The fact of more complete satisfaction of human needs in. The concept of needs

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SAINT PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

YAKUT INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS

Department of State Municipal Management

TEST

ON THE DISCIPLINE "ECONOMIC THEORY"

On the topic: "Human needs, their types and means of satisfaction"

Completed by a student:

Pavlova A.A.

Teacher:

Sibileva E.V.

Yakutsk 2015

A powerful engine of the economy are the needs of society.

Needs - a lack or need for something necessary for the life of people.

Human needs have important distinguishing features that distinguish it from the rest of the animal world. What are they?

First feature. The needs of people change historically quantitatively and qualitatively. These changes are noticeable during the transition from one era of development of the economy and culture of society to another. Take, for example, people who lived at the beginning of the last century.

They did not even imagine in their fantasies that there could be such extraordinary things that have become familiar to our contemporaries - televisions, computers, space stations and much more.

The second feature. A person's needs change a lot throughout his life. It is one thing for an infant who experiences predominantly physiological needs, and it is completely another for an adult who has mastered a certain specialty.

Third feature. People of even the same age very often have needs, requests, preferences that do not match. It is no coincidence that in Russia there are popular sayings and expressions: “There are no comrades for taste and color”, “Tastes do not argue”. Fourth feature. Modern civilization (the level of material and spiritual culture) knows several levels of human needs:

physiological needs (food, water, shelter, etc.);

the need for security (protection from external enemies and the need for social contacts (communication with people who have those interests; in friendship and love);

the need for respect (respect from other people, self-respect, in acquiring a certain social position);

the need for self-development (in improving all the capabilities and abilities of a person).

What is a need?

Need - a type of functional or psychological need or lack of any object, subject, individual, social group, society. Being internal activators of activity, needs are shown differently depending on a situation. Needs are manifested in the form of emotionally colored desires, drives, aspirations, and their satisfaction - in the form of evaluative emotions. Needs are found in the motives that motivate a person to activity. The education of needs is one of the central tasks of personality formation. A vivid example is thirst - an acute feeling of need for water that occurs when the animal's body is depleted of it or when the normal concentration of mineral and organic substances in the blood exceeds.

The physiological mechanism of this feeling is the effect of increased general and osmotic pressure, a change in the concentration of sodium ions, the excitation of the drinking center in the brain occurs, causing neuro-humoral reactions of water conservation in the body, the search for water by an individual. As one needs is satisfied, a person develops other needs, which allows us to assert that, in general, needs are unlimited.

Needs are associated with a person's feeling of dissatisfaction when a person lacks what is required. The presence of a need is accompanied by emotions: first, as the need intensifies - negative, and then - if it is satisfied - positive. Needs determine the selectivity of perception of the world, fixing a person's attention mainly on those objects that can satisfy his needs. Throughout life, human needs change and increase. The presence of unsatisfied needs in a person is associated with tension and discomfort, a discrepancy between the internal (desired) and external (real), which are the stimuli and motivation of activity. The presence of unsatisfied vital, vital needs can lead to death. The need can be understood as a kind of hypothetical variable, which, according to circumstances, manifests itself either as a motive or as a trait. In the latter case, the needs are stable and become qualities of character.

Types of needs

The basic human needs are biological needs.

These needs are the basis for the formation of specific needs of people (the need to satisfy hunger gives rise to the need for certain types of food). The first task of economic activity was the satisfaction of these needs.

The main human needs are:

in clothes;

in safety;

in the treatment of diseases.

These needs are necessary for the simple survival of people, but they are also a very difficult task. Until now, people cannot completely solve these problems; millions of people on Earth are still starving, many do not have a roof over their heads and basic medical care.

In addition, human needs are much more than just a set of conditions for survival. He wants to travel, have fun, a comfortable life, a favorite pastime, etc.

Any human need initially represents the organic interweaving of biological, physiological and psychological processes, which determines the presence of many types of needs, which are characterized by strength, frequency of occurrence and ways to satisfy them.

Most often in psychology, the following types of human needs are distinguished: need vital satisfaction need

depending on the origin, natural (or organic) and cultural needs are distinguished;

according to their orientation, material and spiritual needs are distinguished;

depending on the area to which they belong (fields of activity), they distinguish the needs for communication, work, rest and knowledge (or educational needs);

according to the object, the needs can be biological, material and spiritual (they also distinguish the social needs of a person);

By their origin, needs can be endogenous (they arise from the influence of internal factors) and exogenous (caused by external stimuli).

