Phonetic analysis of verbs examples. Principles and rules

Phonetic parsing of a word is increasingly difficult, although such tasks are already performed in elementary school. The essence of the analysis hear and put on paper the sound of a word. For most children, the task is difficult and incomprehensible. Let's try to help the guys analyze the word, answer the main question, how many sounds are in the word.

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Features of phonetics

The science of language has its own classification. One of its sections is phonetics. She studies the sound composition of the language. The sound ratio in human speech is interesting:

you can pronounce several hundred sounds;
used to convey thoughts over 50;
in written speech, there are only 33 images of sounds.

To understand phonetics, one should highlight sounds and letters, clearly distinguish them.

letters are a symbolic image of what is heard, they are written and seen;
sounds are a spoken unit of speech, they are pronounced and heard.

The spelling and pronunciation of the same word most often does not match. Characters (letters) can be less or more than sounds. A variant is possible when one sound is pronounced, and the letter image of the other is fixed on the letter. Such inconsistencies are explained by spelling and orthoepic rules. Phonetics reserves only the norms of pronunciation. What concepts are found in the section "Phonetics":

sound;
syllable;

Each concept has its own characteristics, the number of terms. This is how a whole science is created. What is phonetic analysis of a word? This is characteristic of its sound composition of the word.

Phonetics - scheme

Principles and rules

The main difficulties that appear during phonetic analysis are the frequent discrepancy between a letter and its pronunciation. It is difficult to perceive the word not as written, but as audible. The principle of phonetic analysis - focus on correct pronunciation. A few tips for sound analysis of words:

Determine the features of the sound.
Write down the transcription of each letter.
Do not adjust sounds to letters, for example, zhi or shi sound [zhi], [shy].
Make adjustments by clearly pronouncing each minimal unit of speech.

Phonetic parsing of a word is performed in a certain sequence. Some of the data will have to be memorized, other information can be prepared in the form of a memo. Special sections of phonetics need to be understood. Phonetic processes that are considered basic in school education:

Stunning and voicing. The positions at which the consonants become deaf are the end of the word. Oak [dup].
Softening consonants in position before soft ones. More often they become soft: s, s, d, t, n. Here - [z'd'es'].
Stunning voiced consonants before deaf ones. Teeth - [zupk'i].
The voicing of the deaf before the voiced. Make - [zd'elat '], mowing - [kaz'ba].

In higher educational institutions, there are more phonetic processes studied by philology students:

accommodation,
dissimilation,
reduction.

Such processes give a deeper understanding of phonetics and transformations of speech norms. They help future teachers see where children can go wrong, how to explain complex topics.

Phonetic parsing of a word is an example.

Characteristics of vowels and consonants

When dividing a word into sounds, the science of language recognizes the distribution into two large groups:

consonants;
vowels.

The main difference is in the anatomical formation. Vowels - pronounced in a voice without obstacles with the participation larynx and oral organs. The air leaves the lungs without interference. Consonants in the formation meet obstacles. These can be various organs or a combination of them: tongue, lips, teeth.

Vowels

There are only 6 of them in the language: a, o, y, s, e, and, and 10 alphabetic characters are required for transmission in writing. Is in semivowel. In the school course, she is considered agreeable - it's "y". It helps to hear the letters i, e, e, yu. In this case, two sounds will be heard:

ya—I;
ye - e;
yu - yu;
yo - yo.

The split appears under certain conditions:

At the beginning of the word: Yura, Yasha, Elena.
After vowels: quiet, blue, blue.
After hard and soft signs: blizzard, congress.

In other positions, after consonants, they soften, but do not create a double sound.

Vowels can be divided into two groups.

Point to the previous solid consonant: a, o, y, s, e.
They warn that there is a soft consonant ahead: I, e, e, i, e.

The main characteristic that is required to perform word parsing by sounds in school concerns stress. Vowels can be of 2 types: shock and unstressed.

Phonetic construction, how many sounds in a word becomes clear only after analyzing and presenting it in the form of a diagram.

