Evacuation hospitals during WWII. What does a field hospital look like? WWII field hospital
Evacuation hospitals in Vladimir 1941-1945
The attack of fascist Germany on our country in June 1941 required colossal efforts of the entire people to mobilize forces to repulse the enemy.For our city, where there were no hostilities, the deployment of military evacuation hospitals was probably one of the most memorable events.
In the city, whose population was just over 60 thousand people, 18 hospitals were deployed and at least 250 thousand wounded were received.
The very next day after the announcement of the attack of fascist Germany on the USSR, the deployment of hospitals began. This work was supervised by the local evacuation point. In Vladimir, four hospitals started mobilization plans at the same time.
About what kind of activities had to be carried out in each of them, we can learn from the example of the 1890 hospital.
From the surviving documents, we learn that the deployment order was issued on June 23, according to the mobilization plan, the hospital was designed for 200 beds, it was assigned the building of the 4th secondary and 3rd primary schools, located in the same building on the street. Lunacharsky, 13a (), with an area of 1200 sq. meters.
Until July 15, the building was repaired, almost the entire room was whitewashed from the inside, the main premises of the hospital were repaired and prepared: an operating room and a dressing room, where sterility was to be maintained, an auxiliary farm outside the city was organized, pigsties were built, clothing and pharmacy warehouses were equipped, a sanitary inspection room for 50 a person with a flow system for receiving the wounded, a dry-air chamber for 50 sets of uniforms is equipped, a catering unit with distribution, washing and dressing rooms is equipped in the lower part of the building. Equipped with physiotherapy, physiotherapy, dental, laboratory, hostels for sisters and economic teams for 50 people. In the former school hall, a club was set up, which, if necessary, was a reserve for accommodating the wounded.
Nikolai Konstantinovich Voronin became his boss. The personnel were housed in private apartments. The report says that the hospital at this initial stage was provided with medical and household equipment normally, obviously, pre-war preparations and the presence of reserves had an effect. It was more difficult with the personnel, out of six doctors, four are dermatologists-venereologists, one is a therapist and one pediatrician, although a month later the staff of doctors was replenished with two surgeons, one of whom had experience of independent work. Most of the nurses, young girls who graduated from a medical college in 1941, had only a short work experience in the medical institutions of Vladimir.
“In the conditions of work of medical institutions and, in particular, hospitals, strict economy of dressings is of great importance. meanwhile, we often do not have such savings. Thousands of meters of bandages, for example, are thrown and burned, while bandages can go through 5-6 washes and end up in dressing rooms several times. Our hospital has been washing bandages since August 1941. Their processing - washing, ironing and rolling, after that sterilization - took place manually. The work is very slow and expensive. To get out of the situation, I designed a device, which I called an iron bandage roller. The device consists of two racks with a fixed drum fixed between them, inside of which there is an electric heating coil, then a removable axle for winding bandages, an electric motor with a gearbox, a pressure roller, two cranked levers, and three links. With manual work, processing 1000 meters of bandages (ironing, rolling) requires 52 hours and costs 78 rubles. On my own machine, processing takes only 4 hours and costs 6 rubles. There is no doubt that the machine I have proposed will find wide application in medical institutions. It can bring millions of dollars in savings.
Head of the hospital K. Voronin ”(“ Appeal ”, July 7, 1942). Patronage was organized over the hospital, by the end of July the "bed capacity" was brought to 500, and on July 23, 1941, the hospital began to receive the wounded. In total, 2.5 thousand of them were accepted for the remaining five months of the year.
And here is how Lyubov Yakovlevna Gavrilova, a former nurse, recalls this period: “At 11 pm on June 22, they brought a mobilization order. At night I sewed a duffel bag, got ready. At the commission they told me that I had a delay, and on June 30 I was sent to work at the 1888 hospital in the House of Officers. We prepared equipment, and on July 20 the first wounded arrived. It was terrible, they came without treatment, with shrapnel wounds, earth in the wounds, pieces of tissue, many had gangrene. Downstairs, where the treatment was, there was a cadaverous smell for a long time, the whole hospital was saturated with it. Until winter, we did not leave the hospital, there were so many wounded.
Selfless work on the deployment of hospitals and the reception of the first echelons of the wounded was able to some extent mitigate the catastrophe of the initial stage of the war, it is enough to recall that from the beginning of the war to the end of 1942, 2.5 million people were killed and 5 million were wounded. The representative of the Vladimir bush of evacuation hospitals was an infectious disease doctor known to us, later an honorary citizen of Vladimir, major of the medical service Sergey Pavlovich Belov, who at the same time headed one of the largest hospitals, located in the building of an energy-mechanical technical school on the street. Lunacharsky, 3 and also deployed in July 1941.
Bolshaya Nizhegorodskaya street, 63 
On October 11, 1941, a local evacuation point arrived in Vladimir - MEP-113, evacuated from Tula, and all the management of the hospitals of the Vladimir bush was concentrated in his hands. Initially, the MEP was located in the building of the 1st Soviet hospital, but soon an unexploded bomb weighing 1000 kg fell nearby, and since, due to the proximity of the industrial zone, the staff of the evacuation center expected the continuation of the raids, it was decided to relocate to the western part of the city, where the MEP occupied the premises of the former children's sanatorium Bolshaya Moskovskaya, 20 (now Dvoryanskaya St.).
From the MEP-113 report: “By the time of relocation to Vladimir, the situation at the front required the restructuring of the entire hospital network of the Western Front. A huge number of hospitals, rolled up, were on wheels, moving east. In Vladimir, hospitals were occupied by disabled and almost healthy people, the immediate task of the evacuation center was to free beds from contingents who did not need hospitalization, which was done.
From October 26, 1941 to September 1, 1943, hospital No. 3089 was located in this building, and from September 6, 1943 to April 14, 1944 - hospital No. 5859. During the Second World War, the doctor of the first Soviet hospital was a surgeon.
Foundation stone in memory of military doctors
On May 5, 2015, on the territory of the regional center of physical therapy (, d. 63), a ceremony was held to open the foundation stone in memory of military doctors and doctors of hospitals in the Vladimir region of the period 1941-1945.
The solemn ceremony was attended by Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of the Vladimir Region of the UNITED RUSSIA faction, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation Irina Kiryukhina and Secretary of the Primary Branch of the UNITED RUSSIA Party, President of the Medical Chamber of the Vladimir Region, Head of the Regional Center for Medical Prevention Anatoly Ilyin.
Home front workers were invited to the event. The women told the audience about how hard it was at the front for female doctors, about how, sparing no effort, they pulled the wounded from the battlefield from under fire. The merits of medical workers who acted during the war years were so great that they were equated with combat ones.
Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of the Vladimir Region Irina Kiryukhina: “Today, laying a stone in honor of our medical heroes, we want to give them memory and gratitude from our generation to the generation that did not come from the front. Today we need to remember and be proud of those wars, those medical workers who accomplished a feat so that we, wearing a white coat, go to our patients every day. Eternal memory and gratitude to our medical heroes!”.
In October 1941 - January 1942, nine evacuation hospitals were relocated and deployed in Vladimir from the western regions and, first of all, from the Ryazan region, by the end of 1941 their number in the city reached 12. At this time, the flow of the wounded increased sharply, especially during counteroffensive near Moscow.
For six months from the beginning of the war until the end of 1941, 112 VSPs with 53 thousand wounded were unloaded in Vladimir alone and 96 trains with 37 thousand wounded were sent to the rear, in 1942 281 trains were received and 86 thousand thousand wounded.
There were 4 evacuation stations in the region: Vladimirsky, Kovrovskaya, Vyaznikovsky, Gusevskaya, which carried out sorting work.
In order to recreate the picture of the acceptance of the wounded, let us again turn to the reports, this time of the head of the sorting evacuation hospital, located in Vladimir in the building of the railway school on the street. Uritsky, 30.
Uritskogo street, 30. 
From December 4, 1941 to October 15, 1943 in the former railway school No. 4 on the street. Uritsky, in house number 30, was occupied by military hospital number 3472. The head of the hospital was Anna Solomonovna Zhukova.
Reception of the wounded from the military hospital train was carried out in the railroad evacuation center in standard houses, where they were sorted by the nature and localization of lesions and distributed to hospitals according to their profile.
From the report: “Loading and unloading work is carried out on 24 tracks, unloading is carried out without a ramp from the ground. The distance from the hospital is one and a half to two kilometers. The access road to route 24 is completely unsuitable for ambulances. The road under the railway bridge is broken, flooded with water from the sewer, in winter the ice builds up and the passage for ambulances becomes impossible.”
“From the second path, the wounded were taken to a room at the station. Unloading was carried out by an average of 30 orderlies with the involvement of sanitary troopers and students.
