Coat of arms of the Rothschilds decoding. Family heraldry - a rich family heritage

ROTHSCHILD

Coat of arms of the Barons Rothschild

(Prussia)

ROTHSCHILD (Rothschild), a family of bankers, financial magnates and philanthropists. For more than a century and a half, the surname Rothschild was, both for Jews and non-Jews, including anti-Semites, a common name - a symbol of Jewish wealth and power. The surname Rothschild is derived from the German words `rot schild` - `red shield`. Such a shield adorned the house of Yitzhak Elkhanan (died 1585), a small dealer in ancient coins and medals, in the Jewish quarter of Frankfurt am Main. Although his grandson left this house, he and other descendants continued to bear the surname Rothschild.

Mayer Anshel Rothschild -

founder the Rothschild dynasty.

The founder of the banking house Mayer Anshel Rothschild (1744, Frankfurt am Main - 1812, ibid.) at first did not differ from his ancestor either in status or occupation; Acquaintance with the German aristocrat, a passionate collector of old coins, General von Estorff, opened Mayer Anshel Rothschild access to the palace of one of the richest European monarchs of that time, Landgrave Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel.

Mayer Anshel Rothschild disposed of the multi-million dollar fortune entrusted to him at the time of the hasty flight of the Landgraves to Prague from the Napoleonic troops (mainly by providing large loans to the Danish and other European monarchs) in such a way that he not only preserved it, but also significantly increased it, while laying the foundations of his own fortune.

Sons of Mayer Anshel

The Rothschild family was turned into a powerful financial clan by the five sons of Mayer Anshel: Anshel Mayer Rothschild (1773, Frankfurt am Main, - 1855, ibid.); Shlomo Mayer Rothschild (1774, Frankfurt am Main, - 1855, Vienna); Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777, Frankfurt am Main, - 1836, ibid.); Karl Mayer Rothschild (1778, Frankfurt am Main - 1855, Naples) and James Jacob Mayer Rothschild (1792, Frankfurt am Main - 1868, Paris). It was they who created and headed in the five largest European countries - Germany, Austria, England, Italy and France - banking houses, which during their lifetime became the main creditors of monarchs and governments.

The brothers, completely uneducated in the European sense, at first even with difficulty speaking the languages ​​​​of the countries where they settled, quickly achieved a multiple increase in their fortune, won key positions in the main European capital markets and, as a result, got the opportunity to indirectly influence political events in the European continent. Representatives of the Rothschild family boldly mastered the new sectors of the economy created by the industrial revolution (in particular, railway construction and the production of non-ferrous metals in many European countries, including Russia, Asia and even Latin America).

Ancestral home of the Rothschilds

on a Jewish street in Frankfurt

The Austrian emperor granted the five brothers a title of nobility, and then a baronial title (both of which were later recognized by other European monarchs). The sons of Mayer Anshel gave their children and grandchildren an excellent education, which allowed them to take root in the upper strata of society in their countries. The major events of the Rothschild family were the election in 1847 of the son of Nathan Mayer, Baron Lionel Nathan Rothschild (1808-1879), to the House of Commons, and in 1885 the grandson of the founder of the English house of Rothschild, Nathaniel Rothschild (1840-1915), to the House lords.

Characteristically, from the end of the 19th century. - early 20th century some members of the Rothschild family began to prefer science, literature, art, state and social activities to financial and commercial interests, and often achieved success in these areas (including election to the Royal Society of London). Family members, who traditionally continued to be involved in finance and other types of business, increasingly combined them with a passion for collecting paintings, sculptures, works of applied art, porcelain, rare books, etc.

At present, only the English and French branches of the Rothschild family exist. The Italian branch of the Rothschild family lost financial and commercial importance after the death of its founder, Karl Mayer Rothschild; the German one ceased to exist with the death of Anshel Mayer's heir, Wilhelm Karl Rothschild (1828-1901); Austrian - under Louis Nathaniel Rothschild (1882-1955) in 1938 after the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany. The surviving two branches, although lost in the first decades of the 20th century. their leadership in the financial world, still remain a very influential force in it.

Family treethe Rothschild family

Members of the Rothschild family never forgot that they were Jews and, albeit for different reasons, always attached great importance to this. For the first generations of the Rothschilds, a combination of loyalty to their Jewishness and a pragmatic attitude towards their co-religionists, free from any sentimentality, remained typical. They strictly adhered to Mayer Anshel Rothschild's command not to renounce the faith of their ancestors under any circumstances, although they had to overcome many additional obstacles to success because of this.

None of them accepted Christianity, did not marry a non-Jew (marriages between cousins ​​and cousins, uncles and nieces, etc., were very common among them); female members of the Rothschild family, if they married Christians (as a rule, with representatives of the most aristocratic families), usually retained their religion (for example, Hannah Rothschild / 1851-90 /, granddaughter of the founder of the London branch of the family, who joined in 1878 in marriage to Lord A. F. Rosebery, future British Prime Minister). The Rothschilds also intermarried with representatives of the largest banking houses in Europe, in particular, Eduard Rothschild (1868-1949) was married to the daughter of Matilda Fuld, granddaughter of Baron E. Gunzburg.

The descendants of Mayer Anshel Rothschild were invariably guided by another covenant received from him - in all their relationships with people (except family), they put profit and financial success above all else. Although the interests of the Jews were not indifferent to them, preference, as a rule, was given to opportunities for further enrichment. Thus, during the Napoleonic Wars, the founder of the family and his five sons accurately foresaw great benefits in remaining loyal to the European monarchs - the enemies of Napoleon I, who did not hide their intention to cancel the Jewish equality declared by the French emperor.

On the coat of arms Rothschild depicted five arrows,

symbolizing the five sons of Mayer Rothschild,

referring to Psalm 127:"Like arrows in the hands of a warrior."

Below, the family motto is written on the coat of arms, in Latin:

Concordia, Integritas, Industria (Consent, Honesty, Diligence).

However, Mayer Anshel Rothschild at the end of his life, when it did not harm the financial interests of the family, obtained the consent of Archbishop K.-T. Dahlberg, Prince Primate and President of the Confederation of the Rhine, created under the protectorate of Napoleon, to provide civil equality to the Jews. The position of the members of the Rothschild family remained the same after the Napoleonic wars, when anti-Jewish legislation was fully or partially restored in most European countries, and a wave of mass anti-Jewish demonstrations swept through many of them.

The business relations of the Rothschilds with European monarchs and governments depended little on the attitude of those towards their Jewish subjects, but where this could not harm the financial interests of the family, the Rothschilds were ready to demonstrate an interest in the fate of their co-religionists. Thus, in 1815, they facilitated the trip of a Jewish delegation to the Congress of Vienna, hoping in vain to convince its participants to accept a declaration on the civil equality of Jews in their countries. In 1819, the brothers (especially James Jacob Rothschild) themselves and through business partners just as unsuccessfully persuaded the ministers of the newly created German Confederation that it was in their own interests to stop and continue to prevent violence against the Jews (see Hep-hep; also Israel - the people in the diaspora. New time: before the completion of emancipation; from the 18th century to 1880).

Karl Mayer Rothschild

Around the same time, Karl Mayer Rothschild in Italy was trying to condition a large loan to the Pope on his assistance in abolishing the Jewish ghetto in the Italian capital. Acts of this kind were not alien to representatives of the third and subsequent generations of the Rothschild family (for example, in 1878, the Rothschilds contributed to the inclusion of the Jewish question on the agenda of the Berlin Congress, which adopted a decision that remained mostly on paper on the civil equality of Jewish minorities in Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia), but they were not usually active fighters for the rights of the Jews.

For themselves, as a rule, they managed to achieve a special status: in 1842, the head of the Austrian banking house, Shlomo Mayer Rothschild, received the right to own real estate in Vienna, who before that (despite the enormous services rendered to members of the Habsburg imperial family, close relations with the all-powerful chancellor K. Metternich, noble rank and title of baron) lived with his family in the hotel "Roman Emperor" for more than 20 years.

The Rothschilds persisted in the struggle for Jewish equality, mainly when only in this way they could achieve their own goals. Thus, in 1847, when Lionel Nathan Rothschild (see above) was unable to take his seat in the House of Commons because of the need to take an oath on the gospel, the Rothschild family launched a stubborn campaign for the abolition of this rule and in 1858 achieved a repeal, which allowed Lionel Nathan Rothschild, who once again won the election, to take an oath on the Hebrew Bible.