Speech sounds

Consonants

In russian language only twenty consonants. They can be distributed according to the characteristics that will be required for analysis:

Paired by voiced and deaf have the same articulation, which is why they can replace each other during pronunciation. Voiced in certain positions becomes deaf.

Attention! To memorize paired students, students can be asked to remember the first consonants of the alphabet.

word model

For figurative perception and understanding of the structure of a speech unit, a sound model of the word. What is such a dissection of words? In simple words, this is drawing up a diagram in the form of colored cards of different shapes: a square and a rectangle. Color differentiation:

hard consonants - blue square;
soft consonants - green square;
vowels - red square;
a syllable where a solid consonant with a vowel is a rectangle divided diagonally, blue and red (two triangles);
a syllable where a soft consonant with a vowel is a rectangle divided into two parts diagonally, green with red.

The sound model of a word is colored cards laid out in a certain sequence. The model is used in preschools and elementary grades. She is helps children learn to read. With a correct explanation, the teacher creates conditions for the merging of units of speech into a single whole. Training is based on pictures simple and easy. In addition, the model of parsing words into sounds and letters is a way to hear the difference in the pronunciation of consonants and vowels.

Table of sound-letter parsing of a word.

Analysis algorithm

Consider how the sound analysis of the word is carried out. The word is analyzed in writing. The process can be compared to transcription, which we are used to when learning foreign languages. Analysis order:

Recording the spelling of the concept being analyzed.
Division into syllabic parts, into a possible division into syllables (hyphenation).
Placement of stress, the correct location of its place.
Distribution in order of their sound.
Characteristic.
Counting the number of letters and sounds.

To simplify the task, the word written in a column by individual letters, then next to each letter is decomposed into sounds with a description of their characteristics.

Example. Phonetic analysis of the word "everything"

Everything - 1 syllable

in- [f] - acc. hard, deaf and double;

s - [s '] - acc., soft, deaf and double;

e - [o] - vowel and stress.

Phonetic analysis of the word yula.

Phonetic analysis of the word "laser", an example

Lazer - 2 syllables

l - [l] - acc., solid, voiced and unpaired;

a - [a] - vowel and stress;

s - [h ’] - acc., soft, voiced and paired;

e - [e] - vowel and unstressed;

p - [p] - acc., solid, voiced and unpaired.

All stages of analysis develop phonemic hearing. It is needed not only for future musicians.

Hearing helps with learning oratory, mastering Russian spelling, it is actively used by polyglots.

Syllabication

The sound scheme of a word begins by dividing it into syllables. The smallest unit of oral speech structure is the syllable. The clue for the child is the number of vowels: how many there are, how many syllables. In Russian, syllabic division into significant parts is subject to certain requirements. Phonetics rules do not always match with division of words into parts for transfer.

Types of syllables:

open - end in a vowel;
closed - into a consonant;
covered - uncovered, which begin with a consonant.

Parsing a word into syllables is built according to the rules:

The syllable necessarily contains a vowel, one consonant (even a significant part, for example, a prefix) cannot be a syllable: s-de-la-t is wrong, do-lat is right.
A syllable begins more often with a consonant, if it is followed by a vowel, it cannot remain a separate part: ko-ro-va - right, ko-ova - wrong.
Signs, hard and soft, are included in the previous one: horse - ki, drive - drive.
The letters that form a single sound are not divided into parts: according to - zhe [zhe], learn - tsya [ca].

AT attention! The order of parsing changes over time.

Parents often find they were taught differently. In syllable division, new rules also appeared.

Previously, doubled consonants in the middle of a word were distributed in different parts. Now they are introduced into the syllable that they begin: kla - ssny, ka - ss, ma-ss.
Voiceless consonants go to the next syllable, voiced consonants go to the previous one: bul-ka, then - chka.

Phonetic analysis of words

Russian lessons. Sounds and letters

Conclusion

Now you know how a sound analysis of a word is done and a scheme is created that conveys its sound in live speech. Parsing helps develop phonetic awareness, strengthens memory, clarifies some spelling rules. Knowing the parsing algorithm will allow you to do everything quickly and competently.

