Hans Günther Anthropology. Gunther's racial theory

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Let us recall what he wrote about the Nordic population of the Caucasus and whom Hans Friedrich Karl Günther, a prominent anthropologist and eugenicist of the III Reich, referred to as Nordic Caucasians.

The site "Velesova Sloboda", which posted the translation of Gunther's works into Russian, is now blocked, but the text can be read in the Google cache.

From his work
THE NORDIC RACE AMONG THE INDO-EUROPEANS OF ASIA AND THE QUESTION ABOUT THE ORIGIN AND THE RACE OF THE INDO-EUROPEANS.Yu. F. Lemans Verlag. Munich, 1934

"fair-haired Ossetians descend from the Neolithic dolichocephalic population of Southern Russia".

The name "Ossetians" is Georgian, they call themselves "iron".
The Ossetian language has experienced a Middle Asian influence - 34 of its sounds completely coincide with the sounds of the Georgian language.
Ancient Ossetian male skulls are dolichocephalic, while female skulls are brachycephalic.
Many Ossetians have blond hair and eyes. Gakstahausen found them similar to the Swedes, which is not surprising: the Ossetians are a mixture of the Nordic and Western Asian races, and the Swabians are Nordic and Alpine.

10. Armenians

From the lower reaches of the Danube to Asia Minor came the Indo-European tribes of the Mysians, Bithians, Phrygians, as well as the Trojans, who appeared here around 2000 BC. and were a mixture of Thracian and Phrygian tribes. The Hittites became the dominant layer. Basically it was the people of the Asiatic race, but the image of the long-headed and fair-haired Hittite king has been preserved.

From the lower reaches of the Danube came the Philistines, who later learned the Semitic language, the closest relatives of the Hellenes and Macedonians.

At the end of the II millennium BC. new hordes of Phrygians invaded Asia Minor. From them came the Armenians. One of the Phrygian tribes, perhaps mixed with the Cimmerians, separated from the rest and around 600 BC. reached the Armenian Highlands, where it formed the dominant layer.

The name “Armenians” was given to this people by the Medes, the Armenians themselves call themselves “haik”, i.e. "gentlemen". In the same region lived the Khalds, probably the people of the Near East race, who spoke one of the Caucasian languages. The Khalds formed the lowest stratum of the Armenians and adopted their language.

According to the description of Moses of Khorensky, the forefather of the Armenians Khaik had gray eyes, and Tigran I had blond hair and gray eyes.

Bunak studied the Armenian skulls dating back to the Iron Age. They are very different from modern Armenian forms.. These were long skulls with long faces and noses, which Bunak brings together with the Nordic ones. According to Armenian scientists, dolichocephaly prevailed in Armenia until 1500 BC, and then it began to spread and eventually brachycephaly prevailed.

When one reads the history of the Armenian people, one gets the impression that among all the Indo-European peoples, even in the earliest period, the Armenians had the smallest admixture of the Nordic race. The ruling layer "haik" was very thin and disappeared relatively quickly.

For centuries, the Armenian people were led by the nobility, which in the era of the Sassanids mixed with the Persian nobility. Armenian emigrants played an important role in Byzantium, where there were also Armenian emperors.

About modern Armenians they say that they can neither rule nor obey, but this does not take into account the situation in which the Armenian people are. Modern Armenians are among those Caucasian peoples, among which the Asiatic race predominates most of all.

The vocabulary and syntax of the Armenian language are mainly Indo-European, but its phonetics is close to Georgian, i.e. with phonetics of the language of the Near Asian race.

So what do we see. The people of the Caucasus with the greatest Nordic admixture Gunther believes Ossetians. He did not see any Nordic Circassians, Turks (Karachays, Balkars, Kumyks), much less Nordic Vainakhs and Dagestanis, he did not hear anything.
And again, I repeat, I do not discuss the question of how right Gunther and others like him were right in relation to the North Caucasian peoples in general and the Ossetians in particular. The fact is that they considered the Ossetians to be the Aryans of the Caucasus (and, accordingly, the descendants of the Alans). So the same Chechen and Ingush (as well as Karachai and Balkarian) folk historians of the Nazi persuasion, let them claim as much as they like that they are the purebred Aryans of the Caucasus, and the Ossetians are Mazdakit Jews who stole their Aryan-Alanian heritage. Their right. But let them not refer to the anthropologists and racologists of the III Reich to confirm their research, for the simple reason that this will be a blatant lie and distortion.