Maslow's Pyramid

Initially, while still in the womb, we are completely and completely dependent on her. We grow, we form, using the nutrients that our mother gives us. Being born, we find ourselves in a large and uncomfortable world and become dependent on food, air, other significant people, warmth and comfort. The more we grow up, the more addictions surround us in everyday life. Therefore, we are dependent from the beginning! From the moment of our conception to the last breath, as it is difficult to imagine a person who could survive without meeting the basic needs of water, food, air, sex. The so-called "Maslow's Pyramid" tells us the same thing.

Maslow is a well-known psychologist, whose research innovation was that he began to study not pathological, unhealthy personalities, unlike most of his colleagues, but personalities who were fully realized in life. Successful and prosperous. They have made a huge contribution to the development of mankind. It was the study of healthy individuals that allowed him to describe the hierarchy of needs on which these individuals relied in the process of their development. Gradually satisfying their needs, these people achieved incredible achievements in their lives. Receiving complete satisfaction from her, and practically did not need artificial stimulation from the outside.

1. Maslow referred the so-called vital needs to the primary needs - the need for food, air, water. Without the satisfaction of these needs, each of us would simply die as a physiological organism.

2. Maslow attributed the need for security to the secondary needs. The need for protection, housing, warmth, clothing, the ability to defend their territory and defend their borders. It is important for each of us to have clothes, a hearth, a protected room in which he is the master and may not be afraid of an invasion of his territory.

3. To the next, third level in this hierarchy, Maslow attributed social needs.

The opportunity to take place as a respected person, as a professional in your field, to receive recognition from your family, parents, society, to occupy an important position and influence the development of your society. Whether it is a house council or the State Duma. Becoming significant in the eyes of others is of great importance to each of us. Self-respect and self-esteem of a person directly depend on this.

4. The fourth level in Maslow's hierarchy is the self-realization of the individual. When all previous needs are fully satisfied, a person has the opportunity to realize himself in creativity. And it can be varied. Cultural needs, hobbies, development of one's creative potential. There is not a single person in whom potential was not originally laid. The development of talents, the development of a sense of beauty and harmony is inherent in everyone.

5. And to the supreme, standing at the head of the pyramid of needs, are the needs in the spiritual life. To be a part of something much bigger than the person himself. A certain global idea that exceeds all acceptable limits. Confess and share with others certain moral and ethical values. To believe in something miraculous and inexplicable. Fantastic, loving and caring. And accordingly, live by applying these principles in your life.

If you enter a person into this pyramid of needs, then you can easily imagine how he gradually straightens up, gradually satisfying his needs from the bottom up. For a person, in principle, it is enough that the vital and spiritual needs are satisfied. This allows the person to stand. Faith in something more and everything that is necessary for survival is enough for a person to live, gradually filling in the gaps in other areas.

Means of satisfaction of needs

Man, like any other living being, is programmed by nature to survive, and for this he needs certain conditions and means. If at some point in his existence a person does not have these conditions and means, then a state of need arises, which causes the appearance of a selective response of the human body. This selectivity ensures the emergence of a person's response to stimuli (or factors) that are currently the most important for normal life, survival and further development. The experience by the subject of such a state of need in psychology is called a need.

So, the manifestation of a person's activity, and, accordingly, his life activity and purposeful activity, directly depends on the presence of a certain need (or need), which requires satisfaction. But only a certain system of human needs will determine the purposefulness of his activities, as well as contribute to the development of his personality. The very needs of a person are the basis for the formation of a motive, which in psychology is considered as a kind of “engine” of a personality. The motivation of human behavior and activity directly depends on organic and cultural needs, and they, in turn, give rise to an interest that directs the attention of the individual and its activity to various objects and objects of the surrounding world with the aim of their knowledge and subsequent mastery.

Conclusion

The essentiality of the system of needs is that a person or society as a whole has a set of needs, each of which requires its own satisfaction. This seemingly simple thesis takes on a serious color if we analyze modern times and history. What we have achieved in any area, even at the cost of world wars, World crises are ultimately the result of simple desire or lack, or shifts in internal chemistry. In parallel, the law of increasing needs lies. This law is based on the needs of a particular person, and they characterize the needs of the whole society. And at the same time, this law is the driving force economic growth, due to the fact that a person always needs more than he has achieved.