“For the transportation of the wounded, 6 ambulances are attached to the sorting hospital, of which 5 are stretchers and one is a luxury car for 25 seats. Horse-drawn transport is also used, walking patients are sent to the hospital on foot, accompanied by a sister.”
From June 1942 to August, the number of beds in the triage hospital grew from 220 to 1,000.
In May 1942, it was organized.
A small number of the wounded were delivered by air ambulances, for which an air receiver was built in the eastern part of the city, equipped with two tents and the necessary sanitary equipment.
The reception of the wounded was accompanied by hard work, one of the reports states that “On October 30, the sick and wounded were brought directly from the front, of which 90% turned out to be covered in lice,” another says that there was no special clothing for the wounded.
According to the MEP-113 documents, the peak of hospital activity in the city falls on 1943 - at that time there were 8 hospitals with 6025 deployed beds.
The largest of them - for 1150 beds (their number at times exceeded 2000 and even reached 2100 beds) was the evacuation hospital 1887. It occupied four buildings located next to each other in the city center: secondary school No. 1, part of the building of the House of the Red Army (ul. Nikitskaya, 3), a pedagogical institute, and “an old stone two-story building near the Golden Gates” - the former school No. 2 (Nikitskaya St., 4a).
School No. 1. Dvoryanskaya Street, 1
During the Great Patriotic War, it was given over to evacuation hospital No. 1887, and the children studied in a small building on Muromskaya Street. 
Nikitskaya street, 1 (former building) 
Nikitskaya street, 3. Regional dental clinic. 
Administration of the Leninsky district of Vladimir. , d. 4a
The hospital was deployed in Vladimir on June 24, 1941 and worked until October 1, 1944.
Already in July 1941, there were 3 operating rooms and 8 dressing rooms, and by the end of the year there were 6 surgical departments, a neurosurgical and maxillofacial department. The hospital employed 29 doctors, including three surgeons who had independent work experience, and 111 nurses.
A lot of work was done by the team of the chemical plant in military hospitals. Several hospitals were equipped in the city by the plant, and young people, mostly girls, helped the medical staff a lot in caring for the wounded. They cleaned the wards, took care of the seriously wounded: fed them, wrote letters, helped with dressings and operations, and did much more, trying to inspire the injured soldiers and make it easier for them to stay in hospital beds. In the evenings, and especially on holidays, amateur concerts were held in hospital clubs, and even right in the wards. There were many donors among girls and women.
The hospital city left an indelible memory for children who survived the war in Vladimir. Both the smallest and almost adult high school students remember talking to wounded soldiers. Here is how one of the students of school No. 1 M. Mironova recalled: “Everyone who was 16 years old dug trenches. And the hospital train arrived at the station, the rest were sent to the hospital. It was believed that we had completed the courses of sanitary troopers. We helped with dressings, fed the seriously wounded, and also washed the floors, wrote letters at the request of those who could not do this (for example, there were many patients with frostbite on their hands. When the wounded were brought, we had to bring them into the room and even to the 2nd floor on a stretcher. It was hard work. But no one ever complained, did not refuse, although all of us girls were small in stature, and not very well fed. How much suffering, blood, death we saw in our 15 years! It was especially difficult in the autumn and winter of 1941, when the battle near Moscow was going on.The wounded did not have enough space in the wards and corridors, stretchers were sometimes even downstairs, at the front door.Frostbite, burning in tanks, with multiple bullet and shrapnel wounds and a large loss of blood - these are fighters and commanders entered the hospital, and they took pity on us, probably, we reminded them of their daughters or sisters, who probably had a hard time somewhere in another city. and in the mind, he still sympathizes with us, understanding what it is like for such “slender creatures” to carry a man, and even in an overcoat, in felt boots: “Daughters, is it really possible for you?” And we are silent, so as not to use up our strength on words, we continue the path. The worst place in the hospital was under the stairs on the first floor - the dead room. A blue light is on, there are stretchers with those who have already outlived their lives, won back. At first, I even had terrible dreams associated with visiting this room. We tried our best to brighten up the lives of people suffering from wounds: we read newspapers, books, talked about our school life. But the biggest gift for them is the concerts that we gave right in the wards. Sometimes I had to perform 3-4 times a day. How Asya Kondakov sang, especially Neapolitan songs! Songs performed by Zina Polikarpova enjoyed great success. Zina sang very beautifully “You are from Odessa, Mishka”, read “The son of an artilleryman”. Rimma Sidorova and I read poems by A.S. Pushkin. Yura Griko played the violin. It seemed that during the concerts the wounded forgot about their suffering, about pain, and asked to come again. This inspired us, and we prepared a new program. But we also studied (on the third shift). When there were not enough dishes in the hospital, we went from house to house to collect plates. Then the families did not acquire anything new, but there was no case that we were refused. They gave the last."
The House of Pioneers did not stop working in the city. The children drew, embroidered, the participants of the needlework circle went to hospitals, darned the linen of the wounded there. They also remembered those terrible smells that accompanied the treatment of wounds: “The smell of blood choked us, but we worked, we knew that it was necessary,” E.P. recalled. Kerskaya. - Once I embroidered a rose on a silk pouch and gave it to a wounded man. He moaned words of gratitude... I still remember his exhausted face. And how many wounded died! They were taken to the cemetery along our Frunze street - on carts, slightly covered with a tarpaulin.
“In winter, by our garden, where there was a road, every evening at the beginning of darkness, a horse with a sledge-sledge covered with a white cloth drove by. In view of the fact that the road near the ravine ran between the trees and went a little downhill, the drivers of the horses held back so that the sleigh would not turn over. At this time, we strove to jump into the sled to ride a little. The men-carriers always scolded us, but we did not obey and ran after the sleigh. And then one day, apparently unable to bear it, one of the drivers pulled back the white coverlet on the sleigh, and we were horrified to see naked bodies lying there! As we later learned, they were taken from the hospitals to the cemetery, where they were buried in a mass grave. This terrible sight has not passed from memory for more than seven decades. We no longer tried to annoy the passing peasants with sledge-sledges ... ”(from the memoirs of E.P. Chebotnyagina).
Despite the efforts of doctors, some of the wounded died. More than one and a half thousand of them were buried at the city's Prince Vladimir cemetery, where a military memorial was later built. And the townspeople, including children, also witnessed those sad events. IN AND. Kryukov recalled: “Our family lived in a village, which at different times was called the village of the factory named after. "Pravda", the village of Khimzavod, the village of "Drummer". Now this is the street. Surgeon Orlov. A special object of attention for the children of the village was the city cemetery. During the war years, we could observe how soldiers and officers who died in hospitals were buried. The townspeople were buried in all free places in the cemetery, and they were buried in the place where the Memorial is now. At first, they buried “like a human being”: in coffins, in compliance with the ritual. But in October-November 1941, in the winter of 1942, mass graves began - without coffins, in one underwear and even without it, in mass graves. Later, in 1942-45, they were already buried in an orderly manner. There were graves with wooden posts and plaques with names.”
For almost a year - from the beginning of work to May 1942 - about 22 thousand wounded and sick took advantage of the treatment, of which 156 died. One third was evacuated to the rear. Up to 20% of those admitted were seriously wounded. The predominant nature of wounds is shrapnel, they accounted for 72%, most of which were severe penetrating wounds of the skull and spine. Thus, out of the 156 deaths mentioned, 56 were neurosurgical, two-thirds were those who died from sepsis. A large number of the wounded died from shrapnel wounds to the lower limbs.
In general, a huge number of operations were performed in the city's hospitals, it is not possible to calculate their exact number. Only a few figures can tell about the scale: in 1942, about 26,000 operations were performed in MEP-113 hospitals. In EG-1887 in December 1943, 377 operations were carried out in just a month.
Naturally, in such emergency conditions, much attention was paid to the organization of medical work, the exchange of experience between hospitals and the training of their own staff of doctors and nurses at hospital scientific conferences, which were held several times a month. So, in the hospital 1290 during the year 25 scientific conferences, 3 nursing and 36 classes of doctors and nurses on the care of the wounded were held.
The famous Vladimirsky developed his method of treating wounds in an open way. The protocol of the scientific conference of the hospital refers to the treatment of patients whose wounds “were from 4 to 8 centimeters in size with overgrown granulations. Within two months, the size of the wounds did not decrease, but increased. The method of treatment according to Kontor gave an excellent effect. There were 35 such cases in total.
Conference participants S.P. Belov and surgeon N.I. Myasnikov recommended the method for publication and wide dissemination, which was done, at least within Vladimir, since later in the reports of other hospitals references to the introduction and use of an open method of treatment are found often.
