatly, close - positive emotions; beards, kid, bureaucracy - negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes give emotional coloring to such forms.

The development of expressive shades in the semantics of the word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors get a vivid expression: burning at work, falling from fatigue, suffocating in conditions of totalitarianism, a flaming gaze, a blue dream, a flying gait, etc. The context finally shows the expressive coloring of words: in it, units that are stylistically neutral can become emotionally colored, high - contemptuous, affectionate - ironic, and even a swear word (scoundrel, fool) can sound approving.

Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker's attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluativeness. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These words are emotionally colored: a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral definition of white. The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept called: blond, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative). At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluativeness are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (for example, interjections) do not contain evaluation; and there are words in which evaluation is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to the emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer. A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one. As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished. Words with a bright connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, predestinate, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grouch, double-dealer, businessmanship, antediluvian, mischief, defame, fraud , sycophant, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous, expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them. Polysemantic words, neutral in the main meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character, one can say: a hat, a rag, a mattress, an oak tree, an elephant, a bear, an eagle, a crow, a rooster, a parrot; verbs are also used in a figurative sense: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc. Words with subjective assessment suffixes that convey various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sun, neatly, close - positive emotions; beards, kid, bureaucracy - negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes give emotional coloring to such forms. The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by especially expressive expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (lat. expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in Russian that have an element of expression added to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, getting excited about something, we say beautiful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; I can say I don't like it, but it is not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, I despise, I abhor. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress; cf .: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - unrestrained, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words (herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical (comrade-in-arms, aspirations, announce), poetic (azure, invisible, silent, sing). Words are also expressively colored playful (believing, newly minted), ironic (deign, don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-natured, cute, snooping around, whispering) Expressive shades delimit disapproving words (mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (painting, pettiness ), contemptuous (to slander, toady), derogatory (skirt, squishy), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in stylistic notes to them in explanatory dictionaries. The expression of a word is often superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then one speaks of emotional-expressive vocabulary (expressive-evaluative). Words that are similar in nature of expressiveness are classified into: 1) vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts.

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