Phonetic means of speech expressiveness: assonance, alliteration. Phonetic means of speech (super segmental units)

The Russian language is unusually rich and beautiful. What is the inspiration of M.V. Lomonosov about the Russian language. Yes, indeed, the great scientist is right: the Russian language is beautiful, powerful, beautiful.

What is the richness, beauty, strength, expressiveness of the language? There are special means of expressive speech. They are very varied. Any section of the language - phonetics, vocabulary, grammar - has them. For example, the Russian language stands out among other languages ​​with an amazing wealth of derivational morphemes, primarily suffixes. Some give the word a disparaging color (book, officer), others a diminutive color (son, granny), others display an assessment (old man, old man, old man). Morphemes create the richest opportunities for the formation of words of various parts of speech, with the help of derivational morphemes, the meanings of single-root words are concretized. Here is how N.G. wrote about this. Chernyshevsky, jokingly proving the superiority of the Russian language over French.

The Russian phonetic system is flexible and expressive. Sounding speech is the main form of language existence. One of the main visual means of phonetics is a stylistic device, which consists in the selection of words of close sounding. (Read page 14 (Lushnikova)).

The vowels [o] and [a] and the consonants [p], [p], [t] appear here. This makes the verse musically striking. Depending on the quality of the repeated sounds, alliteration and assonance are distinguished.

Alliteration called the repetition of consonants. For example: (the roar of a house drove through the blue sky (S. Marshak)). Conclusion: [p] in combination with [g] creates the impression of a thunderclap.

Example: I am a free wind, I always blow

I wave the waves, I caress the willows. (Balmont)

The repetition of what sounds creates the image of the wind? - [l], [l], [c], [c].

Assonance called vowel repetition.

It's time, it's time to blow the horns (Pushkin).

Assonance stems only from stressed vowels.

I quickly fly along cast-iron rails,

I think my own thought (Nekrasov), - the sound [y] appears.

Another trick The visual means is sound writing - the use of words that, by their sound, resemble the auditory impressions of the depicted phenomenon.

For example, (Here the rain dripped insinuatingly (Tvardovsky)) - the repetition of the sound of kr resembles the tapping of drops.

Graphic arts

It comes from the Greek word "grapho" - I write.

Graphics - a set of writing tools used to fix speech. The main means of graphics are letters. The most important quality of any language is codification. Codification - means in linguistics bringing linguistic phenomena and facts into a certain system. On the basis of codification, linguists form a set of phonetic, lexical, spelling, and stylistic rules. The codification of the Russian language is reflected in the works of the great representatives of Russian literature: V.V. Vinogradova, M.V. Lomonosov, S.I. Ozhegova, A.S. Pushkin, A.A. Shakhmatova and others. The alphabet plays a decisive role in the codification of the Russian language.

An alphabet is a list of letters arranged in a specific order. The modern Russian alphabet includes 33 letters, and b and b do not represent sounds. There are 3 groups of letters in the Russian alphabet:

1. Letters that do not denote sounds - ъ, ь;

2. Letters denoting two sounds - e, e, u, i;

3. The rest belong to the third group.

1) Letters denoting one sound are called monophthong, for example, oak-[p], Ob - [p], and two sounds (diphthongs) - the letters e, e, u, i denote diphthongs.

At the beginning of the word pit - ma.

2) After ъ and ь signs moved out, view - view.

3) After the vowel button accordion ba n.

4) In addition, the same letter can denote different sounds, the letter m [m] [m /] - soap, mil; letter b [b] [b /] - I will, beat.

5) Voiced consonants at the end of a word and before deaf consonants sound like paired deaf consonants, this phenomenon is called stunning. For example, order [c], booth [t] (weak position).

6) Deaf consonants before voiced ones sound like voiced consonants paired with them - threshing - young [d / ] ba, request - pro [s / ] ba (this phenomenon is called voicing).

Strong positions for consonants are the position before vowels and before m, n, r, l, i, v.

7) One sound can be indicated by a combination of letters happiness - [w / ] astier, gap - [w / ] spruce, carter - in [w / ] ik.

List of sources:

1. Golovin B.N. Fundamentals of speech culture: Textbook for universities. - M., 1988.

2. Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language, - M., 1989.

A lesson on the topic "Phonetics" always attracts students of a music college. Firstly, the topic is related to the discipline "Harmony", where the phonemic hearing of students is important (it is close to them), and, secondly, it includes them in research work, and not just memorizing terms.

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OPEN LESSON ON DISCIPLINE

"RUSSIAN LANGUAGE" (1 course)

TOPIC OF THE LESSON:

PHONETICS.

