Feudal fiefdom in medieval England. Feudal patrimony and rent in medieval Europe In feudal society, rent appeared in three forms

What is a feudal estate and a feudal estate? and got the best answer

Answer from Vlad Ustelyomov[guru]
The feudal estate is a type of economic and land relations in medieval Europe that developed under the feudal system. A typical feudal estate was a large house or castle surrounded by fields, small houses, pastures and forests. Feudal estates were quite self-sufficient. Surplus goods and products were exchanged for other goods that were in short supply. Over time, market relations in cities developed more and more, and feudal estates became more specialized, since it is much more efficient to produce several goods of the same type than to try to provide oneself with everything one needs.


The estates differed in economic structure (depending on the role of the domain, the type of feudal duties of the peasants), in size, and in the social affiliation of the estates (secular, including royal, church).
Source: History of Feudalism

Answer from Artyom Sotskov[newbie]
The pfeudal estate is a type of economic and land relations in medieval Europe that developed under the feudal system. A typical feudal estate was a large house or castle surrounded by fields, small houses, pastures and forests. Feudal estates were quite self-sufficient. Surplus goods and products were exchanged for other goods that were in short supply. Over time, market relations in cities developed more and more, and feudal estates became more specialized, since it is much more efficient to produce several goods of the same type than to try to provide oneself with everything one needs.
A feudal patrimony is a landed estate owned by a feudal lord hereditarily (from the word "father") with the right to sell, pledge, donate. The estate was a complex consisting of landed property (land, buildings and inventory) and rights to dependent peasants. Synonyms for patrimony - allod, bockland.
Since the 8th-9th centuries, the patrimony has been the dominant form of land ownership in most countries of Western Europe. In the process of forming the patrimony, an apparatus of coercion was created (court, administration, and so on). The peasants retained their communal organization (community, commune, almenda), which, along with the obligatory hereditary nature of ownership, distinguished the patrimony from the beneficiation, manor and estate.
The patrimony differed in economic structure (depending on the role of the domain, the type of feudal duties of the peasants), in size, in social affiliation

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

Manor (eng. manor, from lat. maneo - stay, live)

the name of a feudal estate in medieval England. Although M. arose before the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 (See Norman Conquest of England in 1066), however, its distribution and mainly unification within the entire country took place already in the Norman era. "Typical" M. consisted of two parts: the domain - the land on which the lord's own economy was conducted, and the land of the holders - serfs (villans) and free holders (freeholders). In addition, the M. included communal lands, which were largely in communal use, but were already considered the property of Lord M. Villana, which constituted an absolutely predominant layer in such M.. Their labor duties to the lord were the basis of the domain economy, and the quitrent in kind not only satisfied the needs of the lord, but was also exported to the market; their jurisdiction of the manorial curia is the basis of the lord's jurisdiction; they were subject to the banal rights of the lord (see Banality). Management of M. was carried out by his ministerials (the so-called stewards - managers). Manorialism combined all forms of senior dependence: personal, land, judicial, and so on. . commutation) corvée; domainial land was either rented to one large tenant, or was divided into small plots, which were rented to small peasant-type tenants. In the late Middle Ages, M. remained a traditional shell, real relations in which took on a completely new, bourgeois character. In the 18th century, landlordism finally disappeared, giving way to capitalist forms of landownership, which, however, did not eliminate the actual land monopoly of landlords, which became the basis of the modern system of landlordism.

Lit.: Vinogradov P. G., Studies in the social history of England in the Middle Ages, M., 1887; Vinogradoff P., The villainage in England, Oxf., 1892; his own, The growth of the manor, 2 ed., L., 1911; Petrushevsky D.M., The Rebellion of Wat Tyler, 4th ed., M., 1937; Kosminsky E. A., Research on the agrarian history of England in the 13th century, M. - L., 1947; Barg M. A., Studies in the history of English feudalism XI - XIII centuries, M., 1962; Maitland, F. W., Domesday book and beyond, Camb., 1907.