The dialectical relationship between the activities and needs of society is the root source of both their mutual development and all social progress, it is an absolute and eternal condition for the existence and development of society. That is, their relationship has the character of a general economic law. Human society, along with other laws, in its functioning and development is regulated by such an important law as the law of subordination of the entire system of activity to the system of society's needs, requiring the subordination of the entire aggregate activity of society to the satisfaction of its socially necessary, objectively urgent, real needs of society that have arisen in the course of the activity of society. Therefore, the absolute goal of society is to satisfy its needs .

So, the needs of a person are imprints in his own mind of the felt need to ensure that the comfortable and current conditions of his existence correspond.

References

1. Spirin A.D., Maksyukova S.B., Myakinnikov S.P. Man and his needs: Textbook. Kemerovo: KuzGTU, 2003.

2. Man and his needs Compiled by G. V. Chekmareva, 2003.

3. Godfroy J. What is psychology.: In 2 vols. - T. 1. M .: Mir, 2002.

4. Dzhidaryan I. A. On the place of needs, emotions, feelings in the motivation of the individual. //Theoretical problems of personality psychology. / Ed. E. V. Shorokhova. - M.: Nauka, 1974.

5. Kaverin S.V. Psychology of needs: Educational and methodological manual, Tambov, 2006.

6. Berezhnoy N.M. Man and his needs / Ed. V.D. Didenko, SSU Service - Forum, 2001.

7. Marchenko T.A. Need as a social phenomenon. - M.: Higher school, 2005.

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Needs in psychology

The need is considered by psychologists from three positions: as an object, state and property.

Need as a need for existence, survival and ensuring the normal functioning of a person.
The appearance of desire as compensation for the lack of something
Need as a fundamental property of any individual, which determines his relationship with the people around him, the world as a whole.

A large number of needs theories have been developed that describe needs from different angles. A well-known follower of his father, whose ideas were aimed at studying the personality in its connections with activity, D.A. Leontiev also considered needs based on this concept. K.K. Platonov, on the other hand, saw in emerging desires only an acute need for a person to fill in something missing, to eliminate it. And Kurt Lewin expanded the concept of needs, calling them a dynamic state.

All approaches of psychologists to this issue can be conditionally defined in groups where the need was understood as:

Need (S.L. Rubinshtein, L.I. Bozhovich, V.I. Kovalev)
Condition (Levin)
Lack of good (V.S. Magun)
Necessity (B.I. Dodonov, V.A. Vasilenko)
The subject of satisfaction of needs (A.N. Leontiev)
Attitude (D.A. Leontiev, M.S. Kagan)
Systemic reaction of personality (E.P. Ilyin)
Violation of stability (D.A. McClelland, V.L. Ossovsky)

Thus, human desires are dynamic states that form the motivational sphere of the personality, and then move it to perform activities. A special role is played by the content of needs, and how they affect the surrounding reality. After all, a person, performing this or that action, affects the environment in which he is. And his spiritual aspirations determine what color this influence will acquire.

In this regard, the point of view of E.P. Ilyin, who suggested that in order to understand the essence of needs, several main points should be taken into account:

physiological needs should be considered separately from the desires of the individual. The organism can "demand" from a person the immediate fulfillment of its request, which is not always conscious, and the formed need of a person is never unconscious;
conscious desire and need are interrelated, however, it is important for the subject to strive to fulfill what is not in short supply, but in real need;
if a need appeared as a state, it is difficult for a person not to notice it, therefore it is important to make the right choice in the method and order (and sometimes the conditions set by the person himself) to satisfy the need;
after an acute need for something or a desire has been identified, a mechanism is launched aimed at actively searching for means to achieve them, since it is unlikely for a person to do without meeting the needs.

Classification of needs

We offer you the most concise, convenient classification:

The biological type of needs - in food, water, warmth and habitat. They are material in nature.
Social appearance - in interaction with other subjects, the need to be in a group, to gain respect and recognition.
Spiritual - the need for knowledge, creative realization, aesthetic pleasure, getting answers to philosophical and religious questions.

