Federal Lezgin national-cultural autonomy. Features of the reproduction and use of labor resources in the agriculture of Dagestan in the years of the XX century d.b

Agriculture of Dagestan- an analytical article prepared by experts of the Expert and Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center". The materials of the article include the following data on agriculture in the Republic of Dagestan: the total volume of agricultural production in value terms, the size of sown areas, the volume of collections of the main crop crops, the number of livestock, the production of the main types of livestock products, the place and share of Dagestan in the production of agricultural products by type in RF.

The situation in agriculture in other regions of the Russian Federation, Russia as a whole, as well as the trends in key food markets can be found by clicking on the link -.

Agriculture of Dagestan in 2015 in actual prices provided the volume of production in the amount of 99.3 billion rubles. According to this indicator, Dagestan took 16th place in the rating of Russian regions with a share in the total volume of agricultural products produced in Russia at the level of 2.0%.

The production of agricultural products per capita in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015, according to the calculations of AB-Center, amounted to 33.1 thousand rubles. (41st place in the ranking of regions of the Russian Federation). On average in Russia, this figure was at around 34.4 thousand rubles.

Specialization of agriculture in Dagestan

In the structure of agriculture of the Republic of Dagestan in 2015, livestock breeding prevailed with a slight margin, the share of which in the total volume of agricultural products amounted to 55.3%. The share of crop production accounted for 44.7%.

In the agriculture of Dagestan, a significant role is given to sheep and goat breeding, dairy and meat cattle breeding, as well as poultry farming. In 2015, in terms of the number of herds of sheep and goats, the Republic of Dagestan took a leading position (1st place among the regions of the Russian Federation), also entered the top three in terms of the size of the herd of cattle (cattle) - 3rd place, including the size of the herd cows - 1st place.

Traditionally, Dagestan is on the 1st place among the Russian regions in terms of production of lamb and goat meat. In 2015, the region ranked 5th in beef production, and 36th in poultry meat. In terms of milk production, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 6th, poultry eggs - 43rd.

As for the cultivation of grain crops, in the Republic of Dagestan, a significant role is given to the production of rice (3rd place in the ranking of Russian regions). In terms of harvesting corn for grain, the region was in 26th place, winter and spring triticale - in 34th place, winter and spring wheat - in 41st place, winter and spring barley - in 44th place, winter and spring rye - in 53rd place, oats - in 65th place.

In terms of the production of leguminous crops, the Republic of Dagestan took 55th place in the ranking, including the 3rd place in the cultivation of beans, peas - 59th place among the regions of the Russian Federation.

Of the oilseeds in Dagestan, sunflower seeds are mainly grown (28th place).

In terms of the production of potatoes of industrial cultivation (in agricultural organizations and farms), the Republic of Dagestan took 60th place.

In 2015, the collection of open ground and protected ground vegetables in the industrial sector brought Dagestan to 27th place among the regions of the Russian Federation, including the picking of open ground vegetables - to 20th place, greenhouse vegetables - to 55th place.

In terms of production of melons and gourds, Dagestan took 6th place in the ranking of Russian regions.

Livestock in Dagestan

Animal husbandry of the Republic of Dagestan in 2010-2015 characterized by:

The growth of the herd of sheep and goats, while over the past few years, there has been a slight reduction in the production of mutton and goat meat;

The growth of the herd of cattle, including cows, while the production of beef and milk is also growing;

Growth in the production of poultry meat and eggs;

In 2015, according to preliminary data from Rosstat, the value of livestock products in the Republic of Dagestan amounted to 54.9 billion rubles. The share of this region in the total value of all livestock products produced in the Russian Federation was at the level of 2.3% (12th place in the rating of Russian regions).

Meat production by type in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 it looked like this: The total production of meat of all types in slaughter weight amounted to 127.8 thousand tons. Of this volume, 47.2% accounted for beef, 32.1% for poultry meat, 20.3% for lamb and goat meat, 0.1% for pork, and 0.3% for other types of meat.

Cattle breeding in Dagestan

Cattle breeding in Dagestan in recent years shows a steady increase in the production of beef and milk.

Number of cattle in the Republic of Dagestan in farms of all categories as of the end of 2015 amounted to 1,011.3 thousand heads (5.3% of the total number of cattle herds in Russia). Including, the number of cows totaled 485.2 thousand heads (5.8%). Over 5 years (by 2010) the size of the herd of cattle increased by 14.7%, over 10 years - by 22.8%, by 2001 - by 39.4%. The number of cows for 5 years increased by 16.5%, for 10 years - by 25.2%, by 2001 - by 40.2%.

Beef production in Dagestan in 2015 was at the level of 106.2 thousand tons in live weight (60.3 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). Beef production volumes in this region show a positive trend. Over 5 years they grew by 12.1%, over 10 years - by 42.9%, by 2001 - by 70.7%. The share of the Republic of Dagestan in the total volume of beef production in Russia amounted to 3.7%.

Milk production in Dagestan in farms of all categories in 2015 reached 820.2 thousand tons (this is 2.7% of the total milk production in Russia). There is a significant increase in milk production in the region. Over 5 years, the volumes increased by 38.6%, over 10 years - by 120.5%, by 2001 - by 180.9%.

Poultry farming in Dagestan

Poultry meat production in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 amounted to 55.1 thousand tons in live weight (41.1 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). The meat direction of poultry farming in Dagestan is developing rapidly. Over 5 years, the volume of production of this type of meat increased by 5.2 times, over 10 years - by 7.1 times, by 2001 - by 8.2 times. The share of Dagestan in the total volume of poultry meat produced in the country in 2015 amounted to 0.9%.