M. A. Barg.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

Synonyms:

See what "Manor" is in other dictionaries:

- (eng. manor from latin. maneo stay, live), feudal patrimony (see patrimony) in medieval England. Manor arises before the 11th century, but its distribution and unification within the whole country occurred after the Norman Conquest (see ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The name of a feudal estate in medieval England. The manor arose even before the Norman conquest of England in 1066. With the spread within the country, it consisted of the domain of the lord’s own economy and the land of the holders of serfs (villans) and free ... ... Historical dictionary

Votchina Dictionary of Russian synonyms. manor n., number of synonyms: 1 estate (7) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

MANOR- in the Middle Ages, an estate owned by a feudal aristocrat and producing products to meet the basic vital needs of its inhabitants. M. functioned not for the purpose of generating income, but to maintain elementary ... ... Legal Encyclopedia

A medieval estate owned by a feudal aristocrat who produced food to meet the basic needs of its inhabitants. The Manor functioned not for the purpose of generating income, but to maintain elementary ... Collier Encyclopedia

"Manor" redirects here; see also other meanings. Approximate plan of the medieval manor Manor (English manor ... Wikipedia

Ehud Manor (Hebrew אהוד מנור‎ [Ehud Manor]) (July 13, 1941 – April 12, 2005) was an outstanding Israeli songwriter. Ehud Manor was born in Binyamin in 1941. He graduated from Tel Aviv University, where he studied art history, the second academic ... ... Wikipedia

- (English manor) feudal fiefdom in medieval England. New dictionary of foreign words. by EdwART, 2009. manor [English] manor] - a feudal estate in medieval England. Large dictionary of foreign words. Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

An patrimony is the highest form of feudal land tenure - an patrimony, seigneury, manor (in England). The votchina was productively organized to collect feudal rent. Feudal land rent is part of the surplus labor, the product of dependent peasants, which was appropriated by the feudal landowner. Feudal rent was an economic mechanism for the realization of the feudal lord's ownership of land.

As a rule, it was divided into the master's economy (domain) and peasant holdings. Within Hungary, its owner (who had the right of immunity) had administrative and judicial power and the right to levy taxes.

In feudal society, rent came in three forms:

1) corvee, or labor rent;

2) food rent, or quitrent in kind;

3) cash rent, or cash rent.

At different stages of the 12 centuries of feudalism, one or the other type of rent prevailed. At the beginning of feudalism, labor rent was the most common; almost simultaneously with it, quitrent in kind and later cash rent appeared.

In the early Middle Ages, when the feudal lords conducted a dominal economy in their estates, the corvée system of economy and the associated natural quitrent, or food rent, prevailed. In classical and late feudalism in most countries of the West. and Center. In Europe, along with labor rent and food rent, a third type of rent, cash rent, or cash rent, begins to predominate. The emergence of money was caused by the growth of cities as centers of crafts and trade and the formation of commodity-money relations. Realization of rent in products and, especially, cash rent undermined the corvée economy. The feudal money rent is being replaced by the capitalist form of rent. In some countries, Zap. In Europe, towards the end of feudalism, the corvée economy is being revived, while in other countries this system of economy is curtailed, because the feudal landowner himself ceased to be engaged in his economy, and two types of rent remained in these farms; quitrent in kind and feudal monetary rent.

This situation, when the landowner refused to run his own economy and lived on rent, is especially characteristic of France and countries with strong royal power and an extensive court staff. For the sake of a brilliant career at the royal court, the feudal lords abandoned their estates and rushed from the deep outback to Paris, thereby changing their social status. With the constant absence of the feudal lord, the peasant became more and more independent, felt like a master, worked more, and his economy flourished.

Northern neighbors of the Roman Empire: Germans, Celts, Slavs.

Of all the numerous barbarian tribes that lived north of the Roman Empire, there are three main ethnic groups that played a major role in the Great Migration of Nations and the death of the Roman Empire, as well as in the formation of feudal medieval Europe.

Celts

The structure of these tribes differed from the socio-economic structure of the Roman Empire. The Celts lived in a primitive communal way. By the 5th century Primitive communal relations were transformed, subjected to significant decomposition, but were not completely eliminated. Family relations were preserved, as well as public ownership of the main means of production - land. With these tribes, Rome had to wage a stubborn and hard struggle for many centuries. As a result of the victories of the Roman army, a large number of territories inhabited by barbarians turned into colonies. Like other tribes, the Celts served as a source of labor for the Roman latifundia, which required a huge number of laborers.

Rome faced the Celts earlier than other barbarian tribes. The Celts settled a vast territory in Western Europe in the middle and second half of the 1st millennium BC. They occupied the territory of modern Germany, modern France (Gallo-Celts), Spain (Celtic-Iberians), as well as Ireland (eras, or airs, and Scots) and Britain (Britons); in addition, they occupied the territory of modern Switzerland (Helvetii) and modern Northern Italy (Cisalpine Gaul). In Asia Minor, the Celts formed the state of Galatia.