In hospitals, non-surgeons were soon trained in simple operations and blood transfusion techniques. The nurses also mastered the technique of blood transfusion and the technique of applying plaster bandages.
We also had to get rid of pre-war stereotypes, as MEP-113 noted in its reports that if at the beginning the best premises were given to operating rooms, then already in 1942 “dressing rooms were rightfully recognized as the center of surgical work and the best rooms were allocated for them.”
Many hospitals did not attach due importance to remedial gymnastics, which literally worked miracles, returning fighters to the ranks in the shortest possible time, especially with limb injuries, by 1942 this type of treatment was put on the proper level in all hospitals.
Hospitals were preparing to receive those affected by chemical warfare agents, appropriate classes were held, and the material part was being prepared.
An important problem that hospitals throughout the country did not always cope with was maintaining the unity and continuity of treatment.
The fruits of the hard work of all hospital workers were quite high rates of medical work. The report of the evacuation center stated: "The duration of the treatment of various gunshot injuries of the upper and lower extremities in the hospitals of Vladimir in most cases was lower than the norms specified by the People's Commissariat of Health."
Everything that was said above took place against the backdrop of serious material and organizational difficulties, and although, indeed, there is a lot of all kinds of evidence of this in the documents, first of all, after reading them, one does not leave the feeling that, in general, the organization of treatment was put on a high level.
The difficulties of the Vladimir hospitals rested on economic issues. In the hospital, located in school number 5 on the street. Pushkin (now), instead of the one ambulance and one household vehicle prescribed by the state, there were 7 horses, "of which 4 are below average fatness, and 2 wagons." In another hospital, out of 13 horses, 9 are sick with scabies.
The hospitals were heated with firewood, which was assisted by suburban collective farms, and the care of the head of the hospital was to carve out a site for felling closer to the city.
We had to save food, especially since the number of wounded significantly exceeded the regular number of beds and the reserve supply of rations. The clarification received by the hospitals about the issuance of 200 additional grams of bread strictly pointed out the inadmissibility of the widespread use of this benefit and gave a list of patients who were entitled to receive this insignificant increase.
There was a shortage, sometimes acute, of dressing material, bandages were washed, and the management sent menacing messages to those who, in their opinion, did not use this technique enough. The percentage of washed bandages reached 35.
The lists of missing medicines and supplies in the reports look impressive. “The shortage, and sometimes the complete absence, of anti-tetanus and anti-gangrenous serum was especially acute. There was not enough gypsum, and the management advised using crushed bricks and sawdust as a filler. Instead of soap for disinfecting dishes, hands and secretions of patients with intestinal infections, a specially sent out instruction recommended using a water extract from wood ash.
There was a lack of cultural inventory in hospitals, newspapers, magazines were almost not subscribed, there were very few books, mostly they were books from the city library, loaned to hospitals for a while, the lion's share of them went to EG-1887, located in the center, while the rest of the fiction was extremely few. Almost half of the books were propaganda publications, such magazines as Bolshevik, Sputnik Agitator, Propagandist of the Red Army, and even those "are obtained randomly and irregularly, at most in one copy."
In hospitals, TASS windows with newspaper and magazine clippings, photomontage boards were arranged, and corresponding collections with pictures and photographs were published especially for this purpose. Wall newspapers and ward combat leaflets were published in the departments.
The problem of free time was actually quite acute, especially for recovering fighters. An unexpected difficulty was the hooligan behavior of some patients. So Mrs. Lieutenant Lukyanov, being in a state of intoxication, once again tried to make an unauthorized absence and beat his sister, who tried to detain him. Two captains Kozyrev and Novikov "walking through the city drunk beat a passing lieutenant and his wife and were taken to the commandant's office." Two days later, they “arbitrarily left the hospital and, having appeared on the city street drunk, beat a patrol officer and made a brawl in a hairdresser,” for which they were eventually arrested for 8 and 10 days.
There were many more such or less egregious cases than were included in the orders, especially since leisure in hospitals was not everywhere set at a high level.
Discipline among the staff was also maintained with the help of tough measures: the dental technician Pakhomov was put on trial for absenteeism from work, the head of one of the Ivanovo hospitals was sentenced to 7 years with a reprieve for keeping patients in the hospital and using them to work in the subsidiary farm, the head of the hospital in Gus - Khrustalny for systematic drunkenness only after a collective letter from patients to M. I. Kalinin was removed from work.
At the same time, it would be wrong to present this time as a time of general fear, obedience and omnipotence of the authorities, here are just a few examples. Soldiers of the 355th regiment under the command of a lieutenant, having beaten the watchman, took away the hospital firewood, and despite numerous appeals from the head of the hospital to the prosecutor's office, no punishment followed. For a long time, the leadership of the hospital and the city could not evict the family living there from the territory of the hospital, which had a venereal and tuberculosis department. From the 250 tons of peat allocated for the hospital, the collective farmers removed 13 tons in November and 4 tons in December, and they had to be forced to do this through the prosecutor's office. Speaking of wartime, one cannot but recall the Vladimir schoolchildren and the public who took patronage over the hospitals. Many young girls, having worked a shift in production or in an institution, went to work in a hospital, where they often got far from the cleanest work. Up to 70 people came to the hospitals of the center every day: workers, housewives, they were on duty in the wards, read newspapers, wrote letters, talked, cleaned the wards, distributed food, looked after seriously ill patients.
A large number of concerts were given in hospitals by schoolchildren, club workers, by nurses and nurses who prepared their performances in their free time.
In August 1943, MEP-113 and a significant part of the hospitals moved west closer to the front, and by the end of the war only 4 hospitals remained in Vladimir, of which 2 existed until the end of the war.
In May 1944, in full force, he was transferred to Vladimir. Here he occupied the building of the former railway school No. 4.
In conclusion, I would like to touch again on the issue of the number of hospitals. At present, according to the Book of Memory, there are 15 of them in the city of Vladimir and 88 in the whole region. At the same time, according to Vladimir, all hospitals are considered, even those who have stayed in the city for a very short time.
The only document that is the source of the calculations is stored in the SAVO, this is an unregistered sheet with a table of hospital stays, compiled, according to archivists, in the seventies on the basis of the work of one of the researchers in the same archive of the military medical museum. According to him, 14 hospitals visited the city during the entire war period, and one was formed and went to Kyiv.
If we are guided by this approach, then it is necessary to count two more hospitals for the lightly wounded and evacuation hospital 4049 (which occupied the building of the agricultural technical school from 01.12.41 to 01.05.42). Thus, we can talk about 18 hospitals located in Vladimir during the war years. In the regional psychiatric hospital, 100 beds for the wounded were also deployed according to the profile of the hospital.
As for the regional figure - 88 hospitals - it is not yet possible to verify it according to the documents of the military medical archive.
List of evacuation hospitals in Vladimir
EG - evacuation hospital
SEG - sorting evacuation hospital
GLR - Hospital for the Lightly Wounded
MEP - local evacuation center
FEP - frontline evacuation center
VSP - military hospital train
PPG - mobile field hospital
EP - evacuation receiver
KEG - control evacuation hospital
B. Moskovskaya street, 79
A hostel was given to the hospital, and a military school was located in the educational building. The technical school moved to Lenin Street (now Gagarin Street), d. No. 23.
1) 704 GLR (30.10.41-16.12.41), st. III International, in (B. Moskovskaya Street, 79).
2) 706 GLR (25.10.41-21.12.42), agricultural technical school.
st. Lunacharsky, 3.
The head of the hospital was Sergey Petrovich Belov, a wonderful Vladimir doctor.
3) EG 1078 (01.07.41-07.11.43) Lunacharsky, 3, .
Office building. st. Bolshaya Moskovskaya, 58
4) EG 1318 (01.01.42-11.15.43), st. Pushkin, d. 14 (school number 5) and in, st. III International, 58 (B. Moskovskaya st., 58).
5) EG 1887 (24.06.41-01.10.44), in four buildings: school No. 1, a pedagogical institute, part of the building of the House of the Red Army, and "an old two-story stone building at the Golden Gate" - the former school No. 2.
st. B. Moskovskaya, 33. Former.
6) EG 1888 (22.06.41-01.11.43), st. III Intern., 33, Molotov Club (House of Officers).
« Guards hospital
A small poster hangs on the wall: "Every wounded and sick soldier of the Red Army must find in the hospital not only treatment and care, but also warm human affection."
There are flowers on the table against the wall. Sick people are sitting at the table - they are convalescent soldiers, commanders and political workers of the active armies, who until recently, together with their fellow front-line soldiers, fought fierce battles against German fascism, beat and destroyed the hated Germans on the battlefields, performed feats in the name of the motherland and boldly, despite possible death, fought, glorifying the banners of the Soviet Stalinist Guard, which has already written more than one glorious page in the history of the Soviet army.
