Timurid flag. Timur's rule and the Timurid state

Europe III (Europa Universalis 3): guide and walkthrough for various countries

The Timurid Empire is the legacy of the brutal conqueror Timur. Timur was a lame commander of Turko-Mongolian origin, who perfectly mastered the art of war. As a rule, the main enemies of the Timurid Empire are: the Golden Horde, which is a great threat to the dominance of the Timurids in the Mongol world, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, who want to become the dominant power in the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire is a terrible threat to the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. Don't be put off by the relatively small size of their empire. The Ottomans have a very large manpower for a country of this size, their troops are better than those of the Timurid Empire. In addition, the Ottomans have a stable government, and crises often occur in the lands of Timur.

divine wind

Start position

1399 Timurid Empire and its neighbors

The Timurids are a horde, which greatly affects the government of the country. At the start, you will be at war with all neighboring countries and their allies. To end the war, you must exhaust the enemy so that he agrees to pay tribute or admit defeat. You cannot ally with countries that are not hordes. Also, normal diplomatic actions are not available to you. In addition, the war with neighboring countries will resume immediately after the expiration of the peace treaty.

At the start, the leader of your state is Tamerlane. This is one of the best rulers in the world. Tamerlane is an excellent commander and a skilled administrator. But he is already old and after his death, bloody civil strife will begin. The empire is a tribal state. In such states, after the death of the ruler, a succession crisis arises. Each new khan must defeat other pretenders who want to seize power for themselves. This will lead to a large number of uprisings. See the articles Tribal Federation, Tribal Despotism, Tribal Democracy for more details on how this mechanism works.

Army

At the start you have a large army of 11,000 cavalry and 33,000 infantry. All forces are consolidated into three main armies. There is also a separate infantry battalion. 2 hordes are in the West on the border with the Mameluks and the Ottomans. The maximum number of human resources at the start is 50,000 people. The army size limit is 84 regiments. With enough money invested, your army will pose a threat to even the largest countries.

Economy

At the start, 3 shopping centers are located on your territory. You are ranked 3rd in terms of income. In addition, you have a wonderful opportunity to make predatory raids on the territory of weaker neighbors in order to demand payment of tribute.

Strategy

General strategy

Being a horde of nomads is not the most pleasant situation in the game. In this state, you will not be able to capture new lands. In addition, your diplomatic abilities are severely limited. You belong to the technological group Nomads, which greatly slows down technological progress (20% research speed). Plus, because of your form of government, extremely unpleasant wars of contenders for power will flare up in the country. They will become a big threat to the stability of your state. On the other hand, you will constantly be at war with your non-horde neighbors. This is only beneficial financially. Unfortunately, you will not be able to annex new lands, even if you capture the entire enemy country. However, there is also a positive side to this situation. In Divine Wind, the Timurids can establish a Mughal empire faster and easier than in other parts of the game. This is the fastest way for you to move to a more stable form of government. In addition, you will move to a more advanced Muslim tech. group, and also get a large number of shields on the provinces in northern India.

Mughal Empire

Having made the appropriate decision, the Timurids can establish the Mughal Empire. This step will give you many benefits. Firstly, you will get shields on a large part of the provinces of India, which will make it easier to conquer it. Secondly, Despotate will become your form of government. As a result, numerous wars with neighbors will end for you, succession crises will end. To establish the Mughal Empire you need to control the provinces of Jaipur, Panipat, Delhi, Lucknow and Agra. When you make a decision, these provinces will go to you as shield provinces, and your country will turn into the Mughal Empire.

Since your country is a horde, at the start of the game you are already at war with Sindh and Delhi on the eastern front. The provinces that you must occupy to form the Mughal Empire are located in Delhi and Rajputana, but you cannot declare war on Rajputana because you do not have a common border. It is best to leave Sind alone, let the Rajputana annex it. (usually the Rajputana declares war on Sindu at the start of the game). As for Kashmir, one can either vassalize it or force it to pay tribute. Occupy the provinces of Panipat, Delhi, Lucknow, and Agra. After Rajuputana annexes Sindh, declare war on her to occupy Jaipur. Now you can become the Mughal Empire, move the capital to Delhi, and complete the conquest of Delhi and Rajputana. As a result, your unstable and limited nomadic horde has become the most powerful power in the region.

Now the nomadic tribes that were recently your friends automatically turn into your permanent enemies. Take measures as soon as possible to secure the borders from the raids of the Kazakhs, Nogais and Kara Koyunlu troops. Start improving relations with neighboring Muslim countries. Enter into dynastic marriages. Now your main goal is to stabilize the state.

After your state becomes stable enough, you can try to expand towards India or into the territory of the Ottoman Empire. The choice is yours. You can also start building a colonial empire, your geographic location favors the colonization of East Africa.