Phonetic means of artistic expression

Lesson Objectives:

cognitive:

1. formation of an idea about the features of phonetic means of expressiveness of Russian speech;
2. reading and commenting on the poem by F.I. Tyutchev "Autumn Evening" using biographical, historical-literary, textual comments of the text;
3. acquiring the skills of research work on a lyrical work;

developing:

1. development of figurative, associative thinking and linguistic flair in the process of analyzing a lyrical work;
2. the formation of skills and abilities of the phonetic analysis of the poem; preparation for the unified state exam;
3. the formation of aesthetic taste and the familiarization of students with the conscious reading of F.I. Tyutchev's poems;

educators:

1. education of attention to the word;
2. development of love for the work of Russian poets;
3. formation of a culture of speech;
4. development of aesthetic taste

Equipment : a poem by F.I. Tyutchev "Autumn Evening"; paintings "Autumn" by Y. Levitan; "Autumn" by Y. Popov; music by P. Tchaikovsky "The Seasons", Vivaldi "The Seasons" (fragments); photos of the poet; table "Sounds of Russian speech", autumn leaves on the desks.

Lesson form - lesson - research

Lesson PLAN

1. Organizational stage;
2. The main part: the study of phonetic means of artistic expression on the example of F.I. Tyutchev's poem "Autumn Evening"
3. The final stage. Findings.
4. Homework assignment. Summarizing.

During the classes

Poetry is inner music,

outwardly expressed in dimensional speech.

The word is a miracle, the verse is magic.

Music ruling the World and our

Soul, there is Verse.

(Balmont)

There is sound in nature

who is inaudible

there is also a color

which is invisible

but which can be heard.

H. P. Blavatsky

1. Organizational stage.Course organization. Announcement of the topic of the lesson, goals.

Teacher's word: The main semantic, emotional and aesthetic load in the work is, of course, the word. It is the harmonious combination of the meaning of the word and sound that has been found that has a huge impact force.

A poetic work is a world of words and sounds that cannot always be correlated with accepted sound means. Therefore, when analyzing a poem, we turn to the sounds of the Russian language, which, in combination with other sounds, affect the perception of the poem in terms of sound and meaning.

In the lessons of the Russian language, we examined the phonetic features of Russian speech. Today we turn to the phonetic means of expressiveness of Russian speech.

Our goals -

1. repeat phonetic means of language expressiveness,
2. continue to work on their recognition,
3. identify their role in the organization of a literary text
4. continue to work on the analysis of literary text.

Teacher : Pay attention to the first epigraph of our lesson (written on the board):

Poetry is inner Music, outwardly expressed by metered speech. The word is a miracle, the verse is magic. Music that governs the World and our soul is Verse.

(Balmont)

The material of our study will be the poem by F.I. Tyutchev "Autumn Evening".

2. MAIN PART:

2.1. Terminological dictation.

Teacher : We have studied the terms necessary for the sound organization of the poem and as a vivid means of artistic expression of the poem. You need to, having heard the lexical meaning of the word, write down the linguistic term.

(a student works at the blackboard)

BUT) repetition in poetic speech of the same vowel sounds that enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech - (assonance;)

B) repetition in poetic speech of homogeneous sound features- (rhythm);

AT) repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same consonant sounds, one of the types of sound writing is (alliteration);

G) the main expressive means of sounding speech, which allows you to convey the attitude of the speaker to what he is talking about - (intonation);

D) selection of close-sounding words (sound writing);

E) beauty and naturalness of the sound of sounds - (harmony)

G) one of the strong positions of the poetic text, fastened with intonation, rhyming words and semantic (semantic) connections - (RIFMA_)

Teacher : Name 2 words formed by the addition method (sound writing and euphony)

The course is divided (in advance) into 3 groups

1. Group work.

Teacher : Poets, researchers of poetic speech have long noticed that sounds play a certain role in the semantic organization of the text. (Reading in groups of statements.)

1st group: " In the Russian language, it seems, the frequent repetition of writing BUT can contribute to the image of splendor, great space, depth and height; increase in writing I, E, Yu - to the image of tenderness, caress, deplorable or small things; through I you can show pleasantness, amusement, tenderness and inclination; through Oh, u, u - terrible and strong things: anger, envy, pain and sadness ... "(M.V., Lomonosov, “Rhetoric”.)

2nd group: "Oh - the sound of delight, there is a triumphant space O: - Field, Sea, Space. Everything great is manifested through O , albeit dark:groan, grief, coffin, funeral, sleep, midnight. big like dales and mountains, island, lake, cloud. Long, like a mournful share. Huge, like the Sun, like the Sea. Terrible, like a scree, a landslide, thunder... It will sing, it will sing like a bell... The high vault of the elevated cathedral. Bottomless Oh". (K. Balmont.)

3.group: "P" clearly tells me something loud, bright, red, hot, fast. L - about something pale, blue, cold, smooth, light. Sound H - about something tender, about snow, sky, night ... Sounds D&T - about something stuffy, heavy, about fog, about darkness, about musty... "(E. Zamyatin.)

Teacher : During the lesson you can use sayings. These statements are hints for our further work with you.What associations does the word "Autumn" evoke in you?

students call: (leaf fall, rain, umbrellas, runny nose, raincoat ....) (in groups - 2-3 associations)

At the blackboard, the student performs a phonetic analysis of the word "Autumn".

There is a table on the students' tables. Using the table (“what sounds convey”), groups look for words that are associated with sounds in phonetic analysis: [o] - space, caution; [with́ ] - rustling, anxiety; [and] - dreaming, inspiration; [ń] - dance;

Together with the teacher, students come to the conclusion that the lexical, associative and sound meanings of the word "autumn" are very similar.