All three types are closely intertwined. Biological ones are also present in animals, but what distinguishes a person is spiritual needs and their predominance over the basic, natural needs of any living organism. Social are also developed to a greater extent in humans.

The well-known psychologist Abraham Maslow introduced his concept of the “pyramid of needs” into wide use. It can be defined like this:

First level:

Congenital, biological: in eating, sleeping, breathing, shelter, procreation;
Existential: in providing security and protection from dangers and accidents, living comfort, stability.

Second level (acquired):

Social: in communication with other people, belonging to society, a group, interpersonal relationships, showing care and receiving it in return, attention to oneself, joint activities
Prestige: in achieving respect, a certain stage of development in a career, a place in society, approving reviews of one's activities, successes.
Spiritual realization: in creative viability, high-quality performance of one's work, the highest mastery of execution and creation.

Maslow believed that the needs of the first level, the lower ones, should be satisfied first, and then the person will strive to come to the higher ones.

However, do not forget that this scheme does not always work like this in reality. Not every basic need can be fully realized, while a person wants to achieve something from a social or spiritual group. In addition, we should not forget that the needs of some should not interfere with the life and freedom of others. It is necessary to limit oneself and keep aspirations within reasonable limits. The process of satisfaction of desires should be aimed at the development of the personality, its best qualities, the knowledge of the truth, the acquisition of new useful knowledge and experience, and the common good.

Interests and inclinations

The concept of “need” is closely related to the term “interest” - from Latin the word is translated as “to have a meaning”. An interest is something that creates a need. A person has a desire to possess the object of his interest, hence his actions are formed.

Interest can be shown not only to a material object, but also to spiritual goods. An individual wants to get something that is offered to him by society, that is, needs appear based on the opportunities provided by the external environment.

A person counts on something, focusing on his position in society, a group. Interest is regulated by the society to which the individual belongs, sometimes it is realized, and sometimes not. A person receives an incentive from society, which moves him to perform a certain activity, which will lead to the satisfaction of the need.

Interests are divided according to:

Carrier: personal, group, public
Directions: spiritual, economic, social, political.

There is also the concept of "inclination" - it sets the direction of interest in the commission of a particular type of activity. Interest only indicates the desired object. Sometimes they don't match. Disagreement arises from the fact that some goal does not seem feasible, regardless of the efforts of the subject or group.

Interests and inclinations can determine the fate of a person, the choice of his profession, the nature of building relationships.

Signs of successful fulfillment of needs

A person is successful in achieving his goals if he sets them correctly, motivates himself correctly and selects the necessary means of solution. In addition, external factors that interfere with the subject can, of course, be influenced, but their probability is lower than the degree of personal efforts.

A person's self-confidence will also directly affect the results of his activities. Timely satisfaction of needs helps him in successful activity.

According to Maslow, the top aspiration of any person is self-actualization. This is where we all ideally go. Here are the personality traits that have achieved maximum success by overcoming all their desires:

Love for yourself and others, harmony with yourself and nature
High degree of concentration and composure when solving a problem
Interest in social interaction
Objectivity of perception, openness to new opinions
Spontaneity of emotions, naturalness in behavior
Recognition of one's individuality
Tolerance towards other people, cultures, phenomena
Independence from public opinion, the ability to express one's point of view
The ability to love, make friends - experience deep feelings
An unrelenting desire for knowledge
Creative thinking
Wit (not ridiculing other people's shortcomings, but leaving yourself and others the right to make a mistake)

Thus, we examined the types of human needs, various approaches to this issue. Any person striving for excellence should be aware of their needs and their origin in order to weed out the superfluous and concentrate on what is really important. Then your life will be filled with meaning and bring you pleasure.

Man is the whole world, if only the basic impulse in him were noble.

A need is a condition caused by the need for certain conditions of human life and development.

Needs are the source of activity and activity of people. The formation of needs occurs in the process of education and self-education - familiarization with the world of human culture.

Needs can be very different, unconscious, in the form of drives. A person only feels that something is missing or experiences a state of tension and anxiety. Awareness of needs is manifested in the form of behavioral motives.

Needs define the personality and guide its behavior.

Need - a perceived psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in the perception of a person.