The Celts have left their mark on the modern world. They owe, in particular, geography. A number of place names in Europe have Celtic origins. The names of the rivers - the Rhine and the Danube, the mountains - the Alps, and the countries - Switzerland (Helvetia) - are of Celtic origin.

For centuries, the name Celts-Gauls alone terrified the Romans. At the beginning of the IV century. BC. The Gauls invaded Central Italy, reached Rome and burned it. Under Emperor Mary at the end of the 2nd century. BC. there was an invasion Cimbri and Teutons. These tribes were partly Gallic, partly Germanic. Their invasion forced the empire to strain all its forces to the limit in order to repulse the Cimbri and Teutons. The Roman legions were able to push back the barbarian detachments from their borders. In the II century. BC. The Romans conquered part of Gaul, which from then on was called Narbonne Gaul.

AT 58 BC in Gaul with his legions appears Gaius Julius Caesar who undertook the conquest of the whole Transalpine Gaul. The Celts were forced out by the Germanic tribes from the territory of modern West Germany, and the border between the Celtic and Germanic tribes ran along the river Rhine. In contrast to other Celtic tribes (for example, in Britain or Ireland), the tribal system of the Gauls began to disintegrate even before they were conquered by the Romans. They had a rich and powerful nobility, which Caesar called horsemen. Riders had a significant, well-armed squad, as well as numerous slaves, land, and gained more and more power in their tribes. Gallic community members fell into dependence on the nobility.

In the religion of the Celts-Gauls, generic features of their social order can be traced. The Gaul Celts developed a strong and powerful priesthood - druids. Druids were wealthy, powerful, and often acted as arbiters in tribal conflicts. Druids in their religious beliefs were pagans, deified nature and elemental forces. Deifying nature, they studied it. Druids were skilled healers. The Druidic cult knew sacrifices (human, animal). The Druids were astronomers: their megalithic structures made it possible to observe and calculate the movement of the stars.

The Roman conquest of Gaul led to its early Romanization. The Romans introduced their own rules in Gaul: Roman land ownership, slavery, culture. There are numerous Gallo-Roman cities, built by Roman architects and Roman workers (using Gallic labor). Before that, the barbarians had no cities. Gaul was crossed in all directions by beautiful Roman highways. After the conquest, the Gauls willingly made contact with the Romans, adopting their customs, Roman life, the Gallic nobility was especially successful in this. The Gauls began to wear Roman clothes. In a relatively short period of time, Gaul turned into a Romanized province of Rome closely associated with Italy.

In the 1st century BC. under the emperor Augustus, the Romans conquered The Iberian Peninsula, whose population was also Romanized. But in Spain this process was less profound than in Gaul. The Celts-Iberians resisted Romanization. The Basques, who lived in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, especially valued their independence. They fiercely resisted both the Roman invasion and the subsequent Romanization.

In the middle of the 1st century, under the emperor Claudius, the Romans conquered Britannia. The beginning of the conquest of Britain was laid by Caesar himself, when he created Transalpine Gaul. Roman legions entered Britain, but in small numbers. The remoteness of Britain from Rome did not allow sending numerous legions there. Britain was partially conquered. Its significant territories (modern Scotland, Ireland, Wales) were not included in the Roman possessions. For these reasons, Romanization here was even weaker than in the Iberian Peninsula. In addition, the conquest of Britain was temporary: at the beginning of the 5th century. the Roman legions were withdrawn from British territory, and for some time the British Celts regained their former independence.

The Celts played an important role in the formation of medieval Europe. The Celtic tribes were the first to stubbornly resist the Romans, although for the most part, in the end, they submitted to them. It was the Celts who underwent the longest and deepest Roman influence. Through the Celtic tribes, Roman civilization reached the most remote reaches of Europe. Some features of the tribal system, in particular tribal land ownership, were inherited by the Celts to the new feudal system. This was especially evident in Ireland, Scotland and French Brittany.

A number of ethnic and linguistic elements passed from the Celts to many peoples of Western Europe: the French, the Irish, the British, the Spaniards - although other tribes, mainly Germanic, will play a big role in the formation of these peoples, after some time.

