An example of an essay on the topic:
A political party is a union of people who have united in order to
to get the laws they want. (Ilyin).

Political party - a public organization that fights for power or for participation in the exercise of power, the goal of which, ultimately, is to take seats in parliament and pass laws,
determining the policy of the country.
In addition to the struggle for power, any political party performs a number of other functions: expressing the interests of certain segments of the population, training and nominating political personnel, participating in election campaigns, educating loyal members, and shaping the political culture of citizens.
A characteristic feature of a democratic state is a multi-party system. There can be two parties, as in England or America, or many, as in Russia. This is determined by the traditions of the country. Parties can differ in organizational principle, in ideology, in relation to power, in the type of membership, in the mode of activity and in the scale of the political spectrum. The party is a union of like-minded people, which is the bearer of a certain ideology and which is aimed at gaining power. In order to express the interests of as many voters as possible, parties form factions. The backbone of the party is the electorate - voters who regularly cast their votes for this party in elections.
As a result of the elections, the party receives a certain number of seats in the country's parliament. The more seats in parliament, the more opportunity the party has to justify the trust of its voters and influence the adoption of laws in the country. An important role for voters is played by the personality of the party leader, because many voters, when voting, are guided not only by the party program, but also associate their expectations with the charisma of a certain leader. Representatives of political parties constitute the country's political elite - a group of people with influence, prestige, directly involved in decision-making related to political power.
With the collapse of the totalitarian regime in the USSR and the abolition of Article 6 of the Constitution, a multi-party system began to take shape in the Russian Federation. The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaimed ideological diversity.
The modern political parties in Russia are United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party, the Patriots of Russia, Just Russia, Just Cause, the RODP "Yabloko". The ruling party is United Russia, which for a number of years has been adopting laws in parliament that, in my opinion, contribute to the stabilization of the state and the consolidation of democratic social forces.
Extremist political parties are banned in our state.
I am not yet a member of any political party, but I like the program of the United Russia party, so I am going to support this organization in the elections.
A political party, having come to power, adopts the laws it needs, but ordinary voters help the party come to power, so everyone should take an active life position.

An example of an essay on the topic:
Progress is a movement in a circle, but faster and faster. L. Levinson.

Humanity is in constant motion. Science, technology, the human mind are developing, and if we compare the primitive and our days, it is clear that human society is progressing.
From the primitive herd we came to the state, from primitive tools to perfect technology, and if earlier a person could not explain such natural phenomena as a thunderstorm or a change of year, by now he has already mastered space. Based on these considerations, I cannot agree with L. Levinson's point of view on progress as a cyclical movement. In my opinion, such an understanding of history means marking time without moving forward, constant repetition.
Time will never turn back, no matter what factors contribute to the regression. Man will always solve any problem and will not allow his kind to die out.
Of course, there have always been ups and downs in history, and therefore I believe that the graph of human progress is an upward broken line, in which ups predominate in magnitude over downs, but not a straight line or a circle. This can be seen by recalling some historical or life facts.
In the first place, downturns in the progress graph create wars. For example, Russia began its history as a powerful state, able to outstrip any other in its development. But as a result of the Tatar-Mongol invasion, it lagged behind for many years, there was a decline in culture, the development of the country's life. But, despite everything, Russia stood up and continued to move forward.
Secondly, the progress of society is hindered by such a form of organization of power as a dictatorship. In the absence of freedom, society cannot progress; a person turns from a thinking being into a tool in the hands of a dictator. This can be seen in the example of fascist Germany: Hitler's regime of power slowed down political progress, the development of freedom and human rights, and democratic institutions of power for decades.
Thirdly, oddly enough, but sometimes recessions in the development of society occur through the fault of the person himself, i.e. associated with scientific and technological progress. Many people now prefer communication with machines to human communication.
As a result, the level of humanity is falling. The invention of nuclear reactors is, of course, a great discovery that allows saving natural energy resources, but in addition to nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons were also created, which brought incalculable misfortunes to people and nature. An example of this is the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the explosion in Chernobyl. Nevertheless, humanity has come to its senses, realizing the real threat of such weapons: many countries now have a moratorium on the production of nuclear weapons.
Thus, the progress of the human mind and society as a whole and the predominance in history of the positive actions of people over their mistakes are obvious. It is also obvious that social progress is not an endless movement in a circle, which, in principle, cannot be considered progress,
but moving forward and only forward.

An example of an essay on the topic:
Religion is one, but in a hundred guises. B. Show.

