Gara program in chemistry buy. Gara N
Programs
N. N. Gara
Chemistry
8-9 grades
10-11 grades
CHEMISTRY COURSE PROGRAM
for grades 8-9
educational institutions
EXPLANATORY NOTE
This program reveals the content of teaching chemistry to students in grades 8-9 of educational institutions. It is designed for 140 hours/year (2 hours/week).
In the system of natural science education, chemistry as an academic subject occupies an important place in the knowledge of the laws of nature, in the material life of society, in solving global problems of mankind, in forming a scientific picture of the world, as well as in educating the ecological culture of people.
Chemistry as an academic subject makes a significant contribution to the scientific worldview, to the education and development of students; is designed to equip students with the basics of chemical knowledge necessary for everyday life, lay the foundation for further improvement of chemical knowledge both in high school and in other educational institutions, and also correctly orient students' behavior in the environment.
The study of chemistry in the basic school is aimed at:
on the development essential knowledge about the basic concepts and laws of chemistry, chemical symbolism;
on the mastery of skills observe chemical phenomena, conduct a chemical experiment, make calculations based on the chemical formulas of substances and equations of chemical reactions;
on the development cognitive interests and intellectual abilities in the process of conducting a chemical experiment, independent acquisition of knowledge in accordance with emerging life needs;
on the upbringing attitudes towards chemistry as one of the fundamental components of natural science and an element of human culture;
on the application of acquired knowledge and skills for the safe use of substances and materials in everyday life, agriculture and production, solving practical problems in everyday life, preventing phenomena that are harmful to human health and the environment.
The content of this course presents fundamental chemical theoretical knowledge, including the study of the composition and structure of substances, the dependence of their properties on the structure, the design of substances with desired properties, the study of the laws of chemical transformations and ways to control them in order to obtain substances, materials, energy.
The factual part of the program includes information about inorganic and organic substances. The educational material is selected in such a way that it is possible to explain theoretical positions, the studied properties of substances, chemical processes occurring in the surrounding world at a modern and accessible level for students.
The theoretical basis for the study of inorganic chemistry is the atomic and molecular theory, the periodic law of D. I. Mendeleev with brief information about the structure of atoms, types of chemical bonds, and the laws of chemical reactions.
The study of organic chemistry is based on the teachings of A. M. Butlerov on the chemical structure of substances. These theoretical foundations of the course allow students to explain the properties of the studied substances, as well as to safely use these substances and materials in everyday life, agriculture and production.
In the study of the course, a significant role is given to the chemical experiment: conducting practical and laboratory work, simple experiments and describing their results; compliance with the norms and rules of conduct in chemical laboratories.
The distribution of time on the topics of the program is given approximately. The teacher can change it within the annual sum of hours.
8th grade
70 h/year (2 h/week; 3 h reserve time)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 1. Initial chemical concepts (18 hours)
The subject of chemistry. Chemistry as part of natural science. Substances and their properties. Pure substances and mixtures. Methods for purification of substances: settling, filtering, evaporation, crystallization,
distillation, chromatography. Physical and chemical phenomena. Chemical reactions. Signs of chemical reactions and conditions for the occurrence and course of chemical reactions.
Atoms and molecules. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the substance. Simple and complex substances. Chemical element. The language of chemistry. Signs of chemical elements, chemical formulas. The law of the constancy of the composition of substances.
Atomic mass unit. Relative atomic and molecular weights. Amount of substance, mol. Molar mass.
Valency of chemical elements. Determination of the valence of elements according to the formulas of their compounds. Compilation of chemical formulas by valency.
Atomic-molecular doctrine. The law of conservation of mass of substances. Chemical equations. Classification of chemical reactions according to the number and composition of the starting and obtained substances.
Demos. Acquaintance with samples of simple and complex substances. Methods for purification of substances: crystallization, distillation, chromatography. Experiments confirming the law of conservation of mass of substances.
Chemical compounds with the amount of substance 1 mol. Model of the molar volume of gases.
Laboratory experiments. Consideration of substances with different physical properties. Separation of the mixture with a magnet. Examples of physical and chemical phenomena. Reactions illustrating the main features of characteristic reactions. Decomposition of basic copper(II) carbonate. The reaction of replacing copper with iron.
Practical work
Safety rules for working in a chemical laboratory. Introduction to laboratory equipment.
Purification of contaminated table salt.
Calculation tasks. Calculation of the relative molecular weight of a substance by the formula. Calculation of the mass fraction of an element in a chemical compound. Establishment of the simplest formula of a substance by mass fractions of elements. Calculations according to the chemical equations of the mass or amount of a substance from a known mass or amount of one of the substances entering or resulting from the reaction.
Topic 2 Oxygen (5 h)
Oxygen. Finding in nature. Physical and chemical properties. Receipt, application. The oxygen cycle in nature. Combustion. Oxides. Air and its composition. slow oxidation. Thermal effect of chemical reactions.
Fuel and methods of its combustion. Protection of atmospheric air from pollution.
Demos. Obtaining and collecting oxygen by the method of air displacement, the method of water displacement. Determination of air composition. Oil collections, coal and products of their processing.
Laboratory experiments. Acquaintance with samples of oxides.
Practical work. Obtaining and properties of oxygen.
Calculation tasks. Calculations according to thermochemical equations.
Topic 3. Hydrogen (3 h)
Hydrogen. Finding in nature. Physical and chemical properties. Hydrogen is a reducing agent. Receipt, application.
Demos. Obtaining hydrogen in the Kipp apparatus, checking hydrogen for purity, burning hydrogen, collecting hydrogen by displacing air and water.
Laboratory experiments. Obtaining hydrogen and studying its properties. Interaction of hydrogen with copper(II) oxide.
Topic 4. Solutions. Water (6 h)
Water is a solvent. Solubility of substances in water. Determination of the mass fraction of a dissolved substance. Water. Methods for determining the composition of water - analysis and synthesis. Physical and chemical properties of water. Water in nature and ways to purify it. The water cycle in nature.
Demos. Water analysis. Synthesis of water.
Practical work. Preparation of salt solutions with a certain mass fraction of the dissolved substance.
Calculation tasks. Finding the mass fraction of a solute in a solution. Calculation of the mass of a solute and water to prepare a solution of a certain concentration.
Topic 5. Main classes of inorganic compounds (9 hours)
Oxides. Classification. Basic and acidic oxides. Nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties. Receipt. Application.
Foundations. Classification. Nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties. Neutralization reaction. Receipt. Application.
Acids. Classification. Nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties. Displacement series of metals N. N. Beketova. Application.
Salt. Classification. Nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties. Methods for obtaining salts.
Genetic relationship between the main classes of inorganic compounds.
Demos. Acquaintance with samples of oxides, acids, bases and salts. Neutralization of alkali with acid in the presence of an indicator.
Laboratory experiments. Experiments confirming the chemical properties of acids, bases.
Practical work. Solving experimental problems on the topic "Main classes of inorganic compounds".
Topic 6. Periodic law and periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev. The structure of the atom (8 hours)
The first attempts to classify chemical elements. The concept of groups of similar elements. Periodic law of D. I. Mendeleev. Periodic table of chemical elements. Groups and periods. Short and long versions of the periodic table. The meaning of the periodic law. Life and work of D. I. Mendeleev.
The structure of the atom. Composition of atomic nuclei. Electrons. Isotopes. The structure of the electron shells of atoms of the first 20 elements of the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev.
Laboratory experiments. Interaction of zinc hydroxide with solutions of acids and alkalis.
Topic 7. The structure of substances. Chemical bond (9 h)
Electronegativity of chemical elements. The main types of chemical bonds: covalent non-polar, covalent polar, ionic. Valency of elements in the light of electronic theory. The degree of oxidation. Rules for determining the degree of oxidation of elements. Redox reactions.
Crystal lattices: ionic, atomic and molecular. Crystalline and amorphous substances. Dependence of the properties of substances on the types of crystal lattices.
Demos. Acquaintance with models of crystal lattices of covalent and ionic compounds. Comparison of physical and chemical properties of compounds with covalent and ionic bonds.
Topic 8. Avogadro's law. Molar volume of gases (3 h)
Avogadro's law. Molar volume of gases. Relative density of gases. Volume ratios of gases in chemical reactions.
Calculation tasks. Volume ratios of gases in chemical reactions.
Calculations by chemical equations of mass, volume and amount of a substance of one of the reaction products by mass of the initial substance, volume or amount of a substance containing a certain proportion of impurities.
Topic 9. Halogens (6 h)
The position of halogens in the periodic table and the structure of their atoms. Chlorine. Physical and chemical properties of chlorine. Application. Hydrogen chloride. Hydrochloric acid and its salts. Comparative characteristics of halogens.
Demos. Acquaintance with samples of natural chlorides. Introduction to the physical properties of halogens. Production of hydrogen chloride and its dissolution in water.
Laboratory experiments. Recognition of hydrochloric acid, chlorides, bromides, iodides and iodine. Displacement of halogens by each other from a solution of their compounds.
Practical work. Obtaining hydrochloric acid and studying its properties.
Grade 9
70 h/year (2 h/week; 2 h reserve time)
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 1. Electrolytic dissociation (10 h)
Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. Electrolytic dissociation of substances in aqueous solutions. Ions. Cations and anions. Hydrate theory of solutions. Electrolytic dissociation of acids, alkalis and salts. Weak and strong electrolytes. Degree of dissociation. Ion exchange reactions. Redox reactions. Oxidizing agent, reducing agent. Salt hydrolysis.
Demos. Testing solutions of substances for electrical conductivity. Movement of ions in an electric field.
Laboratory experiments. Exchange reactions between electrolyte solutions.
Practical work. Solving experimental problems on the topic "Electrolytic dissociation".
Topic 2 Oxygen and sulfur (9 hours)
The position of oxygen and sulfur in the periodic system of chemical elements, the structure of their atoms. The allotropy of oxygen is ozone.
Sulfur. Sulfur allotropy. Physical and chemical properties. Finding in nature. The use of sulfur. Sulfur(IV) oxide. Hydrosulfuric and sulphurous acids and their salts. Sulfur(VI) oxide. Sulfuric acid and its salts. Oxidizing properties of concentrated sulfuric acid.
The concept of the rate of chemical reactions. Catalysts.
Demos. Allotropy of oxygen and sulfur. Acquaintance with samples of natural sulfides, sulfates.
Laboratory experiments. Recognition of sulfide, sulfite and sulfate ions in solution.
Practical work. Solving experimental problems on the topic "Oxygen and sulfur".
Calculation tasks. Calculations according to the chemical equations of reactions of mass, amount of substance or volume according to the known mass, amount of substance or volume of one of the substances entering or resulting from the reaction.
Topic 3. Nitrogen and phosphorus (10 h)
The position of nitrogen and phosphorus in the periodic system of chemical elements, the structure of their atoms. Nitrogen, physical and chemical properties, production and application. The nitrogen cycle in nature. Ammonia. Physical and chemical properties of ammonia, production, application. Ammonium salts. Nitrogen(II) and (IV) oxides. Nitric acid and its salts. Oxidizing properties of nitric acid.