Despite the fact that the Celtic tribes were so closely connected with the Roman Empire and were largely Romanized, and moreover, Christianized, despite all this they retained a hostile attitude towards the Roman conquerors, and when the Great Migration of Nations began, the Celts took the most active participation in the destruction of the empire.

When Britain freed itself from Roman rule, another territory on the continent moved away from Rome - a peninsula in northwestern Gaul, which at that time was called Armorica, and then received the name of Brittany, and this name is still preserved in France.

The northern territories of the Iberian Peninsula were also on the verge of liberation from Rome as a result of the stubborn struggle of their population, but the Great Migration of Nations played the final role in this process.

Germans

More is known about these tribes than about the Celts. The first source that historians use when studying the Germanic tribes is "Notes on the Gallic War" Julius Caesar (composition completed in 50 BC).

In his work, Caesar gave a detailed and colorful description of the life of the Germans. 150 years later, another famous Roman historian, Tacitus, who wrote the essay "Germany" wrote about the Germans. Pliny, Plutarch and many other famous ancient authors also wrote about the Germans. It is known from their writings that the Germans lived between the Rhine in the west, the Vistula in the east, the Baltic and North Seas in the north, and the Alps and Danube in the south. Numerous Germanic tribes lived in Scandinavia.

From the very beginning, these tribes were divided into western and eastern Germans, and this division is still preserved. This is probably not accidental: the differences between them were quite significant. The border between the western and eastern Germanic tribes was the Elbe River.

Of the Germanic tribes that were most important in the time of Caesar and Tacitus, the most mentioned are Sueves. In addition to the Suevi, a significant role among the Germanic tribes was played by the Hamavs, Sugambri, Hatti, Cherusci; eastern Gothic-Vandal tribes who lived beyond the Elbe and on the coast of the Baltic Sea; quads and marcomanni who lived along the Danube.

The social structure of the Germans, namely the Suebi, about whom Caesar was the first to write, differed from the social order of the time when Tacitus wrote about them. Caesar and Tacitus, complementing each other, left invaluable information about the life of the Germanic tribes. In the time of Caesar, the Germanic tribes had not yet gone over to full settlement. Their agriculture was primitive, of a crudely shifting nature. The fields were loosened superficially, grains were thrown into the ground in handfuls, at random, and a year later, when the crop was harvested, the tribe left this territory.

Caesar wrote that in his time the land of the Germanic tribes was not the subject of private property, but belonged to the community. This communal ownership of land will continue until the time of Tacitus, i.e. 150 years later, although by that time all aspects of the existence of the Germanic tribes had undergone major changes. These tribes were semi-sedentary or nomadic, and played an important role among them. cattle breeding. The Notes of Caesar says that the Germans do not eat bread, but milk, cheese and meat.

As for power, not all Germanic tribes in the era of Caesar had royal power. Among the tribes where it was, it was of a temporary and purely military nature: kings were elected only during the war, and in peacetime they were not needed. In peacetime, the Germanic tribes were ruled by tribal elders and leaders - principles, as Caesar called them.

Tacitus has a different picture. Germanic tribes for 150 years have reached a new level of development. Tacitus writes about them as already about settled tribes with their own settlements, villages, farms. They are engaged in agriculture and for this they clear wastelands, cut down forests. The Germans of the era of Tacitus have heavy plow. They develop three main types of craft for this time: blacksmith, pottery and weaving. Also, the Germans are engaged in the extraction of iron. As before, they do not have private ownership of land, and the clan and tribe remain the supreme manager of the land. But new elements of the economy are already beginning to take shape, and individual land use is emerging. Tacitus notes that it appears because a layer of people begins to form, who stand out among the rest of their relatives with their dignity, i.e. source of individual land use, which, according to Tacitus, is the individual dignity of one or another member of the tribe. This can be seen as a harbinger of new relations emerging among the Germanic tribes.

tribal system both under Caesar and under Tacitus, he played a huge role among the Germans. The tribal organization disposed of the land. In battles, relatives lined up next to each other and fought shoulder to shoulder. They preserved tribal revenge, and it was legalized by custom: not to avenge the murder of a relative was considered a shame for the whole family. In the presence of relatives, marriages took place, the young German was declared an adult, the acquired property was alienated, and court cases were examined. All aspects of life were discussed at the family meeting.