Among the proposed statements, I drew attention to the words of B. Shaw that "Religion is one, but in a hundred guises." In understanding this issue, I agree with the author.
It is impossible to give a precise definition of religion. There are many such formulations in science.
They depend on the worldview (representation of the world) of the scientists who form them.
If you ask any person what religion is, then in most cases he will answer: "faith in God."
The word "religion" literally means binding, re-addressing (to something). Religion can be viewed from different angles: from the side of human psychology, historical, social, but the definition of this concept depends to a decisive extent on the recognition of the existence or non-existence of higher forces,
i.e. God and Gods.
Man is a spiritual being, therefore, era occupies a very important place in his life. Since ancient times, man has deified the forces of nature, plants and animals around him, believing that through them the higher forces influence his life. The magical attitude to the word and movement forced a person to strive for the development of his aesthetic (sensual) perception.
Over time, human society developed, and paganism (heterogeneity) was replaced by more developed forms of beliefs. There are many religions in the world. The question arises: why are there so many of them? And in whom to believe?
The answer to this question is obvious: people are different, they live in different conditions and different parts of the planet, they perceive the environment differently. So different are their ideas about God or Gods, about what a cult (religious veneration of any objects) should be like; many provisions of different beliefs, moral standards and rules of worship among different peoples are somewhat similar. I think this is caused by borrowing the cultures of peoples from each other.
If we consider the historical path of mankind, then religions can be classified into: tribal ancient beliefs, national-state (they form the basis of the religious life of individual peoples and nations) and world (that have gone beyond nations and states, but having a huge number of followers in the world).
These are the three religions: Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. Also, beliefs can be divided into monotheistic (belief in one God) and polytheistic (worship of many gods).
Drawing a conclusion from the foregoing, a person has always needed faith as that spiritual principle that allowed him to rise above the ordinary. The choice of faith should be free and conscious for each person, because, no matter how different religions are, they are all just different forms of one thing - the elevation of the human soul.

In this article, you will learn how to write an essay on social studies. Examples are attached.

First of all, it is necessary to understand that in order to learn how to write an essay on social studies, it takes quite a long time. It is impossible to write an essay without preliminary preparation, which would be rated by experts for a high score. Sustainable skills, good results appear after 2-3 months of work (about 15-20 written essays). It is systematic studies, purposefulness that bring high performance. You need to hone your skills in practice with the direct help and careful supervision of a teacher.

Video - how to write an essay on social studies

If you have not yet encountered writing an essay, watch the video.

Unlike an essay on literature or the Russian language, where the minimum amount of work is clearly stipulated and general reflection (“philosophizing” without specification is allowed), in an essay on social science the volume is not limited, but its structure and content are fundamentally different. An essay on social science is actually the answer to the question: “Do I agree with this statement and why?”. That is why a strict argumentation, scientific character and concretization must be present in an essay on social science. At the same time, it should be noted that very paradoxical, unusual statements are often used as the topic of an essay, requiring figurative thinking, a non-standard approach to disclosing the problem. This inevitably leaves its mark on the style of the essay, requires maximum concentration of effort and attention.

I would also like to add that the exam essays are evaluated by specific people. In order for an expert who checks from 50 to 80 works a day to mark some essay as worthy of attention, this essay must not only meet all the requirements below, but also be distinguished by a certain originality, originality and originality - this is implied by the essay genre itself. Therefore, it is necessary not only to present scientific and factual material on the topic, but also to pleasantly surprise with the originality and flexibility of one's thinking.

Algorithm for writing an essay during the exam

1. First of all, during the exam it is necessary to correctly allocate time. Practice shows that to write an essay, it is necessary to allocate at least 1-1.5 hours out of 3.5 hours allotted for the exam in social studies. It is best to start writing an essay after all the other tasks of KIM have been solved, because. this type of work requires maximum concentration of the graduate's efforts.
2. Carefully read all the proposed topics to choose from.
3. Choose those topics that are understandable, i.e. - the student must clearly understand what this statement is about, what the author wanted to say with this phrase. In order to remove doubts about whether he understands the topic correctly, the graduate must reformulate the phrase in his own words, defining the main idea. The student can do this orally or on a draft.
4. From the selected understandable statements, it is necessary to choose one topic - the one that the student knows best. It should be noted that often examinees choose topics that are easy, in their opinion, but which turn out to be difficult when revealing the topic due to the limited scientific and factual material on this issue (in other words, everything is said in the phrase itself, nothing can be added). In such cases, the essay is reduced to a simple statement of the meaning of the statement in different versions and is assessed by experts because of the poor evidence base low. Therefore, you need to choose the topic of the essay so that the student, when writing it, can fully show the completeness of his knowledge and the depth of his thoughts (i.e., the topic should be winning).
5. When choosing an essay topic, it is necessary to pay attention to which social science this statement is related to. Practice shows that a number of phrases can refer to several sciences at once. For example, I. Goethe's statement "Man is determined not only by natural qualities, but also by acquired ones" can belong to philosophy, social psychology, and sociology. Accordingly, the content of the essay should differ depending on this, i.e. must be in accordance with the specified basic science.
6. The essay does not need to be completely written on a draft. Firstly, because of the limited time, and secondly, because at the time of writing an essay, some thoughts come, and at the time of rewriting, others, and it is much more difficult to remake a finished text than to create a new one. On the draft, the graduate makes only a plan of his essay, approximate brief outlines of the meaning of the phrase, his argumentation, points of view of scientists, concepts and theoretical positions that he is going to cite in his work, as well as the approximate order of their arrangement one after another, taking into account the semantic logic of the essay.
7. Without fail, the student must express his personal attitude to the chosen topic in a clearly expressed formulation (“I agree”, “I disagree”, “I do not completely agree”, “I agree, but partially” or similar in meaning and meaning of the phrase) . The presence of a personal relationship is one of the criteria on the basis of which the essay is evaluated by experts.
8. Without fail, the graduate must state his understanding of the meaning of the statement. Those. the high school student explains in his own words what the author wanted to say with this phrase. It is more expedient to do this at the very beginning of the essay. And if we combine the requirements of this paragraph with the provisions of the previous one, then this is how, for example, the beginning of an essay on philosophy will look like “Before talking about the good of satisfying needs, you need to decide what needs are good”: “I fully agree with the statement of the great Russian writer of the second halfXIX- earlyXXcenturies L.N. Tolstoy, in which he speaks of real and imaginary needs.
9. You need to be very careful when choosing arguments to support your point of view. Arguments must be convincing and substantiated. As arguments, data from relevant sciences, historical facts, and facts from public life are used. Arguments of a personal nature (examples from personal life) are rated the lowest, so their use as an evidence base is undesirable. It should be remembered that any personal example can be easily “turned” into an example from public life, from social practice, if you write about it in a third person (for example, not “The saleswoman in the store got nasty to me, thereby violating my consumer rights”, a “Let's assume that the saleswoman was rude to citizen S.. Thus, she violated his rights as a consumer.” The number of arguments in an essay is not limited, but 3-5 arguments are the most optimal for revealing the topic. It should also be remembered that examples from history are most appropriate in political science, partly in legal and sociological topics, as well as in philosophical topics related to the theory of social progress. Examples from social practice (public life) - in sociological, economic, legal topics. The data of the relevant sciences must be necessarily used when choosing any of the topics.
10. The use of terms, concepts, definitions in the essay must be competent, appropriate, in relation to the chosen topic and science. The essay should not be overloaded with terminology, especially if these concepts are not related to the chosen problem. Unfortunately, some graduates try to insert as many terms as possible into their work, violating the principle of expediency and reasonable sufficiency. Thus, they show that they have not learned how to correctly use scientific terminology. The term should be mentioned to the place, such a mention should indicate its correct understanding.
11. It is very welcome if the graduate in his essay indicates the points of view of other researchers on the issues under consideration, gives a link to various interpretations of the problem and various ways to solve it (if possible). Indication of other points of view can be direct (for example: "Lenin thought so: ..., and Trotsky - otherwise: ..., and Stalin - did not agree with both of them: ... "), but can be indirect, non-specified, non-personalized: "A number of researchers think this way: ..., others - differently: ..., and some - offer a completely different: ... ".
12. It is very welcome if the essay indicates who the author of this statement was. The indication should be short but precise (see the example in paragraph 8). If it is appropriate to mention the views of the author of the phrase when arguing one's position on this issue, this must be done.
13. Arguments must be presented in strict sequence, the internal logic of the presentation in the essay must be clearly traced. The student should not jump from one to another and again return to the first without explanation and internal connection, docking of individual provisions of his work.
14. It is necessary to complete the essay with a conclusion, which briefly summarizes the reflections and reasoning: "Thus, on the basis of all of the above, it can be argued that the author was right in his statement."