Over time, the Rothschild family was less and less able to combine loyalty to their own Jewishness with an unwillingness to take even the smallest risk in protecting the interests of their persecuted people. This contradiction was exacerbated by the fact that the wealth, connections and influence of the descendants of Nathan Mayer Rothschild in England and James Jacob Mayer Rothschild in France made them the actual leaders of the Jewish community, sometimes formally they were part of its governing bodies: for example, Lionel Rothschild and his brother Nathaniel Rothschild in 1812-70 - to the Board of Deputies, Nathaniel also to the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Jewish Community; Alphonse Rothschild (1827-1905) was president of the French Consistory Central from 1869.

The English and, especially, the French Rothschilds, who did not publicly react to the Dreyfus affair, although they secretly provided all possible support to the Dreyfusards, could no longer but express their attitude to the events of the late 19th century. - early 20th century in Russia - bloody Jewish pogroms inspired by the authorities and government policy aimed at worsening the already disenfranchised position of the Jews.

So, Baron Alphonse Rothschild (see above), the head of the Parisian bank "Rothschild Frere", who had close business ties with the government (Ministry of Finance) of Russia, in response to the wave of Jewish pogroms of the 1880s. announced the termination of all financial relations with this country. In May 1891, his bank announced its refusal to fulfill an agreement signed a month earlier to provide Russia with a loan of 320 million francs.

This decision, unprecedented in the financial world, caused numerous rumors in European capitals - not everyone reacted with confidence to the official statement of the bank, in which this step was presented as a reaction to the decree of Emperor Alexander III to evict Jews from Moscow, since information about this decree appeared in the newspapers at the end of March of the same year, when the loan agreement had not yet been signed.

The French and English Rothschilds (Baron Gustav de Rothschild, 1829-1911, and Lord Nathaniel Rothschild, 1840-1915) reacted in the same way to the pogroms in Russia in 1905: they took part in organizing financial assistance to the victims of the pogroms (each of them donated for this purpose ten thousand pounds sterling) and even made sure that the collected funds were delivered to Russia through their London bank. This was motivated by a desire to prevent the use of donations for radical purposes, which would give additional food for accusations of Jewish bankers in financing the Russian revolution.

At the same time, they obstructed attempts by Jewish leaders in their countries to organize mass public protest campaigns against officially fomented anti-Semitism in Russia, arguing that this would provoke even greater hatred of Jews in Russian ruling circles. Members of the Rothschild family did not remain indifferent to the suffering of the Jews of Germany after the establishment of the Nazi regime there.

Already in the autumn of 1933 in London, Yvonne Rothschild (1899-1977), wife of Anthony Rothschild (1887-1961), founded the Society for the Aid to Jewish Women and Children in Germany; in Paris, Robert Rothschild (1880-1946) and his wife Nellie Rothschild (1886-1945) actively participated in the creation of the Fund for Relief of Jewish Refugees from Germany; in the same years, Miriam Rothschild (1908-2005) took care of Jewish children who arrived in England from Germany, and James Rothschild (1896-1984) moved a Jewish orphanage (more than 20 boys aged 5-15 years and the director of the orphanage with his family ) from Frankfurt am Main to England and gave them their own home.

Lord Victor Rothschild (1910-1990) in The Times (November 19, 1938) called on the British public to take seriously the threat posed by Nazi Germany to Western democracy and all its values ​​(during the Second World War, Victor Rothschild, a well-known scholar -biologist, contributed to the victory over Nazi Germany, in particular, he served in military intelligence).

The unity, wealth and influence of the Rothschild family has long been used, not without success, by international anti-Semitism to prove the thesis about the desire of the Jews for world domination and the enslavement of the peoples that give them shelter. Already in the 1820s. anti-Semitic cartoons appear in the newspapers of several European countries, depicting the Rothschilds as spiders sucking blood from Europe, or robbers holding European monarchs by the throat. In the anti-Semitic pamphlets of the time, the Rothschilds are referred to as "Kings of the Bankers and Bankers of Kings", "Kings of the Jews and Jews of Kings", or "Jewish Kings and Royal Jews".

From the end of the first half of the 19th century. reference to the Jewish origin of the Rothschilds becomes a favorite device of French anti-Semites. So, in 1846, when, just three weeks after the start of operation of the railway built by the Rothschild company, a catastrophe occurred that claimed 37 human lives, the anti-Semitic pamphlet “The History of Rothschild I, King of the Jews” enjoyed considerable success, in which the incident was blamed not so much the Rothschilds themselves, how much to the innate Jewish arrogance and cynicism towards the French.

For right-wing, conservative anti-Semites (for example, E. Drumont, see Anti-Semitism), the Rothschilds are a symbol and embodiment of Jewish dominance in France, a secret stronghold of the radicals and revolutionaries that are destroying it. The theorist of anarchism, the anti-Semite P. Proudhon, saw in the Rothschilds the personification of the capitalist essence of the entire Jewish nation, the creator and supporter of the most inhuman bourgeois system of exploitation of the working people.

The name Rothschild is associated with a wave of anti-Semitism that swept France in the early 1880s. due to the bankruptcy of the Rothschilds' competitor, the Catholic bank "General Union", created by E. Bontu "to combat the dominance of Jewish capital", and the loss of thousands of his depositors of their savings (not only the Rothschilds were accused, but Jews in general as "foreigners plotting against Christianity and all of France). Later, the name Rothschild was turned into the most sinister character in the racially anti-Semitic mythology of National Socialism.

The attitude towards the Rothschilds in the Jewish people itself was far from unambiguous. In the image of the Rothschilds that has developed in Jewish folklore, admiration for the wealth, power and luxurious life of fellow believers was combined with a considerable amount of plebeian irony in relation to the swagger and arrogance of the rich and to their own absurd dreams of being in their place. This folklore image appears in the works of Shalom Aleichem, numerous anecdotes, parables, sayings, folk songs, etc.

The more complex attitude towards the Rothschilds of the socially and politically active sections of the Jews became especially evident in the twenty years between 1881 and 1901, when a wave of Jewish emigrants from Eastern Europe poured into Western Europe. Sincerely wishing or considering himself obliged to help the crowds of these destitute and needy Jews (Lord Nathaniel Rothschild, for example, as a member of the royal commission created in 1909, designed to limit the further influx of emigrants to Great Britain, selflessly fought to ensure that the restrictions imposed were as little as possible related to Jews), the Rothschilds came across a generally sharply critical attitude towards themselves on the part of Jewish immigrants.

For the majority of them, the Rothschilds' attitude to promote the speedy naturalization, social and cultural acclimatization of newly arriving Jews in Western society turned out to be unacceptable. This attitude was unanimously, albeit for different reasons, rejected by the three main groups of immigrant Jews: natives of urban and small-town ghettos, who spoke freely only in Yiddish, strictly observed religious precepts and strove to preserve such a way of life in the new conditions; hardened by persecution and humiliation in the countries where they lived, radical elements who joined the ranks of left-wing extremist parties and organizations and advocated the revolutionary overthrow of Western state and public institutions; Zionists, who saw in such an attitude a direct path to assimilation.

The sharp and impassioned denunciations of the activists of all these immigrant groups against the Rothschilds and other "smug and selfish Jews" who are only interested in their own profits often differed little from the attacks from the anti-Semites. The Rothschilds reacted painfully to this criticism, but at the same time, according to many, they gave good reasons for it. In particular, the nationally oriented circles of Jewry did not forgive the Rothschilds for their sharply negative attitude towards Zionism.

Like other wealthy Jews, the Rothschilds did not refuse to support the presence of their orthodox co-religionists in Jerusalem, where back in the 1850s. James Jacob Rothschild and his wife Betty founded a hospital for the poor, and in the 1860s. with the money of the London Rothschilds, the still existing school for girls named after Evelina de Rothschild was opened there (in memory of the daughter of Lionel Rothschild, who died untimely shortly after the wedding).

The situation was different with political Zionism, in which the Rothschilds from the very beginning saw a threat to all their life principles and guidelines. Based on their own experience, they believed that Jews could and should successfully integrate in the countries where their fate had thrown them, and that anti-Semites and racists would not fail to use the idea of ​​​​creating a sovereign Jewish state in Eretz-Israel and mass resettlement of Jews there as proof of the validity of their statements. about the ineradicable separatism and alienation of the Jews to the European peoples.