Phosphorus. Allotropy of phosphorus. Physical and chemical properties of phosphorus. Phosphorus(V) oxide. Orthophosphoric acid and its salts.
mineral fertilizers.
Demos. Receiving ammonia and its dissolution in water. Acquaintance with samples of natural nitrates, phosphates.
Laboratory experiments. Interaction of ammonium salts with alkalis. Familiarization with nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers.
Practical work
Obtaining ammonia and studying its properties.
Determination of mineral fertilizers.
Topic 4. Carbon and silicon (7 h)
The position of carbon and silicon in the periodic system of chemical elements, the structure of their atoms. Carbon, allotropic modifications, physical and chemical properties of carbon. Carbon monoxide, properties and physiological effects on the body. Carbon dioxide, carbonic acid and its salts. The carbon cycle in nature.
Silicon. Silicon(IV) oxide. Silicic acid and its salts. Glass. Cement.
Demos. Crystal lattices of diamond and graphite. Acquaintance with samples of natural carbonates and silicates. Familiarization with different types of fuel. Familiarization with types of glass.
Laboratory experiments. Acquaintance with the properties and interconversions of carbonates and bicarbonates. Qualitative reactions to carbonate and silicate ions.
Practical work. Obtaining carbon monoxide (IV) and the study of its properties. Recognition of carbonates.
Topic 5. General properties of metals (14 hours)
The position of metals in the periodic system of chemical elements D. I. Mendeleev. Metal connection. Physical and chemical properties of metals. A number of stresses of metals.
The concept of metallurgy. Methods for obtaining metals. Alloys (steel, cast iron, duralumin, bronze). The problem of non-waste production in metallurgy and environmental protection.
alkali metals. The position of alkali metals in the periodic system and the structure of atoms. Finding in nature. Physical and chemical properties. The use of alkali metals and their compounds.
alkaline earth metals. The position of alkaline earth metals in the periodic system and the structure of atoms. Finding in nature. Calcium and its compounds. Hardness of water and ways to eliminate it.
Aluminum. The position of aluminum in the periodic system and the structure of its atom. Finding in nature. Physical and chemical properties of aluminum. Amphotericity of aluminum oxide and hydroxide.
Iron. The position of iron in the periodic system and the structure of its atom. Finding in nature. Physical and chemical properties of iron. Oxides, hydroxides and salts of iron(II) and iron(III).
Demos. Acquaintance with samples of the most important salts of sodium, potassium, natural calcium compounds, iron ores, aluminum compounds. Interaction of alkali, alkaline earth metals and aluminum with water. Combustion of iron in oxygen and chlorine.
Laboratory experiments. Obtaining aluminum hydroxide and its interaction with acids and alkalis. Preparation of iron(II) and iron(III) hydroxides and their interaction with acids and alkalis.
Practical work
Solving experimental problems on the topic "Elements of IA-IIIA-groups of the periodic table of chemical elements."
Solving experimental problems on the topic "Metals and their compounds".
Calculation tasks. Calculations by chemical equations of mass, volume or amount of a substance of one of the reaction products by mass of the initial substance, volume or amount of a substance containing a certain proportion of impurities.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 6.
Initial submissions
about organic substances (2 hours)
Initial information about the structure of organic substances. The main provisions of the theory of the structure of organic compounds A. M. Butlerova. Isomerism. Simplified classification of organic compounds.
Topic 7. Hydrocarbons (4 hours)
Limit hydrocarbons. Methane, ethane. Physical and chemical properties. Application.
unsaturated hydrocarbons. Ethylene. Physical and chemical properties. Application. Acetylene. diene hydrocarbons.
The concept of cyclic hydrocarbons (cycloalkanes, benzene).
Natural sources of hydrocarbons. Oil and natural gas, their application. Protection of atmospheric air from pollution.
Demos. Models of molecules of organic compounds. Combustion of hydrocarbons and detection of their combustion products. Qualitative reactions to ethylene. Samples of oil and products of their processing.
Laboratory experiments. Ethylene, its production, properties. Acetylene, its preparation, properties.
Calculation task. Establishment of the simplest formula of a substance by mass fractions of elements.
Topic 8. Alcohols (2 hours)
monohydric alcohols. methanol. Ethanol. physical properties. The physiological effect of alcohols on the body. Application.
polyhydric alcohols. Ethylene glycol. Glycerol. Application.
Demos. Quantitative experience of hydrogen extraction from ethyl alcohol. Dissolution of ethyl alcohol in water. Dissolution of glycerin in water. Qualitative reactions to polyhydric alcohols.
Topic 9. carboxylic acids. Fats (3 hours)
Formic and acetic acids. physical properties. Application.
higher carboxylic acids. Stearic acid.
Fats are products of the interaction of glycerol and higher carboxylic acids. The role of fats in the process of metabolism in the body. Fat calories.
Demos. Preparation and properties of acetic acid. Study of the properties of fats: solubility in water and organic solvents.
Topic 10. Carbohydrates (2 hours)
Glucose and sucrose are the most important carbohydrates. Finding in nature. Photosynthesis. The role of glucose in nutrition and health promotion.
Starch and cellulose are natural polymers. Finding in nature. Application.
Demos. Qualitative reactions for glucose and starch.
Topic 11. Squirrels. Polymers (5 h)
Proteins are biopolymers. The composition of proteins. Protein functions. The role of proteins in nutrition. The concept of enzymes and hormones.
Polymers are macromolecular compounds. Polyethylene. Polypropylene. Polyvinyl chloride. The use of polymers.
Chemistry and health. Medicines.
Demos. Qualitative reactions to protein. Familiarization with samples of products made of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF GRADUATE TRAINING
As a result of studying chemistry, the student should
know/understand:
chemical symbols:
signs of chemical elements, formulas of chemicals and equations of chemical reactions;
the most important chemical concepts
:
chemical element, atom, molecule, relative atomic and molecular masses, ion, chemical bond, substance, classification of substances, mole, molar mass, molar volume, chemical reaction, classification of reactions, electrolyte and non-electrolyte, electrolytic dissociation, oxidizing agent and reducing agent, oxidation and recovery;
basic laws of chemistry
:
be able to:
call
chemical elements, compounds of the studied classes;
explain
the physical meaning of the atomic (ordinal) number of a chemical element, the group and period numbers to which the element belongs in the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev; patterns of changes in the properties of elements within small periods and main subgroups; essence of ion exchange reactions;
characterize
chemical elements (from hydrogen to calcium) based on their position in the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms; the relationship between the composition, structure and properties of substances; chemical properties of the main classes of inorganic substances;
define
the composition of substances according to their formulas, belonging of substances to a certain class of compounds, types of chemical reactions, valency and oxidation state of an element in compounds, type of chemical bond in compounds, the possibility of ion exchange reactions;
make up
formulas of inorganic compounds of the studied classes; schemes of the structure of atoms of the first 20 elements of the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev; equations of chemical reactions;
address
with chemical glassware and laboratory equipment;
recognize
experimentally oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, ammonia; solutions of acids and alkalis; chloride, sulfate and carbonate ions;
calculate
mass fraction of a chemical element according to the formula of the compound; mass fraction of a substance in solution; the amount of substance, volume or mass according to the amount of substance, volume or mass of reactants or reaction products;
with the aim of:
safe handling of substances and materials;
assessment of the impact of chemical pollution of the environment on the human body;
critical evaluation of information about substances used in everyday life;
preparation of solutions of a given concentration.
CHEMISTRY COURSE PROGRAM
for grades 10-11
educational institutions
A basic level of
EXPLANATORY NOTE
This program is designed for students of chemistry in grades 10-11 of general educational institutions at the basic level in two versions: I option - 140 hours / year (2 hours / week); Option II - 70 hours/year (1 hour/week). This program is recommended for students who have not chosen their future specialty related to chemistry by the 10th grade.
Students study this course after the chemistry course for grades 8-9, where they got acquainted with the most important chemical concepts, inorganic and organic substances used in industry and in everyday life.
The study of chemistry in high school at the basic level is aimed at:
on the learning about the chemical component of the natural-scientific picture of the world, about the most important chemical concepts, laws and theories;
on the mastery of skills apply the acquired knowledge to explain various chemical phenomena and properties of substances, to assess the role of chemistry in the development of modern technologies and the production of new materials;
on the development cognitive interests and intellectual abilities in the process of independent acquisition of chemical knowledge using various sources of information, including computer ones;
on the upbringing conviction in the positive role of chemistry in the life of modern society, the need for a chemically competent attitude to one's health and the environment;
on the application of acquired knowledge and skills for the safe use of substances and materials in everyday life, agriculture and production, for solving practical problems in everyday life, for preventing phenomena that are harmful to human health and the environment.
This program provides for the formation of students' general educational skills, universal methods of activity and key competencies. In this direction, the priorities for the subject "chemistry" in high school at the basic level are: the ability to independently and motivatedly organize one's cognitive activity (from setting a goal to obtaining and evaluating the result); use of elements of cause-and-effect and structural-functional analysis; determination of the essential characteristics of the object under study; the ability to fully substantiate judgments, give definitions, provide evidence; assessment and adjustment of their behavior in the environment; implementation in practice and in everyday life of environmental requirements; use of multimedia resources and computer technologies for processing, transferring, systematizing information, creating databases, presenting the results of cognitive and practical activities.
In the 10th grade course, organic chemistry is studied, the theoretical basis of which is the modern theory of the structure of organic compounds, showing the unity of the chemical, electronic and spatial structure, the phenomena of homology and isomerism, the classification and nomenclature of organic compounds. The entire course of organic chemistry is permeated with the idea of the dependence of the properties of substances on the composition and their structure, on the nature of functional groups, as well as genetic relationships between classes of organic compounds.
This course contains the most important information about individual substances and synthetic materials, about drugs that contribute to the formation of a healthy lifestyle and general human culture.
The leading role in revealing the content of the 11th grade chemistry course belongs to the electronic theory, the periodic law and the system of chemical elements as the most general scientific foundations of chemistry.
This course systematizes, generalizes and deepens knowledge about previously studied theories and laws of chemical science, chemical processes and industries. In this, students are helped by various visual diagrams and tables that allow you to highlight the most important, the most significant.
The content of these sections of chemistry is revealed in the relationship of organic and inorganic substances.
Particular attention is paid to the chemical experiment, which is the basis for the formation of theoretical knowledge. At the end of the course, three practical exercises of a generalizing nature were highlighted: solving experimental problems in organic and inorganic chemistry, obtaining, collecting and recognizing gases.
The distribution of time by topic in the program is indicative. The teacher can change it within the annual sum of hours.