Essay examples on the topic:

Philosophy "Revolution is a barbaric way of progress" (J. Jaurès)

For the highest score

I fully agree with the statement of the famous French socialist, historian and politician of the first half of the 20th century, Jean Jaurès, in which he speaks about the peculiarities of the revolutionary path of social progress, about the distinctive features of the revolution. Indeed, revolution is one of the ways of progress, moving forward towards better and more complex forms of social organization. But since a revolution is a radical breakdown of the entire existing system, a transformation of all or most aspects of social life that takes place in a short period of time, this form of progress is always accompanied by a large number of victims and violence.

If we remember the revolutionary year of 1917 in Russia, we will see that both revolutions led to the most severe confrontation in society and the country, which resulted in a terrible Civil War, accompanied by unprecedented bitterness, millions of dead and injured, unprecedented devastation in the national economy until then.

If we remember the Great French Revolution, we will also see the rampant Jacobin terror, the guillotine "working" seven days a week and a series of incessant revolutionary wars.

If we remember the English bourgeois revolution, we will also see a civil war, repressions against dissidents.

And when we look at the history of the United States, we will see that both bourgeois revolutions that took place in this country took the form of war: first - the war for independence, and then - the Civil War.

The list of examples from history can go on and on, but wherever there is a revolution - in China, in Iran, in the Netherlands, etc. - everywhere it was accompanied by violence, i.e. barbarism from the standpoint of a civilized person.

And even if other thinkers exalted the revolution (as, for example, Karl Marx, who argued that revolutions are the locomotives of history), even if reactionaries and conservatives denied the role of revolutions in social progress, the point of view of J. Jaurès is closer to me: yes, revolution is a way of progress, a movement for the better, but carried out by barbaric methods, that is, with the use of cruelty, blood and violence. Violence cannot create happiness!

For a small score

In his quote, the author speaks of revolution and progress. Revolution is a way of transforming reality in a short time, and progress is a movement forward. Revolution is not progress. After all, progress is reform. It cannot be said that the revolution does not give positive results - for example, the Russian revolution allowed the workers and peasants to get rid of a difficult situation. But by definition, revolution is not progress, because progress is all good, and revolution is all bad. I do not agree with the author who classifies revolution as progress.

Essay plan

Introduction
1) A clear indication of the problem of utterance:
“The statement I have chosen concerns the problem….”
“The problem with this statement is….”
2) Explanation of the choice of topic (what is the significance or relevance of this topic)
“Everyone is concerned about…”
"THE RELEVANCE OF THIS TOPIC IS IN..."
3) Reveal the meaning of the statement from the point of view of social science, 1-2 sentences
4) Introduction of the author and his point of view
“The author argued (spoke, thought) from this point of view ...”
5) Your interpretation of this phrase, YOUR POINT OF VIEW (DO YOU AGREE OR NOT)
“I think…” “I agree with the author of the statement…”
6) Statement of one's position, transition to the main part of the essay

P.S. it will be a plus if in the introduction you give information about the author of the statement and insert a definition of the chosen field of the essay (philosophy, politics, economics, jurisprudence, etc.)