The Rothschilds even accused the Zionists of giving anti-Semites grounds to demand the complete expulsion or at least every encouragement for the emigration of Jews from Europe. The long rejection of Zionism by the Rothschild family also had a purely pragmatic basis - seeing in it nothing but groundless schemes, they did not want to associate their name with an "adventure" that would certainly end in financial bankruptcy and political scandal. In this regard, all the other Rothschilds were greatly worried about the position and activities of Edmond de Rothschild, who, while remaining in opposition to political Zionism for a long time, still refused to publicly condemn him.

It was only after the First World War and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire that certain members of the Rothschild family began to treat Zionism more favorably, when its political goals ceased to look completely fantastic in their eyes. Even the second Lord Rothschild, Nathaniel, in the last months of his life changed his inflexible assimilatory position to an almost pro-Zionist one.

For some time, his son Lionel Walter, Lord Rothschild (1868-1937), was very actively involved in the activities of the Zionist organization of Great Britain, to whom, as the most prominent Jew in the country, he addressed his letter outlining the obligation of the British government to promote the creation of a Jewish national home in Palestine, the Minister of Foreign Affairs A. Balfour.

Even the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 and the numerous wars in which it had to defend its existence, arousing great interest and sympathy among the majority of the members of the Rothschild family, did not turn them into supporters of Zionism. Baron Guy de Rothschild (1909-2007), author of the best-selling autobiographical book Against Luck (1983), seemed to express the general feelings of the members of this family when he admitted that Israel was not their country, its banner was not theirs. banner, but that the courage and military prowess of the Israelites filled their hearts with pride, made them less vulnerable to hostile attacks, brought the release of some important part of their "I". These feelings stimulate in some members of the Rothschild family the desire to participate in the construction of the Jewish state.

Thus, Victor Rothschild (see above), who did not consider himself a Zionist, actively supported Israel in the field of science (he was a member of the Board of Trustees of the Weizmann Research Institute and the Hebrew University in Jerusalem), attracted British public opinion to the side of Israel and , according to rumors, contributed to the formation of Israeli intelligence (attacks on him for this in the English press contained allusions to his lack of loyalty to the British fatherland).

Rothschild Park in Israel

In the field of economics and finance, the great-grandson and namesake of the "father of the Jewish Yishuv", Baron Edmond de Rothschild (1926-97), who financed the construction of the country's first oil pipeline from the Red to the Mediterranean Sea and one of the first chemical plants, was especially distinguished State Bank of Israel (Bank Israel) and some other projects.

The well-known and widely advertised philanthropic activities of the Rothschild family are by no means limited to Israel - they, as in the past, donate large sums not only to Jewish, but also to non-Jewish hospitals, schools, kindergartens, orphanages, cultural and scientific foundations, etc. ., wanting to show that they are both good Jews and good French and English.

Eprussi Rothschild Museum on the French Riviera

The contribution to many areas of Israeli life by the Rothschild Foundation, established in 1957 by Dorothy Rothschild (1895-1988), wife of James Armand Rothschild (1878-1957), is noticeable: educational television was created in the country with its funds, the Open University was founded and a number of departments in other universities (for example, the Institute for Advanced Study and the Center for Adult Education at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the Faculty of Nursing at Tel Aviv University), a Music Center was built in the Jerusalem district of Mishkenot Shaananim, exhibitions and expositions are organized in the Israel Museum, equipped with modern equipment new hospitals, nursing homes for the disabled, student scholarships, Rothschild Prizes for achievements in the exact sciences, and much more. The ballet ensemble that bears her name, created in 1964 at the expense of Baroness Bat-Sheva Rothschild (1914-99), enjoys great popularity in the country and abroad.

In subsequent years, there was a certain cooling of the Rothschild family towards the State of Israel, both due to the increasing departure of some of its members from the Jews (for example, the current Lord Rothschild Nathaniel Charles / was born in 1936 / converted to Christianity and is married to a non-Jew), and due to frequent disagreement of the government circles of the country with their advice and recommendations. However, a number of facts testify that the members of the Rothschild family did not refuse to participate in the life of the Jewish state. Thus, the new building of the Supreme Court of Israel was built at the expense of the Rothschild Foundation (1992).

ROTHSCHILD

The Rothschilds have raised a new financial tycoon. You will soon learn about it.

On May 17, the investment bank Rothschild & Co will be headed by the seventh generation of the famous Rothschild dynasty, 37-year-old Alexander de Rothschild. For two hundred years, the family has strictly observed the precepts of the patriarch and the founder of the clan, who ordered the descendants to always act as a unit, entrust the management of the family business only to male relatives and maintain secrecy in business. The famous banking house has been involved in transactions of historic proportions for centuries. The image of all-powerful behind-the-scenes puppeteers was formed under the impression of their activities. Conspiracy theorists believe that the famous family, whose branches are widely spread in Europe and the United States, controls the world's finances with the help of the Federal Reserve System. The origins and change of generations in the famous banking clan are in this material.

Bench under a red sign

The end of the eighteenth century is an era of gigantic change for Western Europe: the revolution and overthrow of the monarchy in France, the birth of industrial production, a series of large-scale wars, the gradual loss of political influence by aristocratic landowners, and the emancipation of oppressed groups. It was at this time that the foundation of the financial power of the Rothschilds was laid. Mayer Amschel, the son of Amschel Moses, a modest money changer from the Jewish quarter in Frankfurt am Main, is considered the ancestor of the dynasty.

Mayer Rothschild, founder of the dynasty.

The father wanted the bright boy to become a rabbi, but Mayer showed a penchant for worldly affairs. For a time he practiced at the Oppenheimer banking house in Hannover. Then he worked in his father's changing shop under a red sign (in German it sounds like Rot Schild, later this phrase became a surname).

“Catching the trends”, Mayer Amschel started buying old coins and medals. The German nobility of that time was fond of collecting various antiquities, so the courteous and neat young man quickly made useful contacts with the powers that be, and the changer shop was transformed into a bank.

The career rise of the son of a money changer from the ghetto occurred after meeting the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel Wilhelm. Traditionally, Jewish bankers handled various financial transactions for the German princes. For example, the court bankers of the Habsburgs in Vienna were representatives of the House of Oppenheimer, the King of Prussia, Frederick II the Great, used the services of the Berlin company Ephraim and Sons. Bypassing competitors with the help of patronage and gifts to patrons, Mayer Amschel became the main court financier of Wilhelm.

All in the house

The well-being of the family went uphill sharply, the growing children were actively involved in the family business. Like fairy-tale characters throwing arrows in search of happiness, Mayer's sons dispersed to the largest cities of Europe: Solomon - to Vienna, Nathan - to Manchester (later he moved to London), Kalman - to Naples, Jacob - to Paris. The eldest son remained in Frankfurt am Main.

In memory of this, five arrows and the motto in Latin are depicted on the Rothschild coat of arms: Concordia, Integritas, Industria - Consent, Honesty, Diligence.

Coat of arms of the Rothschild family

Thus, an international financial network was founded, covering the most developed European countries. Formally competing, the brothers supported each other in every possible way and exchanged news using correspondence coded in Yiddish. Subsequently, the most viable branches of the family tree turned out to be English (from Nathan) and French (from Jacob) - they still flourish.

The court financier approached the marriages of children very seriously: the sons brought daughters-in-law with a solid dowry into the family, the spouses of the daughters were also members of the clan, but worked in lower positions. In any case, the sons-in-law did not shine at the helm of the family business. The wealth of the clan could only be controlled by a descendant of Mayer Amschel in the male line. The money acquired had to remain in the family, so Mayer's descendants married first cousins ​​and second cousins.

However, so did the entire elite. For example, by the end of the 19th century, the Austrian imperial family turned out to be so branched out that marriages between relatives belonging to different branches of the Habsburg family became more and more frequent, write Andrei Shary and Yaroslav Shimov in their book "Austria-Hungary: the fate of the empire." Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, who became heir to the throne in 1895, was indignant about this:

If someone from our family falls in love on the side, there will certainly be some nonsense in the pedigree that prevents such a marriage. So it turns out that we have a husband and wife, all twenty-fold relatives. As a result, half of the children are fools or complete idiots.