P.S. And right there you can put a bullet in the question - did the Nazis consider the Armenians to be Aryans. In Gunther's work, it is directly stated that once the Armenians may have been Aryans, but at the present time (at the time of Gunther) the Western Asian racial type prevails everywhere among the Armenians.

Hans Friedrich Karl Günther (German Hans Friedrich Karl Günther; February 16, 1891, Freiburg) - September 25, 1968, Freiburg) was a German racial researcher and eugenicist in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich. He is believed to have strongly influenced the racist foundations of National Socialism. For his services he was awarded a gold party badge, although he was not a member of the party.

He taught at the universities of Vienna, Berlin and Freiburg, and wrote numerous books and essays on race theory. In 1929 he published A Brief Racial of the German People, which became very popular. In 1931 he was appointed to the new chair of racial theory in Vienna.

Hans Günther's father Karl Wilhelm was a hereditary musician whose family came from the vicinity of the city of Dessau (Saxony-Anhalt).

Günther's mother Mathilde Katharina Agnes, née Kropf, was from Stuttgart, where several generations of her family lived. Along this line, there is a distant connection with the family of Kepler's mother, the great astronomer and heretic.

Günther studied in his native Freiburg at the Albert Ludwig University, where they studied comparative linguistics, but also listened to lectures in zoology and geography. He graduated and matriculation in 1910.

In 1911 he spent a semester at the Sorbonne, Paris.

He reached his doctorate at the Sorbonne at the age of 23, in 1914, with a thesis on "On the Sources of the Folk Book of Fortunatus and His Sons," a romantic, semi-fairytale collection of adventurous stories from the Middle Ages. He earned his first money by publishing this work as a separate book.

In the same year, the First World War begins, Gunther is recruited into the infantry, but is forced to retire from the army due to severe articular rheumatism received in the service. He continues to serve the fatherland, but already as a Red Cross orderly.

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At the age of 28, in 1919, Hans Günther officially leaves the Protestant Church and begins to write his first program work "Knight, Death and the Devil. Heroic Thought", which was published in 1920. The book was printed in Munich by the largest German publisher of national-patriotic orientation Julius Friedrich Lehmann. Heinrich Himmler was very passionate about this book.

In 1922, Gunther continued to study at the University of Vienna, working in a museum in Dresden. In 1923 he moved to Scandinavia, where his second Norwegian wife lived. He has received scientific awards from Uppsala University and the Swedish Institute for Racial Biology, headed by Hermann Lundborg. In Norway, he met Vidkun Quisling, the future Nazi "foehrer" of Norway.

In 1930, Günther met the leadership of the National Socialist Party of Thuringia. The consequence of this acquaintance was the creation by the government of Thuringia, by special order of May 14, 1930, of the department of social anthropology at the University of Jena (despite the protests of the liberal professors) and the appointment of Günther as professor of this department.

On November 15, 1930, Professor Hans F.K. Günther delivered his introductory lecture on the topic "The causes of the racial decline of the German people after the great migration of peoples." Adolf Hitler personally attended this lecture. After the lecture, Hermann Goering addressed the crowd gathered in front of the university with a eulogy for the professor. In the evening, enthusiastic students staged a torchlight procession in front of the new teacher's house. But the reviews in the newspapers that did not share the ideas of National Socialism were of a different kind: his department was called the "department of anti-Semitism", and his lecture was an attack on science.

Since then, Günther's life has been associated with National Socialism, which backfired. In 1931, a certain Karl Dannbauer, having the task to kill the party leader Rosenberg, lost sight of him and decided to kill Günther. His attempt was unsuccessful due to the resistance offered by Hans Günther, although Hans was wounded in the arm, requiring subsequent long-term treatment.

In 1935 he became a professor at the University of Berlin, where he taught racial science, human biology and rural ethnography. From 1940 to 1945 he was a professor at the Albert Ludwig University.