Egg production in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015, in farms of all categories amounted to 230.0 million pieces (0.5% of the total Russian production volume). Over 5 years, volumes increased by 8.7%, but over 10 years they decreased by 24.7%, compared to 2001 - by 14.0%.

Sheep and goat breeding in Dagestan

In the agriculture of Dghestan, a special place is occupied by the breeding of small ruminants.

The number of sheep and goats in the Republic of Dagestan as of the end of 2015 amounted to 5,183.8 thousand heads ( 21,1% of the total number of sheep and goats in Russia). Over 5 years, the size of the herd of sheep and goats increased by 18.0%, over 10 years - by 9.4%, compared to 2001 - by 85.5%.

Lamb and goat meat production in Dagestan in 2015 amounted to 58.4 thousand tons in live weight (25.9 thousand tons in terms of slaughter weight). Over 5 years, the production volumes of these types of meat decreased by 1.9%, but over 10 years their growth was 21.6%, by 2001 - 134.4%. In the total production of mutton and goat meat in Russia, the share of the Republic of Dagestan was at the level of 12.8%.

Crop production in Dagestan

The volume of crop production in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 in value terms amounted to 44.4 billion rubles. (1.7% of the total value of crop production produced in the Russian Federation). Among the Russian regions in this indicator, the Republic of Dagestan took 19th place.

Sown areas in Dagestan

The total area under crops in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 amounted to 344.8 thousand hectares (0.4% of all sown areas in Russia). According to this indicator, Dagestan took 44th place among the regions of the Russian Federation.

In 2015, in the structure cultivated areas of Dagestan the largest share was occupied by fodder crops (38.4% of all sown areas in the region). Winter and spring wheat accounted for 19.3%, winter and spring barley - 7.0%, corn for grain - 5.8%, rice - 4.6%, sunflower - 2.1%, gourds food crops in the industrial sector - 1.0%, for oats, winter and spring triticale - 0.5% each, for open ground vegetables and potatoes in the industrial sector - 0.4% each, for leguminous crops - 0.2%, for winter and spring rye - 0.1%. Other areas occupied 19.3%.

Crop production in Dagestan

Wheat production in Dagestan. The gross harvest of winter and spring wheat in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 amounted to 154.3 thousand tons (0.2% of the total Russian wheat harvest). Wheat production in the region, compared to 2014, increased by 24.4%. The sown area under this grain crop also increased by 10.6% and amounted to 66.4 thousand hectares (0.2% of the total area under wheat in Russia). According to this indicator, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 45th among the regions of the Russian Federation.

Rye production in Dagestan. Collections of winter and spring rye in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 increased by 21.6% and amounted to 0.4 thousand tons (0.02% of the total Russian harvest of rye). The sown areas under this crop also increased by 32.9% and amounted to 0.3 thousand hectares (0.03% of all rye areas in the Russian Federation). In terms of rye acreage, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 54th in the ranking of regions.

Triticale production in Dagestan. In 2015, the production of winter and spring triticale in the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 35.2% to 3.2 thousand tons (0.6% of the total collection of triticale in the Russian Federation). Triticale sown areas also decreased by 39.5% to 1.8 thousand hectares (0.7% of all triticale areas in the Russian Federation). According to this indicator, the region ranked 37th.

Barley production in Dagestan. In 2015, the gross harvest of winter and spring barley in the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 3.7% to 54.2 thousand tons (0.3% of all barley harvest in the Russian Federation). The sown areas for this crop also decreased by 16.2% to 24.1 thousand hectares (0.3% of all barley areas in the Russian Federation, 42nd place in the ranking of regions).

Oat production in Dagestan. The gross harvest of oats in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 decreased by 6.1% to 3.0 thousand tons (0.1% of the total oat production in the Russian Federation). The sown areas also decreased by 13.7% to 1.7 thousand hectares (0.1% of all oat areas in the Russian Federation, 65th place).

Corn production in Dagestan. In 2015, the gross harvest of corn for grain in the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 6.3% to 63.3 thousand tons (0.5% of the total Russian corn harvest). The size of sown areas under corn decreased by 0.4% to 19.9 thousand hectares (0.7% of all areas of corn for grain in the Russian Federation). According to this indicator, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 24th among the regions of the Russian Federation.

Rice production in Dagestan. Rice harvests in Dagestan in 2015 increased by 13.5% and reached 61.8 thousand tons (5.6% of all rice harvests in the Russian Federation). The sown areas under rice also increased by 17.6%, their size amounted to 15.8 thousand hectares (7.8% of all rice areas in the Russian Federation, 3rd place among Russian regions).

Production of leguminous crops in Dagestan. In 2015, the gross harvest of leguminous crops in the Republic of Dagestan decreased by 18.6% to 0.8 thousand tons (0.03% of the total Russian production). Of this volume, 0.7 thousand tons accounted for beans (9.8% of the total bean production in the Russian Federation) and 0.03 thousand tons for peas (the share in the all-Russian collection is insignificant). At the same time, in relation to the indicators of 2014, beans in the region were produced by 17.6% less, pea production volumes increased by 65.5%.