Argumentation:
1) Theoretical argumentation of the problem. At least 3 aspects of the theoretical disclosure of the topic should be presented.
For example: to reveal the concept itself, give examples, analyze features, functions, classifications, properties.
2) Practical argumentation or an example from public life

Hey! In this article, you will see a series of essays written for the maximum score on all criteria for this year's USE. If you want to learn how to write an essay on society, I wrote an article for you that reveals all aspects of doing this work.

Political science essay

"Silent citizens are ideal subjects for an authoritarian ruler and a disaster for a democracy" (Roald Dahl)

In his statement, Roald Dahl touches upon the problem of the dependence of the level of political participation of citizens on the regime in force in the state. Undoubtedly, this statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because the activity with which people take part in the life of the country is directly related to its basic foundations and laws. Moreover, this issue can be considered starting from both the realities of a democratic society and an authoritarian one.

Theoretical reasoning

The meaning of Dahl's words is that the lack of a developed civic consciousness plays into the hands of rulers under an authoritarian regime, but it negatively affects the state, where the main power is concentrated in the hands of society. I fully share the point of view of the author of the statement, because we can always find examples of this both in the past and at the present time. And in order to prove the significance of Dahl's statement, it is worth first considering it from the point of view of theory.

In itself, political participation is nothing more than a set of actions taken by ordinary members of the political system in relation to its "top" in order to influence the latter. These actions can be expressed both in the usual reactions of citizens to any changes, in the speeches of people on various channels, websites, radio stations and other media, the creation of various social movements, and in participation in the ongoing elections and referendums. In addition, political participation can be classified according to the number of people involved in it (individual and collective), compliance with laws (legitimate and illegitimate), activity of participants (active and passive), etc.

Civil society receives the greatest freedom within the framework of a democratic regime, the main characteristic of which is the concentration of all power in the hands of the people. The freedoms of citizens are largely limited in the realities of an authoritarian society due to the constant government surveillance of citizens. Completely civil society is controlled by the state within the framework of totalitarianism.

A well-known historical fact can be cited as the first example confirming Dahl's point of view. During the so-called "Thaw", the Soviet Union under the leadership of N.S. Khrushchev moved from Stalin's totalitarian regime to an authoritarian one. Undoubtedly, the supremacy of one party continued to exist, but at the same time freedom of speech was significantly expanded, many repressed people were returned to their homeland. The state relied on the support of the population, partially increasing the range of its rights and opportunities. This directly illustrates the interaction between civil society and the state apparatus under an authoritarian regime.

The next example, confirming Dahl's position, could be the event widely covered in the media two years ago - the annexation of Crimea to Russia. As you know, a referendum was held on the peninsula (the highest opportunity for the people to express their will within the framework of democracy), which showed the desire of the Crimeans to join the Russian Federation. The inhabitants of the peninsula expressed their opinion as representatives of civil society, thus influencing the further policy of a democratic state.

Summing up, I want to say that Roald Dahl incredibly accurately reflected the relationship between civil society and the state in his statement.

In addition, before reading this article, I further recommend that you familiarize yourself with the video tutorial, which reveals all aspects of the mistakes and difficulties of applicants in the second part of the exam

Essay on sociology

"A citizen who has a share of power should act not for personal gain, but for the common good." (B.N. Chicherin)
In his statement, B.N. Chicherin touches upon the problem of the essence of power and ways of its influence on society. Without a doubt, this issue does not lose its relevance to this day, because from time immemorial there have been relationships between those in power and ordinary people. This problem can be considered from two sides: influencing the authorities for their own personal benefit, or for the benefit of many people.

Theoretical reasoning

The meaning of Chicherin's words is that people who have power should use it to solve the problems of society, and not to achieve some personal needs. Without a doubt, I fully share the author's point of view, since we can find many examples of it, both in the past and at the present time. However, before that, one should deal with the theoretical component of Chicherin's words.

What is power? This is the ability of one person or a group of people to impose their opinion on others, to force them to obey. Within the framework of the state, it is political power that is one of its main elements, capable of imposing certain opinions and laws on citizens through legal and political norms. One of the key features of power is the so-called "legality" - the legality of its existence and the actions it carries out.

What can be the source of power? Firstly, it is authority - the recognition of the ruler by the people, and secondly - charisma. Also, power can be based both on certain knowledge that its representatives have, and on their wealth. There are cases when people come to power using brute force. This often happens through the violent overthrow of the current government.

Examples for disclosure of criterion K3

As the first example illustrating the point of view of Chicherin, one can cite the work of A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" In this book, we can clearly observe how Emelyan Pugachev, despite his position, does not refuse to help all members of his army. The false Peter III frees all his supporters from serfdom, grants them freedom, thus using his power to support many people.

In order to give the following example, it is enough to turn to the history of Russia in the 18th century. Alexander Menshikov, an associate of Emperor Peter I, used his high position for personal enrichment. He used state money to achieve his personal needs, which had nothing to do with resolving the pressing problems of an ordinary resident of Russia at that time.