The Rothschilds entered into marriages exclusively with adherents of Judaism and won the glory of the "Jewish royal family." The rules established by Mayer Amschel remained unchanged for 200 years, only in the 1970s, David Rene, a representative of the French branch of the Rothschilds, married a Catholic, Italian aristocrat Olimpia Aldobrandini.

They raised their daughters in the Catholic faith, but their only son Alexander, the future heir to the family business, was in Judaism.

Also in 2010, the Rothschilds for the first time appointed a non-native Briton, Nigel Higgins, as the chief executive of investment bank NM Rothschild. True, Higgins was not a complete stranger - by this time he had worked for the family for a quarter of a century.

To whom war

The Rothschilds could have remained at the level of the small-town rich, if not for the war. In 1806, French Emperor Napoleon I invaded Germany. Landgrave Wilhelm fled the country, leaving his affairs in the care of his court banker. It was then that Mayer came in handy with his arrow, shot in the direction of Foggy Albion. Son Nathan instantly quit trading in textiles in Manchester and retrained as a stock exchange tycoon in London.

The French confiscated part of Wilhelm's gold, but Rothschild Sr., thanks to Nathan's securities transactions, managed to transfer the main capital of his boss to England. To celebrate, the landgrave signed off to the court bankers for a symbolic commission all the rights to manage his papers, and Nathan started buying and selling British government bonds. So the Rothschilds became the first European millionaires and financed the wars of Great Britain against Napoleon. One of their most notable operations is to smuggle gold for Wellington's army in Spain.

On September 19, 1812, the Russian army, exhausted by battles, under the command of Field Marshal Prince Golenishchev-Kutuzov, retreated to Podolsk. On the same day, the founder of the Rothschild house, Mayer Amschel, died in the house on the Jewish street of Frankfurt am Main at the age of seventieth, but his business lived and grew - the wealth and influence of the Rothschild brothers increased along with the amounts of loans they provided.

There is a legend that Nathan learned about the victory over Napoleon at Waterloo a day earlier than anyone in London, but he came to the stock exchange with a sad face and began to sell government bonds. Seeing this, the stockbrokers decided that the British and their allies were defeated, and rushed to get rid of the papers for next to nothing.

Having waited for the collapse, the agents of the cunning Nathan bought up cheaper government bonds. As a result, the London Rothschild earned £40 million from this operation.

However, some researchers deny this story's credibility - Nathan bought up securities against the backdrop of defeatist sentiment before the Battle of Waterloo, they say.

The peace established in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars also contributed to the growth of the family's well-being - the countries devastated by the war needed loans to restore. The grateful victorious monarchs bestowed the nobility on the banker brothers, and the Austrian emperor Franz II granted the Rothschilds a baronial title. Napoleon tried to conquer Europe with guns and cannons, but lost. The Old World submitted to the bills and loans of the banking family.

World behind the scenes

The nineteenth century was the golden age of the Rothschilds. Europe, and with it the whole world, was changing rapidly, the Rothschild banking network financed the construction of industrial enterprises, railways, the purchase of the Suez Canal by Great Britain, and the development of oil fields in the Russian Empire (on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan).

The Rothschilds partnered with De Beers in their search for diamonds and gold in South Africa. They are accused of helping to unleash military conflicts, for example, the devastating war of Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay with Paraguay. Numerous descendants of Mayer Amschel were fond of luxury and art, the construction of palaces and charity. But by the end of the century, the glory of the family began to fade. Perhaps they themselves wanted this, because money, as you know, loves silence, and left and right publicists blamed bankers for all the troubles of mankind.

In the twentieth century, Rothschild structures began to specialize in large-scale mergers and acquisitions. Conspiracy theorists consider the Rothschilds to be the mastermind behind the First Bank of the United States, the prototype of the Federal Reserve System (FRS). The dynasty is considered to be among the real masters of the system. Officially, the Fed owns 12 Federal Reserve Banks approved by the US Congress but organized as private companies.

Fulfilling covenants

Alexander Rothschild, the only son of the current head of Rothschild & Co, 75-year-old David Rene, is a direct descendant of the founder of the French branch of the Rothschilds, Jacob. After graduating from the Higher School of Foreign Trade (ESCE International Business School) in Paris, Alexander gained experience at the New York bank Bear Stearns, as well as at Argan Capital investment company in London.

He joined the family business in 2008, four years ago he became the second person of Rothschild & Co - vice chairman of the board of directors, that is, his father David. According to media reports, Alexander is fond of equestrian sports and riding.

After Alexander officially takes the helm of the company, David will look after him - he will take the position of chairman of the supervisory board. Rothschild commented on the change of generations to the Le Monde newspaper as follows:

Luck, a bit of knowledge and what has always been the main thing in the family: towards the end of a career, each Rothschild always put a family member in his place, usually choosing the best. If there was none, the worst was not chosen. The ability to do the job must be taken into account.

David René Rothschild managed the family business for over 40 years, under his leadership the Rothschilds united the British and French branches of the clan in 2007. Now more than 3.5 thousand financiers in 40 countries of the world work for the family, providing services in wealth management, consulting and commercial banking. Members of the Rothschild families own 48 percent of the Rothschild & Co. financial holding, another 10.3 percent of the shares are owned by families or partners close to the Rothschilds, and the rest of the shares are traded on the stock exchange. The capitalization of the company is 2.4 billion euros, revenue in 2017 - 1.9 billion euros, net profit - 247 million euros.

Father David Rothschild and son Alexander Rothschild. |

Gradually, among the "privileged Jews" of Germany, its leader emerged - Mayer Amschel Rothschild. The head of the family took such a surname for himself and passed it on to his five sons, since his relatives lived in a house with a red roof (“Roten Schield” - “red shield”), which developed as a characterizing feature of the whole family.

Under the new name, the Rothschilds would make their first major international deal in 1804, when the Danish treasury would be completely empty. Solomon Rothschild was the Privy Commercial Councilor of this country, and he will hold the same high position in Prussia as the founder of S M von Rothschild in Austria. Nathan in England, Kalman's bank "C M de Rothschild & Figli" in Italy, and Jacob and his "De Rothschild Frères" in France, and Amschel son will become the Minister of Finance of the German Confederation, an Austrian baron, the Royal Consul of Bavaria, the Prussian Privy Councilor and court banker and privy councilor to the Grand Duke of Hesse.

The main business of the Elector of Hesse, whose “privileged Jews” were both sons of Amschel the father, was, as they would say now, private military companies, which brought him a very, very significant income. Great Britain paid $40 million for the use of 16,800 Hessian soldiers during the American Revolution.

By the way, this is how the ancestor of the Rockefellers came to the USA, as the Hessian mercenary Roggenfelder, which in German means “rye field”. The Duke of Brunswick, the Landgraves of Waldeck, Hanau, Anspach and other petty German monarchs were engaged in a similar business. The English East India Company bought a large number of German soldiers, using them in the conquest of India, so the Rothschilds were pragmatic about making money in wars as a very profitable business.

Once, horrified by the number of military casualties, Nathan Rothschild remarked to Major Martins: "If they had not all died, Major, you would still go to lieutenants." The Rothschilds themselves would have remained the bank clerks of the Oppenheimers, because it was the wars that emptied the royal coffers and filled the bank reserves of the "court factors". The family became treasurers of one of the main creditors of Europe, and started with a loan to Prussia, and by the mid-1830s, one American had already described their position as follows: “The Rothschilds rule Christendom ... Not a single cabinet of ministers can move without their advice. .. Baron Rothschild holds in his hands the keys to peace and war.”

Prince Metternich remarked that "the house of Rothschild plays a much greater role in the life of France than any foreign government." The fortune of James Rothschild was 150 million francs higher than the fortunes of all other financiers of France combined, he and his brother Louis XVIII, "was the right hand of the regime, controlling all financial transactions" of Charles X. His debtor of 25 million francs was the king of Portugal, he managed the finances of the King of Belgium. Similar success was achieved by the Privy Commercial Councilor of the Kingdom of Sicily and the Duchy of Palma and Sardinia "Italian Rothschild"

Using the war only as a means of speculation, the "factors" in ethnic conflicts or civil conflicts did not sympathize with any particular side and were not interested in any political ideas.

It is a remarkable fact that the Paris Commune destroyed all archives containing details of the early Rothschild deals.