Grade 10
70 h/year (2 h/week; 4 h reserve time)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 1. Theoretical Foundations of Organic Chemistry (4 hours)
Formation of organic chemistry as a science. organic substances. Organic chemistry. Theory of the structure of organic compounds A. M. Butlerova. Carbon skeleton. Radicals. functional groups. homologous series. Homologs.
Structural isomerism. Nomenclature. Significance of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.
Methods for breaking bonds in molecules of organic substances. Electrophiles. Nucleophiles.
Demonstrations. Acquaintance with samples of organic substances and materials. Models of molecules of organic substances. Solubility of organic substances in water and non-aqueous solvents. Melting, charring and combustion of organic substances.
HYDROCARBONS (23 h)
Topic 2 Limit hydrocarbons (alkanes) (7 hours)
Electronic and spatial structure of alkanes. homologous series. Nomenclature and isomerism. Physical and chemical properties of alkanes. substitution reaction. Receipt and the use of alkanes.
Cycloalkanes. Structure of molecules, homologous series. Finding in nature. Physical and chemical properties.
Demos. Explosion of a mixture of methane and air. The ratio of alkanes to acids, alkalis, potassium permanganate solution and bromine water.
Laboratory experiments.
Practical work. Qualitative determination of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine in organic substances.
Calculation tasks.
Topic 3. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (6 hours)
Alkenes. Electronic and spatial structure of alkenes. homologous series. Nomenclature. Isomerism: carbon chain, multiple bond positions, cis-, trans- isomerism. Chemical properties: oxidation reaction, addition, polymerization. Markovnikov's rule. Preparation and use of alkenes.
Alkadienes.
Alkynes. Electronic and spatial structure of acetylene. Homologues and isomers. Nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties. Addition and substitution reactions. Receipt. Application.
Demos.
Practical work.
Topic 4. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) (4 hours)
Arenas. Electronic and spatial structure of benzene. Isomerism and nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties of benzene. Benzene homologues. Peculiarities of chemical properties of benzene homologues on the example of toluene. Genetic relationship of aromatic hydrocarbons with other classes of hydrocarbons.
Demos.
Topic 5. Natural sources of hydrocarbons (6 hours)
Natural gas. Associated petroleum gases. Oil and oil products. physical properties. Ways of oil refining. Distillation. Thermal and catalytic cracking. Coke chemical
production.
Laboratory experiments. Familiarization with samples of refined products.
Calculation tasks.
OXYGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (25 h)
Topic 6. Alcohols and phenols (6 hours)
Monohydric saturated alcohols. Structure of molecules, functional group. Hydrogen bond. Isomerism and nomenclature. Properties of methanol (ethanol), production and application. The physiological effect of alcohols on the human body. Genetic relationship of monohydric saturated alcohols with hydrocarbons.
Phenols. The structure of the phenol molecule. Mutual influence of atoms in a molecule on the example of a phenol molecule. properties of phenol. Toxicity of phenol and its compounds. The use of phenol.
Demos. Interaction of phenol with bromine water and sodium hydroxide solution.
Laboratory experiments. Dissolution of glycerin in water. Reaction of glycerol with copper(II) hydroxide.
Calculation tasks.
Topic 7. Aldehydes, ketones (3 hours)
Aldehydes. The structure of the formaldehyde molecule. functional group. Isomerism and nomenclature. properties of aldehydes. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: production and application.
Acetone is a representative of ketones. The structure of the molecule. Application.
Demos. Interaction of methanal (ethanal) with an ammonia solution of silver(I) oxide and copper(II) hydroxide. Dissolution in acetone of various organic substances.
Laboratory experiments. Preparation of ethanol by oxidation of ethanol. Oxidation of methanal (ethanal) with an ammonia solution of silver(I) oxide. Oxidation of methanal (ethanal) with copper(II) hydroxide.
Topic 8. Carboxylic acids (6 hours)
Monobasic limiting carboxylic acids. The structure of molecules. functional group. Isomerism and nomenclature. properties of carboxylic acids. esterification reaction. Obtaining carboxylic acids and application.
Practical work
Preparation and properties of carboxylic acids.
Solving experimental problems for the recognition of organic substances.
Topic 9. Complex ethers. Fats (3 hours)
Esters: properties, production, application. Fats. The structure of fats. Fats in nature. Properties. Application.
Laboratory experiments. Solubility of fats, proof of their unsaturated nature, saponification of fats. Comparison of the properties of soap and synthetic detergents. Acquaintance with samples of detergents. Study of their composition and instructions for use.
Topic 10. Carbohydrates (7 hours)
Glucose. The structure of the molecule. Optical (mirror) isomerism. Fructose is an isomer of glucose. properties of glucose. Application. Sucrose. The structure of the molecule. Properties, application.
Laboratory experiments. Interaction of glucose with copper(II) hydroxide. Interaction of glucose with an ammonia solution of silver(I) oxide. The interaction of sucrose with calcium hydroxide. Interaction of starch with iodine. hydrolysis of starch. Acquaintance with samples of natural and artificial fibers.
Practical work.
Topic 11. Amines and amino acids (3 hours)
Amines. The structure of molecules. Amino group. Physical and chemical properties. The structure of the aniline molecule. Mutual influence of atoms in a molecule on the example of an aniline molecule. properties of aniline. Application.
Amino acids. Isomerism and nomenclature. Properties. Amino acids as amphoteric organic compounds. Application. Genetic relationship of amino acids with other classes of organic compounds.
Topic 12. Proteins (4 hours)
Squirrels
The concept of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. Pyridine. Pyrrole. Pyrimidine and purine bases. Nucleic acids: composition, structure.
Demos. Fabric dyeing with aniline dye. Proof of the presence of functional groups in amino acid solutions.
Laboratory experiments. Color reactions for proteins (biuret and xantoprotein reactions).
HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS (7 hours)
Topic 13. Synthetic polymers (7 hours)
The concept of macromolecular compounds. Polymers obtained in polymerization reactions. The structure of molecules. Stereoneregular and stereoregular structure of polymers. Polyethylene. Polypropylene. Thermoplasticity. Polymers obtained in polycondensation reactions. Phenol-formaldehyde resins. thermosetting.
Generalization of knowledge on the course of organic chemistry. Organic chemistry, man and nature.
Demos.
and synthetic fibers.
Laboratory experiments. Study of the properties of thermoplastic polymers. Determination of chlorine in polyvinyl chloride. Study of the properties of synthetic fibers.
Practical work.
Calculation tasks. Determination of the mass or volume fraction of the yield of the reaction product from the theoretically possible.
Grade 11
70 h/year (2 h/week; 7 h reserve time)
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY
Topic 1.
Topic 2
chemical elements D. I. Mendeleev
based on the theory of the structure of atoms (4 hours)
atomic orbitals, s-, p-, d- and f- electrons. Features of the placement of electrons in orbitals in atoms of small and large periods. Energy levels, sublevels. Connection of the periodic law and the periodic system of chemical elements with the theory of the structure of atoms. The position in the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev of hydrogen, lanthanides, actinides and artificially obtained elements.
Valence and valence possibilities of atoms. Periodic change in the valency and size of atoms.
Calculation tasks. Calculation of the mass, volume or amount of a substance from a known mass, volume or amount of a substance of one of the substances that have entered into the reaction or resulting from the reaction.
Topic 3. The structure of matter (8 hours)
Chemical bond. Types and mechanisms of chemical bond formation. Ionic bond. Cations and anions. Covalent non-polar bond. covalent polar bond. Electronegativity. The degree of oxidation. Metal connection.
isotopy.
.
Demos.
Practical work.Preparation of solutions with a given molar concentration.
Calculation tasks.
Topic 4. Chemical reactions (13 h)
The reaction rate, its dependence on various factors. The law of active masses. Activation energy. Catalysis and catalysts. reversibility of reactions. chemical balance. Equilibrium shift under the influence of various factors. Le Chatelier's principle. Production of sulfuric acid by contact method.
electrolytic dissociation. Strong and weak electrolytes. Acid-base interactions in solutions. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline. Ionic product of water. Hydrogen index (pH) of the solution.
Hydrolysis of organic and inorganic compounds.
Demos.
Laboratory experiments.
Practical work. Influence of various factors on the rate of a chemical reaction.
Calculation tasks. Calculation of the mass (amount of substance, volume) of the reaction product, if the mass of the initial substance containing a certain proportion of impurities is known.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 5. Metals (13 h)
Overview of metals of secondary subgroups (B-groups) of the periodic table of chemical elements (copper, zinc, titanium, chromium, iron, nickel, platinum).
Alloys of metals.
Demos.
Laboratory experiments.
Calculation tasks.
Topic 6. Nonmetals (8 hours)
Demos. Samples of non-metals. Samples of oxides of non-metals and oxygen-containing acids. Combustion of sulfur, phosphorus, iron, magnesium in oxygen.
Laboratory experiments.
Topic 7. Genetic connection of inorganic and organic substances. Practicum (14 hours)
Workshop: solving experimental problems in inorganic chemistry; solution of experimental problems in organic chemistry; solution of practical calculation problems; obtaining, collecting and recognizing gases; solution of experimental problems for the determination of plastics and fibers.
Grade 10
35 h/year (1 h/week)
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 1. Theoretical Foundations of Organic Chemistry (3 hours)
Formation of organic chemistry as a science. Theory of the structure of organic compounds A. M. Butlerova. Carbon skeleton. Radicals. functional groups. homologous series. Homologs. Structural isomerism. Nomenclature.
Electronic nature of chemical bonds in organic compounds.
Classification of organic compounds.
Demos. Samples of organic substances and materials. Models of molecules of organic substances. Solubility of organic substances in water and non-aqueous solvents. Melting, charring and combustion of organic substances.
HYDROCARBONS (12 hours)
Topic 2 Limit hydrocarbons (alkanes) (3 hours)
The structure of alkanes. homologous series. Nomenclature and isomerism. Physical and chemical properties of alkanes. substitution reaction. Preparation and use of alkanes. The concept of cycloalkanes.
Demos. Explosion of a mixture of methane and air. The ratio of alkanes to acids, alkalis, potassium permanganate solution and bromine water.
Laboratory experiments. Making models of molecules of hydrocarbons and halogen derivatives.
Calculation tasks. Finding the molecular formula of an organic compound by weight (volume) of combustion products.
Topic 3. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (4 hours)
Alkenes. The structure of alkenes. homologous series. Nomenclature. Isomerism: carbon chain, multiple bond positions, cis-,
trance- isomerism. Chemical properties: oxidation, addition, polymerization reactions. The use of alkenes.
Alkadienes. Structure. Properties, application. natural rubber.
Alkynes. The structure of acetylene. Homologues and isomers. Nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties. Addition and substitution reactions. Application.
Demos. Obtaining acetylene by the carbide method. The interaction of acetylene with a solution of potassium permanganate and bromine water. Burning acetylene. Decomposition of rubber during heating and testing of decomposition products.
Practical work. Obtaining ethylene and studying its properties.