2.3. Work on the text of F.I. Tyutchev's poem "Autumn Evening".

(the text of the poem lies on the desks)

Teacher : The poem "Autumn Evening" was written by one of the representatives of the poetry of "pure art" Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev, whose fame came in the sixth decade. The poets of this direction (A. Fet, A. Maikov, Pleshcheev and others) focused their attention on nature and human feelings, on the harmony between man and nature. Poets expressed their innermost thoughts and feelings with images of nature. Tyutchev called himself "the faithful son of nature".

2.3.1. Listening to the poem by heart. The student is reading.

AUTUMN EVENING

A touching, mysterious charm:

The ominous brilliance and variegation of trees,

Crimson leaves languid, light rustle,

Foggy and quiet azure

Over the sad orphan land,

And, like a premonition of descending storms,

A gusty, cold wind at times,

Damage, exhaustion - and on everything

That gentle smile of fading,

What in a rational being do we call

Divine bashfulness of suffering.

October 1830 Tyutchev (aged 27)

Teacher : ( We begin the analysis with the poetics of the title, since it contains the main lyrical image, the main emotion and philosophical idea for the poet are hidden. In fact, the title reflects the author's understanding of the text.)What picture do you paint when you hear the poem?(Group work: each group expresses its opinion)

2.3.2. Work on the vocabulary of the poem. Checking homework (the lexical meaning of the words had to be found in the explanatory dictionary):

1. languor - a feeling of pleasant relaxation;
2. languid - full of languor, wearily - gentle
3. exhaustion - a state of complete fatigue, impotence;
4. gentle - gentle, submissive, meek;
5. motley - consisting of multi-colored spots, stripes ...
6. wither - wither
7. bashful - shy, shy
8. with suffering - physical or mental pain, torment

Teacher : Find in the poem the words - neologisms - (lightness, modesty, variegation, sad - orphaned ..) (Entry in a notebook)

Teacher : Find high-style words in the poem - (trees, wind, meek ..) (notebook entry) Why, in your opinion, does the author use them?

2.3.3. Teacher : Let's turn to the sound of the poem. One of the phonetic means is alliteration. Pay attention to consonants. What sounds are found in this poem?(Group work)

We come to a consensus - these are sounds [ R.S.L ]( writing in a notebook)

Teacher : Find the corresponding sounds in the table.

Each group is given one sound. We come to the conclusion (whirlwinds, dance, aspiration) (see table) (entry in a notebook). We correlate the words with the theme of autumn and the theme of the poem.

Teacher : Let's take a look at the last two lines of the poem:

"What is in essence once m no m we call m "- What is the most common sound in this line?We come to the conclusion- 4 M. In the table we are looking for an understanding of this sound. -(philosophizing, contemplation)

"The divine bashfulness of suffering." –– What sounds are repeated in this line in each word?

We come to the conclusion- 3 ST In the table we are looking for an understanding of these sounds. We come to the conclusion -(doubt, anxiety, search; responsibility, creativity, destruction)

Teacher: To understand what the author wanted to say with these lines, let's move on to lexical explanations of some words and phrases. (students write in notebook)

sentient being- choose a synonym (this is a person)

Suffering - pick up synonyms (torment, torment, torture)

bashfulness - pick up synonyms (shyness, shyness)

Divine - choose a synonym (spiritual,)

Teacher : What do these lines tell the reader?

(Only a reasonable person understands that one who possesses spirituality suffers, endures torment, torment, lives in harmony with nature, with the whole world.)

Teacher Q: What is the main theme of the poem? What tells us the main idea of ​​the poem? (alliteration can help express the main theme of the poem)

2.3.4. Teacher : What do you think, what other phonetic tool can help us in parsing a poem? (assonance).

Consider 2 more lines of the poem.

Is in the lordship of autumn evenings

Teacher : Highlight only the stressed vowels. (notebook entry)

The answer is [E, E, E, O].

Teacher : Find a match in the table. We come to the conclusion -inspiration, dreaminess, romanticism and delight, space, simplicity

A gusty, cold wind at times,

Teacher : Highlight only stressed vowels (notebook entry)

Answer - [S, O, E, O]

Referring to the table, we conclude:intimidation, noise, sentence, bell, victory cry, cry, space, sentence, caution.

Relate to the theme of the poem.

Teacher : : What helped to see, hear the vowel sounds in the poem?

2.3.5. Teacher : We will pay special attention to a bright means of artistic expression - rhyme. Remember the meaning of this word. Rhyme sets the pace for a poem.(Rhyme is an important factor in the emergence of poetic images, the lever of poetic thinking. “Rhyme is wings,” said A. A. Akhmatova).

What are rhymes that end in a vowel called?(- open ), into a consonant (- closed)?

Teacher : What lines are more in the poem: open or closed? Why?

Group work: express their opinion.

CONCLUSION: there are more closed rows, because open- such endings are considered smooth, melodious, and closed - are recognized as sharp, jerky, energetic; it is the latter that depict the struggle and victory of the advancing cold element.