The key moment in the history of their formation was the decision on the fate of the war debt of France in the amount of 270 million francs, as well as 1.5 billion francs of indemnity, which was made at the congress of the victorious countries in Aachen in 1818. The rejected were, as creditors, the Rothschilds organized a sharp the rate of fall of the French government bonds of the loan of 1817, which began to threaten the collapse of the Paris and other major stock exchanges in Europe. So France, which has come to its senses, also became the debtor of the Rothschilds.

“I am a simple person ... I do things without leaving the cash register,” said the “English Rothschild”. One of these cases was an unsuccessful attempt to cash out a nominal bill, in which the bank referred to the fact that it cashed only the securities of the National Bank itself. Then Nathan Rothschild began to “nightmare the business” of the National Bank of England by daily redemption of its gold reserve, the directors of which, after an urgent consultation, yielded, deciding to save the bank from ruin. Now the Rothschild bills have acquired equal status to the bills of the National Bank of England.

Nathan pioneered the technique of issuing international loans. His London banking house for ninety years since its opening placed foreign loans in the amount of 6500 million dollars, from 1776 to 1814 English subsidies amounted to 19 million 56 thousand 778 thalers in Hesse, in 1815 the Bavarian subsidies of Arnold von Aichthal amounted to 608 thousand £695, from 1811 to 1816 almost half of the British subsidies to the countries of the Continent passed through their Rothschild hands.

Between 1818 and 1832, loans were issued in the amount of 21 million pounds, which gave Edrikhin-Vandam reason to call the English "Rothschild people." The interest on eighteen loans to foreign governments alone amounted to $700 million. In fact, the history of the Central Bank of England began as early as 1694, when another war siphoned off almost all the silver from England, and bankers, including the Rothschilds, persuaded William to take out a loan of 1.2 million pounds and establish a new financial structure for the war with France.

The rise to dominance in the financial sphere is replete with stories of fierce competition, which is not consistent with the theory of a "single Jewish conspiracy", "observers" as Anna Harendt put it "made the very wrong conclusion that the Jewish people are a relic of the Middle Ages, and did not see that this a new caste of very recent origin. Its education was completed only in the 19th century, and it included, in quantitative terms, probably no more than a hundred families. But since they were in plain sight, the entire Jewish people began to be considered a caste.

Perhaps they were prompted to such conclusions by the fact that this new caste primarily used fellow tribesmen to achieve their goals, which is logical and does not carry elements of a “conspiracy theory”, but gave rise to such as the French writer Louis Ferdinand Celine to assert that “ Jews prevented the evolution of Europe towards political unity, served as the cause of all European wars since 843 and plotted to destroy both France and Germany, inciting their mutual enmity.

But at the same time, it should be noted that the path to a financial monopoly led to the ruin, first of all, of the competing financial structures of the tribesmen of the English Abraham Goldsmith, the French Achilles Fuld, David Parish, and other Austrian usurers. The description of these economic battles is beyond the scope of this chapter, but their essence was as follows: in order to work with the Rothschilds, it was necessary to get under the "red roof".

The confrontation in the competitive struggle of factors gave rise not just to a “single caste within fellow believers”, but to a much more cohesive “international caste system” of relatives, between whom half of the 59 marriages entered into by the Rothschilds in the 19th century were performed.

The daughter of the royal court banker of Bavaria and Prussia, the Sicilian and Austrian Consul General Karl Rothschild, married Maximilian Goldschmit, a native of the Frankfurt banking family, who became Baron Goldschmit-Rothschild.

The representative of the oldest English family, the “flower of the Jewish aristocracy” Abraham Montefiori, who was related to the daughter of Amschel Rothschild, was asked to change his surname to Rothschild in order to be admitted to financial affairs. Later, Australia became Montefiori's almost monopoly. The marriage of Kalman with Adelheid Hertz, the future favorite of the Neapolitan king, provided Rothschild with not only business, but also indirect family ties with the Oppenheimers, while each of the marriages increased their aristocratic status, which was a deliberate policy.

They raised their status once again in 1814 when they became related to the Warburgs, a family whose interests are closely connected with the creation of the US Federal Reserve System, its first head was Paul Warburg. Representatives of the Italian Jewish dynasty in the 16th century became Warburgs, having arrived in the Westphalian town of Warburg from Bologna.

In 1798, the brothers Moses-Mark and Gerson Warburg founded the M. M. Warburg & Co., to this day the largest private financial institution in Germany. After the sons of Mayer Amschel settled in different countries to create a future empire, the eldest son and his father moved to a five-story Frankfurt mansion, which he shared with the family of another banker, Schiff, who was one of Rothschild's brokers.

In 1873, the Rothschilds accompanied Schiff's acquisition of Kuhn's interest in Kuhn, Loeb & Co., made possible by the fact that the new owner married the eldest daughter of the co-owner of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Solomon Leib, Teresa. Felix Warburg married his daughter, Frieda Schiff. And his brother, Paul Warburg, married Nina, the youngest daughter of Solomon Leib, whose father was a supplier of wheat and wine from the aforementioned Hessian city of Worms and entered the USA only in 1849.

The "American" interests of the Rothschilds do not end there: August Schonberg, another distant relative of the Rothschilds through his grandmother, served as the personal secretary of Amsheld von Rothschild from the age of 18, and in 1837 opened a branch of his bank in Cuba. As a result of the crisis, his own company "August Belmont & Co." on Wall Street bought up bankrupt American businesses. Having grown rich, Schonberg became "Belmont" for the sake of prestige, which went down in history as the chairman of the US Democratic National Committee, whose efforts financed the northerners during the Civil War.

According to Bismarck's candid admission, "the division of the United States into federations of equal strength was decided long before the Civil War. The bankers feared that the United States ... would overturn their financial dominance of the world and the voice of the Rothschilds prevailed in this.

In this war, the Rothschilds made money on both sides: the London bank financed the northerners, and the Paris bank financed the southerners, as a result of which the national debt rose from $64,844,000 in 1860 to $2,755,764,000 in 1866. Pay off debts without losing sovereignty was not so easy, as the 19th-century English publicist Dunning wrote about capital: “... at 300 percent, there is no such crime that he would not risk, at least under pain of the gallows”:

According to biographer Ferguson, rivals of the American Civil War also made sure to carefully destroy the Rothschild correspondence from 1854-1860. Only an oral statement by Baron Jacob Rothschild to the US representative in Belgium, Henry Sanford, about those who died in the Civil War, has survived: “When a patient is desperately ill, you take any measures, up to bloodletting.

A new round of "recovery of the American economy" gave a loan of $150 million. The issuance of most of which was suspended with the requirement for Lincoln to reduce the cost of government papers by 25%. On February 33, 1862, the House of Representatives passed a law on a state loan of 150 million dollars in the form of state papers independent of creditors, mandatory for acceptance as a means of payment. By March 1863, the circulation of such papers began to reduce the turnover of gold settlements controlled by the Rothschilds. The move away from gold ran counter to the requirement that Treasuries be issued as interest-bearing bonds, which were issued at 35 cents on the dollar and converted at 100 cents after the war ended.

The future Earl of Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, before whose eyes the events described were unfolding, was a close friend of Lionel Rothschild, "whom he traditionally visited at the end of the week," and apparently heard enough at the dinner table that, holding a pen, wrote two novels, in one "Jewish money determine the rise and fall of courts and empires and reign supreme in the realm of diplomacy", and in another he "developed a plan for a Jewish empire in which the Jews would rule as a strictly isolated class", only to isolate it in a period of widespread assimilation will be a separate task for the Rothschilds .

heraldic shield

Young Montefiori (who preferred to remain Montefiori) would not have been so surprised by this proposal if he had once looked into the archives of the Heraldic College of the Austrian Imperial House. This institution was engaged in registration of patents for the nobility and titles of nobility.

The college was the first imperial institution to come face to face with the almost defiant and naive arrogance of the Rothschild brothers, with whom they imposed their beloved two-syllable surname on the whole world.

At the beginning of 1817, the patience of the staff of the collegium was seriously tested, since they had to communicate closely and for quite a long time with the Family. The Rothschild boys carried out another brilliant operation to transfer finance from England to Vienna, leaving other bankers far behind. After that, they felt they were ready to accept one or more differences from the imperial house, such as a title of nobility.