Topic 4. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) (2 hours)
Arenas. The structure of benzene. Isomerism and nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties of benzene. Benzene homologues. Genetic relationship of aromatic hydrocarbons with other classes of hydrocarbons.
Demos. Benzene as a solvent, benzene combustion. The ratio of benzene to bromine water and potassium permanganate solution. Toluene oxidation.
Topic 5. Natural sources of hydrocarbons (3 hours)
Natural gas. Oil and oil products. physical properties. Ways of oil refining.
Demos. Familiarization with samples of refined products.
OXYGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (16 hours)
Topic 6. Alcohols and phenols (4 hours)
Monohydric saturated alcohols. Structure of molecules, functional group. Hydrogen bond. Isomerism and nomenclature. Properties of methanol (ethanol), production and application. The physiological effect of alcohols on the human body.
polyhydric alcohols. Ethylene glycol, glycerin. Properties, application.
Phenols. The structure of the phenol molecule. Mutual influence of atoms
in a molecule on the example of a phenol molecule. Properties. Toxicity of phenol and its compounds. The use of phenol. Genetic connection of alcohols and phenol with hydrocarbons.
Demos. Interaction of phenol with bromine water and sodium hydroxide solution. Dissolution of glycerin in water. Reaction of glycerol with copper(II) hydroxide.
Calculation tasks. Calculations according to chemical equations, provided that one of the reactants is given in excess.
Topic 7. Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids (4 hours)
Aldehydes. Ketones. The structure of molecules. functional group. Isomerism and nomenclature. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: properties, preparation and application. Acetone is a representative of ketones. Application.
Monocomponent limiting carboxylic acids. The structure of molecules. functional group. Isomerism and nomenclature. properties of carboxylic acids. Application.
Brief information about unsaturated carboxylic acids.
Genetic relationship of carboxylic acids with other classes of organic compounds.
Demos. Preparation of ethanol by oxidation of ethanol. Interaction of methanal (ethanal) with an ammonia solution of silver(I) oxide and copper(II) hydroxide. Dissolution in acetone of various organic substances.
Practical work. Solving experimental problems for the recognition of organic substances.
Calculation tasks. Determination of the mass or volume fraction of the yield of the reaction product from the theoretically possible.
Topic 8. Fats. Carbohydrates (4 hours)
Fats. Finding in nature. Properties. Application.
Detergents. Rules for the safe handling of household chemicals.
Glucose. The structure of the molecule. properties of glucose. Application. Sucrose. Properties, application.
Starch and cellulose are representatives of natural polymers. Polycondensation reaction. Physical and chemical properties. Finding in nature. Application. Acetate fibre.
Demos. Solubility of fats, proof of their unsaturated nature, saponification of fats. Comparison of the properties of soap and synthetic detergents.
Interaction of glucose with copper(II) hydroxide. Interaction of glucose with an ammonia solution of silver(I) oxide.
The interaction of sucrose with calcium hydroxide. Interaction of starch with iodine. hydrolysis of starch. Acquaintance with samples of natural and artificial fibers.
Practical work. Solving experimental problems for the production and recognition of organic substances.
Topic 9. Amines and amino acids (2 hours)
Amines. The structure of molecules. Amino group. Physical and chemical properties. Aniline. Properties, application.
Amino acids. Isomerism and nomenclature. Properties. Amino acids as amphoteric organic compounds. Application.
Topic 10. Proteins (2 hours)
Squirrels- natural polymers. Composition and structure. Physical and chemical properties. The transformation of proteins in the body. Advances in the study and synthesis of proteins.
Chemistry and human health. Medicines. Problems associated with the use of drugs.
Demos. Fabric dyeing with aniline dye. Proof of the presence of functional groups in amino acid solutions. Color reactions for proteins (biuret and xantoprotein reactions).
HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS (4 hours)
Topic 11. Synthetic polymers (4 hours)
The concept of macromolecular compounds. Polymers obtained in polymerization reactions. The structure of molecules. Polyethylene. Polypropylene. Phenol-formaldehyde resins.
Synthetic rubbers. Structure, properties, obtaining and application.
Synthetic fibres. Kapron. Lavsan.
Demos. Samples of plastics, synthetic rubbers
and synthetic fibers.
Practical work. Recognition of plastics and fibers.
Grade 11
35 h/year (1 h/week)
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY
Topic 1. The most important chemical concepts and laws (3 hours)
Atom. Chemical element. Isotopes. Simple and complex substances.
The law of conservation of mass of substances, the law of conservation and transformation of energy in chemical reactions, the law of constancy of composition. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure.
Topic 2
Periodic Law and Periodic System
chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev based on
studies on the structure of atoms (4 hours)
Atomic orbitals, s-, p-, d- and f-electrons. Features of the placement of electrons in orbitals in atoms of small and large periods. Connection of the periodic law and the periodic system of chemical elements with the theory of the structure of atoms. Short and long versions of the table of chemical elements.
The position in the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev of hydrogen, lanthanides, actinides and artificially obtained elements.
Valence and valence possibilities of atoms.
Topic 3. The structure of matter (5 hours)
Chemical bond. Ionic bond. Cations and anions. Covalent non-polar bond. covalent polar bond. Electronegativity. The degree of oxidation. Metal connection. Hydrogen bond. Spatial structure of molecules of inorganic and organic substances.
Types of crystal lattices and properties of substances.
Reasons for the diversity of substances: isomerism, homology, allotropy, isotopy.
dispersed systems. true solutions. Methods for expressing the concentration of solutions: mass fraction of a solute, molar concentration. colloidal solutions. Sols, gels.
Demos. Models of ionic, atomic, molecular and metallic crystal lattices. Tyndall effect. Models of molecules of isomers, homologues.
Laboratory experiments. Preparation of solutions of a given molar concentration.
Calculation tasks. Calculation of the mass (amount of substance, volume) of the reaction product, if a solution with a certain mass fraction of the starting substance is given to obtain it.
Topic 4. Chemical reactions (6 h)
Classification of chemical reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry.
The reaction rate, its dependence on various factors. Catalysis and catalysts. reversibility of reactions. chemical balance. Equilibrium shift under the influence of various factors. Le Chatelier's principle. Production of sulfuric acid by contact method.
electrolytic dissociation. Strong and weak electrolytes. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline. Hydrogen index (pH) of the solution.
Demos. Dependence of reaction rate on concentration and temperature. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst. Determination of the medium of the solution using a universal indicator.
Laboratory experiments. Carrying out ion exchange reactions to characterize the properties of electrolytes.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Topic 5. Metals (7 h)
The position of metals in the periodic system of chemical elements D. I. Mendeleev. General properties of metals. Electrochemical series of voltages of metals. General methods for obtaining metals. Electrolysis of solutions and melts. The concept of corrosion of metals. Corrosion protection methods.
Review of metals of the main subgroups (A-groups) of the periodic table of chemical elements.
Review of metals of secondary subgroups (B-groups) of the periodic table of chemical elements (copper, zinc, iron).
Oxides and hydroxides of metals.
Demos. Acquaintance with samples of metals and their compounds. Interaction of alkali and alkaline earth metals with water. Interaction of copper with oxygen and sulfur. Electrolysis of copper(II) chloride solution. Experiments on corrosion of metals and protection against it.
Laboratory experiments. Interaction of zinc and iron with solutions of acids and alkalis. Acquaintance with samples of metals and their ores (work with collections).
Calculation tasks. Calculations by chemical equations related to the mass fraction of the yield of the reaction product from the theoretically possible.
Topic 6. Nonmetals (5 hours)
Review of the properties of non-metals. Redox properties of typical non-metals. Oxides of non-metals and oxygen-containing acids. Hydrogen compounds of nonmetals.
Demos. Acquaintance with samples of non-metals. Samples of oxides of non-metals and oxygen-containing acids. Combustion of sulfur, phosphorus, iron, magnesium in oxygen.
Laboratory experiments. Acquaintance with samples of non-metals and their natural compounds (work with collections). Recognition of chlorides, sulfates, carbonates.
Practical work. Solving qualitative and computational problems.
Topic 7. Genetic connection of inorganic and organic substances. Workshop (5 hours)
Genetic connection of inorganic and organic substances.
Workshop: solving experimental problems in inorganic chemistry; solution of experimental problems in organic chemistry; receiving, collecting and recognizing gases.
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LEVEL OF GRADUATE TRAINING
As a result of studying chemistry at a basic level, the student should know/understand:
the most important chemical concepts
:
substance, chemical element, atom, molecule, relative atomic and molecular masses, ion, allotropy, isotopes, chemical bond, electronegativity, valence, oxidation state, mol, molar mass, molar volume, substances of molecular and non-molecular structure, solutions, electrolyte and non-electrolyte , electrolytic dissociation, oxidizing agent and reducing agent, oxidation and reduction, reaction heat, chemical reaction rate, catalysis, chemical equilibrium, carbon skeleton, functional group, isomerism, homology;
basic laws of chemistry
:
conservation of the mass of substances, constancy of composition, periodic law;
basic theories of chemistry
:
chemical bonding, electrolytic dissociation, structure of organic compounds;
the most important substances and materials
:
basic metals and alloys, sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric and acetic acids, alkalis, ammonia, mineral fertilizers, methane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, ethanol, fats, soaps, glucose, sucrose, starch, fiber, proteins, artificial and synthetic fibers, rubbers, plastics;
be able to:
call
studied substances according to trivial or international nomenclature;
define
valency and degree of oxidation of chemical elements, type of chemical bond in compounds, ion charge, nature of the medium in aqueous solutions of inorganic compounds, oxidizing agent and reducing agent, belonging of substances to different classes of organic compounds;
characterize
elements of small periods according to their position in the periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev; general chemical properties of metals, non-metals, main classes of inorganic and organic compounds; structure and chemical properties of the studied organic compounds;
explain
the dependence of the properties of substances on their composition and structure, the nature of the chemical bond (ionic, covalent, metallic), the dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction and the position of chemical equilibrium on various factors;
perform a chemical experiment
on recognition of the most important inorganic and organic substances;
conduct
independent search for chemical information using various sources (popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources);
use
computer technologies for the processing and transmission of chemical information and its presentation in various forms;
use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life with the aim of:
explanations of chemical phenomena occurring in nature, everyday life and at work;
determining the possibility of chemical transformations occurring under various conditions and assessing their consequences;
ecologically competent behavior in the environment;
assessment of the impact of chemical pollution of the environment on the human body and other living organisms;
safe handling of combustible and toxic substances, laboratory equipment;
preparation of solutions of a given concentration in everyday life and at work;
critical assessment of the reliability of chemical information coming from different sources.
TESTING AND EVALUATION OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
The results of teaching chemistry should correspond to the general objectives of the subject and the requirements for its assimilation.
Learning outcomes are evaluated on a five-point system. The following qualitative indicators of responses are taken into account when assessing:
depth (correspondence to the studied theoretical generalizations);
awareness (compliance with the skills required in the program to apply the information received);
completeness (correspondence to the volume of the program and textbook information).