Teacher : rhyme is one of the main instruments of verse melody; there are female and male rhymes. How to distinguish them from each other? Let's take a look at our poem.

(A) feminine - the stress falls on the penultimate syllable (in waves)

6 lines with a female rhyme; B) masculine - the stress falls on the last syllable - (on the rock)

6 lines with male rhyme)

Teacher : Why do you think the author uses the same number of male and female rhymes?

(comparable to falling leaves, human maturity)

2.4 Teacher : . Do sounds have color? Let's take a look at paragraph 2:

“In nature, there is a sound that is inaudible, there is also a color that is invisible, but which can be heard.” E. P. Blavatsky

The property of sounds to evoke color images was noticed long ago. Much has been written about the color hearing of A. Scriabin, whomusical sounds seen in color . A whole trend in art - color music - is based on this property of the sounds of music.

Let's listen to fragments of musical works: P. Tchaikovsky "The Seasons", Vivaldi "The Seasons" (autumn);What colors did you hear? (Work in groups, find common, different composers, then find out which piece of music is closer to Tyutchev's poem, why))

Teacher : There is an opinion that speech sounds, especially vowels, can also be perceived in color.

A. Rimbaud even wrote the sonnet "Vowels", in which he painted the sounds in such a way.

The poem is read by a trained student.

A - black; white - E; I - red; U - green; O - blue;

I will tell their secret in my turn,

A - velvet corset on the body of insects,

Which buzz over the stench of sewage.

E - the whiteness of canvases, tents and fog.

Shine of mountain springs and fragile fans!

And - purple blood, oozing wound

Or scarlet lips amid anger and praise.

U - quivering ripples of wide green waves,

Calm meadows, peace of deep wrinkles

On the working forehead of gray-haired alchemists.

Oh - the ringing roar of the trumpet, piercing and strange,

About - marvelous eyes of her purple rays.

Teacher : There are even results of an experiment (of musicians and linguists) on sound-color correspondences. They are shown in the table, which we now use.

Let's explore Tyutchev's poem.

SOUND LETTERS	COLOUR
AND I	Red, bright red, deep red
	Light yellow. white, purple
HER	Green, yellow-green
I, Y	Blue, sky blue, bluish
	Gray, Dark blue, blue-green, dark purple
	Bluish
	Dark, dark brown, black

GROUP WORK

1. E.Yo, U in a poem

1. group, please count how many times the letters are repeated A, I, Y

1. group, please count how many times the letters are repeated AND ABOUT

Draw a conclusion for each color.

Let's try to paint a picture of an autumn evening with the help of color. Draw a table in a notebook

sound letter	amount	Color spectrum	quote
HER		yellow - green	Varieties of trees
AND I		red	crimson leaves
		sky blue	Foggy and quiet azure
		Light yellow	Brightness of autumn evenings
		grey	gusty cold wind
		black	Sad - orphaned land

3.0. The final stage.

Teacher : Once again we will ask the student to read the poem, pay attention to reproductions, paintings, illustrations, correlate with music.

Findings:

"Autumn Evening" is not just landscape lyrics. An attempt is made in the poem to show not one specific picture, but the general essence of Russian autumn evenings; not just to convey the impression, but to comprehend it as a phenomenon of the life of nature. Nature, like man, lives according to the laws: it is necessary to die in order to be reborn again. The mysterious charm of autumn evenings becomes an occasion for reflection on human destiny and the divine essence of suffering.

Teacher : So what role do phonetic means of expression play in Russian speech?

(The phonetic means of expressiveness of Russian speech help to better understand the meaning of the poem, hear its sound, create sound and visual associations, take a different look at the world of the poet, his attitude to the word, to the reader. Phonetic means of expressiveness make us appreciate all the beauty in a new way, originality and uniqueness of Russian speech.)

4.0. Summing up.

Homework:

Find phonetic means of expression in another poem by F.I. Tyutchev.

Russia cannot be understood with the mind,

Do not measure with a common yardstick:

She has a special become -

One can only believe in Russia.