However, in the time of Tacitus, the tribal system of the Germanic ethnos reveals] signs of its decay. The tribal nobility is acquiring more and more wealth and more and more power, there is a polarization between the nobility (nobilitas) and ordinary members of the genus (plebs). The nobility had the best lands and used a large number of slaves. At this time, slaves were mainly supplied by wars. Compared to Roman slavery, which had a plantation character, German slavery had patriarchal features. After a certain period of time, the Germans freed the prisoner-of-war slave and gave him land on which he could run his household. This is how a layer of "slaves with huts", or quitrent slaves, appeared. "Slaves with huts" had to pay their master a dues in food.

The power of the tribal nobility among the Germans was also based on the development of military affairs. Noble people, as a rule, had large squads, waged wars with neighboring Germanic and non-Germanic tribes. As a result of these constant wars, the nobility and combatants gradually became professional warriors. Military booty and the capture of prisoners were a source of enrichment for the military nobility, which was thus formed into a special privileged class. Already in the time of Tacitus, the military nobility sought to make their power hereditary, passing it from father to son. However, ordinary German soldiers, who make up the bulk of the troops, continued to play their definite role in the life of the tribe. They met during military councils, and when the leader proposed this or that plan to them, they had to rattling weapons and shouting to express their approval or censure. Such a structure was inherent in all peoples at a certain stage of development - all barbarians without exception, as well as the ancient Greeks (as Homer testifies) and, at a certain historical period, the same system was inherent in the ancient Romans.

The underdevelopment of the class relations of the ancient Germans is indicated by the domestic patriarchal nature of their religion. According to religious beliefs, the Germans were pagans. The Germans did not have such a powerful priesthood as the Celts, although they also had a priesthood. The Germans had neither special sanctuaries nor complex religious rites, like the Celts. They still deified the elemental forces of nature: the sun, thunder, lightning, earth - everything that played a huge role in the life of a primitive farmer. But over time, the Germans begin to anthropomorphize the elemental forces of nature, gods appear: the warlike Odin, his wife the goddess Freya, etc. In the XI-XII centuries. a complex mythology developed among the Scandinavian tribes.

The relations of the Germans with their southern neighbors, the Romans, were quite complex. They cannot be reduced only to relations of enmity, although it is precisely this that comes to the fore. The first serious clashes took place at Julius Caesar, except for the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutons in 102-101 BC. Caesar rebuffed the Suevian king Ariovistus, and then, to intimidate the Germans, he crosses to the other side of the Rhine. Under Augustus, part of the trans-Rhenish lands between the Rhine and the Weser were conquered. In 9 AD Varus's defeat Teutoburg Forest stopped the advance of the Roman legions to the north. From this time on, the Romans limited themselves mainly to defense. They fortify themselves on the banks of the Rhine and Danube. Between the Rhine and the Danube, the so-called Roman rampart 500 km long was built, reminiscent of the Great Wall of China in its strategic purpose and scale. For some time, the defensive structures of the Romans held back the invasions of the Germanic tribes. However, in the II century. begins the stubborn onslaught of the Germanic tribes on the territory of the Roman Empire, which was already more serious. In the second half of the 2nd century, for 15 years, Marcomannic War(165-180) in the Danubian lands.

quads and marcomanni invaded northern Italy, from where they were forced out with great difficulty. At the same time, the Romans began to look for new opportunities for cooperation, an alliance with the Germanic tribes. The Roman government allocates for them certain territories within the empire, in which the Quadi and Marcomanni settle as federate allies. These lands were located between the Upper Rhine and the Upper Danube (on the Roman side of the Roman rampart) and were called Tithe fields. There is an assumption that this name comes from the tax paid by the allies-federates of the Roman Empire.

In the middle of the 3rd century, when the Roman Empire was going through a particularly acute social and political crisis, part of the West Germanic tribes: Franks, Sueves and others crossed the Rhine, i.e. Roman border. In the second half of the II and during the III centuries. significant movements took place in the East Germanic tribes. One of the most powerful East German tribal groups, goths, passed from north to south, into the Danube basin, captured part of the territory of Dacia and spread to the Black Sea region, settling there after heavy battles with the Slavs. Here the Goths remained for about 150 years, living among the Slavs, the East Sarmatian tribes. In the Black Sea region, the Goths formed two powerful multi-tribal political unions. By their type, these were pre-state formations - Visigothic kingdom on the lower Danube and Ostrogothic kingdom in the basin of the lower Dnieper. Thus, the Goths went directly to the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Slavs