Around them are flowers and the caress of the hospital staff.
On the windows of the wards, where there is shining cleanliness, on the tables of the corridors, where paths are stretched on the floor, in the yard and garden, by the sports grounds, there are flowers, flowers everywhere.
I have only arrived a few days after being wounded, the bitterness of the battle is still fresh in me. But the environment around me already brings peace to me and I gradually put myself in order.
But until recently, the yard, where the hospital is now, was littered with piles of garbage, rubble, broken glass.
We should not have such a disgrace - the hospital workers decided. We decided, rolled up our sleeves, and at the end of the main work began to put the yard in order.
Now preparations for winter are underway - 500 cubic meters of firewood are already split in the yard. Peat is being imported.
On a suburban farm, 2 hectares are planted with potatoes, 2,000 heads of cabbage and beets grow.
It's not just employees who are concerned about this. The convalescent guardsmen themselves take care.
And if the sanitary department of the front expressed gratitude to the staff of the hospital, then this gratitude is deserved, earned by the whole team.
Nurses tt. Maryina, Kulikova, Lebedeva, Davydova, Grigorieva, Osokina, hairdresser Comrade Korolev, military doctors Comrades. Besfamilnaya, Tarasova, cleaning lady comrade Karpova, who changed an ordinary broom for a kitchen knife, from under which delicious breakfasts, lunches and dinners come out, and, finally, those to whom the hospital staff owes their high Soviet education - this is the head of the hospital comrade Voronin and the military commissar of the hospital, senior battalion commissar comrade Zhukov - all these are good, noble people, real Soviet patriots, for whom the return to life, to the front of Soviet soldiers is a matter of honor, valor and heroism.
After the care that you meet for yourself in this hospital, you want to destroy the fascist scoundrels with even greater force.
Joseph Gaister, st. lieutenant.
Doctor to look up to
Military doctor 3rd rank Natalya Sergeevna Tarasova in the guards hospital enjoys well-deserved popularity among patients.
Her caress, care, attention to each patient deserves every encouragement of the hospital command. Her energy, knowledge of her field, awareness of medical issues, her courage in experiments - show in her a wartime doctor, a doctor - a patriot who is ready for anything in the name of the motherland.
This impulse inspires us too.
We extend our heartfelt gratitude to her through the newspaper.
Art. lieutenant N. Gorodilov. Politruk N. Suk.
Cultural health resort
The life of every fighter, commander and political worker is dear to our country. I experienced it myself, on August 11, 1942, I was wounded in battles and received first aid here on the battlefield.
On August 15, 1942, I arrived at the hospital, where the head of the military doctor of the 2nd rank, Comrade Voronin K.N. and commissar senior battalion commissar comrade Zhukov.
At the first acquaintance with the hospital, each patient can say with confidence only one thing, that this is really a real cultural health resort. Everywhere and everywhere, wherever you look, you can feel a good economic eye. Flowers are arranged in bright, cozy wards. In the corridors there are sofas, various sculptures, portraits hang. Once an empty yard turned into a luxurious flower garden, the fence is entwined with green flowering loaches. The park of the hospital is a place of cultural and healthy recreation for patients. It has sports grounds, there are several billiards, many benches and trestle beds, the paths are strewn with sand.
From the side of all attendants, from the youngest to the oldest, each patient feels real maternal care.
The head nurse Tatyana Alekseevna Kulikova, a participant in the Finnish battles, enjoys well-deserved love and respect. The head nurse Andreeva does a great job. From the first day of mobilization, the doctor Petr Ivanovich Vorobyov has been working. All these are modest workers, giving all their strength to the wounded soldiers.
Leisure of patients is well organized: films are shown daily, concerts are held, each room has a radio, newspapers, checkers, chess, dominoes and musical instruments.
And all this good cultural atmosphere, good treatment and nutrition, sensitive and caring attitude towards the patients of all the hospital staff create all the necessary conditions for the speedy recovery of patients, including myself.
Battalion Commissar A. Aleksandrov” (Publication in the newspaper “Prizyv” on September 20, 1942 about the guards hospital on Freedom Square in Vladimir).
7) EG 1890 (06/23/41 - 10/15/43), st. Lunacharskogo, d. 13, d. 13a, in the premises of schools No. 3 and No. 4
8) EG 2980 (12.10.41-01.10.42), st. Pushkina, d. 14a, school number 5.
9) EG 3015 (01.05.44-??.12.47), st. Uritskogo, 30, railway school number 4.
st. Gorky, d. 1 
10) EG 3082 (01.11.43-01.08.45), (Gorky St., 1).
11) EG 3089 (26.10.41-01.09.43), 1 city hospital (now Bolshaya Nizhegorodskaya St., 63).
12) EG 3397 (10/25/41 - 05/15/43), st. Pushkina, d. 14a, school number 5.
st. Vokzalnaya, 14
13) SEG 3472 (04.12.41 - 15.10.43), st. Uritskogo, d. 30, st. Vokzalnaya, 14, school number 4.
14) EG 4049 (01.12.41-01.05.42), agricultural technical school.
15) EG 4059 (01.12.41-01.05.42), agricultural technical school.
16) EG 5799 (01.01.44-10.08.45), replaced E G-1887.
17) EG 5859 (09/06/43-04/14/44), replaced EG-3089.
18) EG 5909 (01.02.44-01.06.44), school No. 5, left for Kyiv after formation.
Psychiatric hospital (01.12.43-??.04.45), for 100 psychiatrists. beds. Main article:
(1906-1964) - First Secretary of the Ivanovo Regional Party Committee (01/11/1940-August 1944), Secretary of the Vladimir Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (August 1944-January 1947).
Copyright © 2018 Unconditional Love
Nowadays, everyone should know what a field hospital is. WWII is a mournful page in the history of our country. Along with those who heroically defended the frontiers, won a precious victory, as well as those who worked in the rear, there are also medical workers. After all, their merit is no less. Often, being in close proximity to the places of hostilities, these people had to remain calm and, as far as possible, provide assistance to the wounded, fight epidemics, take care of the younger generation, monitor the health of workers at defense enterprises, and medical assistance was also needed for simple population. At the same time, the working conditions were very difficult.
The main function of field hospitals
It is hard to imagine, but statistics show that it was the medical unit that saved and returned to service more than 90 percent of those who won the victory. And to be more precise, it is as many as 17 million people. Of the 100 wounded, only 15 returned to duty thanks to the workers of the rear hospitals, and the rest came into shape at a military hospital.
It is worth knowing that during the time there were no major epidemics and infections. The front simply did not know about them during these years, an amazing situation, because epidemiological and infectious diseases, as a rule, are eternal companions of war. Military hospitals worked day and night to choke the foci of such diseases immediately in the bud, this also saved thousands of human lives.
Establishment of military hospitals
The People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR immediately outlined the main task in wartime - saving the wounded, as well as their recovery, so that a person, having overcome an injury, could return to duty again and continue to fight. That is why, back in the forty-first year, many evacuation hospitals began to appear. This was indicated by a government directive adopted immediately after the start of the war. The plan for the creation of these institutions was even overfulfilled, because everyone in the country understood the importance of the function they performed and the danger posed by a meeting with the enemy.
1,600 hospitals were established to treat approximately 700,000 wounded soldiers. It was decided to use the buildings of sanatoriums and rest homes in order to place military hospitals there, since it was possible to create the necessary conditions for caring for the sick there.
evacuation hospitals
It was difficult for doctors to work, but in the forty-second year 57 percent of the wounded returned from hospitals, in forty-three - 61 percent, and in forty-four - 47. These figures indicate the productive work of doctors. Those people who, due to their injuries, could not continue to fight were demobilized or sent on vacation. Only 2 percent of those who ended up in hospitals died.
There were also rear hospitals in which civilian doctors worked, because the rear also needed medical care. All such institutions, as well as other types of hospitals, were under the jurisdiction of the People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR.
But these are all so-called evacuation hospitals. It is more interesting to study how it was for those who saved the sick literally on the front line, that is, to learn about field military hospitals.
Field hospital
Underestimate the work of those who worked under them, in any case it is impossible! Thanks to these people, who, by the way, risked their lives themselves, the loss of wounded soldiers of the Soviet troops after the battles was minimal. What is a WWII field hospital? Photos in historical chronicles perfectly show how thousands and thousands of lives were saved, and not only the military, but also those who were close to the field. This is a huge experience in the treatment of shell-shock, shrapnel wounds, blindness, deafness. This place is definitely not for the faint of heart.