Heir to the Throne and earlier

Tamerlane or Timur was one of the most talented generals in history. Also, Tamerlane was one of the most cruel rulers who ever lived in this world. In 1399 the tireless conqueror reached the age of 63. If you start playing as the Timurids, a huge empire will appear before your eyes, painted red on the map. Timur built this empire from scratch in 40 years of bloody wars, during which Timur built towers from the severed heads of his enemies.

At first glance, the Timurid Empire seems invincible. It occupies a vast territory located between India and the peninsula of Asia Minor. On the territory of the empire there are 3 shopping centers. Her income is huge. Several numerous armies of elite troops can be led by one of the best generals in the world.

At the beginning of the game, your country is at war with several opponents at once. Some of them may seem like easy prey to you. Kara Koyunlu, the state of the Jalairids, Georgia will immediately ask for a white peace. The Ottomans can seem like a tough nut to crack until you get the hang of their army. If you succeed, they will also ask for peace.

Now you have to face a significant problem. Despite the power of the Timurid Empire, it is likely to disintegrate after the death of Tamerlane. Timur is the only link that connects all parts of the vast empire together. As soon as he is gone, the empire, most likely, will also cease to exist. In this case, the Timurids will be lucky if they manage to survive, even as a small state, the center of which will be their capital Samarkand. In 1399, Timur turned 63 years old.

An experienced player should start preparing for the chaos that will come after the death of Timur from the very beginning of the game.

• Peace must be signed with all enemies as soon as possible. For now, there is no need to divert the army to fight them. You will still have time to deal with the enemies, but not now, when the empire is still weak.
• After making peace with Turkey and Georgia, withdraw the armies to the east.
• It is necessary to quarter troops in eastern Persia before the start of the succession crisis.
• We recommend that you hire Artist advisors and make a full investment in stability. You can move the internal policy settings slider 1 step towards centralization. Also, at this point, you can make all religious decisions that reduce the cost of stability and increase the number of missionaries.

Alternatively, the player can go ahead with Timur's plan and try to subdue the Ottomans early in the game. However, after the inevitable death of Timur, the empire will be in a very difficult position. If you annex non-national provinces to the empire, a rebel force will spawn in each such province during a succession crisis.

Playing after the first succession crisis
How is playing as a horde different from playing as a settled state?

Let's say you've just overcome the first succession crisis in the horde. During the crisis, the entire country was overrun with rebels. You rejoice that you were able to prepare for the situation and withdraw troops from Turkey in time. By suppressing the uprisings, you have dealt with a hundred thousand rebels. You spent 5 years on this. During this time, you could not even think of anything else. But now the situation has stabilized, the rebels began to appear less often. You understand that you managed to keep Timur's empire within the boundaries in which he left it to you.

A succession crisis occurs every time your khan dies. The new khan must prove his strength with weapons before ascending the throne.

A weak khan will result in various "incapable ruler" penalties. The most unpleasant penalty arises from the low administrative ability of the monarch. This penalty obliges you to give the army most of the income.

If you have been at peace for a long time and your war weariness is at a low level, a claimant uprising will break out that will require you to go to war with someone. After you have survived the succession crisis and dealt with the rebels, you should immediately start a war with some country in order to plunder. Hordes cannot afford a defensive play style. To survive, the horde must pursue a policy of conquest. Horde can be compared to a shark: if the shark stops swimming, it will die.

The Horde gains some benefits:

• You don't need a casus belli to attack your neighbors. You can attack your neighbors using a permanent casus belli (Horde vs Settler) to plunder enemy cities, gain gold and prestige. Then you need to withdraw troops to the territory of your native country in order to regroup them and attack someone else.
• The Horde has access to the "Rich Neighbor" random event, according to which it receives a shield on the province of a neighboring country. An event can occur if the neighbor's province is richer than any of your provinces. A series of such events will give you a lot of shields on the neighboring provinces. Thus, you have an additional opportunity to constantly increase the territory of your state.
• If the horde army wins the siege, it plunders the captured city. As a result of such robbery, war weariness is reduced, and your prestige and legitimacy are also increased.

Summing up, let's say that the game for the horde consists of 2 phases, with one phase following the other. After the death of the old khan, a succession crisis arises. The new khan must suppress the uprisings for 5-10 years in order to establish his power over the horde. The exact term depends on the Khan's ability to manage. Then the new khan should organize military campaigns in neighboring countries as soon as possible, trying to plunder as many provinces as possible. After the death of the khan, the succession crisis will erupt again, the life cycle of the horde will repeat itself again.