Do you know why Russian is so hard for foreigners to learn? Especially those whose languages are not at all similar to Russian? One of the reasons is that you can’t say anything about our language, that words can be written as they are heard. We say “MALAKO”, but we remember that the word must be written through 3 letters O: “MILKO”.

This is the simplest and most obvious example. And no one, as a rule, thinks about how the transcription (that is, the graphic recording of sounds) of the most familiar words for us looks like. To learn how to figure out what sounds words consist of, schools and even universities perform such a task as phonetic analysis of a word.

It is not easy for everyone, but we will help you understand and successfully cope with it in the classroom and when preparing homework.

Phonetic analysis of the word- a task aimed at disassembling a word into letters and sounds. Compare how many letters it contains and how many sounds. And find out that the same letters in different positions can mean different sounds.

Vowels

There are 10 vowels in the alphabet of the Russian language: "a", "o", "y", "e", "s", "ya", "e", "yu", "e", "i".

But there are only 6 vowels: [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [and]. The vowels "e", "ё", "yu", "ya" consist of two sounds: vowel + th. They are written as follows: "e" = [y'+e], "e" = [y'+o], "yu" = [y'+y], "i" = [y'+a]. And they are called iotized.

Remember that in transcription “e”, “e”, “yu”, “I” do not always decompose into two sounds. But only in the following cases:

when they stand at the beginning of the word: food [y'eda], ruff [y'orsh], skirt [y'upka], pit [y'ama];
when they stand after other vowels: my [my'em], my [may'o], wash [my'ut], warrior [way'aka];
when they stand after “b” and “b”: pedestal [p’y’ed’estal], drink [p’y’ot], drink [p’y’ut], nightingale [salav’y’a].

If "e", "e", "yu", "i" are in the word after soft consonants, they can be confused with [a], [o], [y], [e]: ball [m'ach'] , honey [m'ot], muesli [m'usl'i], branch [v'etka]. They denote one sound in a position after consonants and under stress.

Not under the stress “e”, “e”, “yu”, “I” give a sound [and]: rows [r’ida], forest [l’isok]. In other cases, the letter "I" without stress can be pronounced as [e]: quagmire [tr'es'ina].

Another interesting thing about the relationship between “b” and vowels: if after the soft sign in the word there is the letter “and”, it is pronounced as two sounds: streams [ruch’y’i].

But after the consonants "zh", "sh" and "c", the letter "i" gives the sound [s]: reeds [reeds].

The vowels "a", "o", "u", "e", "s" denote the hardness of consonants. The vowels "e", "ё", "yu", "ya", "and" denote the softness of consonant sounds.

By the way, in many words with the vowel "ё" it is always stressed. But this rule does not work for loanwords (amebiasis) and compound words (such as trinuclear).

Consonants

There are 21 consonants in Russian. And these letters form as many as 36 sounds! How is this possible? Let's figure it out.

So, among the consonants there are 6 pairs according to the sonority of deafness:

[b] - [p]: [b] a [b] eyelet - [p] a [n] a;
[c] - [f]: [c] oda - [f] anera;
[g] - [k]: [g] olos - [k] orova;
[d] - [t]: [d ’] yatel - [t] teaching;
[w] - [w]: [w ’] life - [w] suba;
[h] - [s]: [h ’] ima - o [s ’] en.

This is interesting because paired sounds are denoted by different letters. Such pairs are not found in all languages. And in some, for example, Korean, paired voiceless and voiced sounds are indicated by the same letter. Those. the same letter is read as a voiced or unvoiced sound, depending on the position in the word.