Thus, this example clearly illustrates the use of power by a person not to help society, but for the sake of fulfilling their own desires.
Summing up, I want to say that B.N. Chicherin incredibly accurately reflected in his statement two contradictory ways in which a person uses his power, the essence of the latter and its ways of influencing society.

Second work in political science

“Politics, in essence, is power: the ability to achieve the desired result by any means” (E. Haywood)
In his statement, E. Heywood touches upon the problem of the true essence of power within the framework of politics. Undoubtedly, the relevance of the author's words is not lost to this day, because one of the main features of power is its ability to use any means to achieve the goal. This statement can be considered both from the point of view of the cruel methods of implementing what was planned by the authorities, and from the side of more democratic methods.

Theoretical reasoning

The meaning of Haywood's words is that political power has an unlimited range of possibilities with which it can impose its opinion on other people. I fully share the author's point of view, since you can find many different examples that serve as proof of his words. However, first it is worth understanding the theoretical component of Heywood's statement.
What is power? This is the ability to influence people, to impose their opinion on them. Political power, which is characteristic exclusively for the institution of the state, is able to exercise this influence with the help of legal and state methods. The so-called "legality", ie. legitimacy of power is one of its main criteria. There are three types of legitimacy: charismatic (people's trust in a certain person or group of people), traditional (people follow power based on traditions and customs) and democratic (based on the conformity of the chosen state structure to the principles and foundations of democracy).
The main sources of power can be distinguished: charisma, authority, strength, wealth or knowledge that a ruler or a group of people in power has. That is why only the state, due to the concentration of political power, has a monopoly on the use of force. This contributes not only to the implementation of the fight against violators of the law, but also to the way of imposing a certain opinion on citizens.

Examples for disclosure of criterion K3

As the first example illustrating the process of achieving its goals by the political authorities within the framework of the history of Russia, one can cite the period of I.V. Stalin. It was at this time that the USSR was characterized by mass repressions, the purpose of which was to strengthen the authority of the authorities and suppress anti-Soviet sentiments in society. In this case, the government used the most brutal methods to achieve what it needed. Thus, we see that the authorities did not skimp on the methods of achieving their goals.
The next example is the situation now widely covered in the world media. During the US presidential race, candidates try to win over voters without using force. They visit numerous TV programs, perform in public, conduct special campaigns. Thus, presidential candidates also use all the power available to them, trying to win over the US population to their side.
Summing up, I want to say that E. Heywood's statement incredibly accurately and clearly reflects the essence of power as such, revealing all its main aspects.

Essay on political science for the maximum score

"Government is like fire - a dangerous servant and a monstrous master." (D. Washington)
In his speech, George Washington touched upon the problem of the relationship between civil society and the state. Undoubtedly, his words are relevant to this day, because in any state there is a constant dialogue between its "top" and citizens. This issue can be considered both from the point of view of a positive dialogue between the government and the people, and from a negative point of view.

Theoretical reasoning

The meaning of Washington's words lies in the fact that the state reacts completely differently to certain social unrest, in some cases trying to resolve them peacefully, and in other cases using force to do this. I fully share the point of view of the first president of the United States, since confirmation of his words can be found both by referring to history and looking at the current situation in the world. In order to prove the significance of Washington's words, it is first worth considering them from the point of view of theory.
What is civil society? This is a sphere of the state that is not directly controlled by it and consists of the inhabitants of the country. Elements of civil society can be found in many areas of society. For example, within the framework of the social sphere, such elements will be the family, non-state media. In the political sphere, the main element of civil society are political parties and movements that express the opinion of the people.
In the event that the inhabitants of the state, although they have an influence on the authorities, they try to influence it in one way or another. This process is called political participation. Within its framework, people can express their thoughts directly by contacting special state bodies, or indirectly by participating in rallies or public speeches. And it is precisely such manifestations of civic sentiment that force the state to respond.

Examples for disclosure of criterion K3

The first example that can clearly illustrate the unwillingness of the state to listen to the population of the country is the era of I.V. Stalin in the Soviet Union. It was at this time that the authorities began to carry out mass repressions, designed to almost completely suppress any activity of civil society. All those who expressed disagreement with the current course of the country's development, or spoke unflatteringly about its "top" were repressed. Thus, the state represented by I.V. Stalin ignored the manifestations of the will of the people, establishing their total control over the latter.
As the following example, we can cite a situation characteristic of modern political science. We will talk, of course, about the accession of the Crimean peninsula to the Russian Federation. As you know, during the general referendum - the highest way to express the will of the people in democratic countries - it was decided to return the peninsula to the Russian Federation. Thus, civil society influenced the further policy of the state, which, in turn, did not turn away from the people, but began to act on the basis of their decision.
Thus, I want to say that the words of D. Washington incredibly accurately and clearly reflect the essence of the relationship between the state and the actions of civil society.

Social Studies Essay 5 Points: Sociology

“In order to make people good citizens, they should be given the opportunity to exercise their rights as citizens and fulfill their duties as citizens.” (S. Smile)
In his statement, S. Smile touches upon the problem of the realization by people of their rights and obligations. Undoubtedly, his words do not lose their relevance to this day, because it is in a modern society within the framework of a democratic regime that people can fully exercise their rights and obligations. This statement can be considered both from the point of view of the level of freedoms of citizens within the framework of the rule of law, and within the framework of a totalitarian one.
The meaning of S. Smile's words is that the level of legal awareness of citizens, just like the level of calmness of the situation in the country itself, directly depends on what rights and freedoms are granted to the people. I fully share the author's point of view, since for the successful development of the state, it really needs to rely on the support of the population. However, in order to confirm the relevance of Smiley's statement, it is first worth considering it from the point of view of theory.