Geopolitics, studying neighbors

• Lands in the north have no value. They are busy with other hordes. These lands are very poor, in addition, the provinces in the north have a low supply limit for troops. You won't gain anything from conquering these lands. The Nogai Horde, the Kazakh Horde, and the Chagatai Khanate can be the target of regular raiding campaigns early in the game. These countries are weak enough and will not offer you strong resistance. They can be vassalized later. Then they will cover the northern borders of the Timurids, and you will be able to invade the rich lands of Egypt, Anatolia and India.
• The Arabian Peninsula, like the territories in the north, is a poor land where your troops will suffer high non-combat losses. Early on in the game, you can plunder the countries of the Arabian Peninsula to pamper the horde and earn prestige, money, and legitimacy. Later, these countries, like the northern countries, can be vassalized and drawn into an alliance. Then they will not fall under the influence of the Mamelukes and Ottomans, and besides, they will not distract you from wars with stronger rivals.
• A similar strategy could be applied to the Kara Koyunlu, Georgia and other Caucasian states. First, predatory raids, then the annexation of national provinces, then vassalization and the conclusion of an alliance. As a result, you will have a good defensive buffer on the border with the Golden Horde. This will delay the inevitable confrontation between the two hordes a little.
• The western territories are divided into three spheres of influence. The Mamelukes hold Syria and Egypt. Rich and powerful Ottomans settled in Anatolia. In the north, the Golden Horde holds rich steppe territories. These 3 countries are the main rivals of the Timurids. You must make sure that none of these countries can rise. Otherwise, your territories in Persia will be threatened by an enemy invasion.
• India. That is where the real wealth lies. Indian states are fragmented and weak. India would become the Timurid's main source of income over the next century. The conquest of India can be started from Delhi. This state reliably covers the Indian north. Most likely, early in the game, the Timurids will be tasked with annexing Delhi. Once the great Timur plundered and burned Delhi. Now it's time to complete his work. After the fall of Delhi, you can easily capture other rich provinces of India.
• Around 1580, Europeans arrived in India. However, their presence in India will be very limited over the next decades. They will only hold a few provinces. Then you will have a good opportunity to study their way of life and westernize. Conflicts with Europeans should be avoided.
• Warning: As soon as the succession crisis begins, rebellion will break out in every non-national province of the Timurid. Therefore, we recommend against annexing non-national provinces. It is best to plunder all the cities of the country, get a ransom and retreat, in order to do the same in 5 years. It is worth refraining from annexing a province with a low income and a constant risk of rebellion. The random event A wealthy neighbor will give the Timurids enough shields on their neighbor's provinces to allow them to expand at a moderate pace. In addition, if you turn weak and poor neighbors into vassals, by 1600 your empire can reach enormous proportions.

Culture, trade and research

• At the beginning of the game, changing the internal policy settings towards Centralization, combined with a Conservatism orientation, is a very good idea. In this case, you can prepare the country for future reforms and Westernization, in addition, you will still have access to missionaries and spies. Alternatively, you can move the slider towards Offensive (useful when doing robbery raids) or Free Trade (to increase investment in research by increasing the income from trading in foreign malls).
• The Timurids do not grow much infamy (badboy) as long as they live the lifestyle of a predatory horde, using suitable casus belli (Return, Horde, Holy War). to declare war and do not take non-national provinces under a peace treaty.
• Timurids can trade in Asian trading centers. It is especially worth paying attention to Indian and Chinese shopping centers. Since the huge territory of the country and predatory raids into neighboring countries will bring a lot of income, the Timurids can afford to spend large sums on sending merchants to foreign trading centers and developing trade. Do not forget to send merchants to 3 shopping centers in your homeland.
• Why do you need to trade? The Timurids have a low technology research rate. Horde status gives a -50% penalty to technology research speed. In such a situation, you can only keep 1 tech tree on the same level with the Europeans (if you have good advisors).
• Fortunately, all Islamic nations can decide to develop the Diwani style, which will ensure a fairly rapid development of their culture. Making a decision gives: growth of cultural traditions +3% per year, growth of legitimacy +1% per year, chance of successful conversion +1%, technology cost +1%. In Divine Wind, making a decision will only give you +1% legitimacy. The growth of cultural traditions will allow you to hire high-level advisors, approximately, every 5 years. You will need 3 magistrates to make a decision. Timurids receive 0.10 magistrates per year. Thus, it will take you 30 years to accumulate the required number of magistrates. The effect of the decision will be felt throughout the game.
• Even with advanced advisers, and having settled in the trading centers of Jiangsu, Bihar and their own trading centers, the Timurids will lag behind other countries in technological development. The main technological priorities for the first 200 years of the game should be: opening three slots for national ideas, gaining access to the construction of manufactories, in addition, the Timurids should not lag behind the Ottoman Empire in the development of army technologies.
• One national idea, Recruit Packs (+50% Manpower), you already have at the start of the game. This is an excellent choice in the conditions of constant wars (counter-insurgency or predatory raids). As a second national idea, the Timurids can choose either the National Bank to increase the monthly contributions to the treasury, or the Great Army to increase the troop limit. In addition, any ideas that increase income from taxes and trade will be useful.
• No tolerance for heretics and infidels! All provinces that do not practice Sunnism must immediately be converted to the state religion. Any rebels who protest against such measures must be dispersed. The Timurid Empire has too many problems with the rebels, even if you do not take into account religious unrest. The state religion must be imposed at any cost.
• A good way to increase the size of the Timurid army is to move the national center to Baghdad and build a granary there (you will need 5 magistrates for this). You can also build a magnificent monument in one of the wealthy provinces. It will permanently reduce your infamy and increase your prestige.