APPENDIX

sounds	WHAT SOUNDS TRANSMIT
I, E	Squeak, scream, squeal, astonishment, victory cry, patience, secrecy, weakness, fickleness, adaptation, inspiration and romanticism, daydreaming, light, craving for the spiritual,
	Rumble, buzz, music of noises, an exclamation of horror, despondency and sadness, indifference and inertia, slowness and passivity, phlegmatism and pessimism, regret and humility, mystery
B, P	Thunder, energy, riot of life, the richness of being and the material embodiment, which brings suffering, comfort, stability, pessimism, dust, ashes.
H, M	Purring, mooing, muttering, tormenting, dancing, philosophizing, thinking
	Thunder, ringing, destruction, fragmentation, rumble, shot, wind, roar, storm, explosion, hurricane, rumble of strings, whirlwinds, fire, growl, grunt, tiger roar, cooing, croaking, pressure, confidence, threat and destruction of barriers, heroic strength and power, masculinity, determination to the point of rudeness, rage and firmness.
	Feeling of fluidity, fluidity, dance
	The sound of delight, triumphant space, sentence, bell, surprise, gaiety, frivolity, cunning, caution, balance, charm and warmth, fullness and wholeness, kindness and simplicity, contentment and complacency, spontaneity and openness, richness of emotions.
Y, Sh	breadth and power, noise and silence, rustle and rustle, intimidation, the attraction of the earth and the comprehension of life, a sense of the essence of being.
W, C, H	The hissing of a snake, the rustling of leaves, the whistling of the winds, retribution, the beast, sharpness, efficiency, doubt, anxiety, ray, light, clarity, purity, modesty, order. Control, precision. hardness
	aspiration, radiance, strength of aspiration, weakness in affirmation, rustle, inconsistency, doubt, anxiety, search for meaning, ray of thought, power of search (from twilight to light, clarity and purity). The connection of the distant with the near.
	Firmness, certainty, strict control, responsibility, creativity, exactingness, fulcrum, destruction, tradition. Inflexibility, adherence to principles and absolutism. Order, beat, rhythm, sense. modesty
	tension, energy, compression. eruption, explosion, fire. Passion, power, power, tyranny,.
K, X	dryness and deafness, hoarseness and roughness, weakness and secrecy, quietness and dullness, modesty, energy, deceit
V. P, F	influence and excitement, attraction, introduction and identification of feelings, their design. The desire for rapprochement, reciprocity and mutual understanding.
	sharpness and determination, angularity and surprise. A sharp and radical turn, angle, shift, unpredictability of thought and indisputability of action. Overcoming obstacles with the mind ("smart will not go uphill"):
	Affirmation, support, certainty, reliability, creation, quality factor, kindness

In a work of art, mainly in poetry, various methods are used to enhance the phonetic expressiveness of speech. One of the main visual means of phonetics is a stylistic device, consisting in the selection of words of similar sound:

Peter is feasting. And proud and clear

And his eyes are full of glory.

And his royal feast is beautiful.

(A.S. Pushkin)

The consonants [p], [p], [r], and the vowels [o], [a] are repeated here. This makes the verse musical and vivid.

Depending on the quality of the repeated sounds, alliteration and assonance are distinguished.

Alliteration called the repetition of consonants:

I am a free wind, I always blow

I wave the waves, I caress the willows,

In the branches I sigh, sighing, dumb,

I cherish the grass, I cherish the fields.

(K.D. Balmont)

The repetition of consonant sounds [l], [l '], [c], [c '] creates an image of the wind, the breath of which is felt almost physically.

A.S. perfectly mastered this technique. Pushkin. In the novel "Eugene Onegin" he gives a description of two ballroom dances:

The mazurka rang out. used to

When the mazurka thundered,

Everything in the great hall was trembling,

Parquet cracked with iodine heels,

The frames shook and rattled;

Now it's not that: and we are like ladies,

We slide on varnished boards.

The selection of consonant sounds gives the reader a clear idea of ​​the difference between the Thais: the accumulation of sounds [g], [p], [h], [g] when describing the first dance evokes a feeling of its swiftness, energy; the smoothness, slowness of the second dance is emphasized by the abundance of sounds [l], [m].

Assonance called the repetition of vowels. Assonance is usually based only on stressed vowels, since in an unstressed position the vowels are reduced:

Whisper, timid breath, [oh-oh-ah]

The nightingale trills, [uh]

Silver and wobble [oh-ah]

Sleepy stream, [ooh]

Light of the night, night shadows, [uh-uh]

Shadows without end, [uh]

A series of magical changes [uh]

Sweet face, [uh]

In smoky clouds the purple of a rose,

Glimpse of amber, [ooh]

And kisses and tears, [a-o]

And dawn, dawn! ... [a-a].

I fly quickly, but on cast-iron rails I think of my own thought.

(N.A. Nekrasov)

The sound [y] is repeated, giving the impression of a humming rushing train.

In the poetic texts below, assonance is combined with alliteration, which creates a special musicality of poetic lines:

But in the atonement of a long punishment,

Having suffered the blows of fate,

Strengthened Russia. So heavy mlat

Crushing glass, forging damask steel.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Quiet Ukrainian night. transparent sky,

The stars are shining.

The air does not want to overcome its drowsiness.

(A.S. Pushkin)

Melo, melo but the whole earth,

To all limits.

The candle burned on the table

The candle was burning.

(B.L. Pasternak)

Another method of sound writing (correspondence of the phonetic composition of the phrase to the depicted picture) is onomatopoeia- the use of words that, by their sound, resemble the auditory impressions of this phenomenon.

For more than two centuries, the lines of A.P. Sumarokov, where the croaking of frogs is depicted as follows:

Oh how, oh how we come to you, Gods do not say!

There are words that, when pronounced, resemble the actions they call: rustle, hiss, strum, snort, clatter, tick etc. The sound of such words in artistic speech is enhanced by their phonetic environment:

Here comes the rain falling down.

(A. Tvardovsky)

The repetition of consonance [kr] resembles the tapping of raindrops on an iron roof.