In terms of sown areas of leguminous crops, the Republic of Dagestan ranked 54th. Compared to 2014, their size decreased by 26.4% to 0.6 thousand hectares (0.04% of all areas of legumes in the Russian Federation). Including beans, 0.5 thousand hectares were sown (11.0% of all bean areas in the Russian Federation, 4th place), peas - 0.03 thousand hectares (the share is not significant, 60th place). At the same time, the size of areas under peas, over the past year, increased by 52.6%, under beans - decreased by 26.0%.

Sunflower seed production in Dagestan. The gross harvest of sunflower seeds in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 decreased by 12.9% to 8.4 thousand tons (0.1% of the total harvest in the Russian Federation). The sunflower acreage also decreased by 13.2% to 7.1 thousand hectares (0.1% of all acreage in Russia, 30th place).

Potato production in Dagestan. In 2015, the volume of industrial cultivation of potatoes (only data on agricultural organizations and farms was taken into account) in the Republic of Dagestan increased by 86.5% and reached 24.2 thousand tons (0.3% of the total potato harvest in the Russian Federation). At the same time, the area sown under potatoes increased by only 7.5% and amounted to 1.4 thousand hectares (0.4% of all potato areas in the Russian Federation, 64th place in the ranking of Russian regions).

Vegetable production in Dagestan. Gross yields of industrially grown open and protected ground vegetables in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 increased by 26.8% and amounted to 44.1 thousand tons (0.8% of the total vegetable production in the Russian Federation). Of this volume, 42.4 thousand tons accounted for open ground vegetables (0.9%) and 1.7 thousand tons for protected ground vegetables (0.2%). In relation to 2014, the production of open ground vegetables increased by 26.2%, the collection of greenhouse vegetables - by 44.4%. At the same time, the area under crops for open ground vegetables decreased by 12.3% to 1.3 thousand hectares (0.7%, 30th place).

Production of gourds (watermelons, melons) crops in Dagestan. Harvests of gourds and gourds for industrial cultivation in the Republic of Dagestan in 2015 increased by 16.6% over the year and amounted to 44.4 thousand tons (6.5% of the total Russian production of gourds and gourds). The sown areas of melons and gourds also increased by 18.3%, their size amounted to 3.3 thousand hectares (this is 3.4% of all areas of melons and gourds in the Russian Federation, 7th place among the regions of the Russian Federation).

The development of vegetable growing in Dagestan is defined by the leadership of the republic as one of the key areas for the development of the agro-industrial complex. And in the light of the embargo imposed by Russia on a number of countries and the replacement of previously imported goods, the leadership of the republic began to pay more attention to fruit and vegetable production.

Over the years, the agricultural sector of Dagestan has shown steady growth. According to the latest data, the volume of actually harvested vegetable products this year in Dagestan amounted to 894 thousand 640 tons. Thus, the preliminary yield averaged 316 centners per hectare. With such indicators, Dagestan is quite capable of competing with such regions favorable for agriculture as the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, the Rostov Region, etc.

The Derbent, Kizlyar and Kizilyurt regions are called the leaders in harvesting in the Ministry of Agriculture of Dagestan, which accounted for the harvest of about 438.5 thousand tons of vegetables (which is 49%). In total, at present, the republic, with a need of 600 thousand tons of fruits and vegetables per year, produces more than 1.2 million tons, which is a little more than 8% of the all-Russian level.

According to the same Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Dagestan, the agrarians of the republic are ready to send the remaining slightly more than 600 thousand tons of crop products to other regions of the country.

It is known that the agro-industrial complex of Dagestan occupies a special place in the life support of the republic. About 60% of the population lives in rural areas of the republic (27% in Russia as a whole), and therefore agriculture largely determines the state of the entire national economy and the socio-economic level of the vast majority of the population of Dagestan.

Experts note that the solution of the problem of creating an efficiently functioning, competitive agro-industrial complex of the republic largely depends on the socio-economic development of the territory and improving the welfare of the population. This predetermines its important role in the strategy of economic and social development of the region in the near and long term.

In Dagestan, the successful solution of the problem of creating an efficient and competitive agro-industrial complex is of particular importance due to the fact that the region, with its agricultural specialization, is problematic.

Based on the realities of the economic situation and the situation that has developed in the agro-industrial complex of the republic, it can be predicted that in the near future the development of the agro-industrial complex of the republic will be carried out to a greater extent by mobilizing its internal reserves, with the activation of integration processes, the formation of market infrastructure, a decrease in the import of food and an increase in demand for their food products, an increase in the financial stability of commodity producers as a result of a slight increase in prices.

The agro-industrial complex is the main link in the republic's economy. Despite the increase in the volume of agricultural production in recent years and some improvement in the financial condition of agricultural enterprises, the general situation of agricultural producers remains rather difficult.

Among the main problems in the development of the agro-industrial complex of the republic are high taxation rates and interest rates on loans, the underdevelopment of market infrastructure - markets for agricultural products and food, technology, a decrease in the natural potential of the industry - soil fertility, agricultural land, breeding stock, low efficiency in the use of arable land.

The situation is aggravated by the lack of the necessary social infrastructure and integrated rural development, the low level of education and the shortage of personnel and the unattractiveness of labor in agriculture.

The limiting factors for the development of the industry are the low level of mechanization, significant wear and tear of the existing fleet of agricultural machines, high prices for new equipment, insufficient development of equipment and machinery leasing in the agro-industrial complex, and others.

However, despite the difficulties existing in the industry, in 2013 good results were achieved both in crop production, animal husbandry, and in the field of product processing. Grain crops were harvested twice as much as in previous years, and, moreover, due to increased yields.