Introduction to civilization

• Despite all the benefits of being a horde, the need to reconquer your country after the death of each ruler becomes annoying. In addition, the Timurids would quickly fall behind in technological development from other countries. If nothing changes, the Europeans, having settled in India, will be able to freely seize the possessions of the Timurids. Not to mention the old enemies who will definitely try to retake the once occupied territories when the Timurid army begins to become technologically obsolete.
• Having been a horde for 100-150 years, the Timurids will have to adopt a settled way of life, create a feudal state, and become Westernized. This will help them maintain their status as a great power.
• To adopt a sedentary lifestyle, the Timurids will need: +3 stability, a khan with good management abilities (7 or higher), level 10 management technologies, and an army to deal with the numerous rebels. Once settled, you will lose the convenient casus belli on neighboring countries, you will no longer be able to easily get shields on neighboring provinces, and you will also lose a special bonus when plundering cities. However, your country will no longer suffer from succession crises and technological backwardness. It is important to say that the reform of government will require a high level of Conservatism and Decentralization from the Timurids. First you will have to change the form of government, and then westernize.
• The Timurids have another unique way to come to civilization. They may decide to found the Mughal Empire. As a result, the name and color of the country on the map will change, and the form of government will change to Despotate.
• After reforming the government system and making all religious decisions that require a high level of Conservatism, you can move the sliders towards Innovation and Centralization to adopt the Western way of life.
• Becoming a despot, you can change the form of government to an empire. This will give you enough officials to make useful provincial decisions. Over time, the Empire can be changed to an Absolute Monarchy. Then you get casus belli Imperialism on almost any neighbor.
• Building a university in Samarkand will allow you to make some useful decisions in the later stages of the game.

Late game play

If you have an empire that stretches from Syria to India, 10 or more allied vassals, a state organized along Western lines with advanced technology and a developed economy, subduing old enemies in Egypt, Asia Minor and Ukraine will not be a big problem for you . You can improve relations with enemies, and then claim their throne in order to inherit these countries over time. This is the easiest and fastest way to unite the Muslim world. At this point, the power of the Timurids will become almost limitless and no other country will be able to stand in its way.

The Timurids are a powerful Asian dynasty that ruled in the late Middle Ages on the territory of modern Iran and Iraq.

The founder of the dynasty is the great commander Tamerlane, who was known in Europe as Timur. The Timurids ruled over the so-called Timurid State, which lasted from 1370 to 1507.

Most mistakenly believe that the Timurids are a barbarian tribe of nomads, for whom war was the main craft. In fact, such information is nothing more than far-fetched.

State history

In 1370, Tamerlane creates a state on the ruins of the Golden Horde - he becomes the first ruler and founder of the dynasty. The capital of the state Tamerlane chose the city of Samarkand, which is located on the territory of modern Uzbekistan and still bears this name.

From the very beginning of its existence, the Timurid state has been pursuing an active foreign policy, which manifests itself in wars of conquest against neighboring peoples. So, already in 1376, under the onslaught of the armies of Tamerlane, Khorezm was captured.

In 1384, the regions of Zabulistan and Seistan (now the territory of Afghanistan) were annexed. Already at the beginning of the 90s of the XIV century, Tamerlane's troops reached the borders of Baghdad. The power of the Timurid state increases so much that already in 1395 Tamerlane leads the army to the Golden Odra.

Three years later, Timur goes to war in India - in the Delhi Sultanate. The campaign was extremely successful for Tamerlane, because he managed to undermine the power of the Sultanate and rob the rich city of Delhi. After the Timurid strike, the Delhi Sultanate could no longer achieve such strength.

In 1401, Tamerlane's troops captured the large city of Damascus. The following year, the Timurids go to war against the Turks and inflict a crushing defeat on the Turkish sultan. As a tribute, the Turkish sultan gave Tamerlane the most ancient copy of the Koran, which has survived to this day. For Muslims, this artifact is a sacred relic.