In a proverb: From the clatter of hooves, dust flies across the field- the phonetic expressiveness of the main onomatopoeic word "toyota" is enhanced by the alliteration [t-p].

Rhyme - a striking feature of the verse is also based on the phonetic capabilities of the Russian phonetic system - on sound repetitions:

Mountain tops Sleep in the darkness of the night.

Quiet valleys Full of fresh haze.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

The fields are compressed, the groves are bare,

Fog and dampness from water,

The quiet sun rolled down behind the blue of the mountain.

(S.A. Yesenin)

A storm covers the sky with mist,

Whirlwinds of snow twisting;

Like a beast, she will howl

It will cry like a child.

(A.S. Pushkin)

An important means of organizing poetic speech is stress, it rhythmically organizes a poem. Promotes

phonetic expressiveness of speech rhythm and intonation. Rhythm is a certain way of dividing speech, contributing to balance and euphony. With its help, a certain mood is created, the emotional and expressive properties of the text are emphasized. All types of phonetic means of speech expressiveness allow not only to fully present the melodic essence of poetic speech, but also to reveal the meaning of the work.

test questions

• 1. What is called alliteration?
• 2. What is called assonance?
• 3. What is onomatopoeia?
• 4. What is rhyme?

Workshop

Task 1. Select assonance, alliteration. Explain phonetic means of speech expressiveness.

Ottol broke once a collapse,

And fell with a heavy crash

And blocked the whole gorge between the rocks,

And the mighty wave of the Terek stopped...

You marvel at the treasures of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves ...

N. V. Gogol

The euphony in the Russian language is mainly determined by the ratio of vowels and consonants in the text (on average, in Russian speech, vowels make up 42.35%, consonants - 59.65%), as well as the predominance of "beautiful sounds" - vowels, sonorous, voiced consonants, which in relation to the “non-musical” noisy deaf people, they make up 74.5% in Russian speech.

To create an exemplary speech in terms of sound, the sounds in the speech stream must be selected so that the speech is easy to pronounce and at the same time distinct.

An extremely important and essential stylistic device that enhances the expressiveness of artistic and partially journalistic speech is sound recording(sound, verbal, instrumentation) - the use of such words, the sound of which figuratively conveys the depicted phenomenon and thereby contributes to the disclosure of the semantic and artistic content of the image, enhances its expressiveness.

There are two main types of sound instrumentation, consisting in the selection of words of close sound:

- alliteration - repetition of consonants (for example: City rake, row, grabastal. (M);

- assonance - repetition of vowels (for example: We are bored listening to the autumn blizzard. (N).

Alliteration and assonance enhance the imagery and phonetic expressiveness of speech.

An example of the semantic use of alliteration can be the following lines of V. Mayakovsky: Where is it, bronze ringing or granite edge? , where the repetition of sounds [ sv] closely connects the words of bronze ringing, and the repetition of sounds [ gr] - the phrase granite edge. The repetition of these sounds focuses attention on the main idea of ​​the stanza - we are talking about a monument carved from granite and cast from bronze.

The technique of combining assonance with alliteration is very expressive, for example, by V. Mayakovsky in the poem “A Cloud in Pants”: So, again, it’s dark and dejectedly, I’ll take my heart, dipping it in tears, revenge, like a dog that carries a paw moved by a train into a kennel. (Alliteration on p and b is combined with the repetition of vowels y, a).

Topic 3. Vocabulary and phraseology

Topic 3.1. The word, its lexical meaning

Word - the basic unit of the language, which serves to name and communicate about objects, processes, properties and relationships.

The totality of all the words of a language constitutes its vocabulary.

Lexicology - a branch of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language.

All words of significant parts of speech have lexical and grammatical meanings. And the words of the service parts of speech usually have only a grammatical meaning, they help the words of the significant parts of speech.

The lexical meaning of a word is the content, its correlation with the object or phenomenon of reality.

Grammatical meaning is the general meaning of words as parts of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in nouns), the meaning of a particular tense, person, number, gender, etc.

Lexical and grammatical meanings are closely related. A change in the lexical meaning of a word leads to a change in the grammatical meaning. For example: a deaf consonant (relative adjective) and a deaf voice (qualitative adjective, has a degree of comparison, a short form); guest yard (adjective) - the living room was full of people (noun).

The dictionary of the Russian literary language, which has evolved over many centuries, is very rich both in the number of words, and in the variety of shades of their meanings, and in the subtleties of stylistic coloring. The entire Russian people, its great writers, critics, and scientists participated in the creation of a vocabulary of the literary language.

Russian is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. (No wonder they say about him "great, mighty"!) The active dictionary of our contemporary includes an average of 7-13 thousand words. The "Big Academic Dictionary" (1950-1965) contains over 120,000 words.

But the richness of a language is judged not only by the number of words. The vocabulary of the Russian language is enriched polysemantic words, homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, paronyms, phraseological units, as well as layers of words representing the history of the development of our language - archaisms, historicisms, neologisms.