The evaluation takes into account the number and nature of errors (significant or insignificant).
Significant errors are associated with insufficient depth and awareness of the answer (for example, the student incorrectly indicated the main features of concepts, phenomena, the characteristic properties of substances, incorrectly formulated the law, rule, etc. or the student could not apply theoretical knowledge to explain and predict phenomena, establish causal -investigative connections, comparison and classification of phenomena, etc.).
Insignificant errors are determined by the incompleteness of the answer (for example, an omission from the view of any uncharacteristic fact in the description of a substance, process). These include reservations, omissions made through inattention (for example, for two or more reaction equations in full ionic form, one mistake was made in the designation of the ion charge).
Learning outcomes are checked in the process of students' oral and written answers, as well as when they perform a chemical experiment.
Assessment of theoretical knowledge
Mark "5":
the answer is complete and correct based on the theories studied;
the material is presented in a certain logical sequence, in literary language;
independent answer.
Mark "4":
the answer is complete and correct based on the theories studied;
the material is presented in a certain logical sequence, while two or three minor errors were made, corrected at the request of the teacher.
Mark "3":
the answer is complete, but at the same time a significant error was made or the answer is incomplete, incoherent.
Mark "2":
when answering, a misunderstanding by the student of the main content of the educational material was found or significant errors were made that the student cannot correct with leading questions from the teacher.
Mark "1":
lack of response.
Assessment of experimental skills
The assessment is based on observation of the student and a written report on the work.
Mark "5":
the work is done completely and correctly, the correct observations and conclusions are made;
the experiment was carried out according to plan, taking into account safety precautions and rules for working with substances and equipment;
organizational and labor skills are shown (the cleanliness of the workplace and order on the table are maintained, reagents are used sparingly).
Mark "4":
the work was done correctly, the correct observations and conclusions were made, but the experiment was not carried out completely or minor errors were made in working with substances and equipment.
Mark "3":
the work was completed correctly by at least half or a significant error was made during the experiment, in the explanation, in the design of the work, in observing the safety rules when working with substances and equipment, which is corrected at the request of the teacher.
Mark "2":
two (or more) significant mistakes were made during the experiment, in the explanation, in the design of the work, in observing the safety rules when working with substances and equipment, which the student cannot correct even at the request of the teacher.
Mark "1":
the work is not done, the student does not have experimental skills.
Assessment of skills to solve experimental problems
Mark "5":
the solution plan is drawn up correctly;
correct selection of chemicals and equipment;
a full explanation is given and conclusions are drawn.
Mark "4":
the selection of chemical reagents and equipment was carried out correctly, while no more than two minor errors were made in the explanation and conclusions.
Mark "3":
the solution plan is drawn up correctly;
the selection of chemical reagents and equipment was carried out correctly, but a significant error was made in the explanation and conclusions.
Mark "2":
two (or more) significant errors were made in terms of the solution, in the selection of chemicals and equipment, in the explanation and conclusions.
Mark "1":
the task is not solved.
Assessment of skills to solve calculation problems
Mark "5":
there are no errors in logical reasoning and solution, the problem is solved in a rational way.
Mark "4":
there are no significant errors in logical reasoning and solution, but the problem was solved in an irrational way or no more than two insignificant errors were made.
Mark "3":
there are no significant errors in logical reasoning, but a significant error was made in mathematical calculations.
Mark "2":
there are significant errors in logical reasoning and decision.
Mark "1":
the task is not solved.
Evaluation of written tests
Mark "5":
the answer is complete and correct, a minor error is possible.
Mark "4":
the answer is incomplete or no more than two minor errors were made.
Mark "3":
the work is at least half done, one significant mistake and two or three minor ones are made.
Mark "2":
the work is less than half completed or contains several significant errors.
Mark "1":
work not done.
When evaluating the performance of a written test, it is necessary to take into account the requirements of a single spelling regime.
The mark for the final control work corrects the previous marks for a quarter, half a year, a year.
The work program was compiled on the basis of the Sample program of secondary (complete) general education in chemistry, as well as the program of the chemistry course for students in grades 10-11 of general educational institutions (author N.N. Gara). The work program corresponds to the federal component of the state standard of general education in chemistry (approved by the decision of the collegium of the Ministry of Education of Russia and the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Education dated December 23, 2003 No. 21/12, approved by order of the Ministry of Education of Russia "On approval of the federal component of state standards of general, basic general and secondary (complete) general education” dated March 5, 2004 No. 1089). Collection of regulatory documents. Biology / Comp. E.D. Dneprov, A. G, Arkadiev. - M .: Bustard, 2008;). The work program is designed for 35 training hours.
The work program is focused on the use of the textbook:
Rudzitis, G. E. Chemistry. Organic chemistry. Grade 10: textbook for general education. institutions: basic level / G. E. Rudzitis,
F. G. Feldman. - 13th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2009 - 192 p.
In the 10th grade course, the foundations of knowledge in organic chemistry are laid: the theory of the structure of organic compounds by A. M. Butlerov, the concepts of "homology", "isomerism" using the example of hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing and other organic compounds, the reasons for the diversity of organic substances, the features of their structure and properties are considered , there is a causal relationship between the composition, structure, properties and use of various classes of organic substances, a genetic relationship between various classes of organic compounds, as well as between organic and inorganic substances.
Educational and methodical set:
1. Rudzitis, G. E. Chemistry. Organic chemistry. Grade 10: textbook for general education. institutions: basic level / G. E. Rudzitis, F. G. Feldman. - 13th ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 2009 - 192 p.
2. Radetsky, A. M. Didactic material in chemistry 10-11: teacher's guide / A. M. Radetsky. - M. : Enlightenment, 2003.
3. Approximate the program of secondary (complete) general education in chemistry (basic level) was compiled on the basis of: Gara N.N.
Programs of educational institutions. Chemistry. - M .: Education, 2009).
4. Federal component of the state standard, Federal basic curriculum M., Drofa, 2008.
Additional literature:
Eremin, V. V. Collection of tasks and exercises in chemistry: a school course / V. V. Eremin, N. E. Kuzmenko. - M .: LLC Publishing House Onyx 21st Century; LLC "Publishing House" World and Education ", 2005.
Kuzmenko, N. E. Beginnings of chemistry: a modern course for applicants to universities / II. E. Kuzmenko, V. V. Eremin, V. A. Popkov. - M. :I
When designing the work program, the following conventions were used:
WINZ new knowledge lesson
UZZ knowledge consolidation lesson
combined CU lesson
a lesson on generalization and systematization of knowledge of the UOISZ
UK control lesson
didactic material DM
exercise ex.
page with.
Periodic system of chemical elementsD. I. MendeleevaPS
control work
practical work p/r
Topic 1. THEORY OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDSA. M. Butlerova(2 hours)
Organic chemistry, the relationship of organic and inorganic substances. The main provisions of the theory of the chemical structure of organic substances A. M. Butlerova. Isomerism. Isomers. The value of the theory.
Demos:
samples of organic matter.
Ball-and-stick models of molecules.
T e m a 2. HYDROCARBONS(11 o'clock)
Hydrocarbons (limited, unsaturated, aromatic). Homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes), isomerism, nomenclature. Methane: structure, properties.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes); homological series, isomerism and nomenclature of unsaturated.
Ethylene - structure, properties. Acetylene - structure, properties. Butadiene-1,3 - structure, properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes). Benzene - structure, properties.
The use of hydrocarbons, some methods of obtaining.
Natural sources of hydrocarbons: natural gas, oil, processing methods.
Demos:
Models of molecules.
Examples of hydrocarbons in different states of aggregation: propane-butane mixture for lighters, gasoline, paraffin.
burning ethylene.
Interaction of ethylene with bromine water and potassium permanganate solution.
Collection of rubbers and rubber samples.
Obtaining acetylene by the carbide method.
Burning acetylene.
The interaction of acetylene with a solution of potassium permanganate.
The ratio of benzene to bromine water.
benzene as a solvent.
Video "Organic chemistry. Part 1.
Topic 3. OXYGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS(12 hours)
Alcohols (monatomic and polyhydric). Homologous series, isomerism and nomenclature of monohydric alcohols. Ethanol - structure, properties. Glycerin - properties. Phenol - structure, properties.
Aldehydes. Homologous series, isomerism, nomenclature, structure and properties on the example of acetaldehyde.
Monobasic carboxylic acids. Homologous series, isomerism, nomenclature, properties on the example of acetic acid.
Complex ethers. Fats. esterification reaction. hydrolysis of fats.
Carbohydrates. Glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose. Some properties on the example of glucose. The use of oxygen-containing compounds. Some methods of obtaining alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids. Genetic relationship between different classes of organic substances.
Demos:
Burning ethanol.
The interaction of ethanol with sodium.
Qualitative reaction to monohydric alcohols using ethanol as an example.
Hygroscopic properties of glycerin.
Qualitative reaction to phenol.
Solubility of phenol in water when heated.
Qualitative reactions to aldehydes on the example of acetaldehyde (reactions of "silver" and "copper" mirrors).
General properties of acids (interaction with an indicator, with an active metal, an alkali solution, with a salt solution formed by a weaker acid).
Interaction of glucose with ammonia solution of silver oxide.
Video "Organic chemistry. Ch. 3 and 4.
Qualitative reaction to glycerin.
Interaction of glucose with freshly precipitated copper (II) hydroxide.
Qualitative reaction to starch (interaction with iodine solution).
Practical work No. 3: Solving experimental problems for obtaining and
recognition of organic substances.
T e 4. NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS(4 hours)
Amines. Structure, properties (in comparison with ammonia), homologous series of saturated amines (aniline - overview), isomerism, nomenclature.
Amino acids. Homological series, nomenclature, isomerism, structure, properties.
Squirrels. Structures of proteins, peptide bond. Hydrolysis of proteins, denaturation, color reactions. The use of nitrogen-containing compounds, the biological role of proteins
Demos:
Some properties of amino acids.
Dissolution, protein precipitation, denaturation.
Video "Organic chemistry. Part 5.
CD "Complex chemical compounds in everyday life".
Laboratory experience: color reactions for protein.
Topic 5. HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS(3 hours)
General concepts (monomer, polymer, structural unit, degree of polymerization). Reactions of polymerization and polycondensation. Plastics, rubbers, fibers.
Demos:
Collection "Fibres".
Collection "Plastics".
Collection "Rubbers".
Laboratory experience: working with a collection of plastics, rubbers, fibers.
P \ R No. 4 "Recognition of plastics and fibers"
Theme 6. CHEMISTRY AND LIFE(2 hours)
Chemical pollution of the environment and its consequences. Chemistry and health (drugs, enzymes, vitamins).
Demonstrations: a set of tables "Valeology and organic chemistry".