The year 1405 was a big blow for the Timurid state, because the great commander and sultan Tamerlane was dying, on whose authority all the power and might of the state rested. After the death of Tamerlane, a political crisis began in the country. In 1405, the grandson of the great commander sits on the throne, but he cannot hold the throne, so he gives power to his uncle, Shahruk.

The capital of the country moves from Samarkand to Herat. After the death of Tamerlane, such provinces as Azerbaijan and Iraq are separated from the Timurid state, since they could not be kept. Shahruk rules for a very long time - until 1447 and his reign was quite stable.

The Timurid state did not regain its former power, but did not lose it either. In 1447, Sultan Uglubek sat on the throne, who in 1449 was killed by his own son and took his place on the throne. Civil strife began in the country, which led to a crisis. More and more new territories gradually began to separate from the state.

army of Tamerlane photo

At the beginning of the 16th century, only the region of Maverannahr remained from the Timurid state. In 1501, the Uzbeks captured the capital of the Timurid state. The last ruler of the Timurid dynasty, Babur, decided not to fight for an empire already in the dust, but went to war in other lands in order to find a new home for his people.

Already in 1504, Babur, together with a loyal army, captured Kabul. The young ruler did not want to stop there. His eyes fell on rich India. And from Kabul, he began to plan an aggressive campaign in India.

While the plans for the invasion of India were only being prepared, Babur made several trips to the territory of the former Timurid state and won several victories there. However, he finally managed to stay on the throne in Central Asia, after which he completely threw his forces into the conquest of India.

Already in 1526, Babur founded a new powerful empire in India - the Mughal Empire.

Symbolism

The main symbol of the state is usually considered to be a blue flag with three silver circles. In more rare sources, there were other standards. For example, flags with a golden crescent.

Timurid state

Tamerlane himself called his state Turan. It was not a strong state association, but only rested on the personal influence of Tamerlane and his powerful army. In terms of the form of government, the Timurid state should be considered a monarchical state with a strong ruler - the sultan.

The Supreme State Council was entrusted with helping the Sultan in state affairs. The Timurid state professed Islam and the highest law for the people - the principles of Sharia.

Timurid army

At the dawn of the empire, Tamerlane's army could field about 200 thousand soldiers. Warriors fought mainly on horseback - infantry was used extremely rarely. Before the reign of Babur, the Timurids practically did not use firearms. At the end of the 15th century, Babur bought large quantities of firearms from the Ottoman Empire, from ordinary squeakers to artillery pieces.

In the future, Babur begins to effectively use firearms in battle, which brings him victories in India.

Culture of the Timurid State

During the reign of Tamerlane, the so-called "Timurid Renaissance" begins. The Timurids were patrons of the arts and sciences. By orders of the sultans, mosques and other rich architectural structures were built. Under Uglubek, an observatory was built, which should be considered the most significant in the era of the Middle Ages.

Such sciences as history, astronomy, and mathematics are widely developing in the state. A special place in the culture of the Timurids was given to art and poetry.

• A message was written on the grave of Tamerlane, which said that if anyone disturbed the grave and ashes of Tamerlane, then a great and bloody war would immediately begin. The Soviet researchers who found the grave of the Sultan only laughed after reading the message. The very next day, June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany began to attack the Soviet Union. The war will claim more than 40 million lives in four years of fighting;
• There is evidence that Tamerlane used war elephants in his army. But the most surprising thing is that he attached small artillery pieces to the backs of elephants. It is impossible to say for sure whether such weapons were in service with the Timurid army, but some sources speak of this.

The state of Timur and the Timurids (XIV - XV centuries). In the XIV century. in the conditions of contradictions within the Mongolian nomadic aristocracy, a strong state was formed, headed by Timur. Its basis was the lands that were part of the Chagatai state.

Back in the 40s of the XIV century. the process of dividing the ulus of Chagatai into two parts ended: Mogolistan (as the nomads of Semirechye and Kashgar called their lands) and the Chagatai state in Maverannahr. Both states were at enmity with each other. Timur fortified himself in the Chagatai state, where he had previously been the leader of a military squad.

In 1370 Timur's army and close associates proclaimed him the only ruler of the Chagatai state. Timur, pursuing a policy of unification of Maverannahr, at the same time began to carry out predatory campaigns one after another, using a cruel system of intimidation of the conquered peoples, which brought much evil not only to Central Asia, but also to the peoples living beyond its borders.

At the end of the XV century. Timur's state broke up into two parts: Maverannahr with the center in Samarkand and the southern part with the center in Herat. The southern part included Khorezm, Khorasan and part of modern Afghanistan.

Having formed a huge empire, Timur distributed entire districts and regions as suyurgal * to his grandchildren, sons and distinguished beks. This empire was not strong, it rested on the cruelty and strength of Timur's troops.