Difficulties of work
Of course, doctors often fell under shells, the staff died. And there are many memories of how a very young nurse, dragging a wounded soldier from the battlefield, fell from enemy bullets, or how a talented surgeon, medical staff and the wounded died from the blast wave and shell fragments. But to the last, each of them performed his difficult task. Even training for the medical staff often went under fire, but the personnel were badly needed, and Pirogov's work had to be continued. What is a field hospital? This place concentrated real humanism and self-sacrifice.
Few descriptions of how the field hospital was equipped, what this place looks like, can only be traced through rare photographs and video chronicles of wartime.
Description of the military hospital
What did the field hospital look like? Although the name of this institution sounds solid enough, in essence, it was most often just a few large tents that were easily laid out or assembled so that the hospital could follow the fighters. Field hospitals had their own vehicles and tents, which endowed them with maneuverability and the ability to be located outside settlements and be part of army bases. There were other cases as well. For example, when the hospital was based in a school or a large residential building in a settlement near which the fighting took place. Everything depended on the circumstances.
For obvious reasons, there were no separate operating rooms; doctors performed all the necessary surgical procedures right there, assisted by nurses. The environment was extremely simple and mobile. Often screams of pain were heard from the hospital, but there was nothing to be done, here people were saved as best they could. This is how the field hospital functioned in 1943. The photo below, for example, represents the necessary medical tools for a nurse.
Contribution to Victory
It is hard to imagine how great the contribution of Soviet medical workers was to the fact that in May 1945 every citizen of the USSR rejoiced with tears in his eyes, because it is hard to believe, but they won. It was everyday work, but it is comparable to true heroism: to bring back to life, to give health to those who no longer hoped. It was thanks to the wartime hospitals that the number of troops remained at the proper level in this mournful time. The field hospital is a place where real heroes worked. The Great Patriotic War became the most difficult test for the whole country.
eyewitness memories
History keeps a lot of memories of the post-war period, many of which were written by employees of field military hospitals. In many of them, in addition to descriptions of the hell that was going on around, and the story of a difficult life and a difficult emotional state, there are appeals to the younger generation with requests not to repeat wars, to remember what happened in the middle of the 20th century on the territory of our country, and appreciate what each of them worked for.
In order to show the humane attitude of all those who worked in military hospitals, I would like to recall that in many cases assistance was provided not only to Soviet citizens or representatives of the allied forces, but also to wounded soldiers of the enemy army. There were many prisoners, and often they ended up in the camp in a deplorable state, and they had to be helped, because they are also people. In addition, having surrendered, the Germans did not show resistance, and the work of doctors was respected. One woman recalls a 1943 field hospital. She was a twenty-year-old nurse at the time of the war, and she had to single-handedly help more than a hundred former enemies. And nothing, they all sat quietly and endured pain.
Humanism and selflessness are important not only in wartime, but also in our everyday life. And those who fought for human lives and health in field hospitals during the Great Patriotic War serve as an example of these wonderful spiritual qualities.
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Slides captions:
Rear - front. Hospital No. 29 named after N. E. Bauman Knyazev T. N. GAPOU IOC them. V. Talalikhina. 2017
The hospital was founded in 1875 by Princess Natalya Borisovna Shakhovskaya (1820-1906), the founder of the community of sisters of mercy "Satisfy my sorrows". Since its foundation, the hospital has included therapeutic, neurological, surgical and gynecological departments, as well as a department for the care of indistinguishable patients. Alexandrovskaya community of sisters of mercy N.B. Shakhovskoy (community "Satisfy my sorrows".
Grand Duchesses and Empress Sisters of Mercy. Alexander Community of Sisters of Mercy Satisfy my sorrows. City Clinical Hospital N 29. Church of the Resurrection of the Word.
In the 30s, the hospital. N. E. Bauman begins to take a worthy place among the medical institutions of the city of Moscow. A.E. Bauman) The bust was installed in 1895 on the territory of the House of Charity for the Mentally Ill (Psychiatric Hospital 3 named after Skvortsov-Stepanov). Restored.
By the beginning of World War II, the hospital had 3 surgical, 2 therapeutic, neurological and gynecological departments. The total number of beds was 350. The following diagnostic auxiliary departments worked in the hospital: laboratory, radiology department, physiotherapy. In wartime conditions, the hospital becomes a hospital. He was assigned the number 5002, and from February 1941 he began to receive the wounded who arrived in the sanitary "flights".
During the first two weeks of December 1941, about 500 beds deployed by that time received about a thousand people.
The military situation in the autumn of 1941 - winter of 1942 dictated special efficiency to the employees of hospital No. 5002. This period can be characterized as organizational. The entire medical and economic staff was replaced, completely new people were involved in the work. Doctors of the 1941 graduation came to the hospital, actually from the student bench. The heads of departments were surgeons trained in peacetime, who had no experience in military field surgery.
Reception room of the hospital. NE Bauman was designed for a very small number of patients. It was necessary to urgently re-equip it to ensure the normal operation of the hospital, which was done in the shortest possible time. The receiving department has become a receiving and sorting department. The head of the medical department of the hospital was the head of this department, and all the leading nursing staff of the hospital worked here.
In the second half of 1942, in addition to those wounded in the upper and lower limbs, military personnel with chest and heart wounds began to enter the hospital. At this time, the honored worker of science Alexander Vasilyevich Vishnevsky came to the hospital to work as a consultant, who made a huge contribution to the development of domestic medicine. And his method of treating inflammatory processes and wounds, which consisted in the use of local anesthesia during operations on the wounded and injured and the use of an oil-balsamic emulsion, henceforth formed the basis for the work of the hospital.
A. V. Vishnevsky in the operating room.
Of particular note is the work of the hospital pharmacy. In the period from 1942 to 1943, as a rationalization, the pharmacy produced several batches of aromatic infusion that replaced camphor oil, which made it possible to save about 20 thousand rubles a year. This fluid has been successfully used to treat pressure sores.
The medical staff of the hospital was mainly made up of young doctors of the 1941 graduation, who worked under the guidance of more experienced senior comrades. Morning conferences contributed to the growth of their qualifications, at which they heard not only the reports of the doctors on duty, but also the lectures of the chief surgeon of the hospital, associate professor B.K. Osipov. They dealt with complex cases, gave recommendations on the management of such patients, analyzed the medical records of the deceased, etc. Some doctors have completed various courses of specialization in toxicology, exercise therapy, physiotherapy, and diet therapy. Once a week, the analysis of patients was carried out by Professor A. V. Vishnevsky.
In 1944, the nature of the hospital's work changed. The profile of the hospital remained the same, but the radically changed situation at the front, the rapid advance of our army to the west affected the nature of the wounds. If in 1942 - 1943 the wounded were admitted to the hospital a few hours or days after being wounded, then in 1944 Moscow became a deep rear and seriously wounded who had already passed several hospitals were admitted to the hospital. However, despite the heavy contingent of patients, the percentage of the wounded returned to duty in 1944 increased dramatically compared to previous years.
In 1945, the profile of the hospital did not change. It mainly treated patients with complex injuries who were transferred from other hospitals. Evacuation hospital No. 5002, deployed on the basis of the hospital. N. E. Bauman, worked until August 1946.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
"THE FEAT OF CHILDREN DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR"
The work was done in collaboration with 3rd grade students. The children studied a large number of different literature on this topic. The material was systematized and compiled into a presentation. I was also with the guys...
Presentation "The Role of the Russian Orthodox Church during the Great Patriotic War"
This presentation can be used during a class hour dedicated to the 70th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War....
102nd Guards Anti-tank Artillery Regiment of the 11th Anti-Tank Artillery Brigade of the 2nd Ukrainian Front ()
Vladimir Leontievich Burdasov
ENROLLED FOREVER
Born in 1921 at the Chakino station, now the Rzhaksinsky district of the Tambov region. Russian.
Candidate member of the CPSU.
Hero of the Soviet Union (03/24/1945).
Awarded with Orders of Lenin,
Red Star
During the Great Patriotic War, Lieutenant Burdasov, a battery commander, was among the first to enter the Moldavian village of Taxobeny on the Prut. Now in the school of this village there is a pioneer detachment named after Vladimir Burda.sov.
The secondary school of the railway village of Chakino in the Tambov region also bears his name - Volodya Burdasov studied there.
In 1937, Volodya entered the Moscow Railway College. Before the war, he was a dispatcher at one of the stations in the Moscow region. And at the beginning of the war - a cadet of the Podolsky artillery school. In October 1941, he was among those cadets who helped stop the enemy on the outskirts of Moscow.
Particularly distinguished guard lieutenant Burdasov during the Iasi-Kishinev operation.
From the first day of this operation Lieutenant Burdasov's Guard Battery from the 102nd Guards Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment of the 11th Anti-Tank Artillery Brigade of the 2nd Ukrainian Front took an active part in the battles. Acting in conjunction with rifle subunits, the batterymen successfully suppressed the enemy's firing points, shot down his tanks, and thus cleared the way for the advancing infantry.