It is noted that the sustainable development of agricultural production in Dagestan is ensured thanks to state financial support. In 2013, more than 3.1 billion rubles were allocated for this by the federal and republican budgets.

The priority projects for the development of the Republic of Dagestan, including the very important project "Effective Agro-Industrial Complex", turned out to be equally effective. The mechanism of its implementation made it possible to mobilize its internal reserves, structures of state and municipal authorities, patriotic entrepreneurs, and the entire public to help the agrarian sector of the economy of the republic.

Identification of agricultural lands not used for their intended purpose, increasing the efficiency of the use of lands of transhumance, the withdrawal of poorly used lands of GUs, SUEs, MUPs to the Redistribution Fund of RD, the involvement of abandoned agricultural lands in circulation, the protection of lands from soil erosion is one of the most important areas of the "Effective Agro-Industrial Complex" project .

Gradually, the age-old problem of agrarians is being solved - the problem of selling their products. In this regard, the Head of the Republic Ramazan Abdulatipov instructed to start creating agricultural sites in the cities of the republic, including identifying at least two such sites in Makhachkala, where producers will ship their crops. The first wholesale and distribution market with an area of ​​2 hectares has already begun to function in the suburbs of the capital of Dagestan.

It is no secret that successful investment projects in the agro-industrial complex are becoming a successful locomotive for the development of not only agriculture, but the entire economy of Dagestan. Thus, the leadership of the republic actively supports the implementation of a number of key investment projects, such as "Dagagrocomplex", "AgroDagItalia", "Agrico North Caucasus", APK "Ecoproduct". A large number of economic facilities have been built, a new model for the development of viticulture has been launched, attention is focused on the development of mountain gardening, etc.

A "side effect" of the development of agriculture is the solution of the problem of employment of the population. I would like to note that only through the implementation of the AgroDagItalia project it is planned to employ 5.5 thousand people, more than 2 thousand people have already been employed in seasonal work in the vineyards.

Of great relevance is the official assessment of the hidden volumes of the economy. After solving the issues of investment and statistics, measures aimed at developing the agriculture of the republic come to the fore.

The priority is to increase the volume of agricultural production by 2.5 times. To achieve the goals set, the government of the republic is aimed at ensuring an increase in the income level of agricultural producers, an increase in agricultural production by increasing planting areas, including through the development of mountain-terraced agriculture, the introduction of modern technologies, the reconstruction of existing and the creation of new enterprises.

In particular, on behalf of Ramazan Abdulatipov, since 2013, activities have been actively carried out to develop viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, rice growing, animal husbandry, poultry farming, food and processing industries, improving soil fertility and melioration. In viticulture, the areas of vineyards have been significantly expanded, which ensures a multiple increase in grape production. So, in 2013, a little more than 2,000 hectares of vineyards were planted, in 2014, in accordance with development plans, another 4,000 hectares were planned.

Dagestan in 2014 expects to increase the grape harvest to 150,000 tons. According to Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Republic Sharip Sharipov, by 2019 it is planned to increase the grape harvest to 320 thousand tons, approaching the indicators of the Soviet period.

The Republic of Dagestan, being the second in Russia in terms of the development of viticulture, has all the conditions to return the palm to the Krasnodar Territory. By the way, we note that such a task was set before the government by the head of the republic.

The Republic of Dagestan

Geography. The Republic of Dagestan is located in the North Caucasus. In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. The area of ​​the territory is 50270 km2.

Climate. Generally temperate continental, arid. In the mountainous part, it changes with height: the temperature drops, the humidity rises. In the southern, coastal part, the climate is transitional from temperate to subtropical. A distinctive feature of the coastal and flat climate is the presence of strong winds. Vegetation period 200-240 days. The average temperature in January is from +1°C in the lowlands to -11°C in the mountains, in July - up to +24°C. Precipitation falls 200-800 mm/year.

Relief. The Dagestan foothills consist of many ridges stretching from the northwest to the southeast for ≈ 200 km. The average height of the foothill part is 500-700 m. Inner Dagestan is a chain of high (up to 2500 m) longitudinal rocky ridges with plateau-like uplifts. High-mountainous Dagestan is distinguished by exceptionally dissected relief, where closed pits and mountain valleys meet. Here (above 1800 m) there are alpine and subalpine meadows.

Hydrography. surface waters. Under water ≈ 3.5% of the area, 0.4% is occupied by swamps. The river network is unevenly distributed over the territory. The largest rivers are Terek, Sulak, Samur.

The groundwater. In the general balance of domestic drinking water supply in the republic, 71% falls on the share of groundwater. Potential operational groundwater resources are estimated at more than 2 million m 3 /day. Explored reserves are 0.9 million m 3 /day. According to the conditions for the formation of groundwater, the Tersko-Kuma artesian basin (21200 km 2) is distinguished, which occupies the northern part of the republic and the Caspian basin of the flow of small rivers (9700 km 2) in the southern foothill part. The Tersko-Kuma artesian basin includes: Nogai, Kizlyar, Babayurt, Sulak-Aktash, Khasavyurt and other deposits. The largest field of fresh underground waters in the North Caucasus is Sulakskoe with predicted operational resources of 157 million m 3 /year, which is a natural source of water supply for the cities of Makhachkala, Khasavyurt, Kizilyurt with all the settlements adjacent to them. The degree of exploration of reserves in the republic is 0.56. The specific water consumption of groundwater in the republic is 108.38 l/s per person, but within the administrative districts the value varies from 642.7 l/s per person. in the Nogai region up to 0.3 l/s per person. in the Kumtorkalinsky district.