* Under the suyurgal at the end of the XIV and in the XV centuries. implied the transfer to hereditary possession and management of certain land with the right of partial, and sometimes full collection of taxes and taxes from the population. Often, along with the land, administrative rights to the corresponding territory and its population were also transferred.

After the death of Timur (1405), a struggle for power began in the country between his descendants, the Timurids. The former empire gradually disintegrated. Feudal fragmentation intensified in Central Asia.

The social structure of the empire is characterized by the presence of two antagonistic classes - feudal lords (khans, inaki, ataliks, beks, seids, khojas, akhuns) and feudally dependent peasants. Slaves continued to exist. Central Asia was characterized by a close connection between feudal land ownership and water ownership. Along with agriculture, work on the construction and cleaning of the irrigation network fell like a heavy duty on the shoulders of the labor dekhkans.

Under Timur, a rather extensive apparatus of state administration was formed. The emir himself was a typical feudal despot ruler. Under the emir, there was a council consisting of representatives of the upper strata of society (Timur's relatives, representatives of the higher clergy, senior officials - vazirs, divan-begs, etc.). Under Timur, a strong military organization was created, built, like the Mongols, according to the decimal system: tens, hundreds, thousands, tumens (10 thousand). The branch administration bodies were vazirats: for the affairs of the civilian population, for the affairs of military personnel (sepoys); foreign relations, financial affairs, etc. Regions, districts, cities, districts and villages were ruled by local rulers - beks, hakims, arbobs.

At the end of the XV century. on the territory of settled agricultural regions of Central Asia, nomadic tribes rushed from the north, the bulk of which were called Uzbeks. In the 16th century, using the internecine strife of the Timurids, the nomadic Uzbeks seized the Central Asian lands and formed a state here with the center in the city of Bukhara. It went down in history as the Bukhara Khanate.

Social system. The conquerors did not change the economic basis of the local society, they adopted the way of life that had developed here before their arrival. By this period, the grave consequences of the Mongol invasion had not yet been overcome in Central Asia, and the consequences of internecine strife also had an effect.

The population of the khanate was engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, crafts. It was not homogeneous ethnically and socially. The khan, members of his dynasty, local and visiting feudal nobility, Sufi-dervish brotherhoods were large landowners. The head of state was considered the supreme owner of state lands. He also possessed mulk (privately owned) lands, which could be alienated. The khan distributed land grants to his close associates. Some of the granted lands were exempted from taxes and duties. Mosques, madrasas and other religious institutions were also landowners.

Muslim feudal law (Sharia) did not contain norms that would regulate the legal status of serfs, but their actual situation was no different from the worst forms of serfdom. The peasants paid taxes on all types of property, on livestock, on cultivated land (kharaj), on the maintenance of troops, etc. Patriarchal slavery continued to exist in the khanate.

Political system. The Bukhara Khanate was a monarchical state. Khan was the bearer of supreme power. The state and khan's treasuries were merged. The Khanate had its own coin.

Under the Khan, there was a council consisting of representatives of the tribes, the highest nobility and the clergy, who had a great influence on public life. The Uzbek feudal lords became the main social support of the khan. The person closest to the khan was the governor, the brother of the khan, or the senior representative of the most influential family. At the head of the khan's administration was the "neighbour and first person", who served as the chief administrator and commander of the troops of the khanate. He was followed by divan-begs - the head of financial and diplomatic affairs, the butler, the head of the khan's office, officials in charge of collecting taxes in cities, etc. At the head of the regions (vilayets) were khakims and beks-rulers. Vilayets were subdivided into tumens and amaldors headed by their local rulers. In kishlaks and auls, aksakals (headmen) or mingbashi ruled. Police functions were performed by mirshabs (“rulers of the night”). Muslim judges were called executions. The chief judge was called a kazicalon. The nomadic tribes had their own judges, biys, who considered cases on the basis of adat (customary law).

Having killed his father, Abdullatif also organized the murder of his brother Abdulaziz, as one of the rivals for the succession to the throne, and the amirs loyal to Ulugbek.

As a result, all power in Maverannahr was in the hands of Abdullatif. He - called by the people the ruler-paricide - did not have a chance to sit on his father's throne for a long time. Six months later, a conspiracy was organized against him, and as a result, Abdullatif was killed. His head was cut off from the body and hung on the portal of the Ulugbek Madrasah on Registan Square.

The conspirators transferred power in Samarkand to Shah Rukh's grandson Mirza Abdullah, and in Bukhara to Miranshah's grandson Abu Said. Between them again flared up a struggle for power.

The constant internecine disagreements in Maverannahr and Khorasan played into the hands of the Dashtikipchak khans. In 1451, Abulkhairkhan with a large army and with the support of Abu Said approached Samarkand through Tashkent, Chinaz and Jizzakh, opposing Mirzo Abdullo. In the Bulungur steppe, not far from the village of Shiraz, Abdullah's army was defeated, and he himself was killed. Thus, with the help of Abulkhairkhan, Abu Said entered Samarkand as a victor and became the ruler of Maverannahr.