On August 23, after the main enemy forces were in the Iasi-Kishinev pocket, the pursuit of the enemy began on the territory of Romania. Battery Burdasov as part of a motorized detachment with infantry mounted on vehicles, broke into the enemy’s location. Artillerymen with direct fire destroyed enemy firing points, shot his infantry. The Nazis could not withstand the blow, began to retreat. Batteries seized five guns, three tanks, and many wagons with military equipment.
In the course of further pursuit of the enemy, a battery with an infantry landing broke into the outskirts of the village of Chorteshti and entered into battle with superior enemy forces. A heated fight broke out. Artillerymen destroyed two more enemy guns, several machine-gun points.
The Nazis launched a counterattack. The battle continued in the village for several hours. Artillerymen boldly entered into duels with enemy tanks and guns. The battery commander himself repeatedly stood up to the gun and hit the enemy with direct fire. Soviet soldiers held back the onslaught of the enemy, did not retreat a single step. But in a difficult battle, artillery officer Vladimir Burdasov died a heroic death. He was buried in a mass grave in the village of Taxobeni, Falesti region of the Moldavian SSR.
By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
A memorial plaque was erected in his honor on the building of the Chakinsky Agricultural College.
Literature:
Heroes of war and peaceful everyday life. M., 1980. S. 53 - 55.
Dyachkov L.G. Heroes of the Soviet Union - Tambovites. Voronezh, 1974. S. 165-168.
The feat of medical workers during the war is admirable. Thanks to the work of doctors, more than 17 million soldiers were saved, according to other sources - 22 million (about 70% of the wounded were saved and returned to normal life). It should be remembered that during the war years, medicine faced many difficulties. There were not enough qualified specialists, places in hospitals, medicines. Surgeons in the field had to work around the clock. Doctors risked their lives along with their comrades, out of 700 thousand military doctors, more than 12.5% died.
Marine fighter N.P. Kudryakov says goodbye to the hospital doctor I.A. Kharchenko, 1942
Urgent retraining of specialists was required, not every civilian doctor could be a "full-fledged field doctor." At least three surgeons are needed for a medical military hospital, but during the beginning of the war it was impossible, it took more than a year to train a doctor.
“The leading staff of the military medical service, starting with the head of the medical service of the division and ending with the head of the medical service of the front, in addition to special medical knowledge, must also possess military knowledge, know the nature and nature of combined arms combat, methods and means of conducting army and front operations. Our leading medical staff did not have such knowledge. The teaching of military disciplines at the Military Medical Academy was limited mainly to the boundaries of the units. In addition, most doctors graduated from civilian medical institutes. Their military operational training left much to be desired.- wrote Colonel-General of the Medical Service Efim Smirnov.
“In July 1941, additional formation of evacuation hospitals for 750,000 beds began. This amounted to approximately 1600 hospitals. In addition, from the beginning of the war to December 1, 1941, 291 divisions with medical battalions, 94 rifle brigades with medical companies and other medical reinforcement facilities were formed. In 1941, apart from the medical companies of the rifle regiments and seventy-six independent tank brigades, more than 3,750 of them were formed, each of which was supposed to have a minimum of two to three surgeons. If we take the minimum average figure - four surgeons per institution, we would need 15,000 of them. In this regard, it was an unacceptable luxury for us to have even three surgeons per institution, since they were also needed for the formation of medical institutions carried out in 1942 . After all, it takes at least a year and a half to train a surgeon.”
Field medicine and first aid to fighters
In poetry and prose, the feat of the brave nurses who carried the wounded from the battlefield and provided first aid is sung.
As Yulia Drunina, who served as a nurse, wrote:
"Exhausted, gray with dust,
He limped over to us.
(We dug trenches near Moscow,
Girls from metropolitan schools).
He said bluntly: "It's hot in the mouths.
And many wounded: So -
Sanitary needed.
Needed! Who will go?"
And we all "I!" said right away
As if on command, in unison.
"Clenching your teeth to a crunch,
From native trench
One
You have to break away
And parapet
Slip under fire
Should.
You must.
Even though you're unlikely to come back
Though "Don't you dare!"
Repeats kombat.
Even tanks
(They're made of steel!)
Three steps from the trench
They are burning.
You must.
'Cause you can't pretend
In front of,
What you don't hear in the night
How almost hopeless
"Sister!"
Someone out there
Under fire, screaming"
“Coming to the front line, we turned out to be more resilient than those who are older. I don't know how to explain it. They dragged on themselves men, two or three times heavier than us. You take eighty kilograms on yourself and drag. You will reset... You go after the next one... And so five or six times in one attack. And in you yourself forty-eight kilograms is ballet weight. I just can't believe how we could…”- wrote the military paramedic Strelkova A.M.
The hardships of the war and the work of nurses are very clearly described in the poems of Yulia Drunina, these lines must be re-read. For her amazing talent to talk about the war in verse, Julia was called "a liaison between those who are alive and those who have been taken away by the war."
A quarter of the company has already mowed:
Spread out in the snow
The girl is crying from helplessness
Chokes: "I can't!"
Heavy caught small,
There is no more strength to drag him:
(To that tired nurse
Eighteen years equaled.)
Lie down, blown by the wind,
It will get a little easier.
centimeter by centimeter
You will continue your way of the cross.
Borders between life and death
How fragile are they...
You come, soldier, into consciousness,
Take a look at your sister!
If the shells don't find you,
The knife will not finish the saboteur,
You will receive, sister, an award -
Save the man again.
He will return from the infirmary -
You cheated death again
And it's only consciousness
All your life you will be warm.
According to the rules, the delivery of the wounded to the field hospital should not exceed six hours.
“From childhood, I was afraid of blood, but then I had to cope with the fear of both bloody wounds and bullets: Cold, damp, you can’t make fires, you slept many times in the wet snow,- recalled the nurse Anna Ivanovna Zhukova. - If you managed to spend the night in a dugout - this is already good luck, but still you never managed to get enough sleep.
The life of the wounded depended on the first aid provided by the nurse.
Smirnov formulated the following system: “Modern staged treatment and a unified military field medical doctrine in the field of field surgery are based on the following provisions:
all gunshot wounds are primary infected;
the only reliable method of combating the infection of gunshot wounds is the primary treatment of wounds;
most of the wounded need early surgical treatment;
the wounded, subjected to surgical treatment in the first hours of injury, give the best prognosis.
The brave nurses were entitled to awards: "for the removal of 15 wounded - a medal, for 25 - an order, for 80 - the highest award - the Order of Lenin."
The rescued wounded were operated on in the field. Field hospitals were located in tents in the forest, dugouts, operations could be carried out in the open.
Doctor Boris Begoulev recalled: "We, military doctors, are experiencing exciting feelings these days. Valiant red warriors, like lions, are fighting the enemy, defending every inch of the sacred Soviet land. Vigilantly protecting the health and life of soldiers and commanders, selflessly fighting death hanging over the wounded - that's what the Motherland is calling us. And we accept this call as a military order "
Field surgeons usually worked 16 hours a day. With a large flow of the wounded, they could operate for two days without sleep. During the fierce fighting, about 500 wounded were admitted to the field hospital.
Nurse Maria Alekseeva wrote about the feat of her colleagues:
“Liza Kamaeva came to our Volunteer Division, having just graduated from the 1st Medical Institute. She was young, full of energy and amazing courage. internal organs, that is, what did not require general anesthesia.The surgeon worked on three tables: 1st table - the wounded were prepared for surgery; 2nd table - the operation was directly carried out; 3rd table - the sisters bandaged and carried away the wounded.
During the battle, up to 500 people entered the medical battalion, who came themselves or were brought from the sanitary units of the regiments. The doctors worked non-stop. It was my job to help them as much as possible. Liza worked like this: there was always blood, but at one moment the necessary blood type was not at hand, then she herself lay down next to the wounded and made a direct blood transfusion, got up and continued to do the operation. Seeing that she staggered and could hardly stand on her feet, I went up to her and quietly whispered in her ear: “I’ll wake you up in two hours.” She replied: "In an hour." And then, leaning against my shoulder, she fell asleep.
Tanker Ion Degen recalled “A tall surgeon leaned against the wall, standing up. I don't know if he was old or young. The whole face was covered with a yellowish gauze mask. Only eyes. Do you know what his eyes were like? I'm not even sure he noticed me. He folded his rubber-gloved hands in prayer. He held them just below his face. And with her back to me was [...] a girl. In the first moment, when she removed a glass jar from under the surgeon's coat, I still did not understand what she was doing. But while she was straightening his bathrobe, I saw that there was urine in the jar.