The word "Slavs" is used by Byzantine writers quite often in the VI century. However, the Slavic tribes were known to Roman and Greek authors much earlier. The news about the Slavs appears in ancient authors almost simultaneously with the news about the ancient Germans. Tacitus, Pliny, Ptolemy more than once mentioned the Wends living east of the Germans, near the southern shores of the Baltic Sea. In the IV-VI centuries. along with the name "Venedi" and "Slavs" new names of Slavic tribes begin to appear: Getae and Antes. Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea (middle of the 6th century) calls the Slavs “Sklavins” and “Antes”. The Sklavins, according to Procopius of Caesarea, occupied a significant territory on the Danube, the Antes lived east of the Dniester. Already in the first centuries of the new era, the Slavs of all the barbarian tribes occupied, perhaps, the largest territories. Their territory in the north began at the Baltic Sea, in the south it ended at the Danube, in the west their border ran from the Danube to the Dnieper and further east to the Oka.

The social system of the Slavs, described by the Byzantine writers Prokrpiy of Caesarea and Mauritius (late VI - early VII centuries), is characterized tribal relations. The Slavs lived in tribes and clans, clans consisted of large families. Byzantine writers call tribal elders in Greek archons or philarchs. Philarchs and archons had large squads. Procopius and Mauritius noted that the Slavs wage frequent wars, including in the Balkans.

Being at the same stage of development as the Germanic tribes, the Slavs still retained a military tribal system with elements of military democracy, veche, etc. - something that was inherent in all the barbarian tribes that lived north of the Roman Empire. Procopius and Mauritius note a number of positive traits in the character of the Slavs, for example, their love of freedom and hospitality, as well as the fact that they do not keep captives taken as slaves, and after a while they are set free, while offering them to stay in genus and highlighting a separate economy. According to Procopius and Mauritius, the Slavs are very hospitable, and this quality of them even became a proverb among the inhabitants of the Byzantine Empire. The Slavs strive for friendly relations with their neighbors, but at the same time they are characterized by some touchiness, they perceive an unfriendly attitude towards themselves very painfully and respond to its manifestation with military campaigns.

Procopius and Mauritius note the very high military qualities of the Slavs, physically very strong and large people, as well as their penchant for all kinds of military tricks (ambushes, etc.). Once on the territory of Byzantium, the Slavs quickly mastered Byzantine military equipment and soon learned how to besiege and take fortified cities. The Slavs used one-tree boats and made long sea voyages and trips.

Unlike the Germanic tribes, the main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture. During the period described by Mauritius and Procopius, they sowed mainly barley and millet, and also bred livestock. They were also aware of many household crafts. Those Slavs who lived in the basin of the Vistula and the upper Dnieper (in the area of ​​modern Smolensk), along with agriculture, paid great attention to cattle breeding, fishing and forestry - hunting and beekeeping.

Like the ancient Celts and Germans, the Slavs were pagans, deifying the forces of nature (the sky god Svarog, the god of thunder and lightning Perun, the god of cattle breeding Veles, the goddess of fertility Zhiva, etc.). Deifying nature in all its manifestations, the Slavs populated their world with many small deities and worshiped them: their reservoirs were inhabited by mermaids and water ones, forests by forest deities, and a brownie certainly lived in every dwelling. In the first centuries of the new era, the Slavs did not have the institution of the priesthood, unlike the Celts.

Relations between the Slavic and Germanic tribes were complex, they constantly fluctuated from hostility to peace and from peace to hostility. These relations are vividly reflected in the Acts of the Saxons by Widukind of Corvey.

As Celtic, Germanic tribes, the Slavs played a big role in the collapse of the ancient world (the Roman Empire), which was already on the verge of death, and in the creation of a new order, the building of medieval feudal Europe. The very movement of the Germanic tribes from east to west, which marked the beginning of the Great Migration of Nations, was partly the result of the onslaught of the Slavs on the Germanic tribes, as the Gothic historian Jordanes writes in detail. The Slavs began to oust the Germans from their ancestral lands along the Vistula, Oder and the southern coast of the Baltic, and settled there themselves, and the Germanic tribes went west. Many Slavic tribes went along with them, thus taking part in the Great Migration of Peoples in the 4th-6th centuries. Many southern Slavic tribes moved with the Visigoths and Ostrogoths.