He received several awards during the Third Reich, especially in 1935. At the party congress on September 11, 1935, Rosenberg, the chief ideologist of the party, presented Gunther as the first recipient of the NSDAP award in the field of science and emphasized in his speech that Gunther "laid the spiritual foundations of the struggle of our movement and the legislation of the Reich."

In subsequent years, Günther received the Rudolf Virchow medal from the Berlin Society for Ethnology and Anthropology, which was headed by Eugen Fischer, and was elected to the leadership of the German Philosophical Society. On the occasion of his 50th birthday (February 16, 1941), Günther was awarded the Goethe medal and a gold party badge. In addition, since 1933 he joined the Council for Demography and Racial Policy, which was subordinate to Wilhelm Frick, Minister of the Interior and Public Education of Thuringia.

In April 1945, the Americans entered Thuringia and occupied the villa of Schulze-Naumburg. Günther, like other residents of Weimar, worked for several weeks in the Buchenwald concentration camp. When it became known that Thuringia would enter the Soviet zone, Günther and his family returned to Freiburg.

Gunther spent three years in a French concentration camp without trial or investigation. On August 8, 1949, the court of third instance issued a verdict of release, stating that Gunther "always acted within the framework of international science and never participated in the persecution of Jews." The paradox is that the chief racialist of the Third Reich was never a member of the NSDAP, although he was awarded a gold party badge.

In 1953, the American Society for Human Genetics elected Hans K. Günther as its corresponding member. He was still the only German racial theorist who had connections and fame among foreign specialists.

Name: Genealogy

Annotation: This summary volume of the works of Hans FK Günther highlights new aspects of the author's talent. He paid attention not only to issues of theoretical and practical raceology, but also to eugenics and marital relations, understanding race as a kind of evolutionary integrity in which both sexes constitute a symphony of relationships stretching from biology and jurisprudence to ethics and metaphysics. He argued: “...marriage and family in the minds of peoples is a “divine right”. The gods protect marriage, reward marital fidelity and punish its violation.” The value of the work of Hans F.K. Günther, published in the author's homeland in 1951, lies in the fact that, in addition to a huge corpus of ethnographic data on the history of marriage, he subjected Marxism and Freudianism to devastating criticism as ideologemes racially alien to Europeans. In this regard, he subtly and witty analyzed the so-called "sexual communism" in Bolshevik Russia. Being a good father and family man, he subtly felt what moral contribution to marriage belongs to each sex: “Matriarchy tends to exaggerate the biological significance of a woman, patriarchy - a man. In fact, both sexes have the same biological significance, and the moral behavior of a woman is more important. When morality is generally shaken, the state can still exist for some time, but if the morality of women is shaken, it will quickly collapse. This next edition of the works of Hans F.K. Günther on such an important issue as ancestry makes up for the lack of theoretical literature, especially in the current terrifying demographic situation in Russia and the frank degradation of traditional family values ​​in our society.

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Gunter, Hans

(Gunther), (1891-1968), German anthropologist and ethnologist, publicist, professor at Jena, Freiburg and Berlin universities. Born February 16, 1891 in Freiburg. He studied at the universities of Jena, Berlin and Freiburg. His numerous writings on race, in addition to obvious scientific intuition, rested on an exaggerated heroic-creative mysticism. Günther's book A Brief Ethnology of the German Nation (1929) sold over 275,000 copies and went through many reprints. Günther's theory played an important role in providing the ideological foundations of National Socialist racism. In 1931, despite strong opposition from the teaching staff, he was appointed professor of ethnology at the newly opened chair of racial studies at the University of Jena. His theory considered the Nordic race as an ideal racial type, destined to be the opposite of the Jews, as a product of low origin, created as a result of mixing races. According to Gunther, there are 5 European races: Nordic, Mediterranean, Dinaric, Alpine and East Baltic. Among them, the greatest creative force in history was the Nordic race. The Jewish race did not even belong to the European race, it was an outside race, "a product of fermentation and disturbance, a wedge driven by Asia into the European structure." The Jews were one of those non-Nordic races that were responsible for such destructive movements as democracy, parliamentarism and liberalism. The task of the creative Nordic race was to expand their own useful hereditary inclinations. "We must always adhere to the idea that if we do not want to perish as a race, then the question is not only the preference for a Nordic spouse, but, first and foremost, the need to promote our race through marriage to ensure a victorious result at birth. Youth, - he warned, - must be guided by an organic philosophy of life, growing out of the people and native land. This philosophy must comply with the laws of life and resist any manifestation of individualism. It must constantly look for models for spiritual guidance in the pra-Germanic world, "which was the expression of the Nordic essence" .