Theoretical reasoning

So, what is the rule of law? This is a country in which the rights and freedoms of its inhabitants are the highest value. It is within the framework of such a state that civic consciousness is most strongly developed, and the attitude of citizens to power is mostly positive. But who are these citizens? These are individuals who are connected with the state by means of certain mutual rights and obligations, which both of them are obliged to fulfill to each other. The main duties and rights of citizens, which they must observe, are written in the Constitution - the highest legal act that sets the foundations for the life of the whole country.
Within the framework of a democratic regime, the rights and freedoms of citizens are most strongly respected, since they are none other than the main source of power in countries with such a regime. This is a unique feature of democratic countries, the analogues of which cannot be found not in totalitarian regimes (where all power tightly controls the rest of the life of society), not in authoritarian regimes (where power is concentrated in the hands of one person or party, despite even a certain presence of civil liberties and rights). in people).

Examples for disclosure of criterion K3

As the first example, which can clearly demonstrate the lack of desire on the part of the authorities to listen to the citizens of the country, a well-known fact from world political science can become. Augusto Pinochet, a Chilean politician, came to power as a result of a military coup and established his totalitarian power in the state. Thus, he did not listen to the opinion of citizens, limiting their rights and freedoms by force. Soon, this policy bore fruit, bringing the country to a state of crisis. This clearly demonstrates the impact of the lack of political rights and freedoms of people on the effectiveness of their activities.

The next example that will clearly demonstrate the desire of the authorities to make contact with citizens and take into account their rights and obligations will be our country. As you know, the Russian Federation is a constitutional state, which is enshrined in the country's Constitution. Moreover, it is in the Constitution of the Russian Federation that all the fundamental rights and freedoms of a person are indicated, which under no circumstances are subject to restriction. Ideological pluralism, coupled with the positioning of human rights and freedoms as the highest values, perfectly illustrates a state that is ready to listen to the opinion of its citizens and respect them.
Summing up, I want to say that S. Smaile incredibly clearly reflected in his statement the essence of the relationship between the state and its citizens

That's all. Go to the "All blog articles" page to continue preparing with our portal!

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Secondary general education

Social science. Line UMK ed. G.A. Bordovsky (VENTANA-GRAF)

Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social studies (6-9)

Social science

Preparing for the Unified State Examination: an essay in social studies

This year, the criteria for assessing the Unified State Examination in social studies have changed. Olga Soboleva, one of our authors, Deputy Chairman of the Subject Committee of the Unified State Examination on Social Studies of St. Petersburg, talks about how the essay will now be evaluated, as well as about common mistakes made by students.

Changed evaluation criteria

This is not the first time that the Russian Textbook corporation has invited specialists to talk about assignment No. 29 from the Unified State Examination in social science. Relevant information is constantly being transformed and supplemented. For example, this year the wording of the task has changed. The word "problem" was replaced by the concept of "idea", and the student can work out not all the ideas of the statement, but one of them. The evaluation criteria have changed significantly:

• 29.1 Previously, the child could show his understanding of the topic in the general context of the essay. In 2018, for this it will be necessary to highlight and formulate the ideas of the statement. If the requirement is not met, 0 points are given for the entire essay.
• 29.2 A perfect score will not be obtained if the theoretical reasoning is unrelated. Since all statements are different, it is impossible to say exactly how many concepts should be disclosed. But for a good mark, of course, you need to highlight all the theses.
• 29.3 Previously, the point was deducted for the presence of errors, now it is awarded as a bonus for their absence.
• 29.4 It is still necessary to give two factual arguments from different sources, but now these examples need to be presented in detail and indicate how they relate to the statement.

Thus, the criteria became more. Maximum points for an essay in 2018: 6.

Let's take into account one more important change. Previously, a serious requirement was the correspondence of the content to one science. But since the boundaries of the sciences are arbitrary, now students can consider topics in different contexts, and this will not be a mistake. Let's take, for example, a statement from law: "Complete obedience to the law of kindness will eliminate the need for government and the state (O. Frontingham)" - it can also be attributed to politics, sociology, and philosophy.

Common Mistakes

Let's highlight the main difficulties that students face in task number 29.

• Topic selection

The student is offered 5 essay topics. How to make the right choice:

• Understand that the main criterion is the ability to fulfill all the requirements.
• Determine in advance for yourself the basic science. Be prepared for a change of choice: in the exam, a topic in this science may not be acceptable. When preparing, use the lists of topics presented on the Internet.
• Ceteris paribus, do not choose figurative themes. Every year there are formulations that even excellent students cannot cope with. For example: "The family is the crystal of society (V. Hugo)".
• Focus on your abilities and characteristics, and not on the recommendations of the teacher. The teacher may have a biased attitude towards certain topics. The opinions of experts about the “convenience” and “inconvenience” of topics differ.

• Focus on other items

Often students try to comply with the requirements for essays in other subjects in an essay on social science. This not only does not help, but also increases the likelihood of an error. In reality, the following are not taken into account:

• volume (the ability to express thoughts concisely is a plus),
• grammatical errors (but not in cases where they affect the meaning),
• structure,
• style (no longer an essay),
• correct problem statement
• knowledge about the author of the statement (can be entered, but this is not evaluated),
• moral / ideological position (however, one cannot violate the laws of the Russian Federation and it is not recommended to express sharp positions on any topic).