Aquatic bioresources. The ichthyofauna is represented by 123 species and subspecies of fish, including: marine fish - 39, freshwater - 39, anadromous and semi-anadromous - 45 species. The water area of ​​the republic is 2972500 ha. (excluding rivers and temporary reservoirs). There are 82 water objects of fishery importance in the republic.

Vegetation. From the subtropical forest at the mouth of the Samur River, deserts and semi-deserts in the north of the territory to high mountain tundra and glaciers. Forests occupy ≈ 12.8% of the area.

Soils. On the lowland part of the territory there are light chestnut soils, largely saline, brown sandy loamy and meadow solonchak soils. Alluvial soils are common in river floodplains. Chestnut and mountain-forest soils are found in the foothills. On the gentle northeastern slopes of the foothills, on the plateau of Intramountainous Dagestan, mountain chernozems are developed. Mountain-steppe, brown forest and mountain-meadow soils are also characteristic of the mountains. ≈ 60% of the territory is represented by sloping lands, which significantly affects erosion processes.

Agriculture. Agricultural land occupies ≈ 67% of the territory, in their structure - arable land ≈ 15.5%, perennial plantations ≈ 2.2%, hayfields ≈ 4.9%, pastures ≈ 77.3%. On the plain - irrigated agriculture.

Animal husbandry and crafts. Sheep are bred (Artlukh, Dagestan mountain, Tushino, Andi, Lezgi), goats, cows (meat and dairy cattle breeding), pigs, horses, poultry (chickens), fish (sturgeon). Fishing.

Plant growing. They grow wheat (spring, winter), barley (spring), rye, triticale, rice, millet, oats, corn (grain, fodder), beans, sunflower, rapeseed, flax, cotton, potatoes, onions (spring, winter), cabbage , cucumbers, garlic, tomatoes, eggplant, peppers, watermelons, melons, apricots, cherries, apples, peaches, plums, pomegranate, persimmon, figs, kiwi, grapes, alfalfa, Sudan grass.

Approximate calendar of agricultural work in the Republic of Dagestan

Month	Decade	Events
January	1
	2
	3
February	1	Pruning vineyards; plowing between rows of vineyards
	2
	3	Sowing of early spring crops
March	1	Sowing of spring crops
	2	chill rise; sowing of spring crops. Sheep farms are lambing
	3	Sowing of barley, oats, vegetables, perennial grasses, planting potatoes; chill rise; laying vineyards. Sheep farms are lambing
April	1	Planting potatoes, sowing vegetables. Sheep farms are lambing
	2	Sowing barley, corn (grain), sunflower, planting potatoes, sowing vegetables, perennial and annual grasses
	3	planting potatoes; sowing of spring cereals, sunflower, vegetables, perennial grasses; top dressing of winter crops; harrowing of winter cereals, perennial grasses
May	1	Sowing rice, planting potatoes, sowing vegetables, perennial grasses; top dressing of winter crops
	2	Sowing of rice, corn, sunflower
	3	Sowing of spring cereal grains, rice, corn, sunflower, planting of potatoes, sowing of melons, vegetables, perennial and annual grasses; harvesting of winter crops; in gardens, inter-row cultivation, chemical treatments against pests and diseases, top dressing with mineral and organic fertilizers
June	1	Sowing barley, corn, vegetables, annual and perennial grasses, planting potatoes
	2	Winter grain harvesting
	3	Harvesting of winter grains; fodder harvesting
July	1	Harvesting of winter cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruits; fodder preparation. Completion of the transfer of sheep from winter to summer pastures
	2
	3	Forage harvesting; harvesting winter cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruits
August	1
	2	Harvesting of winter cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruits; fodder harvesting
	3	Harvesting of spring and winter cereals, potatoes, vegetables, melons, fruits; planting onions (winter); fodder harvesting
September	1	Harvesting winter crops, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, gourds, grapes
	2	Harvesting rice, melons, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, grapes
	3	Sowing of winter crops; harvesting rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, gourds
October	1	Harvesting rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, melons; winter sowing
	2	Sowing of winter crops; harvesting rice, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, grapes
	3	rice harvesting; winter sowing
November	1	Sowing of winter crops; rice harvest
	2	Harvesting of rice, corn; winter sowing
	3	Rice, corn, sunflower harvesting; winter sowing
December	1	Harvesting of rice, sunflower; winter sowing
	2	Sowing of winter grains
	3

Districts of the Republic of Dagestan

Agulsky district.
Located in the southern part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 778 km2. Growing cereals (winter).

Akushinsky district.
Located in the central part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 622.8 km2.

Akhvakhsky district.

Located in the western part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 291.1 km2.

Grow fruits.

Akhtynsky district.

Located in the south of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 1120 km2.

The climate is temperate continental.

The terrain is mountainous.

Forests cover 0.6% of the territory.

The area of ​​agricultural land is ≈ 85.7 ha. Transhumance cattle breeding. They grow cabbage and fruits.

Botlikh region.

Located in the western part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 687.93 km2.

Sheep are bred. Grow fruits.

Buynaksky district.

Located in the central part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 1826.58 km2.

The climate is temperate continental with a noticeable manifestation of altitudinal zonality.

The Shura-Ozen River with tributaries Atlan-Ozen, Buglen-Ozen, Buragan-Ozen, Apke-Ozen, as well as a small section of the Sulak River with tributaries of Aksu and the upper course of the Paraul-Ozen River flows through the district.