Polysemantic words

The presence in many words of the Russian language of not one, but several meanings is the richness of speech and allows you to use this feature as a means of representation. Here are some examples of polysemantic words: sheet (maple) - sheet (cardboard); deaf (old man) - deaf (wall); handle (child) - handle (door); cut (with a knife) - cut (students in the exam); goes (person) - goes (film) - goes (in the meaning of "agree").

Different meanings can have words denoting abstract concepts in different combinations. For example, the word absolute can mean: 1) "irrelevant, taken by itself" ( absolute truth); 2) "full, unconditional" ( absolute peace); 3) "unlimited" ( absolute monarchy).

The stylistic use of polysemy is based on the possibility of using words not only in a direct, but also in a figurative sense: tanks ironed enemy trenches(cf.: iron the sheets).

Some words can be used with different meanings in different styles of speech. For example: word re-elect in book speech it means "to elect a second time, anew", and in colloquial speech it means "to replace someone".

The ambiguity of vocabulary is an inexhaustible source of renewal, rethinking of the word. Writers find in ambiguity a source of vivid emotionality, liveliness of speech. Determine how many meanings the poet found for the word road.

Dear name freeway,

And trail running beside

And way that runs across the plain,

And caravan route in a desert,

And climber step cooler

To the top, hidden in the clouds,

And ship trail over the waves

And the blue heights above us ...

And soon replenished with new

The meaning of the usual word.

Imagine: the rocket is ready

To jump to another planet.

Saying goodbye to her crew

Standing at the stars on the threshold

We simply and casually say:

"See you! Lucky road!"

(V. Osten)

Homonyms

Homonyms(from Greek. homos- "same" and omyna- "name") - these are words that are pronounced the same way, but denote different, unrelated concepts: key 1 ("source") - key 2 ("to unlock the lock") – key 3 ("to the cipher"); braid 1 ("tool") - braid 2 ("hair") - braid 3 ("view of a shoal or peninsula").

There are different types of homonyms. Homonyms are words that sound the same but are spelled differently: true d– true t, lu to– lu G .

Homonyms include words that sound different but are spelled the same: muk a- m at ka, p a rit - steam and th, deputy about k - h a mok.

Sometimes ambiguity arises on the basis of homonymy:

To be at the bottom of science. (Day science or bottom Sciences?)

Everything will be ready by evening. (Evening hours or evening performance?)

Homonyms give special stylistic expressiveness to proverbs and sayings: Whatever there is, but wants there is; On a peaceful field and on the field scolding be in command without scolding.

There are full and partial homonyms. Full lexical homonyms are words of the same part of speech and coincide in all basic grammatical forms.

Partial (or incomplete) homonymy is characterized by the fact that words of different meanings do not coincide in sound and spelling in all grammatical forms.

Signs of homonymy also have:

Homoforms - match only a single form of words: flying(from treat) -flying(from fly); my(possessive pronoun) - my(imperative mood from the verb wash);

Homophones - so-called phonetic homonyms (words that sound the same, but different in spelling and meaning): Gray wolf in dense forest met a redhead fox(S. Marshak).

Homographs - graphic homonyms (words are spelled the same, but pronounced differently, mainly depending on the stress; sometimes due to the fact that dots are not always used over yo): sing - sing; flight - flight; atlas - atlas.

Antonyms

Antonyms(from Greek. anti- "against" and onyma- "name") - these are words of different sounding that express opposite, but correlative concepts with each other: light - darkness, heat - cold, speak - be silent.

Antonyms are of different roots: love - hate, south - north and one-liners: coming - going, true - not true.

Antonyms are used as expressive means to create contrast. Many proverbs and sayings contain antonyms: satiatedhungry does not understand; Thin world better than good quarreling.

The phenomenon of antonymy is also used as a special stylistic device - the connection of the incompatible: beginning of the end, optimistic tragedy, hot snow, bad good man. This is a favorite technique of publicists when creating or titles of articles, essays: Expensive cheapness; Cold - hot season; Big troubles for small businesses.

The specificity of Russian linguistic thinking lies in the fact that the expressive prevails over the rational in it, which is why there are so many antonymic formations in the Russian language: Not really; of course not; the most ordinary; unusually banal; terribly good; creepy funny; incredibly simple and etc.

In Russian, there is a special group of words containing opposite (antonymic) meaning components, for example: He listened to lesson . flowerbeds broken our students. More often the antonymy of interpretation is manifested in different contexts. For example: He viewed all films with the participation of this actor("saw") and He viewed this error at work("didn't see"); She is bypassed all guests("Paid attention to everyone") and Fate bypassed her("deprived of attention").

Synonyms

Synonyms(from Greek. synonymos- "of the same name") - these are words that are close in meaning and belong to the same part of speech. Synonyms may differ in the following features:

a) shades of meanings: labor - work, defect - defect - flaw;

b) emotional coloring: a little - the least;

c) stylistic function: to sleep - to sleep - to rest.

Synonyms that differ in shades of meaning are called semantic : elderly - old - decrepit; crimson - scarlet - red. Semantic synonyms introduce different shades into the characteristics of the same concept or phenomenon. For example, profession synonymous specialty, but not in all. A profession is an occupation as such, and a specialty is a specific concept denoting any specific area of ​​​​science or production in which a person is engaged, for example: profession- teacher, speciality- teacher-philosopher or teacher-physicist; profession- doctor, speciality- a cardiologist, etc.).