DETAILED THEME PLAN
| n\n | Lesson topic | Lesson type | Mandatory Content Elements | Chemical experiment (equipment) | Requirements for the level of preparation of students | Meters (type of control) | № | the date | Note |
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| plan | actual |
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
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| T e m a 1. THE THEORY OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS A. M. BUTLEROV (2 hours) |
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| 1 | TB. Period.law and PSM in the light of the structure of atoms. The subject of organic chemistry. | KU | Organic chemistry. The relationship of inorganic and organic substances | Demo: - samples of organic matter | Know features of the composition and structure of organic substances | Frontal survey | §1ynp. 1-3 (oral), p. ten | ||||||||||||
| 2 | Theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds A. M. Butlerova | WINZ, KU | Chemical structure as the order of connection of atoms in molecules. The dependence of the properties of substances on the chemical structure. Isomerism, isomers, structural formulas, variety of organic substances | Demo: - ball-and-stick models of molecules | Know the main provisions of the theory of A. M. Butlerov. Be able to prove the provisions of the theory using examples of inorganic and organic substances, draw up structural formulas of isomers | front poll. Ex. 5, 6, p. ten | §2,3 (selection), ex. 4, 9, 10, p. ten | ||||||||||||
| T e m a 2. HYDROCARBONS (11 o'clock) |
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| L.o No. 1 Alkanes. Homologous series, isomerism, properties | KU | Limit hydrocarbons, paraffins, homologous series, homologues, chain isomerism, free radicals, physical and chemical properties, combustion reactions, substitution (halogenation), thermal transformations: decomposition, cracking, dehydrogenation, isomerization | Demos: Ball-and-stick model of the methane molecule; - Laboratory experience No. 1: making models of alkane molecules (plasticine) | Know concepts of alkanes, saturated hydrocarbons, free radicals, isomers, homologues, the structure of the methane molecule, some methods of obtaining. Be able to draw up structural formulas of isomers, name them according to international nomenclature. | Current Poll. Working with DM | § 5 (read), ex. 5,6,9, 10, p. 27 | |||||||||||||
| 4\2 | properties of alkanes. Getting and using | WINZ, KU | Demos: examples of hydrocarbons in different aggregate states: propane-butane mixture for lighters, gasoline, paraffin. | Umetь characterize the physical and chemical properties of methane, use the knowledge and skills of safe handling of combustible substances | Current Poll. Working with DM | § 6, 7, ex. Ex. 15, p. 28 | |||||||||||||
| 5\3 | Solving problems on finding the molecular formula of a gaseous hydrocarbon | KU | Solving problems of this type | Solving settlement problems on cards. S. R. On the topic of the lesson (frontal). | P.6.7 exercise 5.6 p.27 | ||||||||||||||
| 6\4 | Alkenes. Homologous series, isomerism, properties | KU | Unsaturated hydrocarbons, alkenes, double bond, chain isomerism and double bond positions, physical and chemical properties, combustion reactions, additions (of hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides, water), polymerizations, qualitative reaction | Demos: Ethylene burning; Interaction of ethylene with bromine water and potassium permanganate solution | Know the concept of alkenes, the structure of the ethylene molecule, some properties of the production of ethylene (ethane dehydrogenation, ethyl alcohol dehydration). Be able to draw up structural formulas of isomers and name them according to international nomenclature, characterize the physical and chemical properties of ethylene | Current Poll. Ex. 4, 7, 8, 11,12, p. 27, ex. 20, task 2 (a), 4, p. 28 | §9,10, ex. 2.6, 12, p. 43 | ||||||||||||
| 7\5 | Pr \ r No. 1. Obtaining ethylene and studying its properties | UZZ | Consolidation of acquired knowledge, skills and abilities | Practical work №1
| Be able to independently conduct experiments using the proposed solutions, draw conclusions. | Practical work | Add a report | ||||||||||||
| 8\6 | Alkadienes Structure, properties, application. natural rubber | Alkadienes - isoprene (2-metholbutadiene-1,3), divinyl (butadiene-1,3), physical and chemical properties, addition combustion reactions, polymerization, natural and synthetic rubber, rubber | Demonstration of a collection of rubbers, rubber samples | Know understood about alkadienes, composition of isoprene, butadiene and natural rubber, methods for obtaining isoprene and butadiene, applications of rubber and rubber | Current Poll. Ex. 7, 8, p. 43. Working with DM | §11,12 (read), exercise, 4, p. 49 | |||||||||||||
| 9\7 | Alkynes. The structure of acetylene. Homologues and isomers Nomenclature. Properties of acetylene and its application | KU | Alkynes, acetylene, homologous series, homologues, isomers, triple (multiple) bonds, chain isomerism, positions of multiple bonds, interclass, physical and chemical properties of acetylene: combustion reactions, additions, trimerizations, methods for producing acetylene: carbide, methane decomposition, ethylene dehydrogenation | Demos: Obtaining acetylene by the carbide method; Burning acetylene; interaction of acetylene with a solution of potassium permanganate | Know concepts of alkynes, the structure of the acetylene molecule, methods for producing acetylene. Be able to draw up structural formulas of isomers and name them according to international nomenclature, characterize the physical and chemical properties of acetylene | Current Poll. Ex. 1.5, 8, p. 49 | §13, ex. 1.4, p. 54 | ||||||||||||
| 10\8 | ArenasBenzene. Structure, properties, application. Benzene homologues. Genetic relationship of aromatic hydrocarbons with other classes of hydrocarbons. | KU | Aromatic hydrocarbons, arenes, benzene, benzene ring, physical and chemical properties of benzene (combustion, substitution, addition reactions, benzene toxicity) | Demos: The ratio of benzene to bromine water; benzene as a solvent | Know the concept of arenas, the structure of the benzene molecule, methods of obtaining benzene, the toxic effect of benzene on the human body and animals. Be able to characterize the physical and chemical properties of benzene | Current Poll. Ex. To §13, p. 54-55 | §, 15 (selection), ex. 1,5,8, p. 66-67, repeat chapters II-IV | ||||||||||||
| 11\9 | Generalization and systematization of knowledge on the topic covered | OOISZ | Limit hydrocarbons, unsaturated, aromatic, homologous series, isomerism, nomenclature. Methane, ethylene, acetylene, butadiene-1,3, benzene. Physical and chemical properties. Some ways to get | Demonstration: - video film “Organic chemistry. Part 1" | Be able to apply knowledge, skills and abilities in the performance of training tasks | front poll. Ex. 12(a), 13 (selection), tasks 3,4, p. 67. Working with DM | Prepare for the test | ||||||||||||
| 12\ | Test No. 1 | UK | Consolidation and control of knowledge, skills and abilities on topic 2 | Umet to apply the knowledge, skills and abilities gained in the study of topic 2 | Written test | ||||||||||||||
| 13\ | Natural sources of hydrocarbons | WINZ | Natural sources of hydrocarbons. Natural gas, oil. Processing methods | Laboratory experience: working with a collection of natural sources and products of their processing | Know composition of natural gas, oil, processing methods, areas of application of processed products | § 16, 17, 19 (read), ex. 4 (a, c), 7.9, 10, p. 78 | |||||||||||||
| Topic 3. OXYGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS(12 hours ) |
|||||||||||||||||||
| 14\1 | Monohydric saturated alcohols. Structure, properties, obtaining, application | WINZ | Monohydric alcohols, functional group, homologous series, homologues, isomers, chain isomerism and functional group positions. Physical and chemical properties of ethanol (combustion reactions, substitution of a hydrogen atom in the hydroxo group, substitution of the entire hydroxo group, intramolecular dehydration, qualitative reaction). Methods for producing ethanol, areas of application | Demos: Burning ethanol; Interaction of ethanol with sodium; Qualitative reaction to ethanol | Know the concept of monohydric alcohols, functional group, the structure of the ethanol molecule, methods for producing ethanol. Be able to draw up structural formulas of isomers and name them according to international nomenclature, characterize the physical and chemical properties of ethanol, use knowledge to assess the effect of alcohol on the human body | Current Poll. Ex. 2, 3, 5, 19, p. 78-79 | §20,24, ex. 1, 5, 7, 11 (on the example of methanol), p. 88 | ||||||||||||
MAOU "Secondary school No. 16"WORKING PROGRAMM
Item name:Chemistry. Inorganic chemistry
FULL NAME. teacher who developed
and realizing the subject:Gorbunova N.P.
Thing:Chemistry
Class: 8 "A", 8 "B", 8 "C"
Gubkin -2012
1. Explanatory note
The work program in chemistry is compiled on the basis of the Chemistry course program for grades 8-9 of educational institutions. Author N.N.Gara. (Gara N.N. Programs of educational institutions. Chemistry. - M .: Education, 2008. -56s.)
The study of chemistry in elementary school is directed
to master the most important knowledge about the basic concepts and laws of chemistry, chemical symbolism;
on the mastery of skills observe chemical phenomena, conduct a chemical experiment, make calculations based on the chemical formulas of substances and equations of chemical reactions;
on the development cognitive interests and intellectual abilities in the process of conducting a chemical experiment, independent acquisition of knowledge in accordance with emerging life needs;
on the upbringing attitudes towards chemistry as one of the fundamental components of natural science and an element of human culture;
on the application of acquired knowledge and skills for the safe use of substances and materials in everyday life, agriculture and production, solving practical problems in everyday life, preventing phenomena that are harmful to human health and the environment.
learning basic concepts and laws of chemistry, chemical symbols; outstanding discoveries in chemical science; the role of chemical science in the formation of the modern natural-science picture of the world; methods of scientific knowledge;
mastery of skills observe chemical phenomena; conduct a chemical experiment; make calculations based on chemical formulas of substances and equations of chemical reactions; substantiate the place and role of chemical knowledge in the practical activities of people, the development of modern technologies;
development cognitive interests, intellectual and creative abilities in the process of conducting a chemical experiment, self-acquisition of knowledge in accordance with emerging life needs.
Tasks:
to instill a cognitive interest in a new subject for students through a system of various lessons in the form of studying new material, laboratory and practical work;
create conditions for the formation of subject and educational and research competencies in students:
To promote the formation of subject skills and abilities in schoolchildren: the ability to work with chemical equipment, observe and describe chemical phenomena, compare them, set up simple chemical experiments, conduct observations through a system of laboratory, practical work and excursions;
Continue to develop general educational skills and abilities among students: pay special attention to developing the ability to retell the text, keep accurate notes in notebooks and make drawings.
create conditions for the development of students intellectual, emotional, motivational and volitional spheres:
aesthetic emotions;
positive attitude towards learning;
The ability to set goals through the educational material of each lesson, the use of beautiful visual aids, musical fragments, poems, riddles in the lessons, determining the significance of any lesson for each student.
contribute to the education of improving socially successful personalities;
formation of students' communicative and valeological competencies;
the formation of humanistic relations and environmentally appropriate behavior in everyday life and in the process of work;
education of a responsible attitude to nature, respect for educational equipment, the ability to live in a team (communicate and cooperate) through the educational material of each lesson.