Gunther viewed World War I as a truly civil war, comparable to the Peloponnesian War, with its racially devastating results. He offered the world the Nordic idea on the edge of the abyss. If roots are put down in a perfect nation, Günther said, the Nordic theory will lead to an era of harmony and peace. "The Nordic idea must expand into a general Nordic ideal. In its essence and nature, the ideal of all representatives of the Nordic race will inevitably be at the same time the ideal of holiness and inviolability of the world among all German-speaking peoples." The will of the Nordic-minded people must span the centuries, suppress the illegitimacy and impure blood that threaten true civilization, and must eugenically purge the Nordic ranks of all destructive elements. The Nordic movement ultimately seeks to define the spirit of the age and extract it even more from itself. If you do not cold-bloodedly master this firm confidence, then there will be no point and need in further understanding of the teachings of Gobineau. "Gunther's racial theory gradually turned into the foundation on which the Third Reich rested (see Racial Doctrine). His views, similar to those of Arthur de Gobineau and H. S. Chamberlain, became the doctrine of National Socialism, and he himself was considered the official tribune of Nazi ideology.He died in Freiburg on September 25, 1968.

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Houston Stewart Chamberlain

Houston (Houston) Stuart Chamberlain(September 9, 1855, Southsea, Hampshire, UK - January 9, 1927, Bayreuth, Germany) - Anglo-German writer, sociologist, philosopher, racial theorist.

In many ways, Chamberlain's views were formed under the influence of Gobineau's ideas. Chamberlain's main work, which brought him notoriety, The Foundations of the 19th Century, was published in Munich in 1899. Chamberlain wrote that European culture was the result of a fusion of five components: the art, literature, and philosophy of Ancient Greece; the legal system and forms of government of ancient Rome; Protestantism; the resurgent creative Teutonic spirit; and the repulsively destructive influence of Jews and Judaism in general. Two ideas are clearly traced in Chamberlain's book: the Aryans are the creators and bearers of civilization, and the Jews are a negative racial force, a destructive and degenerate factor in history. Chamberlain considered the Aryans the only hope for world development, and the Jews, in his opinion, deserved only a sentence. (Not because of hatred, but because of the unattainability of Aryan superiority). At the same time, he considered the birth of Jesus the most important date in human history. He also wrote that it should be obvious to everyone that Christ was not a Jew, and people who call him a Jew are ignoramuses and hypocrites.

As a result, Chamberlain actually combined the ideas of existing anti-Semitic schools with the dominant position of racism, which had a huge impact on either the ideology of Nazism or Hitler personally, and Joseph Goebbels called him "the father of our spirit."

Hans Friedrich Karl Günther; (February 16, 1891, Freiburg - September 25, 1968) - German anthropologist and eugenicist, who had a serious influence on the racial policy of the German National Socialists with his pseudoscientific works. In 1925 Gunther formulated nordic idea- a number of conceptual provisions aimed at preserving the Nordic race

In 1930, Gunther met with the leadership of the National Socialist Party. The consequence of this acquaintance was the creation by the government of Thuringia of a special department of social anthropology at the University of Jena, despite the protests of liberal professors. On the same day, Hans Günther was appointed professor at the newly created one, where on November 15 of the same year he delivered his introductory lecture entitled "The Causes of the Racial Decline of the German People after the Great Migration of Nations." After reading the lecture, Hermann Goering spoke to him that evening and addressed all those gathered with a eulogy about Gunther. In the evening, enthusiastic students staged a torchlight procession in front of the new teacher's house. But the reviews in newspapers that did not share the ideas of National Socialism were of a different kind: his department was called the “department of anti-Semitism”, and his lecture, like any scientist of this kind at that time, was an attempt on science. Since then, Günther's life has been associated with National Socialism.