Khorasan at that time was ruled by the grandson of Shahrukh Abulkasym Babur. Political fragmentation intensified there. According to written sources, during the Temurids period Khorasan broke up into eleven small possessions. There were constant struggles and wars between them. The situation became even more aggravated after the death of Abulkasim Babur in 1457. Although there were many contenders for power in Khorasan and Herat, none of them had sufficient strength. Taking advantage of the situation, in 1457 Abu Said seized power in Herat and reunited the state again. However, this association was not strong. Abu Said did not manage to overcome fragmentation. Sultan Hussein Baiqara, the great-grandson of Omarsheikh Mirza, brought him the most trouble. After the death of Abulkasim Babur, he, having established himself in Khorezm, began an armed struggle for the legacy of Shahrukh.

In the spring of 1469, Abu Said decided to annex Azerbaijan, Western Iran and Iraq belonging to the Turkmens to his possessions, but soon died in a battle with the Turkmens. After the death of their father, the heirs of Abu Said did not dare to fight against Sultan Hussein and went to Maverannahr. On March 24, 1469, Sultan Hussein, as the ruler of Khorasan, solemnly entered Herat. There was a final division of the state into two parts: Khorasan, where Sultan Hussein began to rule, and Maverannahr, where Abu Said's son Sultan Ahmad ruled.

Political instability

Maverannahr was independently ruled by the sons of Abu Said, first Sultan Ahmad (1469-1494), then Sultan Mahmud (1494-1495) and, finally, the son of Sultan Mahmud - Sultan Ali (1498-1500). Political instability in Maverannahr at that time intensified, and it actually broke up into many almost independent, warring possessions. At the same time, the role of the clergy, especially the Sufi sheikhs, increased. One of them was Khoja Ubaydullah Akhrar, who more than once prevented fratricidal wars between the Temurids. So it was in 1454, when the ruler of Khorasan, Abulkasym Babur, besieged Samarkand and clashed with Abu Said, and he managed to reconcile them.

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Timurid Empire at its peak Capital Samarkand (1370-1405)
Herat (1405-1507) Languages) Persian (clerical work, culture, poetry and international communication)
Turkic (language of the palace, office work, poetry, military affairs and troops) Religion State: Sunni Islam
Rest: Shiism, Ismailism, Zoroastrianism, Nestorianism, Tengrianism, Buddhism, Hinduism. Currency unit dinar Square 4,500,000 km² (at its peak) Population Several tens of millions of people (in their heyday) Form of government Theocratic absolute monarchy Dynasty Timurids Official language Persian Great emir 1370-1405 Tamerlane (first) 1506–1507 Badi al-Zaman Mirza (last)

Official name of the state

Official languages ​​of the state

In the Timurid states, only two languages ​​were used in documentation: Persian and Turkic. The Turkic language was native to the Timurids.

The legal documents of Timur's state were drawn up in two languages: Persian and Turkic. So, for example, a document from 1378 giving privileges to the descendants of Abu Muslim who lived in Khorezm was written in the Chagatai Turkic language.

Ulugbek's jade bowl (with a handle in the form of a biting lion) is kept in the British Museum and engraved with an inscription in the Turkic language (Karami Hakka nihoyat yukdur), which means "God's bounty is endless." The Persian historian Mirkhond gives a detailed story from the words of Ulugbek's escort, Haji Muhammad-Khisrau. In particular, he reports "... Ulugbek looked at the fire and said in Turkic: Sen ham bildin (“you also learned”) ...

The last Timurid of Maverannahr, Zahiraddin Muhammad Babur, a native of the city of Andijan, wrote in his memoirs: “The inhabitants of Andijan are all Turks; there is no person in the city and in the bazaar who does not know Turkic. The speech of the people is similar to the literary one. “Babur's memoirs are written in that variety of the Turkish language, which is known as the Turkic language, which is the native language of Babur,” wrote the English orientalist E. Denisson Ross.

Religion

In the Timurid states, Islam was considered the state religion. Almost all Timurids had Muslim Sufi spiritual guides. Amir Temur had several mentors: Mir Sayid Baraka, Said Kulal. Babur's grandfather Abu Said had Khoja Akhrar as his spiritual patron.

Capital Cities

Under Amir Temur (1336-1405), the capital was the city of Samarkand, under Shahrukh there were two capitals: Samarkand and Herat. The first coronation ritual took place in Balkh, and then from 1405 began to be held in Samarkand.