Basic human needs: to have, to be, to do, to love, to grow. The motive of people's activity is the desire to satisfy these needs.

Have — manifestation of need at two levels:

1st - people want to have things necessary for survival (housing, food, clothing), for themselves and their families and to maintain a standard of living acceptable to themselves. The main source of motivation in this case is the opportunity to earn money;

2nd - people make prestigious acquisitions (works of art, antiques).

Be- most people develop, often subconsciously, the desired image of a person, how they want to be and look in the eyes of others (famous, powerful).

Make- every person wants to be appreciated, to live a full life (professional success, raising children).

Be in love Every person wants to love and be loved, desired.

Grow The realization of opportunities comes at the expense of growth. A small child says: "I'll grow up and ...", an older one says: "I myself ...". This need reaches its peak in adulthood and determines the range of human capabilities.

This list of needs is based on the views of Abraham Maslow. In 1943, the American psychophysiologist of Russian origin A. Maslow conducted research on the motives of human behavior and developed one of the theories of the needs of human behavior. He classified needs according to a hierarchical system - from physiological (lower level) to self-expression needs (higher level). Maslow depicted the levels of needs in the form of a pyramid. The base of the pyramid (and this is the foundation) - physiological needs - the basis of life.

The ability to satisfy their needs in people is different and depends on the following general factors: age, environment, knowledge, skills, desires and abilities of the person himself.

Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

1st level- physiological needs - ensure the survival of a person. This level is absolutely primitive.

1 - breathe,

2 - there is,

3 - drink,

4 - highlight,

5 - sleep, rest

2nd level- the needs of safety and security - concern for maintaining living standards, striving for material reliability.

6 - be clean

7 - dress, undress

8 - maintain body temperature

9 - to be healthy

10 - avoid danger, disease, stress

11 - move

Many people spend almost all of their time meeting the needs of the first two levels.

3rd level- social needs - the search for one's place in life - these are the needs of most people, a person cannot "live in the desert."

12 - communication

4th level- The need for respect from others. A. Maslow had in mind the steady self-improvement of people.

13 - success

5 - th level - the top of the pyramid - the needs of self-expression, self-actualization - the expression of oneself, service, the realization of a person's potential.

14 - play, study, work,

Maslow defined his theory: any person has not only lower needs, but also higher ones. These needs are self-satisfied throughout life.

Human personality device

3 - knowledge

M - worldview

A - social activity

3 + A - M = careerism

M + A - 3 = fanaticism

Z + M - A = "rotten intelligentsia"

You can educate a person only in activity, yes-vaya knowledge.

Theory McClelland - 3 types of needs:

1 type- the need for power and success (or influence) - the desire to influence other people; good speakers, organizers, frank, energetic, defending the original positions, there is no tendency to tyranny and adventurism, the main thing is to show your influence.

type 2- the need for success (or achievement) - the desire to do their job in the best way, these are "hard workers". Before such people it is necessary to set certain tasks, and upon achievement, be sure to encourage them.

3 type- the need for involvement - the most important thing is human relationships, it is important for them not to achieve, but to belong, get along well with others, avoid leadership positions.

To live in harmony with the environment, a person must constantly satisfy his needs:

Follow a healthy lifestyle;

To live in harmony with the social and cultural environment, with oneself;

Raise material and spiritual values. The nurse should encourage the patient and his family members to meet the needs of self-care, help maintain independence and independence.

The basis of the theory of W. Henderson is the concept of human vital needs. Awareness of these needs and assistance in meeting them are prerequisites for the nurse to act in order to ensure the patient's health, recovery or a dignified death.

W. Henderson leads 14 fundamental needs:

1 - breathe normally;

2 - consume enough fluids and food;

3 - excrete waste products from the body;

4 - move and maintain the desired position;

5 - sleep and rest;

6 - independently dress and undress, choose clothes;

7 - maintain body temperature within normal limits;

8 - observe personal hygiene, take care of appearance;

9 - ensure their safety and not create dangers for other people;

10 - keep in touch with other people;

11 - perform religious rites in accordance with their faith;

12 - do what you love;

13 - relax, take part in entertainment, games;

14 - satisfy your curiosity, which helps to develop normally.

A healthy person, as a rule, does not experience difficulties in meeting his needs.