In his theory, Günther identified six European subraces:

1. Nordic race. Tall dolichocephals. A narrow long face, the shade of hair varies from blond to dark blond, eyes are blue or gray, a narrow long nose, an angular protruding chin. They are characterized as reasonable, fair, prudent, prudent, cold, often cruel people. Mentally gifted are put in the first place.

2. Dinaric race. Short brachycephalic, slender build. Round face, tanned skin, dark brown or black eyes, large nose. Characterized as brave, proud, rude and quick-tempered people. In terms of mental talent, they are put in second place.

3. Western race (Mediterranean race). Undersized dolichocephals, slender graceful physique. The proportions are similar to the Nordic type. Dark hair and eyes, dark skin. They are characterized as very emotional, cheerful, frivolous people, a little prone to cruelty and laziness. In terms of mental endowments, they are put in fifth place.

4. Eastern race (Alpine race). Short brachycephalic, stocky build, prone to fullness. Broad, round face, dark hair and eyes, wide and short nose. They are characterized as calm, peaceful, withdrawn, self-sufficient, frugal, prone to greed and driven people. In terms of mental talent, they are put in fourth place.

5. Falian race (distant race). Possibly a subtype of the Nordic race. Dolichocephals or mesocephals are very tall, broad but flat build. Broad face, relatively long nose, blond, often red hair, light eyes. They are characterized as secretive, friendly, touchy, stubborn and good-natured people. In terms of mental talent, they are put in second place, on a par with the Dinaric type.

6. East Baltic race. Brachycephals of low or medium height, broad-boned, stocky build. Broad face, gray-yellow or gray-brown hair, gray or blue eyes, relatively wide short nose. They are characterized as hospitable, patient people with a good imagination, quick mood swings, not appreciating money and incapable of making decisions. In terms of mental talent, they are placed approximately in third place.

According to Gunther, any European people represented a mixture of these races, among the Germans the "Nordic" prevailed, which played a major role in the formation of the civilizations of the Indo-European peoples. The rest of the races were regarded by Gunther lower (he put the Dinaric race in second place after the Nordic in spiritual terms, he considered the Eastern Baltic race more mentally developed than the Eastern and Western). The Semites (Jews) (whom he attributed mainly to the non-European (according to his typology) Western Asian and Oriental races) were considered the complete opposite of the Nordic race, capable of bringing only "disturbance and unrest", and represented, in his opinion, a special danger to the German people, which to further mixing with the Jews would lead to the creation in Germany of a "European-Asiatic-African racial swamp."

Günther believed that the "Nordic race" was of particular value to the Germanic-speaking peoples. He was not a supporter of the definition of the Nordic race as the highest on Earth in general, but was against mixing races and believed that for an African or Asian civilization, the Nordic admixture would be harmful and "inferior". He considered Indian, Persian, Greek and Roman civilization the result of the enslavement of local natives by the Nordic tribes.

Thus Günther ascribes to each race a certain set of attitudes, in fact arguing that the mind and character mainly depend on race, and not on the influence of the environment. His theory formed the basis of Nazi racial theory, which was used to justify war and massacres.

All the aforementioned authors of their theories and ideas have been of great historical significance, because. actually formed the Nazi racial theory and worldview of many people who later became the ruling elite in Germany and other countries. Which eventually led to World War II and the genocide of Jews, Serbs, Gypsies, Slavic peoples (according to the Russian historian M.I. Frolov). Also in Germany there were other programs based on the idea of ​​racial hygiene:

· The T-4 euthanasia program - the destruction of the mentally ill, and in general patients for more than 5 years, as disabled.

· Repression of homosexuals.

· Lebensborn - the birth and upbringing of children in orphanages from persons who have passed racial selection, a program for the selection of "full-fledged" ones for their reproduction. With the help of these programs, it was planned to create a "master race". The German people, according to the Nazis, was not yet a "race of demigods", it was only to be created from the Germans. The germ of the ruling race was the Order of the SS.