And there are 15 pairs of hardness-softness:

[b] - [b ’]: [b] a [b] point - [b ’] tree;
[in] - [in ']: [in] ata - [in '] fork;
[g] - [g ’]: [g] amak - [g ’] idrant;
[d] - [d ']: [d] wait [d '];
[h] - [h ’]: [h] gold - [h ’] to eat;
[k] - [k ']: [k] mouth - [k '] true;
[l] - [l ']: [l] dot - [l '] istik;
[m] - [m ’]: [m] a [m] a - [m ’] claim;
[n] - [n ']: [n] os - [n '] yuh;
[n] - [n ']: [n] archa - [n '] and [n '] mark;
[r] - [r ’]: [r] ys - [r ’] is;
[s] - [s ']: [s] both - [s '] herring;
[t] - [t ’]: [t] apok - [t ’] hen;
[f] - [f ']: [f] camera - [f '] hunting;
[x] - [x ']: [x] okkey - [x '] ek.

As you can see, the softness of sounds is provided by the letter “b” and soft consonants after the consonants.

There are unpaired consonant sounds in Russian that are never deaf:

[th '] - [th '] od;
[l] - [l]ama;
[l '] - [l '] lake;
[m] - [m] orkovka;
[m '] - [m '] yusli;
[n] - [n] rhino;
[n '] - [n '] bat;
[r] - [r] daisy;
[p '] - [p '] child.

To make it easier to remember all voiced sounds, you can use the following phrase: "We didn't forget each other".

As well as unpaired sounds, which, in turn, are never voiced. Try reading the words from the examples aloud and see for yourself:

[x] - [x] orek;
[x ‘] - [x ‘] irrg;
[c] - [c] drop;
[h '] - [h '] man;
[u’] - [u’] etina.

To remember exactly which sounds remain deaf in any situation, two phrases will help: "Stepka, do you want a cabbage?" - "Fi!" and “Foka, do you want to eat a cabbage soup?”.

If you carefully read the examples above, you probably already noticed that some consonants in Russian are never soft:

[f] - [f]uk and even [f] acorn;
[w] - [w] uba and [w] ilo are read equally firmly;
[c] - [c] scratch and [c] irk - the same thing, the sound is pronounced firmly.

Remember that in some borrowed words and names, “w” is still soft [w ’]: jury [w ’] yuri, Julien [w ’] julienne.

Similarly, there are consonants in Russian that are never pronounced firmly:

[th '] - [th '] cucumber;
[h '] - [h '] yell and [h '] asy - the sound is equally soft;
[u’] - [u’] eka and [u’] dropped - similarly: no matter what vowel comes after this consonant, it is still pronounced softly.

Sometimes, in some textbooks, the softness of these sounds is not indicated by an apostrophe during transcription - since everyone already knows that these sounds are not hard in Russian. And “u” is often referred to as [w ’:].

Remember also that the consonants "zh", "sh", "h", "u" are called hissing.

Phonetic parsing plan

First you need to spell the word correctly in terms of spelling.
Then divide the word into syllables (remember that there are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it), mark the stressed syllable.
The next item is the phonetic transcription of the word. Do not immediately transcribe the word - first try to pronounce it out loud. If necessary, speak several times - until you can say with certainty which sounds to record.
Describe in order all vowel sounds: designate stressed and unstressed.
Describe in order all consonant sounds: designate paired and unpaired by sonority / deafness and hardness / softness.
Count and write down how many letters and how many sounds are in the word.
Note those cases in which the number of sounds does not correspond to the number of letters, and explain them.

In written phonetic analysis, sounds are written from top to bottom in a column, each sound is enclosed in square brackets -. At the end, you should draw a line and under it write down the number of letters and sounds in the word.

Special transcription marks

Now about how to correctly designate sounds during transcription:

["] - this is how the stressed vowel is designated in the main stressed syllable (O "canopy);
[ `] - this is how a side (secondary) substressed vowel sound is indicated: usually such a substressed syllable is located at the beginning of a word, occurs in compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, super-, super-, ex -, vice and others (`near "many);
['] - a sign of softening a consonant sound;
[Λ] - transcription sign for "o" and "a" in the following cases: position at the beginning of a word, the first pre-stressed syllable in a position after a solid consonant (arch [Λrka], king [kΛrol']);
- a more "advanced" transcription sign for recording iotized sounds, you can also use [y '].
[and e] - something between [and] and [e], used to denote the vowels "a", "e", "e" in the first pre-stressed syllable in a position after a soft consonant (baubles [bl'and e sleep]) ;
[s e] - something between [s] and [e] or [s] and [a], is used to denote the vowels “e”, “e” in the first pre-stressed syllable in position after a solid consonant (whisper [shy e ptat '];
[b] - a transcription sign for the vowels "o", "a", "e" in positions after a solid consonant in the pre-stressed and stressed syllable (milk [milk]);
[b] - a transcription sign for the vowels "o", "a", "ya", "e" in the position after a soft consonant in an unstressed syllable (mitten [var'shka]);
[–] - a sign indicating the absence of sound in place of "ъ" and "ь";
[ ‾ ] / [ : ] - transcription signs (you can use one or the other of your choice - this will not be a mistake) to indicate the longitude of consonants (be afraid of [bΛy’atz: b]).

As you can see, everything is very difficult with the transcription of letters into sounds. In the school curriculum, as a rule, these complicated and more accurate transcription signs are not used or are used little. Only with in-depth study of the Russian language. Therefore, instead of “and with an overtone e” and other complex designations, it is allowed to use the sounds [a], [o], [y], [e], [s], [i] and [th ’] in phonetic analysis.

Transcription rules

Do not forget also about the following rules for transcription of consonants:

voicing of deaf consonants in a position before voiced ones (bend [zg'ibat '], mowing [kΛz'ba]);
stunning voiced consonants in position at the end of a word (ark [kΛfch'ek]);
stunning a voiced consonant in a position before a deaf one, for example, a voiced “g”, which can turn into deaf sounds [k] and [x] (nails [noct’i], light [l’ohk’iy’]);
softening of the consonants "n", "s", "z", "t", "d" in a position in front of soft consonants (kantik [kan't'ik]);
mitigation of “s” and “z” in prefixes with-, from-, times- in the position before “b” (remove [from’y’at’]);
unreadable consonants "t", "d", "v", "l" in combinations of several consonant letters in a row: in this case, the combination "stn" is pronounced as [sn], and "zdn" as [zn] (district [uy 'ezny']);
combinations of the letters "sch", "zch", "zsch" are read as [u'] (accounts [sh'oty]);
combinations of "ch", "th" are pronounced [w] (what [what], of course [kΛn'eshn]);
infinitive suffixes -tsya / -tsya are transcribed [c] (bite [bite: b]);
the endings of the -th / -it are pronounced through the sound [in] (your [tvy’evo]);
in words with double consonants, two transcription options are possible: 1) double consonants are located after the stressed syllable and form a double sound (kassa [kas: b]); 2) double consonants are located before the stressed syllable and give the usual consonant sound (million [m'il'ion]).

And now let's look at the phonetic transcription of words with examples. For recording, we will use a simplified system of transcription of consonants.

Examples of phonetic transcription of words

departure
ot-e "zd (2 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[aty'e "st]
o - [a] - vowel, unstressed
t- [t] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
ъ – [–]
e - [y ’] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (unpaired) and [e] - vowel, stressed
s - [s] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
d - [t] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
6 letters, 6 sounds
The letter "e" after the dividing "b" gives two sounds: [th "] and [e]; the letter "d" at the end of the word is stunned into the sound [t]; the letter "z" is stunned to the sound [c] in the position before the deaf sound.