In his model of nursing, unlike Mas-low, V. Henderson rejects the hierarchy of needs and believes that the patient himself (or together with his sister) prioritizes violated needs, for example: adequate nutrition or good sleep, lack of general -niya or personal hygiene, study / work or rest.

Taking into account the peculiarities of Russian health care, domestic researchers S.A. Mukhina and I.I. Tarnovskaya offered nursing assistance for 10 fundamental human needs:

1) normal breathing;

3) physiological functions;

4) movement;

6) personal hygiene and change of clothes;

7) maintaining normal body temperature;

8) maintaining the safety of the environment;

9) communication;

10) work and rest.

According to the theory of D. Orem, “self-care” is a specific, purposeful activity of an individual either for himself or for his environment in the name of life, health and well-being. Each person has certain needs to maintain their livelihoods.

D. Orem identifies three groups of needs for self-care:

1) universal - inherent in all people throughout life:

Sufficient air intake;

Sufficient water intake;

Sufficient food intake;

Sufficient allocation capacity and needs associated with this process;

Maintaining a balance between activity and rest;

Prevention of danger to life, normal life, well-being;

Stimulation of the desire to correspond to a certain social group in accordance with individual abilities and limitations;

Time alone is balanced with time in the company of other people.

The level of satisfaction of each of the eight needs is individual for each person.

Factors influencing these needs: age, gender, stage of development, health status, cultural level, social environment, financial opportunities;

2) needs associated with the phase of development - satisfaction by people of their needs at different life stages;

3) needs associated with health disorders - types of disorders:

Anatomical changes (pressure sores, swelling, wounds);

Functional physiological changes (shortness of breath, contracture, paralysis);

Change in behavior or daily life habits (apathy, depression, fear, anxiety).

Each person has individual abilities and opportunities to meet their needs. Basic needs must be satisfied by the people themselves, and in this case the person feels self-sufficient.

If the patient, his relatives and friends cannot maintain a balance between his needs and opportunities for self-care, and the needs of self-care exceed the capabilities of the person himself, there is a need for nursing intervention.

All living beings have basic needs, but man still occupies a leading position. People satisfy their needs every day, starting with the basic ones: eat, drink, breathe, etc. There are also secondary needs, for example, self-realization, the desire to achieve, the desire for knowledge, and many others.

Basic types of needs

There are many different classifications and theories that allow you to understand this topic. We will try to highlight the most significant of them.

10 basic human needs:

Physiological. Satisfying these needs is essential for survival. This group includes the desire to eat, drink, sleep, breathe, exercise, etc.
The need for physical activity. When a person is inactive and does not move, he does not live, but simply exists.
The need for a relationship. It is important for people to communicate with others, from whom he receives warmth, love and other positive emotions.
The need for respect. To fulfill this basic human need, many strive to reach certain heights in life in order to receive the approval of others.
Emotional. It is impossible to imagine a person who would not experience emotions. It is worth emphasizing the desire to hear praise, feel safe, love, etc.
Intelligent. Since childhood, people have been trying to satisfy curiosity, to learn new information. To do this, they read, study and watch educational programs.
Aesthetic. Many people have an instinctive need for beauty, so people try to groom themselves to look neat and tidy.
Creative. Often a person is looking for a sphere where he can express his nature. It can be poetry, music, dance and other directions.
The need for growth. People do not want to put up with the situation, so they develop in order to reach a higher stage in life.
The need to be a member of society. A person strives to be a member of different groups, for example, family and team at work.

The needs of a person necessary for his life activity are water, air, nutrition and protection from environmental hazards. These needs are called basic because they are necessary for the body.

Basic needs differ from others in that their deficiency causes a clear adverse outcome - dysfunction or death. In other words, it is what is needed for a safe and healthy life (e.g. food, water, shelter).

In addition to this, people have needs of a social nature: communication in a family or group. Needs can be psychological or subjective, such as the need for self-esteem and respect.

Needs are a need experienced and perceived by a person. When this need is supported by purchasing power, it can become an economic demand.

Types and description of needs

As it is written in the 6th grade social studies textbook, needs are divided into biological, necessary for anyone to live, and spiritual, which are necessary for understanding the world around us, gaining knowledge and skills, achieving harmony and beauty.