Symbolism

As a symbol of the Timurid state, "three connected circles" are usually called, and the flag itself was blue, and the circles were silver. Standards with a golden crescent are also mentioned. The main spiritual mentor of Timur, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, Sheikh Mir Seyid Bereke, handed Timur symbols of power: a drum and a banner when he came to power in 1370.

Issue of coins

Timur and his descendants issued coins in more than 40 cities, Mirzo Ulugbek issued a tanga coin, where, in addition to Temur's tamga in the form of three rings, there was a Turkic inscription: "The spiritual patronage of Temur guragan, Ulugbek guragan, my word"

Control

The Timurid Empire was a Muslim monarchy whose head was named Emir. The emir's orders were called farman. The head of state was assisted by the Supreme State Council, where the right hand of the emir was "amir-i-divan". The regions (vilayet) were ruled by the governors of the wali. The judicial system was Sharia, where justice was administered by qadis. The administration of the regions was entrusted both to Timur's commanders from various Turkic tribes and to representatives of his family in the person of his children and grandchildren. A contemporary researcher from Princeton University, Svat Soucek, in his monograph on Timur, believes that “Timur’s native language was Turkic (Chagatai), although he may have mastered Persian to some extent due to the cultural environment in which he lived. He practically did not know Mongolian for sure, although Mongolian terms have not yet completely disappeared from documents and were found on coins.

Among the tribes trusted by Timur, Turkicized clans of Mongolian origin are mentioned. Emir Davud, who had full confidence in Timur, came from the dulat family. Among the emirs especially close to Timur, however, not only barlases are mentioned, but also representatives of other clans; one of them was Akbuga from the Naiman clan.

Story

The Timurid Empire was formed on the territory of modern republics: Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, southern Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India, Iraq and Azerbaijan. In 1370, a kurultai took place in Balkh, electing Tamerlane as emir of Turan. The territories of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and northern Afghanistan became the core of the state. In 1376, the Empire of Tamerlane absorbs Khorezm, and in 1384 - Seistan and Zabulistan (southwestern Afghanistan). By 1393 Tamerlane's southwestern dominions reach Baghdad. In 1395, his army undertook a campaign against the Golden Horde (Dasht-i-Kipchak), and in 1398 against the Delhi Sultanate. In 1401, Tamerlane's troops captured Damascus, and in 1402 they defeated the Turkish sultan, as a result of which the trophy Koran of Usman was brought to Samarkand.

The outbreak of civil strife was able to stop the Timurid Abu Seid, whose power extended to the territory of Uzbekistan and northern Afghanistan. It was he who invited the nomadic (nominal) Uzbeks of Abu-l-Khaira to Uzbekistan. In the west (in the territories of Iran), the war with the Turkmen associations of Kara-Koyunlu and Ak-Koyunlu continued. Under the successors of Abu Seyid, the Timurid empire was divided into two parts: Maverannahr, the capital of Samarkand, and Khorasan, with the capital in Herat.

Renaissance

The Timurids of Turan patronized sciences and arts. Marble domed mausoleums are being built (Gur Emir, the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassevi, Aksaray, Chashma-Ayyub), mosques (Bibi-khanym), madrasahs (Ulugbek madrasah), kitabkhane and even the Ulugbek Observatory. Poetry reaches a high level (Lutfi, Alisher Navoi), which is permeated with the ideas of Sufism (tariqat of Yassaviya (Mir Sayyid Bereke), Naqshbandiya, Sheikh Jami) and tells about all-consuming love. The art of miniature (the Herat school of Behzad) is gaining wide popularity. At the same time, historical science (Khafizi Abru), mathematics (Al-Kashi) and astronomy Mirzo Ulugbek and (Kazi-zade al-Rumi) are developing.

Timurid poets

Many Timurids wrote poetry, mostly in their native Turkic, but also in Persian. Among the famous Timurid poets are: Mirzo Ulugbek, Sultan Hussein Baikara, Babur.

Army

During the period of its power, the Timurid army could field up to 200 thousand soldiers. The army was divided into tens, hundreds, thousands ( Khazars) and divisions (tumens). Among the military ranks were emirs, sardars, yuz-bashi. During the siege of Urganch in 1379, Timur had the first cannons, and by the time of Babur, thanks to the Ottoman Turks, the Timurids had firearms (cannons, squeaks), which were purchased in the Ottoman Empire.

Notes

1. INSIGNITION OF TIMUR 1391
2. Chekhovich O. The defense of Samarkand in 1454 // Social Sciences in Uzbekistan, No. 4. 1960, p.37-38
3. Joseph W. Mary. Medieval Islamic Civilization: Volume 1. - New York, London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2005. - 1088 p.
4. Timurid dynasty | Asian history (English) , Encyclopedia Britannica
5. On this day in history - Tamerlane - History Hop (English) , history hop. Retrieved 29 October 2018.