One more example:

grammar
gram-ma "-ti-ka (4 syllables, stress falls on the 2nd syllable)
[gram: at "ika]
g - [g] - consonant, voiced (paired), solid (solid)
p - [r] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
mm - [m:] - double sound, consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, stressed
t - [t '] - consonant, deaf (pair), soft (pair)
k - [k] - consonant, deaf (paired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, unstressed
10 letters, 9 sounds
Double consonants "mm" give a double sound [m:]

And last:

became
sta-no-vi "-lis (4 syllables, stress falls on the 3rd syllable)
[standav'i "l'is']
s - [s] - consonant, deaf (pair), hard (pair)
t - [t] - concordant, deaf (paired), solid (paired)
a - [a] - vowel, unstressed
n - [n] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), solid (paired)
o - [a] - vowel, unstressed
in - [in '] - consonant, voiced (paired), soft (paired)
and - [and] - vowel, stressed
l - [l '] - consonant, voiced (unpaired), soft (paired)
and - [and] - vowel, unstressed
s - [s '] - consonant, deaf (paired), soft (paired)
b - [-]
11 letters, 10 sounds
The letter "o" in an unstressed position gives the sound [a]; the letter "b" does not denote a sound and serves to soften the consonant preceding it.

Instead of an afterword

Well, did this article help you deal with the phonetic parsing of words? It is not so easy to correctly write down the sounds that make up a word - there are many pitfalls along the way. But we tried to make it easier for you and explain all the slippery moments in as much detail as possible. Now such a task at school will not seem very difficult to you. Don't forget to teach your classmates and show them our helpful instructions.

Use this article when preparing for lessons and passing the GIA and the Unified State Examination. And be sure to tell us in the comments what examples of phonetic parsing of words you are asked at school.

site, with full or partial copying of the material, a link to the source is required.

Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of a language and the sounds of speech in general. Phonetics is the science of combining sounds in speech.

Phonetic analysis, or sound-letter analysis, is an analysis of the structure of syllables and the sound system of a word. This analysis is proposed to be done as an exercise for educational purposes.

Analysis means:

counting the number of letters;
determining the number of sounds in a word;
stress setting;
distribution of sounds into consonants and vowels;
classification of each sound;
compilation of transcription (graphic form of the word).

When parsing, it is important to distinguish between the concepts of "letter" and "sound". After all, the former correspond to spelling rules, and the latter to speech rules (that is, sounds are analyzed in terms of pronunciation).

Before proceeding with the sound-letter analysis, you should remember

There are ten vowels in Russian:

The first five indicate that the preceding consonant is hard, while the second is soft.

And twenty-one consonants:

voiced unpaired sounds	[Y']	[L]	[M]	[N]	[R]
deaf unpaired	[X]	[C]	[h']	[SCH']
voiced paired	[B]	[AT]	[G]	[D]	[W]	[B]
deaf pairs	[P]	[F]	[TO]	[T]	[W]	[WITH]

Voiced consonants are called, which are formed with the participation of sound, and deaf - with the help of noise. Paired consonants are those that form a deaf / voiced pair. For example, [B] / [P], [V] / [F], [G] / [K]. Unpaired - those that do not form a pair: [L], [M], [P].

When analyzing a word phonetically, it is worth remembering that the consonants [H '], [U'], [Y '] are always soft, regardless of which vowel forms a syllable with them. Consonants [Ж], [Ш] and [Ц] are always solid.

[Y ’], [L], [L ’], [M], [M ’], [N], [N ’], [P], [P ’] - sonorous sounds. This means that when pronouncing these consonants, the sound is formed mainly by voice, but not by noise. All sonorants are sonorous sounds.

In the Russian alphabet there are also letters b, b. They don't make sound. b (soft sign) serves to soften the consonants after which it is placed. Ъ (hard sign) has a separating function.

Sound Parsing Rules

Transcription is written in square brackets: .
The softness of the sound is indicated by the symbol "'".
Before the deaf, voiced consonants are deafened: nails - [noct'i].
The sounds [s], [h] in word prefixes are softened: disconnect - [raz’y’ed’in’it’].
Some consonants in words are not readable: bone - [inert '].
The combination of the letters "sch", "zch" are read as "u": happiness - [sh'ast'y'e].
The doubled consonant is indicated by ":": gradual - [past'ip'en: y'].

An example of sound-letter parsing of a word

Write the word according to the spelling rules.
Divide the word into syllables.
Mark the stressed syllable.
Say the word aloud and, based on this, perform transcription.
Describe the vowel sounds in order, indicate which of them are stressed and which are unstressed. Describe consonants. Describe them: paired / unpaired, voiced / deaf, hard / soft.
Count the number of sounds and letters in a word.