The work program reflects the goals and objectives of studying chemistry at the level of complete general education, as set out in the explanatory note of the Exemplary Chemistry Program. It also contains the possibilities of the formation of general educational skills and abilities of students, universal methods of activity and key competencies, provided for by the standard.
The distribution of hours by topic is based on the author's program using reserve time. The reserve time (3 hours) is distributed as follows: 2 hours are included in the topic "" in order to increase the time for studying fundamental concepts of chemistry such as acids, bases, oxides, salts, their classification, methods of preparation and properties. This topic is quite voluminous, contains a lot of factual material. The wording of the titles of sections and topics corresponds to the author's program. 1 hour - public holidays (May 9)
Excluded practical work: "Obtaining hydrochloric acid and studying its properties", because. involves the production of gas hazardous to health; laboratory work "Production and properties of hydrogen" in the author's program is included in the work program as a practical work, in accordance with the requirements of the list of mandatory practical work of the exemplary program in chemistry. Thus, laboratory experiments No. 9 “Obtaining and properties of hydrogen” and No. 10 “Interaction of hydrogen with copper oxide (II) should be carried out in the form of demonstration experiments.
Thus, the program is designed for 69 hours, at the rate of 2 training hours per week, of which: for control - 4 hours, practical work - 6 hours, laboratory experiments - 19.
To implement the work program, a textbook is used: Rudzitis G.E., Feldman F.G. Chemistry. Inorganic chemistry. 8th grade. Moscow, Education 2009
The main form of organization of the educational process is a lesson, forms of control of knowledge, skills and abilities of students: individual; group; frontal; current; thematic; final. In addition to the main forms of control listed above, test work will be carried out within each topic in the form of lesson fragments.
2. Requirements for the level of preparation of students
At the end of chemistry in 8th grade, students should:
know/understand:
The most important chemical concepts: substance, chemical element, atom, molecule, relative atomic and molecular mass, ion, isotopes, chemical bond, electronegativity, valence, oxidation state, mole, molar mass, molar volume, substances of molecular and non-molecular structure, solutions, oxidizing agent - reducing agent, oxidation and reduction, thermal effect of chemical reactions;
Basic laws of chemistry: conservation of mass of substances, constancy of composition, gas laws, Avogadro's law, periodic law;
Basic theories of chemistry: the theory of chemical bonding;
The most important substances and materials: acids, bases, oxides, salts
be able to
call studied substances according to the "trivial" or international nomenclature;
define : valence and oxidation state of chemical elements, type of chemical bond in compounds, ion charge, oxidizing agent and reducing agent, belonging of substances to different classes of organic compounds, composition of substances according to their formulas, belonging of substances to a certain class of compounds, types of chemical reactions, type of chemical bond in compounds ;
characterize : elements of small periods according to their position in the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev; general chemical properties of metals, non-metals, main classes of inorganic and organic compounds;
explain : the dependence of the properties of substances on their composition and structure; the nature of the chemical bond (ionic, covalent, metallic);
perform a chemical experiment on recognition of the most important inorganic substances;
conduct independent search for chemical information using various sources (popular science publications, computer databases, Internet resources);
calculate: mass fraction of a chemical element according to the formula of the compound; mass fraction of a substance in solution; the amount of substance, volume or mass according to the amount of substance, volume or mass of reactants or reaction products;
safe handling of substances and materials;
ecologically competent behavior in the environment;
assessment of the impact of chemical pollution of the environment on the human body;
critical assessment of information about substances used in everyday life.
The “To be able” heading includes requirements based on more complex activities, including creative ones: explain, study, recognize and describe, identify, compare, define, analyze and evaluate, conduct an independent search for the necessary information, etc.
The section “Use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life” presents requirements that go beyond the educational process and are aimed at solving various life problems.
3. Calendar-thematic planning
Educational - thematic plan
| № once affairs/ themes | Section name and topic | Total hours | Number of theory hours | Number of hours for workshops | Number of hours for control work |
| 1. | | 18 | 15 | 2 | 1 |
| 2. | Oxygen | 5 | 4 | 1 | |
| 3. | Hydrogen | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| 4. | Solutions. Water. | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| 5. | Main classes of inorganic compounds | 9+2 | 9 | 1 | 1 |
| 6. | | 8 | 8 | ||
| 7. | | 9 | 8 | 1 |
|
| 8. | | 3 | 3 | ||
| 9. | Halogens | 6 | 6 | ||
| Total | 69 | 59 | 6 | 4 |
Calendar-thematic plan
| № | Name of the section and topics | School hours | Planned travel dates | Note |
| 1 | Initial chemical concepts | 18 | 03.09-03.11 | LO No. 1 "Consideration of substances with different physical properties" LO No. 2 "Separation of a mixture consisting of powders of iron and sulfur" LO No. 3.4 "Study of physical and chemical phenomena" LO No. 5 "Familiarization with samples of simple substances, minerals and mountain rocks, metals and non-metals" LO No. 6.7 "Decomposition of basic copper carbonate (II)". "The reaction of replacing copper with iron" |
| 2 | Oxygen | 5 | 12.11-27.11 | LO No. 8 "Familiarization with oxide samples" |
| 3 | Hydrogen | 3 | 28.11-08.12 | |
| 4 | Solutions. Water. | 6 | 10.12-28.12 | |
| 5 | Main classes of inorganic compounds | 9+2 | 14.01-20.02 | LO No. 9,10,11 “The action of acids on indicators. The ratio of acids to metals. Interaction of acids with metal oxides” LO No. 12 “Properties of soluble and insoluble bases” LO No. 13,14,15 “Interaction of alkalis with acids, insoluble bases with acids. Decomposition of copper hydroxide (II) when heated" |
| 6 | Periodic law and periodic system of chemical elements of DIMendeleev. The structure of the atom | 8 | 21.02-18.03 | LO No. 16 "Interaction of zinc hydroxide with solutions of acids and alkalis" |
| 7 | The structure of substances. chemical bond | 9 | 19.03-26.04 | LO No. 17 "Compilation of models of molecules and crystals of substances with various types of chemical bonds" |
| 8 | Avogadro's law. Molar volume of gases | 3 | 29.04-06.05 | |
| 9 | Halogens | 6 | 13.05-31.05 | LO No. 18, 19 “Recognition of hydrochloric acid, bromides, iodido, iodine. Displacement of each other by halogens from solutions of their compounds" |
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Line UMK "Rudzitis G.E. (grades 8-9). The working program of the chemistry course was developed for the chemistry textbooks of the authors G.E. Rudzitis and F.G. Feldman for grades 8-9 of educational institutions. The structure and content of the work program complies with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Basic General Education of the Second Generation.
Basic concepts of chemistry (the level of atomic and molecular concepts).
The subject of chemistry. Chemistry as part of natural science. Substances and their properties. Methods of knowledge in chemistry: observation, experiment. Methods for safe work with equipment and substances. Flame structure.
Pure substances and mixtures. Methods for purification of substances: sedimentation, filtration, evaporation, crystallization, distillation, chromatography. Physical and chemical phenomena. Chemical reactions. Signs of chemical reactions and conditions for the occurrence and course of chemical reactions.
Atoms, molecules and ions. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Crystal lattices: ionic, atomic and molecular. Crystalline and amorphous substances. The dependence of the properties of substances on the type of crystal lattice. Qualitative and quantitative composition of the substance. Simple and complex substances. Metals and non-metals. Chemical element. The language of chemistry. Signs of chemical elements, chemical formulas. The law of the constancy of the composition of substances.
Atomic mass unit. Relative atomic and molecular weights. Amount of substance, mol. Molar mass.
Valency of chemical elements. Determination of the valence of elements according to the formula of binary compounds. Compilation of chemical formulas of binary compounds by valency.
Content
Explanatory note 4
General characteristics of the subject 6
The results of mastering the course of chemistry 7
Place of the chemistry course in the curriculum 11
Content of the subject 12
Sample Thematic Planning 17
Recommendations for equipping the educational process 42
Natural objects 42
Chemical reagents and materials 42
Chemical laboratory glassware, apparatus and instruments 43
Models 43
Printed tutorials 43
Screen-sound teaching aids 44
Technical teaching aids 44
Chemistry room equipment 45.
________________CHEMISTRY _____________________
(name of the subject (course)
_
secondary general education (grades 10-11)______________
(the level of education)
___________________________base
_________________________________
(basic/profile level)
Ryzhenko Olga Nikolaevna, teacher of chemistry
(Full name of the compiler of the program, position)
EXPLANATORY NOTE.
The work program in chemistry for grades 10-11 is based on:
Chemistry course programs for grades 10-11 of educational institutions (basic level) author N.N. Gara, printed on p. 22 - 56 programs for educational institutions: Gara N. N. Programs for educational institutions. Chemistry. - M.: Enlightenment, 2010 - 56s.
The study of chemistry in high school at the basic level aims to achieve the following goals:
learning about the chemical component of the natural - scientific picture of the world, the most important chemical concepts, laws and theories;
mastery of skills apply the acquired knowledge to explain various chemical phenomena and properties of substances, assess the role of chemistry in the development of modern technologies and the production of new materials;
development cognitive interests and intellectual abilities in the process of independent acquisition of chemical knowledge using various sources of information, including computer ones;
upbringing conviction in the positive role of chemistry in the life of modern society, the need for a chemically competent attitude to one's health and the environment;
application of acquired knowledge and skills for the safe use of substances and materials in everyday life, agriculture and production, solving practical problems in everyday life, preventing phenomena that are harmful to human health and the environment.
the ability to independently and motivatedly organize their cognitive activity (from setting a goal to obtaining and evaluating the result);
determination of the essential characteristics of the object under study;
the ability to fully substantiate judgments, give definitions, provide evidence;
assessment and adjustment of their behavior in the environment;
implementation in practice and everyday life of environmental requirements;
use of multimedia resources and computer technologies for processing, transferring, systematizing information, creating databases, presenting the results of cognitive and practical activities.
formation of knowledge of the basics of organic chemistry - the most important facts, concepts, laws and theories, the language of science, accessible generalizations of a worldview character;
development of skills to observe and explain chemical phenomena, observe safety regulations when working with substances in a chemical laboratory and in everyday life;
development of interest in organic chemistry as a possible field of future practical activity;
development of intellectual abilities and humanistic qualities of a person;
formation of ecological thinking, conviction in the need to protect the environment.
The course design is based on the idea of natural sources of organic compounds and their interconversions, i.e. ideas of genetic connection between classes of organic compounds.
The leading role in revealing the content of the 11th grade chemistry course belongs to the electronic theory, the periodic law and the system of chemical elements as the most general scientific foundations of chemistry.
This course systematizes, generalizes and deepens knowledge about previously studied theories and laws of chemical science, chemical processes and industries.
The program provides students with a conscious assimilation of the most important chemical laws, theories and concepts; forms an idea of the role of chemistry in the development of various industries; introduces the substances that surround a person. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the essence of chemical reactions and methods for their implementation, as well as ways to protect the environment.