Sheep are bred. Grow corn, beans, vegetables, fruits.

Gergebil region.
Located in the central part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 346.52 km2. Sheep breeding. Grow fruits.

Gumbetovsky district.

Located in the central part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 676.16 km2.

Sheep are bred.

Gunibsky district.

Located in the central part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 609.52 km2.

Bred cows (meat and dairy cattle), sheep.

Derbent region.

Located in the southern part of Dagestan. From the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. The area of ​​the territory is 820.97 km2.

The climate is transitional from temperate to subtropical semi-dry.

The relief is flat (>60% of the territory), with foothills in the west.

Rivers flow through the region: Rubas, Ulluchay, Darvagchay and many small ones.

15% of the territory is occupied by forests.

Cabbage, tomatoes, cucumbers, garlic, radishes, eggplants, peppers, onions, fruits, grapes are grown.

Kazbekovsky district.

Located in the northwest of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 5851 km 2.

Sheep are bred.

Kaytagsky district.
Located in the southeastern part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 678.24 km2. The climate is temperate with marked continentality. The area is foothill, located at an altitude of 450-599 m above sea level. It is characterized by the absence of sharp fluctuations in air temperature and moderately warm winters. The average annual temperature is +11...+15 o C. The annual precipitation is 350-550 mm. The duration of the period with a temperature above +10 ° C is 180-200 days. The average date of the first and last autumn frosts is 25.10.-10.11., the average date of the last spring frosts is 10-20 April. The hydrothermal coefficient of the area is 0.5-1. The area of ​​agricultural land is ≈ 34299 ha. They grow cereals, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, grapes.

Karabudakhkent region.
Located in the east of Dagestan. From the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. The area of ​​the territory is 1426.64 km2. Grow fruits.

Kayakent region.
Located in the southeastern part of Dagestan. From the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea. The area of ​​the territory is 640 km2. Grow grapes.

Kizilyurtovsky district.

Located in the central part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 524 km2.

The climate is temperate continental with hot summers and short, moderately cold winters. The average temperature of the coldest month (January) is -2.4°C, the warmest (July) is +23.5°C.

It is a plain-foothill territory, belongs to a flat zone.

The Sulak River flows through the territory.

They grow cereals (winter), peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, garlic, apricots, apples, grapes.

Kizlyar region.

Located in the northern part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 3047.44 km2. In the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea.

The territory of the district is located on the Caspian lowland, at the mouth of the Terek River. Steppe-type landscape with meadows, wetlands, and saline deserts.

In the rivers and in the Caspian there are: sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, beluga, blackback, vobla, carp, catfish, pike, pike perch, etc.

Sheep are bred. Fishing. They grow rice, vegetables, watermelons, melons, fruits, grapes.

Kumtorkalinsky district.

Located in the northern part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 1256.08 km2.

They grow cereals, potatoes, onions (winter).

Levashinsky district.
Located in the central part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 830 km2. Grow grapes.

Magaramkent region.

Located in the south of Dagestan. In the northeast it is washed by the Caspian Sea. The area of ​​the territory is 654.6 km2.

The climate is temperate with elements of subtropical. The summer is hot, the daytime temperature in the shade reaches +45°С; the minimum recorded temperature is -20°C.

Located on lowland, foothill and mountain lands, it is considered flat.

Rivers flow through the region: Samur, Yalama.

On the territory of the Magaramkent village council, forest brown and brown soils are common (significantly predominate). The content of humus in soils is 2-4%, the soils are not saline.

They grow fruits and grapes.

Nogai region.

Located in the north of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 8871.13 km2.

Sheep are bred. Grow cotton.

Rutulsky district.

Located in the southwest of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 2188.48 km2.

The climate is continental. Spring is early and is accompanied by clear and sunny days throughout the entire period of time. Summers are warm and dry. The average July temperature is +23...+25°С. In the summer, short showers and occasional thunderstorms are possible. Up to 215 clear and sunny days can be observed during the year. Autumn is lingering. Most of autumn is warm and dry. The first night frosts can occur at the end of October, from that time the weather becomes unstable, a large number of cloudy days appear. Winters are relatively warm, with little snow and short. The average temperature in January-February is -3...-4°C, with an increase in altitude, temperatures can drop to -5...-7°C. The absolute minimum is -26°C. The snow cover is extremely unstable, only in the highlands it can reach 10-15 cm. Winter is accompanied by frequent thaws, during which the air can warm up to +5...+7°C. Throughout the winter, there is increased humidity. The average annual rainfall is 450 mm, the relative humidity is 83%.

The region is predominantly mountainous.

Rivers flow through the region: Samur, Kara-Samur, Akhtychay, Kurdul, Shinazchay. Perch, catfish, trout live in reservoirs.

The flora is represented by subtropical forests: pine, mixed coniferous-broad-leaved, liana.

Sheep are bred.

Suleiman-Stalsky district.

Located in the southeastern part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 666.3 km2.

On the plains, the climate is dry, continental, with hot summers and cold winters, in the foothills - more humid, temperate, in the mountains - cold. In the administrative center (Kasumkent village), the average air temperature during the year ranges from -11°C to +37°C. Absolute minimum -21.6°C, maximum +41.6°C.

According to the nature of the relief, the region is divided into 3 main parts - lowland (4%), foothill (80%) and mountainous (16%).

Rivers flow through the territory: Kurakhchay, Chiragchay, Tsmur, which, merging near the village of Kasumkent, form the Gyulgerichay River.