In the VI-VII centuries. the Slavs moved further west from the Vistula and the Elbe and occupied territories south and south, approaching the borders of the Roman Empire. Soon began numerous Slavic invasions of the territory of Byzantium, and eventually the Slavs settled there in large numbers. The Slavic ethnos became the second (after the Greek) in the Balkans, on the coast and on many islands of the Aegean Sea. From here, the Slavs moved further east, they settled in Syria and other territories of the Middle East.

The economy of the Middle Ages is closely correlated with the development of feudalism and, accordingly, the evolution of feudal property. Within the framework of this essay, we will consider the essence and mechanism of feudal patrimony and rent in Medieval Europe. The feudal patrimony can be viewed in two ways: firstly, as a structure in which the production relations of feudal society are personified, and secondly, as an organization for the distribution and collection of feudal rent. Let us consider the two above-mentioned sides of the patrimony in more detail.

The patrimony (manor, seigneuria) serves as the socio-economic and political structure of the ruling class of the feudal system of society.

An patrimony is a more or less significant territory, the population of which is dependent on the feudal owner of this territory. The area of ​​the territory was usually determined by the role and place of the feudal owner among the hierarchy of the ruling class. In accordance with the "patrimonial" theory, the patrimonial economy can be interpreted as a production and organizing central mechanism for the entire economy of the Middle Ages. Moreover, later the patrimony served as the emergence of all other socio-economic forms of organizations in the Middle Ages.

The exploitation of the peasantry was carried out precisely within the framework of the feudal patrimony, in particular, through the collection of rent.

Feudal rent is part of the surplus product produced by dependent peasants. At the same time, it is assigned by the landowner and is considered an economic form of realization of the feudal property on land. There are three types of feudal rent: labor rent (corvée), food rent (rent in kind) and money rent (monetary rent).

Over time, the feudal patrimony lost its natural and autarkic orientation, becoming more and more involved in commodity-money relations. Initially, it became more profitable for the feudal lords to replace corvée with quitrent in kind, distribute all the patrimonial land to the peasants and receive rent payments; develops pure fiefdom. The exchange and the increase in the demand for money caused the quitrent in kind to be replaced by cash quitrent. The transformation of natural feudal rent into monetary form is called rent commutation. The rapid growth of trade and the commutation of rent allowed the peasants to accumulate their money and redeem themselves at will. The peasant for the use of feudal land paid a fixed annual monetary contribution (rent) - qualification.

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The object will be education and science in medieval Europe. The subject is the features of the functioning of educational institutions, as well as the content of scientific knowledge of the Middle Ages in the specified period of history.

The concept of "Middle Age", which arose several centuries ago to designate the period separating Greco-Roman antiquity from modern times, and from the very beginning carried a critical, derogatory assessment - a failure, a break in the cultural history of Europe - has not lost this content to this day. . Speaking of backwardness, lack of culture, lack of rights, they resort to the expression "medieval".

The chronological framework of the work covers the period from IX. by the 16th century The lower boundary coincides with the beginning of the formation of a strong princely power and the formation of the Old Russian state. The upper boundary is associated with the end of the formation of a single centralized state.

Another well-known domestic researcher of this issue A.N. Dzhurinsky analyzed the most important educational ideas, the views of outstanding representatives of the pedagogical thought of the past in close connection with the history of the development of human society and considered the implementation of these ideas in the practice of education.

The Middle Ages are considered a difficult page in European history, its “dark era”. Since then the high achievements of antiquity were lost, people became uncultured, cruel, destroyed each other both in numerous wars and in peacetime, and chaos reigned in their political life.

The information base of the study is the work of Sprenger J., Kramer G. "Hammer of the Witches" as one of the culminating documents in the fight against devil worship. The work of J.B. Russell "Witchcraft and Witches in the Middle Ages", which is a large-scale study of attitudes towards witchcraft in the Middle Ages.

Already the thinkers of antiquity recognized the role of tolerance in effective interaction: Socrates, Plato associate “patience” with intellectual asceticism and define it as a prerequisite for the spiritual and social cohesion of people.

It is common for the philosophy of the Middle Ages to seek in tolerance ways to overcome religious fanaticism, misunderstanding and hatred towards dissidents. The aim of the work is to study the tolerance of society in medieval Europe.

List of used literature:

1. www.banauka.ru

2. www.historylib.org

3. www.gumer.info

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