The secret chancellor von Lederer, on whom the solution of this issue depended not least, understood that a gold snuffbox, decorated with a diamond monogram with the name of his majesty, would come in handy.

The Minister of Finance, Prince Stadion, like any other Minister of Finance in the world, reacted to the claims of the Rothschilds with greater scrupulousness. In his opinion, the deal that was offered to the chancellor was clearly unfair. In the end, a compromise between the doubts of the minister and the sober calculation of the chancellor was found. It was based on the recognition of the fact that, although the Rothschild brothers are the sons of the people of Israel, they can be given the title of nobility of the lowest dignity and the right to add a piece of “von” to their surnames. Now they were supposed to have a coat of arms, laid down by an Austrian nobleman, which should have been designed.

It is curious to read the letter from the boys to the Heraldic College, in which the draft of the future coat of arms is pathetically outlined:

“... in the upper left square on a purple background is a black eagle (which caused obvious associations with the Austrian imperial coat of arms) ... in the adjacent field there is a leopard looking to the right, with its right front paw raised (and this, in turn, reminded you of the coat of arms of the English kings)… the lower field is occupied by a lion standing on its hind legs (this is directly copied from the coat of arms of Hesse)… the composition is completed by a hand clutching five arrows against a blue background…”

The heraldic brethren from the college were indignant and in disarray. The upstarts, who had just added the prefix "von" to their surname, thought that they could get royal and ducal symbols for their coat of arms. But even this did not satisfy the claims of the Rothschilds. In the center of the emblem, they wanted to place a purple shield, which was supported by a hound on the right, symbolizing loyalty and devotion, and on the left, a stork, symbolizing piety and humility (pretty humility!). On the crosshair was a crown crowning the head of the newly-minted baron. And such a coat of arms wanted to get people who did not belong to the tribal nobility and only recently were ranked among the petty nobility. What audacity! Taking a deep breath, the college officials began to compose a report for the imperial court.

“... They are asking to place a crown, a shield in the center, images of animals, a leopard symbolizing England, the Hessian lion on the coat of arms ... These proposals are completely unacceptable ... the petty nobility is only entitled to the image of a helmet ... If this rule is not observed, there will be no difference between different degrees noble dignity ... a crown, images of animals and shields in the center of the coat of arms - this is allowed only on the coats of arms of the highest nobility ... And moreover. No government can allow the symbols of another state to be placed on the coat of arms, since noble dignity and titles are bestowed for service to their ruler and their country, and not to any other country or its government. The lion is exclusively a symbol of courage, which is in no way applicable to petitioners.

The board began to shred the proposed coat of arms. The crown with seven teeth and signs of baronial dignity turned into a small helmet. All the noble fauna was destroyed, and the storks, symbolizing piety, and the hounds, symbolizing fidelity, and lions, and all the others, disappeared. Only one bird managed to escape, and even then not entirely. Half of the Austrian eagle was left on the coat of arms. A hand holding arrows has also been preserved, but this image has also undergone a severe correction - instead of five arrows, the hand squeezed only four. Indeed, only four brothers were involved in the successful transfer. (Officially, Nathan did not take part in organizing the deal.) In this truncated form, the coat of arms was approved on March 25, 1817. But not for long. A famous congress soon took place at Aix, and then the Duke of Metternich, his Majesty's all-powerful chancellor, received a personal loan of 900,000 guilders from the House of Rothschild. On the one hand, it was an absolutely fair deal, and the loan provided was fully repaid seven years before the expiration date. And on the other hand, it was concluded on September 23, 1822, and six days later the imperial decree saw the light, which raised all five brothers and their legitimate descendants of either sex to the baronial dignity.

Officials of the Heraldic College powerlessly gnashed their teeth, they no longer dared to bite. On the coat of arms of the Rothschilds, a crown with seven teeth shone, exactly the one that the brothers proposed in the first version. Only now she was surrounded by three plumed helmets. The shield in the center of the coat of arms was restored, noble animals were also returned, but now in a new form, even more majestic. In place of the faithful hound was the Lion of Hesse; the galloping unicorn replaced the pious stork, the half-eagle recovered to its natural size, and next to it, among the helmets, another royal bird spread its wings. The grandeur of the image was complemented by the inscription at the base of the coat of arms: "Consent Unity Action".

The most desired changes were made to the lower left and upper right segments of the coat of arms. In each of them was placed the symbol of the Family - a hand squeezing five arrows. Five, not four!

And today, on the letterheads of the English House of Rothschild, you can see the same coat of arms of the Rothschilds. And five arrows still sparkle on it, reminiscent of five boys, five brothers obsessed with their ideas, who realized their wildest dreams and reigned in the five capitals of Europe.

This text is an introductory piece.

Frankfurt am Main. Two branches of the Rothschilds - English (from Nathan) and French (from James) - lead their history to our time. Amschel Mayer, who lived in Frankfurt, died childless in 1855, the Neapolitan branch died out in the male line in 1901, in the female line in 1935, the Austrian branch died out in the male line in 1980, and the female line of the Austrian branch still exists.

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Subtitles

remember we told you about one of the main nominees for our behind the scenes award against humanity today we decided to tell you about the next and no less successful person in this direction and his clan as a whole, and it seems to the Rothschild that this clan is so powerful and its influence is so great that it can even extinguish this screen and then crack slides on it, but before moving on to the story of the actions of this family and their ancestor, a little background information Mayer am target was born in Frankfurt in 1744 his first bank, which was an antique shop where you could change money he founded in Frankfurt at the age of 27, the major married at the age of 17 only to a feast and subsequently five of their sons, namely Ansel salamon Nathan pocket Jacob continued his business in the largest financial centers of that time Frankfurt Vienna Paris Naples and London it was this five that put down their tenacious roots all over the world, the major also had five daughters, Jeanette Iza bella babeta julie and henrietta whose husbands had no right to participate in the family business and could only act as a labor force, further speaking the Rothschild myriam chile and his criminal acts against humanity, it is worth talking about the actions of a whole clan consisting of more than one hundred people for family values ​​and missions hundreds of relatives of this kind unite to this day into a single whole by the word the Rothschild clan comes from the Khazars who worshiped the golden calf and seized key economic levers of control in Europe for a long time today we want to show you the top 5 Messi Rothschilds who changed history in favor of the Antichrist and let you this religious term does not frighten, because this is the only way to name the plans that realize this family, it is so great that all the names and family ties that they deliberately and by the way carefully concealed and hide are extremely difficult to remember, but the essence is one they are Rothschilds and they have a common mission to create a Jewish state, you know Do you that it was the Rothschilds who invested millions of pounds in the colonization of Palestine Baron Fraud Yes Rothschild a member of the French branch of the Rothschilds actively bought up land in Palestine or provided powerful financial support to the first Jewish settlers in these parts Rothschild money and the religious and political idea of ​​Zionism of the world domination of the Jews proclaimed by the founder of the world Zionist organization Theodor Herzl subsequently decided the fate of the creation of the future Jewish state in the twentieth century with this mission are closely related and the support of Hitler, we have already reported that the Rockefellers supported Hitler and the Rothschilds were also the financial force that stood behind the back of the Nazi leader though they had their own plans Hitler came to power under financial assistance through bank accounts in the UK, as well as through other banking organizations in England and America, for example, through the Kuhn Life and Bank, which was led by Paul Warburg, a representative of the Rothschild dynasty, it is also worth pointing out that with the heart of the Nazi military power was the association of chemical concerns by germany lg farben in america this conglomerate had its own branch one of the rectors of which was max warburg brother of paul warburg and accordingly again a representative of the rothschild dynasty during the two world wars the largest news agency in germany was owned by the rothschilds with their help they controlled the information flows from Germany to other countries, it turned out to be surprising that, against the background of the almost completely destroyed industrial enterprises in Germany, the factories of the Orban conglomerates did not suffer from massive air raids of they were not just lucky as a result, Baron Rothschild financed both the Jewish colony in Palestine and the adobe election campaign to spread the world to which the banking system is no secret to anyone that the Rothschild family since the time of Mayer am sewed for centuries slowly but surely established their central banks in every country in the world give them incredible amount of wealth and power around 1815 this family conquered an English bank and expanded their control over banks in all countries of the world gia method was and is to this day to force the corrupt politicians of the country to get huge loans that they can never repay therefore not permanent clients are debtors of the Rothschilds, another unpleasant moment is that when the head of state refuses to accept a loan, he often either deprives him of power or kills about one hundred and seventy-four banks of this family in our time, the only countries remaining in 2017 without a central bank owned or controlled by the Rothschild family were Cuba north korea iran syria and now remember what the current political financial situation in these countries is a coincidence i don’t think after instigating their unrest in the arab countries the rothschilds finally opened the way for the creation of central banks and destroyed a lot of politics

Origin

The Rothschild dynasty traces its history back to Mayer Amshel Rothschild. Mayer Amschel was born in 1744 in the Jewish quarter in Frankfurt am Main (Germany) in the family of money changer and jeweler Amschel Moses Bauer, a trading partner of the Hessian house. Mayer Amschel built a large banking business and built his empire by sending his five sons to European capitals.