In order to more fully disclose the material of the topics studied, changes were made to the work program in the distribution of the number of hours in comparison with the author's one.
Many practical works are carried out with the help of new information technologies (flash videos with experiments, electronic experiments). Practical work according to the author's program was placed at the end of the academic year in the "Workshop" section. This will better prepare graduates for the future system of education in higher and secondary specialized educational institutions.
Changes made to the author's curriculum, their rationale:
Grade 10
the number of hours for studying the following topics was reduced: "Oxygen-containing organic compounds" - by 1 hour, "Synthetic compounds" - by 1 hour;
4 hours will be spent on revision of the basic school chemistry course at the beginning of the academic year and basic questions of organic chemistry at the end of the year (2 hours each).
Grade 11
the number of hours for studying the topics has been increased: “Periodic law and PSCE by D.I. Mendeleev based on the theory of the structure of atoms” - by 3 hours, “Non-metals” - by 2 hours, since fundamental chemical concepts are systematized in them;
the number of hours for studying the topic was reduced: "Chemical reactions" - by 1 hour;
practical work submitted in the form of a workshop at the end of the academic year;
5 hours will be spent on repeating the course of organic chemistry at the beginning of the academic year and generalizing knowledge of chemistry in general at the end of the academic year.
According to the curriculum of the school, 68 hours are allotted for studying the course of chemistry in grades 10 and 11. In this regard, the author's program has been reduced by 136 hours. However, all the educational material of the author's program is implemented in the Work Program.
Educational and methodical set:
The work program is focused on textbooks:
Rudzitis G.E., Feldman F.G. Chemistry grade 10. Textbook for educational institutions. Moscow: Education, 2011.
Rudzitis G.E., Feldman F.G. Chemistry grade 11. Textbook for educational institutions. Moscow: Education, 2011.
According to the basic curriculum:
Grade 10
Number of hours per week: 2
Number of hours per year: 68
Grade 11
Number of hours per week: 2
Number of hours per year: 68
Forms of control
Grade 10
Grade 11
Number of planned practical works: 5
Number of planned tests: 7
In accordance with the school regulations, the Work Program provides for such types of control over the level of students' achievements as input, milestone, current, thematic, final.
Forms of organization of the educational process:
traditional lessons (a lesson in mastering new knowledge, a lesson in the formation of skills and
control and correction of knowledge);
lessons based on research activities;
lessons for transforming standard ways of organizing
The working program also provides for multimedia lessons and presentations and materials from the "Unified Collection of Digital Educational Resources", and the information and educational portal "Network Class of Belogorye". Teaching methods - reproductive (explanatory - illustrative) and productive (partly - search).
The Work Program provides options for studying the material, both in collective and in pair-group activities.
THEMATIC PLANNING. CHEMISTRY. GRADE 10. A BASIC LEVEL OF.
| № p/p | Name of the section and topics | School hours | Practical part |
| Repetition of the main questions of chemistry in grades 8-9 | 2 | ||
| 1 | Repetition of the main questions of chemistry of the main school | ||
| 2 | Entrance control work No. 1 for the course of the basic school | ||
| Theoretical Foundations of Organic Chemistry | 4 | ||
| 3 | Analysis of control work. Formation of organic chemistry as a science. organic substances. Organic chemistry. | ||
| 4 | Theory of the structure of organic compounds A. M. Butlerova. Carbon skeleton. Radicals. functional groups. homologous series. Homologs. Structural isomerism. Nomenclature. Significance of the theory of the structure of organic compounds. | ||
| 5 | Electronic nature of chemical bonds in organic compounds. Methods for breaking bonds in molecules of organic substances. Electrophiles. Nucleophiles. | ||
| 6 | Classification of organic compounds. | ||
| Hydrocarbons (23 hours) |
|||
| Limit hydrocarbons | 7 | 1 hour |
|
| 7 | Electronic and spatial structure of alkanes. homologous series. Nomenclature and isomerism. | ||
| 8 | Physical and chemical properties of alkanes. substitution reaction | ||
| 9 | Preparation and use of alkanes. | ||
| 10 | Finding the molecular formula of an organic compound by weight (volume) of combustion products. | ||
| 11 | TV instruction. Practical work number 1. | №1 Qualitative determination of carbon, hydrogen and chlorine in organic substances. |
|
| 12 | Cycloalkanes. Structure of molecules, homologous series. Finding in nature. Physical and chemical properties. | ||
| 13 | Examination No. 2 on the topic "Ultimate hydrocarbons" | ||
| Unsaturated hydrocarbons | 6 | 1 hour |
|
| 14 | Alkenes. Electronic and spatial structure of alkenes. homologous series. Nomenclature. Isomerism: carbon chain, multiple bond positions, cis-, trans isomerism. | ||
| 15 | Chemical properties: oxidation, addition, polymerization reactions. Markovnikov's rule. Preparation and use of alkenes. | ||
| 16 | TV instruction. Practical work number 2. | № 2 Obtaining ethylene and studying its properties |
|
| 17 | Alkadienes. Structure. Properties, application. natural rubber. | ||
| 18 | Alkynes. Electronic and spatial structure of acetylene. Homologues and isomers. Nomenclature. | ||
| 19 | Physical and chemical properties. Addition and substitution reactions. Receipt. Application. | ||
| Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) | 4 | ||
| 20 | Arenas. Electronic and spatial structure of benzene. Isomerism and nomenclature. Physical and chemical properties of benzene. Benzene homologues. | ||
| 21 | Peculiarities of chemical properties of benzene homologues on the example of toluene. Genetic relationship of aromatic hydrocarbons with other classes of hydrocarbons. | ||
| 22 | Repetition and generalization of what was studied on the topics "Unsaturated hydrocarbons" and "Aromatic hydrocarbons" | ||
| 23 | Examination No. 3 on the topics "Unsaturated hydrocarbons" and "Aromatic hydrocarbons" | ||
| Natural sources of hydrocarbons | 6 | ||
| 24 | Natural gas. Associated petroleum gases. | ||
| 25 | Oil and oil products. physical properties. Ways of oil refining. Distillation. Thermal and catalytic cracking. | ||
| 26 | Coke production. | ||
| 27-28 | Calculation tasks. Determination of the mass and volume fraction of the yield of the reaction product from the theoretically possible. | ||
| 29 | Frontier control work No. 4 | ||
| Oxygen-containing organic compounds (24 hours) |
|||
| Alcohols and phenols | 6 | ||
| 30 | Analysis of the results of the control work. Monohydric saturated alcohols. Structure of molecules, functional group. Hydrogen bond. Isomerism and nomenclature. | ||
| 31 | Properties of methanol (ethanol), production and application. The physiological effect of alcohols on the human body. Genetic relationship of monohydric saturated alcohols with hydrocarbons. | ||
| 32-33 | Calculation tasks. Calculations by chemical equations, provided that one of the reactants is given in excess. | ||
| 34 | polyhydric alcohols. Ethylene glycol, glycerin. Properties, application. | ||
| 35 | Phenols. The structure of the phenol molecule. Mutual influence of atoms in a molecule on the example of a phenol molecule. | ||
| Aldehydes and ketones | 3 | ||
| 36 | Aldehydes. The structure of the formaldehyde molecule. functional group. Isomerism and nomenclature. | ||
| 37 | properties of aldehydes. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde: production and application. | ||
| 38 | Acetone is a representative of ketones. The structure of the molecule. Application. | ||
| carboxylic acids | 5 | 1 hour |
|
| 39 | Monobasic limiting carboxylic acids. The structure of molecules. functional group. Isomerism and nomenclature. | ||
| 40 | properties of carboxylic acids. esterification reaction. Obtaining carboxylic acids and application. | ||
| 41 | TV instruction. Practical work number 3. | № 3 Preparation and properties of carboxylic acids. |
|
| 42 | Brief information about unsaturated carboxylic acids | ||
| 43 | Genetic relationship of carboxylic acids with other classes of organic compounds. | ||
| Complex ethers. Fats. | 3 | ||
| 44 | Esters: properties, production, application. | ||
| 45 | Fats. The structure of fats. Fats in nature. Properties. Application. | ||
| 46 | Detergents. Rules for the safe handling of household chemicals. | ||
| Carbohydrates. | 7 | ||
| 47 | Glucose. The structure of the molecule. Optical (mirror) isomerism. Fructose is an isomer of glucose. properties of glucose. Application. | ||
| 48 | Sucrose. The structure of the molecule. Properties, application. | ||
| 49 | Starch and cellulose are representatives of natural polymers. | ||
| 50 | Polycondensation reaction. Physical and chemical properties. Finding in nature. Application. Acetate fibre. | ||
| 51 | TV instruction. Practical work number 4. | № 4 Solving experimental problems for the production and recognition of organic substances. |
|
| 52 | Repetition and generalization of knowledge about oxygen-containing organic compounds | ||
| 53 | Examination No. 5 on the topic "Oxygen-containing organic compounds" | ||
| Nitrogen-containing organic compounds (7 hours) |
|||
| Amines and amino acids | 3 | ||
| 54 | Amines. The structure of molecules. Amino group. Physical and chemical properties. The structure of the aniline molecule. Mutual influence of atoms in a molecule on the example of an aniline molecule. properties of aniline. Application. | ||
| 55 | Amino acids. Isomerism and nomenclature. Properties. Amino acids as amphoteric organic compounds. Application. | ||
| 56 | Genetic relationship of amino acids with other classes of organic compounds. | ||
| Squirrels | 4 | ||
| 57 | Proteins are natural polymers. Composition and structure. Physical and chemical properties. The transformation of proteins in the body. Advances in the study and synthesis of proteins. | ||
| 58 | The concept of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. Pyridine. Pyrrole. Pyrimidine and purine bases. Nucleic acids: composition, structure. | ||
| 59 | Chemistry and human health. Medicines. Problems associated with the use of drugs. | ||
| 60 | Examination No. 6 on the topic "Nitrogen-containing compounds" | ||
| Macromolecular compounds (6 hours) |
|||
| synthetic polymers. | 6 | 1 hour |
|
| 61 | The concept of macromolecular compounds. Polymers obtained in polymerization reactions. The structure of molecules. | ||
| 62 | Polymers obtained in polycondensation reactions. Phenol-formaldehyde resins. thermosetting. | ||
| 63 | Synthetic rubbers. Structure, properties, obtaining and application. | ||
| 64 | Synthetic fibres. Kapron. Lavsan. | ||
| 65 | TV instruction. Practical work number 5. | № 5 Recognition of plastics and fibers |
|
| 66 | Generalization of knowledge on the course of organic chemistry. Organic chemistry, man and nature. | ||
| Repetition of the course of organic chemistry | 3 | ||
| 67 | Repetition of the 10th grade.Final test No. 7 | ||
| 68 | Analysis of the results of the control work. Solving problems and exercises on the main topics of organic chemistry. . | ||
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