On the territory of the district there is flora of almost all climatic zones: alpine meadows of high mountains, oak, beech forests of the foothills.

Cereals, pomegranate, persimmon, figs, kiwi, vegetables, grapes are grown on the lowlands; in the foothill and mountainous parts of the region, cows are bred and fruits are grown.

Tabasaran region.
Located in the southeast of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 803.10 km2. Farmland occupies ≈ 32,174 ha. Growing cereals, vegetables, fruits, grapes.

Tarumovsky district.

Located in the north of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 3109.02 km2. From the east it is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea.

It is located within the Caspian lowland, which lies below the level of the World Ocean.

The Kuma River flows along the northern border of the region. The Prorva River flows through the territory, which is the extreme left branch of the Terek River, forming its delta.

Half of the region's land is used as winter pastures for small cattle in the mountainous regions of the republic. Breed cows (dairy and beef cattle breeding), sheep, pigs, fish. Fishing. They grow wheat, barley, rice, grapes.

Untsukulsky district.

Located in the central part of Dagestan. The area of ​​the territory is 559.9 km2.

The Plexus of the Republic is made up of dairy and beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding and crop production . Dagestan has great potential for the development of food and processing industries.

The agro-industrial complex of Dagestan is:

about 22% of the gross regional product;

more than 250 thousand employees;

% of all fixed production assets of the republic.

The most important types of agricultural products produced in crop production are grain, potatoes, fruits and grapes. More than 57 percent of the sown area in the republic is occupied by grain crops. All industrial crops and more than 90 percent of cereals are grown in agricultural enterprises.

The main producers of potatoes, vegetables, fruits and berries (except grapes) are households and peasant (farmer) households.

In 2007, the farmers of Dagestan produced 832 thousand tons vegetables (first place in the country), 118 thousand tons of grapes, 348 thousand tons of potatoes. The volume of gross agricultural output of the republic amounted to 34.5 billion rubles.

animal husbandry is oriented, first of all, to satisfy the food needs of the local population, as well as to provide raw materials (wool, raw hides) for commodity producers both within the republic and abroad.

Orchards and vineyards have a significant share in agricultural production, plantings of which are distributed everywhere. The largest arrays of vineyards are concentrated in the Derbent, Kayakent, Kizlyar, Khasavyurt regions and near the city of Makhachkala, and the largest horticultural regions are located along the valleys of the Samur, Gyulgerychay and four Koisu rivers.

Dagestan is one of the leading regions industrial viticulture and winemaking in Russia. 34% of all vineyards of the country are concentrated in the republic; Dagestan produces about 30% of Russia's grapes and almost 90% of all Russian cognac. The high quality of Dagestan cognacs and champagnes is confirmed by numerous awards won at various national and international exhibitions.

Agriculture is one of the basic sectors of the economy of the Republic of Dagestan, whose share in GRP in 2002 was 28.8%. About a third of those employed in the economy work in the agricultural sector, of which 27% are in animal husbandry, and 73% in crop production. In terms of agricultural production per capita, the republic ranks 8th in the Southern Federal District and 54th in the Russian Federation.

A large share of imported agricultural products remains, which hinders the accelerated development of agriculture in the republic. Most categories of food products are imported from the regions of the Russian Federation into the republic (grain, flour, cereals, pasta, vegetable and animal oils, confectionery, cheeses, tea, sugar, salt, beer, soft drinks, canned food, juices, wines, etc.) .

More than 75% of consumed grain and 80% of flour are imported from other regions of the Russian Federation. The demand for poultry meat is covered by own production only by 36%. Partially covered own needs for bakery, confectionery, pasta, wine, liquor, mineral water, soft drinks, whole milk products.

About 50,000 tons of meat and meat products are imported into the republic every year, and about 10,000 tons then go to Azerbaijan and Georgia. From Dagestan to other regions of the Russian Federation and abroad, alcoholic products, fish and canned fruits and vegetables are exported.

Restraining factors for the development of agriculture and the food industry are the significant wear and tear of the existing fleet of agricultural machines (up to 70%) and equipment, high prices for new equipment, lack of working capital and long-term investments, and food imports.

The positive dynamics of GRP growth was ensured by an increase in the volume of production and services in the main sectors of the economy, an increase in financial support for the real sector of the economy, the placement of government orders at enterprises of the republic, and an improvement in the tax climate. High and stable growth has been achieved in almost all sectors, and the achieved indicators are ahead of the average Russian pace.

Thus, for all the most important factors of production, the republic has a significant potential for the development of modern competitive agriculture.

culture

Natural monuments: the world's largest free-standing dune Sary-Kum; the only subtropical liana forest in Russia in the Samur delta; Sulak Canyon (depth 1500-1600 m); Kugsky "Eolian city"; Karadakh gorge - "Gate of Miracles"; the largest mountain lake in the North Caucasus, Kezenoyam (trout); Aimakinskoe gorge; large (up to 100 meters high) and small waterfalls.

Monuments of history and culture: the defensive system of Derbent with the Naryn-Kala fortress (4th century), the high-mountain village-fortress of Kala-Koreish (9th century), the Juma mosque in the village of Kumukh (13th century).

Centers of applied arts: Kubachi (jewelry, decorated with niello, engraving, enamel), Gotsatl (copper chasing, jewelry), Balkhar (painted ceramics), Untsukul (wooden items with silver notch, bone inlay, mother-of-pearl).