Examples of phonetic parsing

For example, below are selected words with the most interesting variants of phonetic analysis.

Linguists call phonetic analysis an analysis from the standpoint of the syllabic composition and quality of the sounds that make up a word. Approximately such a definition is issued by online search engines, and it is quite true. Phonetic analysis is one of the main components of the school course in the Russian language.

In addition, this course includes analysis by composition and morphological analysis. Each of these types has its own basic rules. Everyone who studied at school had to do a complete phonetic analysis of the word in the classroom.

However, those who left the educational institution for a long time could already forget what phonetic analysis is and what are its basic rules. Of course, finding information about the phonetic analysis of a word online, if desired, is not difficult. It will not be difficult to recall this task, which fell to the lot of everyone from the very youngest grades.

How to perform phonetic parsing?

The main characteristic of vowels is one - the location under stress or not. Consonants have more of them: soft or hard, deaf or voiced, whether it has a pair.

Speak aloud the subject of analysis.
Do not forget to check the correctness of the written transmission.
Remember spelling.
Pay special attention to combinations of sounds of the same order (vowels or consonants, etc.).

What you need to know when doing phonetic analysis

For phonetic analysis, some general information about the features of the graphic transmission of a number of sounds will be required. It will help to make a phonetic analysis of the word matching table of paired sounds. There are few of them: b - p, c - f, g - k, f - w, h - s.

Ъ (hard sign) and ь (soft sign) do not reflect independent sounds, they only appropriately illustrate the quality of the consonant in front of them.

Letters e, e, u, i in the starting position or after a vowel, they mean two sounds - [th] and [e], [o], [y] or [a], respectively: a box, a galaxy, a whirligig, a Christmas tree, a spruce.

But if they come after a consonant, then it is soft.

The exception is e, which can be used in some cases after a hard one or convey the sound [e] after a vowel (for example, a project).

Sounds [o] and [e] are not stressed are subject to a phenomenon that is called reduction in linguistics: the letter o in most cases is read as [a], and [e] as [s].

Instead of a voiced consonant at the end of a word or before a deaf one, a paired deaf one sounds.

So, "mushroom" is pronounced [gr'yp].

The sounds [h '], [c] and [u '] do not have voiced pairs, [l], [m], [n], [p], [d '] do not have paired deaf.

Phonetic Parsing Sample

Let's take a few examples.

ko-ra-bl, three syllables, stressed second

[karab'l']

K - [k] consonant, solid, deaf, double

Oh - [a] vowel, unstressed

Р - [р] consonant, solid, voiced, unpaired

A - [a] vowel, stressed

B - [b '] consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired

L - [l ’] consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired

Seven letters and six sounds.

mushroom, one syllable, stressed

G - [g] consonant, solid, voiced, paired

P - [p '] consonant, soft, voiced, paired

And - [s] vowel, stressed

B - [n] consonant, solid, voiced, paired

Four letters and four sounds.

Hedgehog, one syllable, stressed

Yo - [th '] consonant, soft, voiced, unpaired

- [o] vowel, stressed

Zh - [w] consonant, solid, deaf, double.

Two letters and three sounds.

What else is useful to know?

Depending on the methodology and set of textbooks used by teachers in a particular school or class, the formal requirements for the phonetic analysis of a word may vary slightly. However, the general recommendations are generally the same.

In some cases, questions may arise how to deal with suggestions. Most often, in practice, their phonetic analysis is simply not done. Although, just in case, it will be useful to know that usually the preposition, as it were, adjoins the part of speech that follows it, and if there are vowels in it, they will most often be unstressed.

For example, in a combination of a preposition and a noun “in the field”, the stress is the first syllable in the word “field”, and the construction itself is pronounced [papOl’u]. Although the option [hit] is also possible. Cases where the emphasis falls on the preposition, and not on what follows it, are rare, but they do occur. A vivid example is the roughly colloquial “no matter what” [pOf’yk].