Synonyms that differ in different attitudes to the designated object or phenomenon are called emotionally expressive: full - thick - bold.

The stylistic differences of synonyms are determined by the scope of their use, correspondence to one or another style. Stylistic synonyms - these are exactly the same words in meaning, for example: deficit(formal business style) and a lack of(colloquial) (see 3.1.2.3.).

Synonymous words can also differ in the degree of modernity ( very - green, Sagittarius - soldier).

A special kind of synonymy is created by replacing a one-word name with a descriptive expression, which makes it possible to characterize an object from different angles: Moscow - Belokamennaya - Third Rome.

Paronyms

Paronyms(from Greek. para- "about" and onyma- "name") - these are words, in most cases the same root, similar in sound, but having different meanings: addressee– "sender" – destination– "recipient"; emigrant- "leaving the country" - immigrant- "entering".

Words are paronyms methodical – methodical – methodological, the meaning of each of these words is determined by the primitive word in the process of word formation ( methodicalness - methodology - methodology). Yes, we are talking methodical shelling- "strictly consistent, according to plan", methodical allowance- "made according to the method", methodological analysis- "a set of research methods."

Words are paronyms diplomatic and diplomatic.diplomatic maybe something related to diplomacy ( diplomatic bag); diplomatic- something correct, corresponding to etiquette ( diplomatic behavior of the parties).

A typical speech error is the confusion of paronyms introduce and provide. Information about the child's illness appears back to school, new teacher appears class, here is an opportunity to take a study tour before about is set. The meaning of these paronyms should be determined in this way: introduce: 1) give, hand over, inform about something for review, information; 2) show, demonstrate something; before about put: 1) give the opportunity to possess, dispose, use something; 2) give the opportunity to do something, instruct someone to do something.

Mixing paronyms often leads to a distortion of meaning: Return your luggage stage legs(instead of: foot); He clicked ankle gates(instead of: heck).

The confusion of paronyms also indicates an insufficient speech culture of the speaker: He dressed sweater(instead of: allotment); This is economical test validation method(instead of: economical= "beneficial").

Assonance is the repetition of vowels (It's time, it's time, the horns are blowing ... - Pushkin). Assonance is usually based only on stressed sounds, since vowels often change in an unstressed position. Therefore, sometimes assonance is defined as the repetition of stressed or weakly reduced unstressed vowels. So, in the lines from Pushkin's "Poltava" the assonances on a and on about create only accented vowels: Quiet Ukrainian night. The sky is transparent. The stars are shining. The air does not want to overcome its drowsiness. And although many unstressed syllables repeat variants of these phonemes, transmitted by letters oh ah, their sound does not affect the assonance.

In cases where unstressed vowels do not undergo changes, they can increase assonance. For example, in another stanza from Poltava, the sound of speech determines the assonance to at; since the quality of this sound does not change, and in the unstressed position at emphasizes the phonetic similarity of the highlighted words: But in the temptations of a long punishment, having endured the blows of fate, Russia strengthened. So heavy mlat, crushing glass, forges damask steel(in the last two lines, the assonance to at connects with assonance a). In the same text, different sound repetitions are often used in parallel. For example: It's snowy, it's snowy all over the earth to all limits. The candle burned on the table, the candle burned(Parsnip). Here is the assonance e, and alliterations on m, l, s, v; repeated combinations of consonants: ml, sun- St.. All this creates a special musicality of poetic lines.

Alliteration called the repetition of consonants. For example:

The night will come; the moon goes around

Watch the distant vault of heaven,

And the nightingale in the darkness

Sounding tunes turns on.

In these Pushkin lines, alliterations are noticeable on n, d, s, v.

With the greatest certainty, our hearing catches the repetition of consonants standing in the pre-stressed position and in the absolute beginning of the word. The repetition of not only the same, but also consonants similar in some way is taken into account. So, alliteration is possible on d - t or z - s, etc. For example:

March!

So that time

burst into nuclei.

To the old days

So that the wind

related

Only

hair tangle(Mayakovsky).

The alliterations with r in the first part of this passage, the chased rhythm, the abrupt sound of these lines leave no doubt about the purpose of the sound writing, with which the poet seeks to convey the music of the march, the dynamics of the struggle, overcoming difficulties ...

Alliteration is the most common type of sound repetition. This is explained by the dominant position of consonants in the system of sounds of the Russian language. Consonants play the main semantic role in the language. Indeed, each sound carries certain information. However, six vowels in this respect are significantly inferior to thirty-seven consonants. Let's compare the "record" of the same words, made using only vowels and only consonants. You can hardly guess by the combinations ee, ayuo, ui, eao any words, but it is worth conveying the same words in consonants, and we can easily “read” the names of Russian poets: “ Drzhvn, Btshkv, Pshkn, Nkrsv. Such “weightiness” of consonants contributes to the establishment of various subject-semantic associations, therefore the expressive and pictorial possibilities of alliterations are very significant.