• Rewriting the theme

Unfortunately, even excellent students sometimes incorrectly rewrite the topic due to excitement. An error can be the omission of a word, the omission or addition of the “not” particle, the omission or replacement of a letter, the omission or addition of a return particle, the change of punctuation marks. All this changes the meaning of the topic and leads to 0 for the essay.

• Template phrases

Some of the wording often looks silly and irritates experts. For example, "a problem that is relevant at all times", "the topic opens up a huge scope for reflection" and others. This does not mean that they should definitely be avoided. The main thing is that everything in the text should be appropriate and logical.

• Wrong Examples

What doesn't count:

• Speculation (“what would have been”).
• Invented examples.
• Facts that are not facts.
• Examples are not specific.
• Examples that are more like theories.
• An example with actual errors.
• Examples outside the scope of the theory presented.
• Examples that refute the student's own theoretical positions.
• Model examples (but there may be exceptions).
• Examples from one kind of source.

• Homemade preparations

In many works there are redundant provisions. For example, the definition of society, the inappropriate use of the definition of science - in most cases, this spoils the work and causes dissatisfaction among experts.

Frequently asked Questions

Consider also common questions about the content of the text.

Do I need to agree with the author? Not necessary. Of course, there are statements about the relativity of phenomena, with which it is impossible not to agree, for example: "Society does not necessarily correspond to political boundaries (S. Turner)". But there are also provocative phrases that are very difficult to agree with. In any case, the attitude of the examinee to the topic should be traced in the argumentation.

How to formulate the meaning of the statement and how many ideas are better to reveal? It all depends on the specific statement. It is better to narrow the study of the aspect to one science.

Is it possible to isolate only part of the statement? Experts believe that it is impossible, since the statement carries a certain meaning. The student must show that he understood the whole statement, even if he wants to focus on one part of it.

How to learn theoretical positions? When you can’t understand and assimilate, you can use a simple trick: “Write correctly.” The student must in a short time find and write off theoretical justifications on a specific topic from the textbook - this will help to remember the provisions.

Preparation Methods

In the publications of the corporation "Russian Textbook" the system of preparation for writing an essay on social science is fully implemented. The authors present memos, examples, lists of topics, as well as algorithms for the phased formation of the necessary skills.

Specialists are often asked how many essays should be written in preparation. Answer: as many as possible to "fill your hand", and up to 5 pieces for the highest score. In addition to training, it is useful for the student to keep a hoard of information on selected topics, view essay samples on thematic sites and check the work with the teacher according to trial criteria.

The manual is designed for independent or under the guidance of a teacher preparing schoolchildren and applicants for the exam. It fully includes the material of the course of social science, which is checked at the exam. The theoretical part of the manual is presented in a concise and accessible form. A large number of diagrams and tables makes it easy and quick to navigate the topic and find the information you need. Training tasks correspond to the modern format of the Unified State Examination, all changes in the content of the examination work made in recent years are taken into account.

1. If there is a certain block, then we immediately turn to it. BUT! It happens that in your favorite block there is an extremely “narrow” “bad” quote, which means you need to look for a quote from another block of social science.

2. Choose a quote.

3. We correlate the quote and the block from the course of social science, it is indicated next to the quote! We immediately begin to think in terms of this block (sociology, political science, economics, etc.)

4. We make a list of terms on the draft that need to be reflected in the essay. BUT only those that match the topic of the essay!

5. If we cannot make a list of terms (at least 3 terms), then we choose another quote that we can open.

6. We write out a quote on a draft and underline the KEY words, on the basis of which we build the KEY IDEAS raised by the author.

THIS IS THE FIRST PARAGRAPH OF THE ESSAY - THE MOST IMPORTANT CRITERION, if for it 0, then for the whole essay 0!

7. We deduce theoretical judgments from the key ideas (2 exactly), accompanying them with terms from the list.

THIS IS THE SECOND PARAGRAPH OF THE ESSAY - A THEORETICAL ARGUMENT

• It needs to be clarified…
• Researchers understand...
• There are following types...
• The classification is based on….

8. We select an illustrative example for each theoretical judgment. Various sources! History, literature, social experience, books, films.

Examples should not be of the same type and abstract. Must clearly reflect theoretical judgments. You must show why you are using this particular fact as an illustrative argument!

THIS IS THE THIRD PARAGRAPH OF THE ESSAY - A PRACTICAL ARGUMENT

• As an example…
• Firstly (if we say, firstly, then it must be, secondly; if we speak from one side, then from the other side!)
• Experience … illustrates

9. In the conclusion, it is necessary to formulate, show what / why the ideas raised by the author in the quote are important (we go from bottom to top in the essay)

PARAGRAPH - ENDING

• The importance of development….
• Thus,
• Hence…

10. Phrase-slogan, as a logical conclusion of creative thought.

An essay is a variant of creative work:

• I hope,
• I consider it important
• I find it necessary...
• This will improve…
• Create the conditions for improvement...

We give a specific DETAILED plan on how to write an essay on the exam in social studies. It consists of 7 important points.

Essay writing plan

1. Quote.
2. The issue raised by the author; its relevance.
3. The meaning of the statement.
4. own point of view.
5. Argumentation at the theoretical level.
6. At least two examples from social practice, history and / or literature, confirming the correctness of the statements made.
7. Conclusion.