This phenomenon becomes possible because from the point of view of phonetics, nouns and prepositions are often perceived not as different words, but as one word and are pronounced that way. In linguistics, this is called a phonetic word. However, such in-depth information is usually taught already in the phonetics course to philology students, and at school they don’t get into such jungle. Well, everyone who is interested in this moment can find the necessary information and examples online.

At school, students are given tasks on the phonetic analysis of words, first of all, to consolidate the basic theoretical knowledge that they receive from the teacher and from books. In its turn, basic knowledge of phonetics will serve them well in the practical application of the language, that is, in its correct use in writing and reading. Thus, the idea of such linguistic phenomena as the peculiarities of the pronunciation of sounds depending on the position makes it possible to understand why in some cases it is necessary to use a letter that conveys a different sound that is heard.

Phonetics and everything connected with it acquires particular importance in regions with pronounced dialectal features. For example, in the Upper Volga dialects, the letter o in an unstressed position reads [o], and in South Russian, due to the peculiarities of the local pronunciation of the sound [g] with aspiration, it actually becomes [x]. However, in the lessons of the Russian language, phonetic analysis is required according to the rules of the literary language. This should help students master Russian literary speech. After all, the use of a dialect is considered a sign of illiteracy.

Let us give examples of simple and complex cases of phonetic parsing of words. An explanation of the parsing is given for each example.

Let us show examples of phonetic parsing for iotized vowels. The definition of iotated vowels is given on the sounds page. There are many words in the Russian word with doubled consonants: cool, balloon, sum, bath and others. In sound-letter parsing, special attention should be paid to the position of the doubled consonant, since a long sound can be formed. Let us show two cases with examples.

Example 1

Iotated vowel + ь

Word: spruce
Transcription: [y'el']

[e] - vowel, shock
l → [l ’] - consonant, voiced unpaired (sonor), soft paired
b - does not indicate a sound

In this example, the vowel e is at the beginning of the word, therefore it is ioted and forms two sounds [y ’] + [e]. The soft sign does not mean a sound, but softens the consonant l. As a result, 3 letters and 3 sounds.

Example 2

Iotated vowel + consonant alternation

Word: his
Transcription: [y'ivo]
e → [y ’] - consonant, voiced unpaired (sonor), soft unpaired
[and] - vowel, unstressed
g → [in] - consonant, voiced double, solid double
o → [o] - vowel, stressed

The vowel e is iotated and stands for two sounds. But unlike the first example, the letter is not stressed, so it means the sounds [th ’] + [and]. Note that the letter g in the word is pronounced as "v". Since there are no cases of "disappearance" of sounds in the word, therefore 3 letters and 4 sounds.

Example 3

Double consonant - long sound

Word: tennis
Transcription: [t'en is] or [t'en: is]
t → [t ’] - consonant, deaf double, soft double
e → [e] - vowel, stressed
n → [n:] - consonant, deaf double, hard double
n - does not form a sound
and → [and] - vowel, unstressed
c → [c] - consonant, deaf double, hard double

The double consonant n forms a long sound [n:], since the stress in the word goes before this consonant. Both designations of a long sound are allowed - 1) a line above the sound, 2) a colon on the right. A long sound is also called a long, trailing sound.

Example 4

Double consonant - normal sound

Word: hockey
Transcription: [hakei']
x → [x] - consonant, deaf unpaired, hard paired
o → [a] - vowel, unstressed
k → [k] - consonant, deaf double, hard double
k - does not form a sound
e → [e] - vowel, stressed
th → [th ’] - consonant, voiced unpaired (sonor), soft unpaired

Unlike the example with the word tennis, here the double consonant k does not form a long sound, since the stress in the word comes immediately after the consonant. Say both words out loud and feel that in the word hockey the letter k can be pronounced quickly, and in the word tennis the letter n can be pronounced with a slight delay.

On the site, you can make a phonetic analysis of any Russian word online - enter the word in the search form and click the button.