Another important component of Mayer Rothschild's strategy, which became the key to future success, was the preservation of complete control over the business in the hands of family members. In 1906, the Jewish Encyclopedia noted: “The practice initiated by Rothschild of establishing several branches of the firm, managed by brothers, in various financial centers was adopted by other Jewish financiers, such as Bischoffsheims, Pereires (Pereires (English) ), Seligmans (Seligmans (English)) , Lazards (Lazard (English) ) and others, and these financiers, thanks to their reliability and financial experience, have gained the trust not only of their Jewish brethren, but of the entire financial community as a whole. Thus, in the middle and last quarter of the 19th century, Jewish financiers began to own a predominant share in international finance. This practice, similar to royal marriages, whereby members of one royal family marry members of another royal family, was later practiced by other business dynasties such as the Du Pont family.

Mayer Rothschild carefully arranged marriages of convenience, including marriages between first cousins ​​and second cousins, so that the accumulated wealth remained within the family and served the common cause. It was only at the end of the 19th century that almost all Rothschilds began to marry outside the family. For more than two hundred years, the Rothschilds have intermarried with many financial families in Europe (mostly Jewish). Among them: Warburgs, Goldsmiths, Coens, Raphaels, Sassoons, Salomons and others.

Sons of Mayer Rothschild:

• Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773-1855): Frankfurt am Main, eldest son, born 12 June 1773, 16 November 1793 married Eva Hanau. The coincidence of the names of father and son - Mayer Amschel and Amschel Mayer - was the cause of frequent confusion and created difficulties in studying documents. Amschel died on 6 December 1855 childless.
• Solomon Mayer Rothschild (1774-1855): Vienna, second son, born September 9, 1774. On November 26, 1800, he married Caroline Stern, died on July 27, 1855.
• Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777-1836): London, third son, born September 16, 1777. He was married to Ganna Cohen. Nathan was considered the most talented of the Frankfurt Five, but he died before his brothers, on July 28, 1836.
• Kalman Mayer Rothschild (1788-1855): Naples, fourth son, born April 24, 1788. On September 16, 1818 he married Adelheid Hertz. Died March 10, 1855.
• Jacob (James Mayer Rothschild) (1792-1868): Paris, youngest son, born 15 May 1792, 11 July 1824 he married his niece, Betty Rothschild. Died November 15, 1868.

International large financial transactions

The elevation to the nobility occurred at the request of the Minister of Finance, Count Stadion. First, the title was given to Amschel, then Solomon. By this time, the brothers were at the head of the Frankfurt bill bank in Schönbrun. This happened on September 25, 1816, and on October 21, the brothers Jacob and Karl received the title. On March 25, 1817, a diploma of a nobleman was made for everyone. At the request of the adviser to the government of Lower Austria and the court agent Sonleitner, a confidant of the four brothers, the diploma was awarded to each separately, since the brothers lived in four different countries. Nathan, who lives in England, was not mentioned in these documents.

Notable for assessing the activities of the Rothschilds was the fact that they, as Jews, were recorded in the diploma as money changers, while the financiers of the Christian faith were called bankers. Usually, court financiers soon after receiving the nobility sought the title of baron, so the Rothschilds also petitioned for this title. On September 29, 1822, their request was granted. Now, some members of the dynasty used the family prefix "de" or "von" (in the German version) Rothschild as an indication of aristocratic origin. Now Nathan was also included in the documents, who immediately became a baron. This time the five brothers were directly named as bankers. They were Austrian barons, "considering the merits rendered to the state", "with a respectful word, Your Honor." Once again, each of the five brothers received their own baronial diploma. Their coat of arms was adorned with the motto: Concordia, Integritas, Industria. (Consent. Honesty. Diligence.).

This motto fully expressed the unity of the brothers, their honesty and tireless zeal. But receiving the title of baron hardly meant for the five brothers an increase in their authority. There was no way Nathan could use this title in England. This was contrary to the English constitution, which did not allow the granting of titles of nobility to foreigners. But still, the elevation to the nobility changed the lifestyle of the Rothschilds. They acquired luxurious palaces, began to give magnificent dinners, which were attended by representatives of the aristocratic circles of many countries.

In 1885, Nathan Mayer Rothschild II (Eng.) ) (1840-1915), eldest son of Lionel de Rothschild (Eng.) ) (in turn, son of Nathan Rothschild), also known how Nathaniel, a member of the London branch of the dynasty, a hereditary baron, first became a lord. He was the first Jew to enter the House of Lords. It is generally accepted that from that moment on, the descendants of Nathan completely merged with the English elite.

The Rothschild family banking business was the founder of major international financial transactions during the industrialization of Europe, contributed to the construction of the railway network in France, Belgium and Austria, contributed to the financing of projects of great political significance, such as the Suez Canal (only the Rothschild banking house was able within a few hours to provide many tens of millions in cash to purchase shares in the Suez Canal).

The dynasty bought a huge piece of property in Mayfair, London. The main activities in which the Rothschilds invested include: Alliance Assurance (1824) (now Royal & SunAlliance (English)); Chemin de Fer du Nord (English) (1845); Rio Tinto Group (1873); Société Le Nickel (1880) (now Eramet); and Imétal (1962) (now Imerys (English)). The Rothschilds financed the founding of De Beers, as well as Cecil Rhodes' expedition to Africa and the establishment of a colony in Rhodesia. From the late 1880s onwards, the family controlled the Rio Tinto mining operation. The Japanese government approached the London and Paris offices for funding during the Russo-Japanese War. The London consortium issued Japanese war bonds worth £11.5 million (at 1907 prices).

After an impressive huge success, the Rothschild name became synonymous with wealth. The family became famous for its art collections, family palaces, and philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or built, at the very least, more than 41 palaces, comparable or even superior in luxury to the richest royal families. In 1909, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George claimed that Lord Nathan Mayer Rothschild II was the most powerful man in Britain. In 1901, due to the absence of a male heir, the Frankfurt House closed its doors after more than a century of operation. Only in 1989 did the Rothschilds return to Frankfurt, when N M Rothschild & Sons(British Investment Branch) and Bank Rothschild AG (Swiss Branch) opened a representative office there.

Rothschild dynasty in France

There are two French branches of the Rothschild dynasty. The first branch was founded by Mayer Amschel Rothschild's youngest son, James Mayer Rothschild, who established de Rothschild Frères in Paris. A devotee of the Napoleonic Wars, he played a major role in financing the railroads and mining operations that helped to establish France as an industrial power. James's sons, Gustave de Rothschild and Alphonse James de Rothschild, continued the banking tradition and became guarantors of the $5 billion reparations demanded by the occupying Prussian army during the Franco-Prussian War in the 1870s.

Subsequent generations of this branch of the Rothschild dynasty became a major force in international investment banking. Another son of James Mayer Rothschild, Edmond de Rothschild (1845-1934) was a great fan of charity and the arts, a prominent supporter of Zionism. His grandson, Baron Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild, founded the LCF Rothschild Group, a private bank, in 1953. Since 1997 it has been headed by Baron Benjamin de Rothschild. The group has assets of €100 billion and many wineries in France (Château Clarke (English) , Château des Laurets (English) ), Australia and South Africa.

The second French branch of the dynasty was founded by Nathaniel de Rothschild (1812-1870). Born in London, he was the fourth son of the founder of the British branch of the dynasty, Nathan Mayer Rothschild. In 1850, Nathaniel moved to Paris, apparently to work with his uncle, James Mayer. However, in 1853 Nathaniel purchased Château Brane Mouton, a Pauillac vineyard in the Gironde department. Nathaniel renamed the estate Château Mouton Rothschild and the name became one of the most famous brands in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer Rothschild, purchased the nearby Chateau Lafite vineyard.