For most psychologists, a need is a psychological function that prompts action, giving purpose and direction to behavior. It is an experienced and perceived need or need.

Basic needs and human development (driven by the human condition) are few, finite, and classified as distinct from the conventional notion of ordinary economic “desires,” which are endless and insatiable.

They are also constant in all human cultures, and over historical periods of time can be understood as a system, that is, they are interconnected and interactive. There is no hierarchy of needs in this system (beyond the basic need for existence or survival), since simultaneity, complementarity, and trade-offs are features of the satisfaction process.

Needs and wants are the subject of interest and form a common substratum for sections:

philosophy;
biology;
psychology;
social sciences;
economy;
marketing and politics.

The well-known academic model of needs was proposed by the psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. His theory suggests that humans have a hierarchy of psychological desires that range from basic physiological or lower needs such as food, water and security to higher ones such as self-fulfillment. People tend to spend most of their resources (time, energy and finances) trying to satisfy basic needs before higher desires.

Maslow's approach is a generalized model for understanding motivation in a wide variety of contexts, but can be adapted to specific contexts. One difficulty with his theory is that concepts of "needs" can change radically among different cultures or between different parts of the same society.

The second notion of necessity is presented in the work of the professor of political economy Yana Gou, which published information on human needs in the context of social assistance provided by the welfare state. Together with Professor of Medical Ethics Len Doyle, he also published The Theory of Human Need.

Their view goes beyond the emphasis on psychology, it can be said that the needs of the individual represent a "cost" in society. One who cannot meet his needs will function poorly in society.

According to Gou and Doyle, everyone has an objective interest in preventing serious harm that prevents him from striving to achieve his vision of what is good. This drive requires the ability to participate in a social setting.

In particular, each individual must have physical health and personal autonomy. The latter includes the ability to make informed choices about what to do and how to implement it. This requires mental health, cognitive skills and the ability to participate in society and make collective decisions.

Needs Satisfaction Issues

Researchers identify twelve broad categories of "intermediate needs" that define how needs for physical health and personal autonomy are met:

adequate food and water;
adequate housing;
safe working environment;
clothes;
safe physical environment;
appropriate medical care;
childhood safety;
meaningful primary relationships with others;
physical security;
economic security;
safe birth control and childbearing;
appropriate basic and intercultural education.

How satisfaction details are determined

Psychologists point to the rational identification of need using modern scientific knowledge, consideration of the actual experience of people in their daily lives and democratic decision making. Satisfaction of human needs cannot be imposed "from above".

Individuals with greater intrinsic assets (such as education, mental health, physical strength, etc.) are better able to meet their wants and needs.

Other types

In their works Karl Marx defined people as "needy beings" who experienced suffering in the process of learning and working to meet their needs, which were both physical and moral, emotional and intellectual necessities.

According to Marx, the development of people is characterized by the process of satisfying their needs, they develop new desires, implying that in some way they create and remake their own nature. If people satisfy their need for food through crop and animal husbandry, then a higher level of social self-knowledge is required to satisfy spiritual thirst.

People differ from other animals because their life activity, work is dictated by the satisfaction of needs. They are universal natural beings capable of turning all nature into the object of their needs and their activities.

The conditions for people, as social beings, are given by labor, but not only by work, since it is impossible to live without relationships with others. Work is a social activity because people work with each other. Humans are also free beings, capable of reaching objective possibilities generated by social evolution during their lifetime based on their conscious decisions.

Freedom should be understood both in a negative sense (freedom to decide and establish relationships) and in a positive sense (dominion over natural forces and the development of human creativity of basic human forces).

Summing up, it should be noted that the main interrelated features of people are as follows:

people are conscious beings;
people are social beings.

Humans tend to be universal, which manifests itself in the three previous traits and makes them natural-historical, universal conscious entities.

Rosenberg's Necessity Model

Model Marshall Rosenberg"Compassionate Communication", known as "Hate Communication", defines the difference between universal needs (what sustains and motivates human life) and specific strategies used to satisfy one's needs. Feelings are perceived neither as good nor bad, neither right nor wrong, but as indicators of whether human needs are being met or not. Essential needs are highlighted.

People also talk about the needs of the community or organization. These may include demand for a particular type of business, for a particular government program or organization, or for people with special skills. This example presents the logical problem of reification.