The surgeon needs ten minutes to wash his hands before the operation... This is what the battalion paramedic once told us.”
According to the memoirs of a wounded front-line soldier Yevgeny Nosov:
“They operated on me in a pine grove, where the cannonade of a close front flew. The grove was filled with wagons and trucks, constantly bringing the wounded ... First of all, the seriously wounded were let through ...
Under the canopy of a spacious tent, with a canopy and a tin pipe over a canvas roof, there were tables shifted in one row, covered with oilcloth. The wounded, stripped to their underwear, lay across the tables at intervals of railway sleepers. It was an internal queue - directly to the surgical knife ...
Among the crowd of sisters hunched the tall figure of the surgeon, his bare sharp elbows began to flicker, the jerky-sharp words of some of his commands were heard, which could not be made out over the noise of the primus stove, which constantly boiled water. From time to time there was a resounding metallic slap: it was the surgeon throwing the removed fragment or bullet into the zinc basin at the foot of the table ... arms…"
According to the memoirs of Dr. Yartseva N.S.:
“When the war started, I was still a student at the Leningrad Medical Institute. I asked to go to the front several times - they refused. Not alone, with friends. We are 18 years old, first year, thin, small ... In the district military registration and enlistment office they told us: they will kill you in the first five minutes. But still, they found a job for us - to organize a hospital. The Germans were advancing quickly, the number of wounded was increasing ... The Palace of Culture was adapted as a hospital. We, hungry (with food shortages), the beds are iron, heavy, and we had to carry them from morning to night. In July, everything was ready, and the wounded began to arrive at our hospital.
And already in August, an order: the hospital was evacuated. Wooden wagons were brought up, and we again became loaders. It was almost the last echelon that was able to leave Leningrad. Then everything, the blockade ... The road was terrible, they fired at us, we hid in all directions. Unloaded in Cherepovets, spent the night on the platform; summer, and the nights are cold - they wrapped themselves in an overcoat. Wooden barracks were allocated for the hospital - prisoners used to be kept there. The barracks had single windows, holes in the walls, and winter was ahead. And this "ahead" came in September. It started snowing, frosty... The barracks were far from the station, we dragged the wounded on stretchers into the blizzard. The stretcher, of course, is heavy, but it's not scary - it's scary to look at the wounded. Although we are doctors, we are not used to it. And here everyone is bloodied, barely alive ... Some died on the way, we didn’t even have time to convey them to the hospital. It was always hard…”
The surgeon Alexandra Ivanovna Zaitseva recalled: “We stood at the operating table for days. They stood, and the hands themselves fall. Our legs were swollen, they did not fit into tarpaulin boots. The eyes are so tired that it is difficult to close them. Day and night they worked, there were hungry swoons. There is something to eat, but no time ... "
The seriously wounded were sent for treatment to the city evacuation hospitals.
evacuation hospital
According to the memoirs of the doctor Yuri Gorelov, who worked in an evacuation hospital in Siberia:
“Despite all the efforts of the doctors, the mortality rate in our hospitals was high. There was also a large percentage of people with disabilities. The wounded came to us in a very serious condition, after terrible wounds, some with limbs already amputated or in need of amputation, having spent several weeks on the road. And the supply of hospitals, as we have already said, left much to be desired. But, when something was missing, the doctors themselves were engaged in invention, design and rationalization. For example, lieutenant colonel of the medical service N. Lyalina developed an apparatus for healing wounds - a fumigator-fumigator.
Nurses A. Kostyreva and A. Sekacheva invented a special frame bandage for the treatment of burns of the extremities. Major of the medical service V. Markov designed an electric probe to determine the location of the fragments in the body. At the initiative of the senior inspector of the department of evacuation hospitals of the Kemerovo region A. Tranquillitati, Kuzbass enterprises began to produce the equipment developed by her for physical therapy. In Prokopyevsk, doctors invented a special folding bed, a dry-heat disinfection chamber, bandages made from rags, vitamin drinks made from pine needles, and much more.”
The townspeople helped the hospitals, brought things, food, medicines from home.
“Everyone was selected for the needs of the army. And the hospitals got what was left, that is, practically nothing. And their organization was tough. Since October 1941, the full-time staff of hospitals has lost military allowances. This is the first military autumn when there were no normally working subsidiary plots at hospitals. In the cities there was a rationing system for the distribution of products.
On top of that, in the fall of 1941, the medical industry produced less than 9% of the required drugs. And they began to be made at local enterprises.
Great help was provided by ordinary Kuzbass people. Housewives brought milk from their cows to evacuation hospitals, collective farmers supplied honey and vegetables, schoolchildren picked berries, Komsomol members gathered wild plants and medicinal plants.
In addition, the collection of things from the population was organized. Whoever could help with that - dishes, linen, books. As subsidiary farms developed, it became easier to feed both ourselves and the wounded. At the hospitals themselves, pigs, cows and bulls, potatoes, cabbage, and carrots were raised. Moreover, in Kuzbass there were more areas under crops, more heads of cattle. Accordingly, the nutrition of the wounded was better than in other regions of Siberia.
Children took care of the wounded. They brought gifts, acted out scenes from performances, sang, danced.
Recalls Margarita Podguzova, who visited the soldiers: “ My friend and I ran to the hospital, although we were in the fourth grade. The wounded and sick lay in the hospital, they were brought to Kotlas for convalescence. They took bandages, brought them home, mothers evaporated them, we took them back. We will sing a song to the sick, we will tell poems, we will read the newspaper as best we could, distract the sick from pain, sad thoughts, they were waiting for us, they came to the window. My girlfriend and I felt sorry for the very young tanker, he was on fire in the tank, he went blind. We paid special attention to him. And one day they came and saw the filled empty bed of our sponsor. Then all the patients were taken away somewhere, our “acting” activity ended.
“When I was in the 8th grade, my classmates and I went to hospital No. 2520, he was in the Red School, to perform. We went in a group (10-15 people): Katya (Krestkentia) Cheremiskina, Rimma Chizhova, Rimma Kustova, Nina and Valya Podprugina, Zhenya Kononova, Borya Ryabov ... I read poetry, my favorite work is the poem “On the Twentieth”, who sang songs, the guys played the button accordion. The wounded servicemen always received us warmly, rejoiced at our every arrival.
“The living conditions of the patients and the hospital staff were extremely cramped. As a rule, there was no electric lighting at night, and there was also no kerosene. It was very difficult to help at night. All seriously ill patients were interviewed and individual meals were prepared for them. The women of Kotlas brought green onions, carrots and other greens to the hospital from their beds.(Zdybko S. A. Kotlas evacuation hospital).
The report on the work of evacuation hospital No. 2520 from August 1, 1941 to June 1, 1942 reveals the statistics of the success of war doctors: “A total of 270 operations were performed. Including: removal of sequesters and splinters - 138, amputation of fingers - 26. A total of 485 people were admitted to therapy, including 25 from the Karelian Front. According to the nature of the diseases, the majority of therapeutic patients belong to two groups: respiratory diseases - 109 people, and severe beriberi - 240 people. Such a large admission of therapeutic patients to the hospital is explained by the fact that in April 1942, by order of the UREP-96, 200 sick Estonians were immediately admitted from the working columns of the local garrison.
... not a single patient who came from the Karelian front died in the hospital. As for the garrison patients, out of the total number of those who arrived, 176 people were returned to service, 39 people turned out to be unfit for military service, 7 people were dismissed on vacation, 189 people are in the hospital on June 1, 50 died people The causes of death are mainly pulmonary tuberculosis in the stage of decompensation and general exhaustion due to severe scurvy.
Blockade Hospital
About the everyday life of city hospitals in the memoirs of the Leningrad doctor Boris Abramson, who worked as a surgeon during the days of the blockade. Doctors, in order not to think about hunger, plunged into work. During the tragic winter of the siege of 1941-1942, when water supply and sewerage did not work in the city, hospitals were a particularly depressing sight. Operated by candlelight, almost to the touch.
“... The work in the clinic is still peaceful in nature - we are “finishing” planned operations, there are acute appendicitis, a little injury. From mid-July, evacuated wounded began to arrive, treated somehow.
The August days are especially difficult - the pressure on Leningrad intensifies, confusion is felt in the city, the evacuation declared mandatory is practically impossible - all roads from Leningrad, including the Northern one, are cut off by the enemy. The blockade of the city begins.
The food situation in the city is still tolerable. For cards introduced from July 18, 600 gr. bread, commercial shops, restaurants. Already from September 1, the norms are reduced, commercial stores are closed ...
... On September 19, Dmitrovsky Lane was destroyed by three huge bombs. Luckily, Manya survived. The sister's apartment also suffered little.
The clinic begins a massive influx of victims of the bombs. Terrifying picture! The most severe combined injuries, giving huge mortality.