There are 18 museums on the territory of the republic, including the state association

Problems of domestic crop production

Dagestan is traditionally an agricultural region; different sectors of this sector of the economy are widespread here. It is common, but not developed, which should be noted with regret.

Especially rooted here is the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, as well as animal husbandry. But, for unknown reasons, the cultivation of cereals has received a weak, if not miserable, development here. Meanwhile, this sector seems promising.

Thus, in the Kurakh region of Dagestan, one of the traditional sectors of agriculture is the cultivation of grain crops, which is uncharacteristic for the rest of Dagestan. Undoubtedly, this topic deserves close attention.

Traditions of Kurakh grain production

Wheat in Russia, as usual, is associated with the Russian Plain, with its endless fields and meadows, long cultivated for growing grain crops. Before hydrocarbon energy carriers became the main article of the country's foreign trade, it was this product that was the locomotive of Russian exports.

A different picture in Dagestan - the population engaged in agriculture grew horticultural crops. And wheat was exchanged on foreign markets for livestock products familiar to the region.

In this regard, the Kurakh land attracts interest by the fact that grains have also been grown here for a long time. So, for example, the community of the village of Gelkhen was engaged in the cultivation of durum wheat varieties, which are referred to by the locals with the common name “gul”. Later, local breeders bred new varieties of wheat that were resistant to frost, more adapted to the conditions of the highlands.

Below Gelchen, in the villages of the middle reaches of the Kurakhvats River, the population also grew grain crops - wheat and barley on plots of land near the river floodplain.

In 1937, the community of the village of Kochkhur, Kurakhsky district, received land plots in the foothills of Southern Dagestan for use, where the village of Bugda-tepe was later founded. At the new location, they also took up the cultivation of grain crops - wheat and barley.

Thus, the district has developed its own culture of grain production.

The relevance of this problem

Bread is a product that will always be in great demand among all categories of the population. There is an overproduction of fruit and vegetable products in the republic. The supply many times exceeds the demand, as a result of which the labor of the peasants depreciates. Hard painstaking work is rewarded with completely frivolous amounts of benefits.

Meanwhile, it is appropriate to cite as an example the situation in the country's grain market in 2012, when during the year prices for wheat, and, consequently, for flour and bread increased by 11-12%, significantly outpacing inflation.

The reason was the mediocre wheat harvest in 2012, as well as the unresolved many problems of financing grain producers.

In 2010, the rapid rise in wheat prices was caused by a severe drought in the grain-bearing regions of the country. Following the whole country, prices jumped in Dagestan. And there is an explanation for this - the volume of wheat production within the republic is clearly not enough to meet the needs of the Dagestan consumer. Dagestan mainly consumes wheat imported from other regions of the country - mainly from the Krasnodar Territory - the breadbasket of Russia.

Due to the weakness of its wheat production sector and absolute dependence on wheat imports, the pricing of bread products is unstable, which is an additional negative socio-economic factor affecting the general population, given the strategic importance of such a product as bread.

Thus, we observe a very illogical situation, when the hard work of the peasants is directed to the production of surplus goods, when it would be possible to produce scarce grain products.

It is logical to assume that the low activity of peasants in this sector is caused by the great difficulties associated with the cultivation of grain crops. In particular, the problem of providing agricultural land with irrigation water. However, in areas with rich water resources, this problem is easily solved.

There are about two thousand rivers in Dagestan, they flow mainly through mountainous areas. However, in the conditions of high mountains it is difficult to find even and extensive areas of fields necessary for sowing grain. In the Kurakh region, which consists of both high-mountainous and foothill areas, this problem is solved due to the variety of landscape types.

Precedents for Dagestan

Naturally, the culture of growing grain in the republic is not limited to one Kurakh region. Within the framework of this article, it is the Kurakh precedent that is considered. Thus, the cultivation of grain crops - barley, wheat, oats, rice is carried out in the Levashinsky district of the republic.

In the Gumbetovsky district, in addition to other grain crops, wheat is also produced. However, the scale is not the same - in 2011, 20 hectares of farmland were allocated for wheat fields.

In the north of the republic, in the Tarumovsky district abounding in flat expanses, agricultural producers also took up the production of grain crops.

Solution

Currently, the Dagestan market of grain crops is occupied by Krasnodar and Rostov agricultural producers. The local, absolutely miserable level of wheat production, of course, cannot be compared with the production volumes of all-Russian giants. It should also be taken into account that the transportation of products to Dagestan, which is hindered by a considerable distance, ultimately also imposes a certain amount on the final price of the product, which hits the pockets of the far from wealthy Dagestan consumer.

In the meantime, the Kurakh producer cannot expand its sowing volumes, since this requires proper lending. And there is a special problem with loans in Dagestan. Many farmers go broke because they are unable to pay the interest. As people say, "we wanted the best, but it turned out as always."

Thus, if the farmer receives the necessary credit for his business on realistic terms, he will be able to sow a large area, grow a large crop, and increase the amount of sowing over the years.

As a result, the Dagestan market will be provided with products of a local manufacturer, not burdened by long distances for transporting its goods to shopping centers, which will have a very positive effect on flour pricing.

It is clear that the areas of the Kurakhsky district will not be enough to provide the entire republic with wheat. However, the Kurakh manufacturer will be able to bring its products to the market of South Dagestan, where it will successfully compete with the Krasnodar and Rostov producers, whose products will cost more due to the above-mentioned transportation costs.

Ilyas Bukarov

FLNKA Correspondent Corps

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