Solomon Mayer Rothschild founded his bank in Vienna in 1820. Austrian banker Albert von Salomon Rothschild bought the right to name the asteroid (250) Bettina, discovered on September 3, 1885 by the Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory in honor of his wife, Baroness Bettina von Rothschild, for £50. However, the crisis of 1929 brought problems. Baron Ludwig von Rothschild Louis von Rothschild tried to save Creditanstalt, Austria's largest bank. But at the beginning of the Second World War, the Rothschilds were forced to emigrate to the United States, avoiding the Holocaust. All the palaces of the Rothschilds, distinguished by their exceptional size, huge collections of paintings, armor, tapestries and statues, were confiscated and looted by the Nazis. After the end of World War II, the Rothschilds returned to Europe. In 1999, the Austrian government agreed to return to the Rothschilds a number of palaces and 250 art objects confiscated by the Nazis and donated to a state museum.

Rothschild dynasty in Naples

Bank C M de Rothschild & Figli lent money to the Papal Provinces, various kings of Naples, the Dukes of Parma and the Grand Dukes of Tuscany. The Rothschild family worked not far from. However, in 1830, Naples, following Spain, gradually moved away from issuing traditional bonds, which began to affect the growth of banks and profitability. The political unification of Italy (Risorgimento) in 1861, followed by the decline of the Italian aristocracy, who were the main clients of the Rothschilds, eventually led to the closure of the Bank of Naples, due to falling profits, lack of growth and their forecast for sustainable development in the long term.

Jewish identity and attitude towards Zionism

Only a few Rothschilds supported Zionism and the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. Most of the Rothschilds were skeptical about this idea and even believed that the establishment of a Jewish state would lead to an increase in anti-Semitism in Europe. In 1917, Walter Rothschild received the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation (Zionist Federation (English)), which stated the commitment of the British government to create in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people. Later, Lord Victor Rothschild was against giving asylum or even helping Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.

After the death of James Jacob Rothschild in 1868, Alphonse, his eldest son, who took over the family bank, was most active in supporting the issue of the Land of Israel. The Rothschild family records say that during the 1870s the family donated about 500,000 francs annually on behalf of the Eastern Jews to the World Jewish Union. Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, the youngest son of James Jacob de Rothschild, was the head of the first settlement in Palestine at Rishon LeZion and bought from the Ottoman landowner the parts of the land that currently constitute Israel. In 1924, he established the Palestine Jewish Colonization Society (PICA) in Palestine, which acquired over 125,000 acres (22.36 km²) of land, and founded ventures. Tel Aviv has a street named after him, Rothschild Boulevard, as well as many other areas in Israel where he helped with construction, such as Metula, Zikhron Yaakov, Rishon Lezion, and Rosh Pinna. Boulogne-Billancourt Park in Paris, Edmond Rothschild Park (Parc Edmond de Rothschild) is also named after him. The Rothschilds also played a significant role in establishing the infrastructure of the Israeli government. James funded the construction of the Knesset as a gift to the Jewish State, and the Israeli Supreme Court building was donated to Israel by Dorothy de Rothschild. Outside the Presidential Room, a letter from Mr. Rothschild to the then Prime Minister Shimon Peres is displayed, in which he expressed his desire to sponsor the construction of a new building of the Supreme Court.

Baron Benjamin da Rothschild, representative of the Swiss branch of the dynasty, was interviewed by Ga-Aretz in 2010, in which he said that he supported the peace process: "I understand that this is a difficult matter, mainly because of fanatics and extremists - and I have mean both sides. I think there are fanatics in Israel... Usually I don't talk to politicians. One day I spoke with Netanyahu and another time I met with the Israeli finance minister. But the less I interact with politicians, the better I feel.” Regarding his religious affiliation, he stated that he tries to be impartial: “We do business with many countries, including Arab ... My eldest daughter's lover is from Saudi Arabia. He's a good guy and if she wants to marry him, I won't mind."

Modern business

Since the end of the 19th century, the Rothschild dynasty has maintained a low profile, donating many of their famous estates, as well as a large amount of art, to charity, while maintaining anonymity regarding the size of their wealth, and avoiding display of conspicuous luxury. The Rothschild dynasty once had the largest private collection of art in the world, and much of the art in the world's public museums donated by the Rothschilds is, in family tradition, donated anonymously.

Since 2003, Rothschild investment banks have been controlled by Rothschild Continuation Holdings, a Swiss registered holding company (chaired by Baron David René de Rothschild), which in turn is controlled by Concordia BV, a German registered parent holding company. Rothschild et Cie Banque controls the Rothschild banking business in France and continental Europe, while Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG controls a number of Rothschild banks elsewhere, including N M Rothschild & Sons in London. 20% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG was sold in 2005 to Jardine Strategic, a subsidiary of Jardine, Matheson & Co. (English) in Hong Kong. In November 2008, Rabobank Group, the leading investment and commercial bank in the Netherlands, acquired 7.5% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG and Rabobank, and the Rothschilds entered into an agreement to cooperate in M&A advisory and Equity Capital Markets in the food and agribusiness sectors. It is believed that these actions are aimed at helping Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG access a wider pool of capital, increasing their presence in East Asian markets.

Paris Orleans S.A., an investment banking and holding company founded in 1838 and registered in France, has over 2,000 employees. The company has offices in France, Great Britain, Channel Islands, Switzerland, North America, Asia, Australia. The company's board of directors includes Eric and Robert de Rothschild and Count Philippe de Nicolay. London-based investment bank N M Rothschild &Sons makes a significant share of the business as M&A (mergers and acquisitions) advisors. 2006 it was ranked second in the UK M&A (mergers and acquisitions) with a total turnover of US$104.9 billion. .

One member of the Paris (non-wine) branch, Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild, founded the Geneva-based LCF Rothschild Group with assets of €100 billion, which has now spread to 15 countries around the world. While this group is primarily involved in finance, asset management and wealthy banking (private banking), it is also involved in agriculture, luxury hotels and yacht racing. The LCF Rothschild Group's Committee is currently chaired by Benjamin de Rothschild, son of Baron Edmond. Among others, the banks of the Rothschild dynasty include, Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild (English) , RIT Capital Partners , St James's Place Capital, Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild (English) , La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild S.A. and COGIFRANCE.

Throughout the 19th century, the Rothschilds controlled Rio Tinto, and to this day, the Rothschilds and Rio Tinto maintain a close business relationship. The Rothschild family also owns many vineyards: they have properties in France including Château Clarke, Château de Ferrières, Château des Fontaines, Château Lafite, Château de Laversine, Château des Laurets, Château Malmaison, Château de Montvillargenne, Château Mouton Rothschild, Château de la Muette, Château Rothschild d'Armainvilliers, Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt, also in North America, South America, South Africa and Australia.

Rothschilds in culture

In France, the word "Rothschild" during the 19th and 20th centuries became a household word. So they called the rich, prone to luxury, but not active in business.

He is also repeatedly mentioned in Fyodor Dostoevsky's book "Teenager", where the main character Arkady cherishes the main "idea" of his whole life - to become richer than the named descendant of Rothschild.

The Rothschild story has been featured in a number of films. In 1934, the film "The House of Rothschild" ("The House of Rothschild") was filmed in Hollywood, telling about the life of Mayer Amschel Rothschild. Excerpts from this film were included in the documentary propaganda film Der ewige Jude (The Eternal Jew) and another German film Die Rothschilds (Rothschilds), also known as Aktien auf Waterloo (Action at Waterloo) ), taken by Eric Vasniek in 1940. A Broadway musical entitled "The Rothschilds" shows the history of the family before 1818 to the Illuminati, controls all the world's wealth and financial institutions, or encourages wars between governments. Considering these and similar views, the historian Niall Ferguson wrote: "As we have seen, however, wars tend to negatively affect the price of existing bonds, due to the increased risk that the debtor state may not repay the debt in the event of the conquest or loss of territory. . By the middle of the 19th century, the Rothschilds had moved from trading to wealth management, carefully looking after their own vast portfolio of government bonds. Now, having made money, they are more likely to lose money than to earn in the event of a conflict ... "