How to Write a Social Studies Essay in 2019 - Webinar

1. Choice of utterance

• When choosing statements for an essay, you must be sure that you own the basic concepts of the basic science to which it refers;
• clearly understand the meaning of the statement;
• you can express your own opinion (fully or partially agree with the statement or refute it);
• know the social science terms necessary for a competent justification of a personal position at a theoretical level (at the same time, the terms and concepts used must clearly correspond to the topic of the essay and not go beyond it);
• be able to give examples from social practice, history, literature, as well as personal life experience to support your own opinion.

2. Definition of the problem of utterance.

For a clearer formulation of the problem, we offer a list of possible formulations of the problems that occur most often.

After formulating the problem, it is necessary to indicate the relevance of the problem in modern conditions. To do this, you can use cliché phrases:

• This issue is relevant in...
• ... the globalization of public relations;
• ...formation of a single information, educational, economic space;
• ... exacerbation of global problems of our time;
• ... the special controversial nature of scientific discoveries and inventions;
• ... the development of international integration;
• ...modern market economy;
• ...development and overcoming the global economic crisis;
• ... rigid differentiation of society;
• ... the open social structure of modern society;
• ...formation of the rule of law;
• ... overcoming the spiritual, moral crisis;
• ...dialogue of cultures;
• ...the need to preserve their own identity, traditional spiritual values.

The problem must be periodically returned throughout the entire process of writing an essay. This is necessary in order to correctly reveal its content, and also not to accidentally go beyond the scope of the problem and not get carried away by reasoning that is not related to the meaning of this statement (this is one of the most common mistakes in many exam essays).

3. Formulation of the main idea of ​​the statement

• "The meaning of this statement is that..."
• The author draws our attention to the fact that...
• The author is convinced that...

4. Determining your position on the statement

• "I agree with the author that..."
• “It is impossible not to agree with the author of this statement about ...”
• "The author was right in asserting that..."
• “In my opinion, the author clearly reflected in his statement the picture of modern Russia (modern society ... the situation that has developed in society ... one of the problems of our time)”
  “Let me disagree with the author’s opinion that ...”
• “In part, I adhere to the author’s point of view about ..., but I cannot agree with ...”
• “Have you thought about the fact that ...?”

5-6. Argumentation of one's own opinion

Argumentation should be carried out at two levels:

1. Theoretical level - its basis is social science knowledge (concepts,
terms, contradictions, directions of scientific thought, relationships, and opinions
scientists, thinkers).

Cliche phrases:

• Consider the statement from the point of view of economic (political, sociological ...) theory ...
• Let us turn to the theoretical meaning of the statement ...
• In economic (political, sociological…) theory, this statement has its grounds…

2. Empirical level - two options are possible here:

1. using examples from history, literature and events in society;
2. appeal to personal experience.

When selecting facts, examples from public life and personal social experience, mentally answer yourself the following questions:

• Do they support my opinion?
• Could they be interpreted differently?
• Do they contradict my thesis?
• Are they persuasive?

The proposed form will allow you to strictly control the adequacy of the arguments presented and prevent "going off topic".

7. Conclusion

Finally, we need to formulate a conclusion. The conclusion should not verbatim coincide with the judgment given for justification: it brings together in one or two sentences the main ideas of the arguments and sums up the reasoning, confirming the correctness or incorrectness of the judgment that was the topic of the essay.

To formulate a problematic conclusion, cliché phrases can be used:

• “Thus, we can conclude ...”
• “Summing up a general line, I would like to note that ...”
• In conclusion, it can be concluded that…
• Based on the foregoing, it can be argued that…

In addition, an additional advantage of the essay is the inclusion in it

• brief information about the author of the statement (for example, "an outstanding French philosopher-enlightener",
  "great Russian thinker of the Silver Age", "famous existentialist philosopher", "founder of
  idealistic trend in philosophy”, etc.);
• descriptions of different points of view on the problem or different approaches to its solution;
• indications of the ambiguity of the concepts and terms used with the justification of the meaning in which they
  applied in an essay;
• pointers to alternative solutions to the problem.

And in conclusion. Let's watch a webinar that discusses the structure of writing a mini-essay, provides exercises for practice and considers assessment criteria:

Most common essay writing mistakes

• The saddest situation is that there is no plan at all. The man was afraid to write it, he was confused, he stupidly did not have time to rewrite it from a draft. The draft is not checked at any USE exam, is everyone in the know? Neither appeal nor tears change this situation.
• "Mandatory" items are highlighted incorrectly. Yes, with innovations it has become scarier, but still worth a try. For example, to cover the topic “Political parties”, the “mandatory” items in the exam were the features of political parties as public organizations, the functions of political parties and the classification / types of political parties. That's bad. Do you know what items are required for this topic?
• There are less than 3 points in the plan, or none of the points are covered in sub-points."If you don't know the rules, you won't get points." Learn the criteria.
• Legacy Plans no one needs it, it's a waste of time and points. No need to write the first paragraph with the question: "What is the market?" This wording is outdated.
• No need to try to "stand out" or "show a special view of the world." This is not a casting, it's just one of the exam tasks.
• Spelling errors don't bother anyone, but if you can't formulate an idea, points will be lowered
• The plan is written off-topic or does not cover the topic "substantially".

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