... And meanwhile, normal training sessions are going on in the clinic, I regularly give lectures, but without the usual rise - the audience is half empty, especially in the evening hours, before the "usual" alarm. By the way, the sound of a siren, already so familiar, still seems unbearable to this day; the lights out music is just as pleasant... And life goes on as usual - concerts at the Philharmonic have resumed, theaters and especially cinemas are crowded ..
... Hunger is affecting! In October, and especially in November, I feel it keenly. In particular, I am painfully worried about the lack of bread. Thoughts about food do not leave me during the day and especially at night. You try to operate more, time goes by faster, you don’t feel hungry like that… I’ve got used to duty every other day for two months, Nikolai Sosnyakov and I endure the whole burden of surgical work. Meals every other day in the hospital give a hint of satiety.
Hunger is everywhere...
Every day, 10-15 malnourished people who died of starvation are admitted to the hospital. Sunken, frozen eyes, a haggard, sallow face, swelling on the legs...
... Yesterday's duty was especially difficult. From two o'clock in the afternoon they brought 26 wounded at once, who suffered from artillery shelling - a shell hit a tram. There are a lot of severe wounds, mainly crushing of the lower extremities. Heavy picture. By the night when the operations ended, in the corner of the operating room there was a pile of amputated human legs ...
… It is a very cold day today. The nights are dark and scary. In the morning, when I arrived at the clinic, it was still dark. And there is often no light. You have to operate with kerosene and by candlelight or by a bat ...
... It is freezing cold in the clinic, it became very difficult to work, I want to move less, I want to warm myself. And most importantly, hunger. This feeling is almost unbearable. Incessant thoughts about food, the search for food crowds out everything else. It is hard to believe in the nearness of a fundamental improvement, about which the starving Leningraders talk a lot ... At the institute, they are seriously preparing for the winter session. But how can it pass if the students almost do not go to practical classes for more than two months, it is very bad - they go to lectures and do not read at all at home! In fact, there are no classes, but the Academic Council meets carefully, every Monday, and listens to the defense of dissertations. All the professors are sitting in fur coats and hats, all are haggard and all are hungry...
... So the year 1942 began ...
I met him at the clinic, on duty. By the evening of December 31, a fierce shelling of the area began. They brought the wounded. Processing finished five minutes before the start of the new year.
The beginning is dismal. Apparently, the limit of human trials is already approaching. All my additional sources of nutrition have dried up - here it is, real hunger: convulsive expectation of a bowl of soup, dulling of interest in everything, adynamia. And this terrifying indifference ... How indifferent everything is - both life and death ...
Increasingly, the Yekaterinburg prediction about my death at the age of 38, that is, in 1942, is remembered more and more often ...
... The unfortunate stiff patients lie, covered with fur coats and dirty mattresses, teeming with lice. The air is saturated with pus and urine, the linen is dirty to black. There is no water, no light, the latrines are clogged, the corridors stink of undischarged slops, the floor is half-frozen sewage. They are not poured out at all or they are dumped right there, at the entrance to the surgical department - a temple of purity! .. And such a picture is all over the city, since everywhere since the end of December there has been no heat, no light, no water and no sewerage. Everywhere you can see people carrying water from the Neva, the Fontanka (!) or from some wells on the street. Trams have not run since mid-December. The corpses of half-dressed people lying on the streets have already become habitual, past which the still alive pass with indifference. But still a more terrible sight - five-ton trucks, loaded to the top with corpses. Having somehow covered the “load”, the cars take them to the cemeteries, where excavators dig trenches, where they dump the “load” ...
... And yet we are waiting for spring, as deliverance. Damned hope! Is she going to deceive us even now!”
The doctor mentions the prices for things during the days of the blockade, everything changed for food: “expensive grand pianos and pianos can be freely bought for 6–8 rubles - 6–8 kg. of bread! Beautiful stylish furniture - for the same price! My father bought a good autumn coat for 200 gr. of bread. But in terms of money, the products are extremely expensive - bread is again 400 rubles. kg, cereals 600 rubles, butter 1700–1800 rubles, meat 500–600 rubles, sugar 800 rubles, chocolate 300 rubles. tiles, a box of matches - 40 rubles!”
By the first of May, in besieged Leningrad, the townspeople received gifts, a real feast: “The mood of the people of Leningrad has clearly improved. A lot of products were given out for the holiday, namely: cheese 600 gr., sausages 300 gr., wine 0.5 l, beer 1.5 l, flour 1 kg., chocolate 25 gr., tobacco 50 gr., tea 25 gr. ., herring 500 gr. This is in addition to all the current renditions - meat, cereals, butter, sugar "
“In general, I am glad to be in Leningrad, and if the current situation did not worsen militarily and domestically, I am ready to remain a Leningrader until the end of the war and wait for my people to return here”- writes the unbroken doctor.
Medicines during the war
“There is no practical medicine without medicines”- noted Efim Smirnov.
Vladimir Terentyevich Kungurtsev spoke about military painkillers: “If a wounded person has a pain shock, it is necessary to put him in such a way that the blood circulates normally, and the head is not higher than the body. Then the wounds must be anesthetized. We didn’t have anything but chlorethyl then. In the medical battalion and in the hospital, the wounded were given novocaine injections, more effective ether and chloroform were given.
“But I was lucky: not a single death. But there were serious ones: once they brought a soldier with a pneumothorax of the chest. He could not breathe. I put a blind bandage on him so that air would not get into his lungs. or cars. All soldiers in mandatory equipment had individual dressing bags, which they received from the regimental doctor. Each soldier was well instructed in case of injury. For example, if a bullet hit the stomach, you can’t drink and eat, because through the stomach and intestines along with the fluid, an infection enters the abdominal cavity, and inflammation of the peritoneum begins - peritonitis.
"In an inexperienced drug addict, a patient does not fall asleep under ether for a long time, and may wake up during the operation. Under chloroform, the patient will definitely fall asleep, but may not wake up"- wrote the doctor Yudin.
During the war, the wounded died more often from blood poisoning. There were cases when, due to a lack of drugs to prevent gangrene, wounds were dressed with bandages soaked in kerosene, which prevented infection.
In the Soviet Union, they knew about the invention of the English scientist Fleming - penicillin. However, approval for the use of the drug took time. In England, the discovery was treated with distrust, and Fleming continued his experiments in the USA. Stalin did not trust the American allies, fearing that the medicine might be poisoned. Fleming's experiments in the USA continued successfully, but the scientist refused to patent the invention, arguing that the medicine was created to save all mankind.
In order not to waste time on bureaucracy, Soviet scientists set about developing a similar antibiotic drug.
“Tired of waiting in vain, in the spring of 1942, with the help of friends, I began to collect molds from a variety of sources. Those who knew about Flory's hundreds of unsuccessful attempts to find their penicillin producer treated my experiments with irony.- recalled Tamara Balezina.
“We began to use the method of Professor Andrei Lvovich Kursanov to isolate mold spores from the air to peel potatoes (instead of the potato itself - in wartime), moistened with copper sulphate. And only the 93rd strain - spores that grew in a bomb shelter of a residential building on a Petri dish with potato peelings - showed, when tested by the dilution method, penicillin activity was 4–8 times greater than Fleming's.
By the end of 1941, Soviet penicillin began to be used for treatment. The experience of the new drug was put on 25 dying wounded, who gradually began to recover.
“It is impossible to describe our joy and happiness when we realized that all of our wounded were gradually coming out of a septic state and starting to recover. In the end, all 25 were saved!” Balezina recalled.
The widespread industrial production of penicillin began in 1943.
Let us remember the heroic deeds of medical heroes. They were able to do the impossible. Thanks to these brave people for the victory!
I look back, into the smoky distances:
No, not merit in that ominous forty-first year,
And schoolgirls considered the highest honor
Opportunity to die for your people
From childhood to a dirty car,
In the infantry echelon, in the sanitary platoon.
Distant breaks listened and did not listen
Accustomed to everything forty-first year.
I came from school to the dugouts damp,
From the Beautiful Lady to "mother" and "rewind",
I'm not used to being pitied
I was proud that among the fire
Men in bloody overcoats
A girl was called for help -
Me...
On a stretcher, near the barn,
On the edge of the recaptured village, the nurse whispers, dying:
- Guys, I haven't lived yet...
And the fighters crowd around her
And they can't look her in the eyes.
Eighteen is eighteen
But death is inexorable for everyone ...
I still don't quite understand
How am I, and thin, and small,
Through the fires to the victorious May
Came in kirzachs of one hundred pounds.
And where did so much strength come from
Even in the weakest of us?
What to guess! - Russia had and still has a great reserve of eternal strength.
(Yulia Drunina)
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